Thèses sur le sujet « Femmes dans l'Église catholique »
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Ary, Zaira. « Foi et rencontres : représentations du masculin et du féminin dans l'Église du Brésil, de l'action catholique à la théologie de la libération : l'exemple de la Jeunesse étudiante catholique (J.E.C. et J.U.C.) ». Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070090.
Texte intégralA research dealing with the repression of sexuality and the representatio9ns of male and female sexes in the catholic church of brazil. These subjects have been evaluated within the catholic action movement, in particular with reference to its youth branches representated by secondary and university students (1950-1967). And within the movement which succeded to it - the theology of liberation and the basic ecclesiastical communities. Catholicism has historically created some difficulties concerning human sexuality. Regarding the relations between sexes. One may find a certain social hegemony attribued to men and an ambiguous mystification about the women. This militant catholicism which has been analysed, in this thesis, has maintained some of this ambiguities concerning sexuality and sex relations: the sexual unification of "the human species" referred to as masculine gender; sexuality is condemned while celibacy and virginity are praised; eve, the women who "seduces", is condemned, whereas mary, the wom@an who "saves", becomes a myth. In spite of that , these movements have apparently surpassed these unspoken questions though the political consciousness given by the teaching of the gospel and througyh a certain idealisation of the loving couple "struggling" for the constitution of the christian family and the irruption of the social revolution
Manduca, Raffaele. « L'espace, l'église, les hommes : institutions ecclésiastiques et clergé dans la Sicile moderne ». Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHESA071.
Texte intégralNoël, Pierre. « Le statut des procédures dans l'Église ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0007/NQ43099.pdf.
Texte intégralPinheiro, Mario Doraci. « L'église s'engage dans la politique ». Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090033.
Texte intégralThis thesis aims to analyse the institutional engagement of the Roman Catholic Church and other Pentecostal groups, regarding the land reform and agrarian policies launched in Brazil after the organisation of the Brazil’s Conference of Catholic Bishops (CNBB) held in 1952. We underline that it is necessary to highlight the way how the Roman Catholic Church started its actions by “teaching to read and write” and “recovering” their members those who were dragged into the socialist ideology developed by peasant’s leagues, in order to prevent the growing of the communist front in the countryside. At that time, the catholic’s social movement objectives were under eminent danger, due the Brazilian army aided by the U.S. government, declared a coup in 1964. The Roman Catholic Church in Brazil is divided into two wings: a left and a conservative. The left wing has launched the “Liberation Theology” prohibited by the head of the church in Rome. However, this religious left minority succeeded by organizing the Land’s Pastoral Commission, which contributed to the return of democracy, as well as the organization of the Worker’s Party in 1980, considered by the believers as the God’s will and the foundation of the Landless Worker’s Movement in 1984
Cevins, Marie-Madeleine de. « L'Église dans les villes hongroises aux XIVe et XVe siècles ». Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040173.
Texte intégralIn the bosom of the low middle ages latin christiendom, hungarian towns stood out as far as the ecclesiastical implantations are concerned, not only by scanty parishes centers and charitable societies, but also by an important network of mendicant orders for men. In the non-episcopal towns, the management of these institutions were more and more closely ruled by urban authorities (temporally and spiritually) which largely contribute to their material prosperity. In them, the clergy was bothly competent and snugly remunerated. The hungarian townspeople shared with the villagers the devotion to the blessed virgin and to the christ and they observed with conviction (even within the confraternity) the exercises of a religion of charities. Religious autonomy on the one hand and exacerbation of the theology of the other's talents, on the other, managed to support the early and mass adhesion of these towns to the Lutheranism
Dumont, Catherine. « Femmes laïques responsables dans l'Eglise catholique en France ». Paris, EPHE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EPHE5011.
Texte intégralThis thesis is based on a survey into a sample of 52 women officials in national or diocesan services, in catholic movements, in universities of theology and in religious communities (major superiors). It tries to explain the contradiction between the minority participation of women in those responsibilities, associated to a precarious status, and the absence of a public and critical expression of women in French Catholic church. The observation of a very light knowledge of feminist theologies has directed the analysis towards the French catholic feminism characterised by its weakness. In reality, these women are much more influenced by feminine catholic movements as ACGF or “Guides de France” which educated them to fulfil public functions in civil society as well as in church and which contributed to equilibrate relationships between laymen and clergy. These women are also familiar to the new feminism proposed by John Paul II which exalts the feminine genius and value their specific role in the Church. They seem to be postfeminist in accordance with Alain Touraine ‘s analysis much more than victim of a symbolic domination (according to Pierre Bourdieu). The comparison with catholic women in other national catholic churches (Quebec, Belgium, Holland) who fulfil similar responsibilities confirm the importance, at the same time, of the national feminists movements, the solidarity between catholic and non catholic women, the solidarity between nuns and non consecrated women, the relations between State and Church, to explain the ability of women to elaborate a critical expression about their place in religious work. The comparison with French women ministers in Protestant churches and the first priests women in Anglican Church in England, underline the link between the opening of the function of priest up to women and the end of the tendency to regard the priest as sacred and demonstrate that women becoming priests don’t look after masculine power but try to make this job more feminine, which means to make it more human, more brotherly
Kiedi, Kionga Jean-René. « La dispense canonique dans le droit de l'église catholique latine. : Concept, tradition et canonicité ». Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS279.
Texte intégralThe notion, the status and the ‘revisited question’ of the canonical dispensation in the tradition of the Latin Church are the three axes of reflection proposed in this doctoral study. These three axes of research form what we call: the canonical tradition of dispensation in the Latin Catholic Church. The first period of reflection touches the notions of dispensatio and οίκονομία, and explores the question of the genesis of these concepts which were already in use in the second century by the Greek and Latin Fathers of the Church, in the context of the emerging ecclesial communities. These axes of reflection also concern the elaboration of the first doctrines relative to the practice of relaxing the rigor of the rules which governed the primitive Church both on a spiritual and pastoral level. The second axis of this doctoral dissertation focuses upon the scientific and canonistic contribution of canonical collections from the 12th to the 14th centuries, particularly those of Gratian and ius novum after Gratian. From the 12th century onwards, the concept of dispensation benefited from a “canonicity” that confers a canonical status. It thus becomes an institution of Latin Canonical law which was still being elaborated in the height of the Middle Ages. The question of dispensation is included in a third axis of reflection as ‘revisited’ during the second Vatican Council and by the contemporary codification of 1983. Within the framework of the aggiornamento proposed by Vatican II and in a calm atmosphere, the institution of dispensation finds once again it’s original meaning as a philanthropic aid, an act of charity, an indulgence, or a mercy. Indeed for canonists and for ecclesiastical authorities alike the dispensation is considered to be an institution of healing and of salvation
Loupiac-Deffayet, Laurence. « La redécouverte des origines juives du christianisme et l'émergence du dialogue judéo-chrétien dans l'Église catholique 1926-1962 ». Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010689.
Texte intégralMoisset, Jean-Pierre. « Les biens de ce monde : les finances de l'église catholique dans l'archidiocèse de Paris (1802-1905) ». Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100015.
Texte intégralNgayabateranya, Augustin. « Le rôle des catéchistes dans l'expansion de l'Église catholique au Rwanda (1900-1952) : aspect socio-historique ». Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA070020.
Texte intégralIt was in febryary 1990 that catholicism was introducet in rwanda by the white fathers. Besides evangelisation, the catholic church became not only the a source of evolution but also induced a radical transformation in the rwanda society. But they were nor many compared to the population whose language and customs thay ifnored, the white fathers would have seen their efforts vain without the held of baganda's catechists up to 1904 and those of rwandan afterwards. Thanks to the zeel of those rwandan catechists, the white fathers were able to cover the whole country through a large number of subsidiaries. But scarcely remunerated, they took advantage of the position of the white fathers to exploit the population and substitute themselves to the chiefs. This contributed to darken the image of the mission. Without sufficient formation, they were rather recruting edherents than doing the proper office of evangelisation. Also, at the beginning of the 1900s, they were unable to cope with the economic and social developpement of the country as well as with the new demands of their office. Thus, as from 1952, the need for better formation and more remuneration was felt
El, Tahech Izzat. « Le pardon du Samedi Saint et la pénitence dans l'Église maronite ». Université de Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA1105.
Texte intégralVieira, Domingos. « La notion de coniunctio et de solidarietas dans l'enseignement social de l'Église catholique au XIXème et XXème siècle : les fondements historiques, sociologiques, philosophiques et éthiques de la notion de solidarité dans les encycliques sociales de l'Église catholique ». Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040058.
Texte intégralTaking as a starting point the hypothesis that the notion of solidarity (coniunctio and solidarietas) in the social teaching of the Catholic Church is related to a network of historical, sociological, philosophical and ethical influences and legacies, the purpose of the present study is to establish the continuity and the rupture between the concept of solidarity, born in France in the 19th century, the use of the concept by the Christian solidarism, the idea of solidarity as made popular in Poland in the early 1980's and the notion of solidarity as used by John-Paul II in his social encyclicals. For a successful conduct of this work, a genealogical review of how the concept of solidarity emerged in the secular and in the Christian thoughts was realised. By underlining the how and the why of the appropriation of the notion of solidarity in the social teaching of the Church, this study aims at having its meaning understood in the social teaching of the Church as well as its interest for the Christian social ethics, when John-Paul II defines it as a "virtue" (1987) and as an "ethical principle" (1991)
Huneault, Estelle. « Au fil des ans, de femmes appropriées par l'État à soumises aux décisions de l'Église, l'Union catholique des fermières de la province d'Ontario ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0006/MQ36705.pdf.
Texte intégralPorcile, Santiso María Teresa. « La mujer, espacio de salvación : misión de la mujer en la Iglesia, una perspectiva antropológica / ». Montevideo : Ed. Trilce, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36667390s.
Texte intégralCodou, Yann. « L'Église, les hommes et le terroir dans le diocèse de Fréjus, Xe-XIIe siècles ». Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX10095.
Texte intégralJamet-Moreau, Eglantine. « L'accès des femmes au sacerdoce dans l'Église d'Angleterre : reconduction ou déconstruction de la hiérarchie masculin/féminin ? » Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100178.
Texte intégralSince 1994, the Church of England has ordained women priests, thus putting an end to the tradition of an all-male priesthood. Almost one century of activism was needed before the church accepted to open priesthood to women. The debate has been long and painful, and the Church is still today divided between those in favour and those against women priests. This is a highly controversial issue, since it calls into question the traditional distribution of roles between the sexes, enabling women to accede to a reserved masculine sphere. Anglican women have acquired a fairer place, alongside men, but discrimination is not over. It seems that the sacred sphere is resisting the deconstruction of sexism, as if the masculine supremacy was a core element of the sacred
Jagielski, Mariusz. « L'ÉGLISE DANS LE TEMPS L'«Actualisation» comme clé d'interprétation de l'ecclésiologie d'Yves Congar ». Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27749/27749.pdf.
Texte intégralTurpin, Éric. « L'Église catholique et les pouvoirs dans le diocèse de Saint-Denis de la Réunion de 1911 à 1981 ». Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783631.
Texte intégralTurpin, Éric Bernard. « L'Église catholique et les pouvoirs dans le diocèse de Saint-Denis de la Réunion de 1911 à 1981 ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LARE0017/document.
Texte intégralThe decree of February 6th 1911 applies the law of December 9th 1905 to separate the Church and the State in the French colonies of Martinique, Guadeloupe and Reunion. This complete separation gives to the religious institution its freedom since it is not under the financial and juridic dependence of public authority anymore. Even if the issues of retirement and inventory of goods take place quite quickly and without any major incident, except in Saint-Gilles-les-Hauts, the retribution of personal properties and real estates belonging to the ecclesiastical establishments will only be solved during the Vichy Administration and in the beginning of the 4th Republic.After the time of passion linked to the application of the law will come the time of cordial Agreement right after the World War 1 during the episcopate of his Lordship de Beaumont. The Church, which was supposed to be the Absente would then be present in the colonial on to the postcolonial society, on a mutual respect basis. During this period, the Church made a bold act (the fight against fraud for the elections of April 1936), a support going to the dishonest compromise with the Vichy Administration, and the struggle against Communism, especially after World War 2. The sixties and the seventies would be the time of Assertion (the fight against electoral fraud, the struggle for natural birth regulation, criticism of the economic and social project and model but also alternative propositions) and also a time of Emancipation not without any domestic tearing, often linked to Society, and finally a time for the check of all sorts of manipulations, whether old ones (the right wing) or new ones (the Communist Party of Reunion).In the 70s, his Lordship Gilbert Aubry, the actual bishop, finishes off the process of emancipation of the Church that had started ten years before. From 1911 to 1981 the Catholic Church in Reunion Island would go from the Separation with the State to Emancipation
Evans, Marie Patricia. « La codépendance des femmes en Église : comment se relever d'un abus de pouvoir ». Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1999.
Trouver le texte intégralMalhey-Dupart, Cécile. « Les relations entre l'Église et l'État dans l'Hérault de 1900 à 1926 ». Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30007/document.
Texte intégralThis study is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather a description of the impact of the relations between Church and State on public opinion in the Hérault department. It presents the various stances, reactions and steps taken in favour of, or against, state policies concerning the Church over a period of more than twenty-five years. The period investigated, between 1900 and 1926, starts with the enactment of the laws against religious institutions and the measures taken to secularise the public domain, following on from the anticlerical policies begun during the previous century, and ends with the condemnation of “Action Française” by the Vatican and the demise of the “Left Wing Cartel”. It also includes the separation of Church and State in 1905 and World War I, during which priests served in the French army. There were marked differences of belief in the Hérault department where there was not only a strong anti-clerical movement but also great importance attached to religion. For, in this department, well-known as a “red” department, resistance to the above measures could reach passionate heights similar to those in some areas known for their Catholic and conservative traditions
El, Hage Ranim. « L'arbitrage entre équité et efficacité dans l'entreprise socialement responsable selon la Doctrine Sociale de l'Eglise Catholique ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010007.
Texte intégralThe SDC was born from the first catholic charitable actions and was later consolidated by the proclamation of pontifical texts on the dignity of the human person within economic activity. Though not providing a scientific instruction manual, the SDC proclaims principles and implicitly orients the behavior of the economic agents who refer to it. Transversal studies linking the SDC to the scientific channels of economics and management are rare. The SDC, on its part, proclaims no precise models or strategies for enterprises. A critical study of the main economic currents, of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) stream and of some management models in light of the SDC principles allows identifying the postulates approved by the SDC, as well as the ones disproved, with regard to personal dignity and human development. The SDC is particularly addressed to business executives, as they are the main promoters of an equitable distribution of the added value among the stakeholders, especially if they aspire at a perpetuation of their activities. This teaching allows the justification of a possible coexistence between social equity and economic efficiency. It proclaims that economic progress ought to be constantly converted into development of the common good. Thanks to the universality of its principles, the SDC is likely to be accepted by all people of good will. Business executives of diverse cultural origins implicitly build their objectives and set up their lines of action on these principles. They are convinced that success in their businesses is intimately connected with a permanent concern for respecting the ultimate principle of human dignity
Savoye, Sabine. « Le Roi dans les Vies des saints mérovingiens ». Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100118.
Texte intégralA source for Merovingian kings' history is the Saints' life. A corpus, made up of three hagiographical writings by Gregory of Tours -The Glory of the martyrs, The Glory of the confessors and the Life of the Fathers- and fifty-six Vitae composed between the begininng of the VIth century and of the VIIIth century, shows the importance of the Merovingian kings in the Saints' life : the kings appear as the saints' main partners. Hagiographers celebrate the harmonious relationship between saints and kings. Strengthened by their auctoritas, saints act royal patrons : they lend help and profer advice to kings. Kings often respect this auctoritas, accept this patronage and put their power at the Church's service : hagiographers have celebrated the excellence of Childebert I's and Clotaire II's reigns. A few kings however -Theudric II and Childeric II- and a few members of the royal palace -Brunhild and Ebroin- flout the saints' authority and bring some of them to martyrdom. During their reigns, violence disrupts the regnum Francorum and they must die. The Bible, the martyrs' Acta and the first Vitae, including Saint Martin's life, provide hagiographers with a model for th relationship between the regnum and the sacerdotium. This model is easily adapted to the context of Merovingian Gaul
Routhier, Gilles. « La réception de Vatican II dans une église locale : l'exemple de la pratique synodale dans l'église de Québec 1982-1987 ». Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040082.
Texte intégralThe goal of this research is to study how the church of Quebec received the teaching of Vatican II on the synodality of the local church. An examination of reception as such provides the methodological foundation of the study. The second part presents the theology of the local church articulated by Vatican II (a communion of persons of different conditions and functions); studies the source of its "order" (its synodality); elaborates a heuristic model of its functioning (the celebration of the Eucharist) and exposes the institutional forms presented by the codex of 1983 for the practical implementation of this synodal right. The third major section presents the church of Quebec as a subject of reception. A social-historical study of this local church is followed by a highly detailed analysis of the way this church is governed between 1982 and 1987. It is on the basis of these considerations that the reception of the teaching of Vatican in the Quebec’s diocese is interpreted
Miema, Bongo Alphonse. « La coresponsabilité prêtres-laïcs dans l'Église après le Concile Vatican II : analyse de quelques documents du Magistère de 1980-2000 ». Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/41947.
Texte intégralScholl, Sarah. « En quête d'une modernité chrétienne : la création de l'Église catholique-chrétienne de Genève (1870-1907) dans son contexte politique et culturel ». Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0088.
Texte intégralThis thesis describes the implementation of a new church in Geneva at the end of the 19th century within the framework of Kulturkampf (1870-1907). Connected with the Dutch, German and Swiss old-catholic movement, the catholic-christian church arised from the current breaking with the Roman Catholicism after Vatican I. Its implementation is however strictly dependent on the political and religious situation of the canton of Geneva. This Church indeed was above all liberal and national, it was supported by the political authorities, mainly of radical obedience. It becomes a tool of wrestling against the Catholicism of Pie IX, personified in Geneva by Mgr. Gaspard Mermillod. By the study of the actors of this reform, their ideas and their concrete realizations, it is not only a question of enlightening a piece underestimated by the local history (story) driving to the separation of Churches and the State (in 1907) but especially to show how individuals who consider themself as "modern" did to reform the Catholicism in a context where they have the open field and a state subsidy
Lapierre, Jean-François. « Les fondements théologiques de la liberté de l'Église dans les sociétés pluralistes et sécularisées : une proposition de développement de l'ecclésiologie catholique ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69707.
Texte intégralDignitatis humanae (1965), la déclaration du concile Vatican II sur la liberté religieuse, stipule que « [l]a liberté de l'Église est un principe fondamental dans les relations de l'Église avec les pouvoirs publics et tout l'ordre civil. » (DH 13 § 1) Or, la marginalisation de l'Église dans les sociétés pluralistes et sécularisées révèle les limites de l'approche juridique adoptée par les Pères dans ce document. Aujourd’hui, la difficulté d'imaginer la place et le rôle de l'Église dans des contextes sociopolitiques et culturels profondément différents de celui des années 1960, pose un important problème à l'ecclésiologie catholique. Pour discerner les contours de ce problème et pour y répondre de manière fructueuse, nous parcourons, dans la première partie de cette thèse, l'histoire bimillénaire du christianisme afin de comprendre comment la liberté de l'Église a été vécue et théorisée dans divers contextes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons avec précision le texte et le contexte de Dignitatis humanae, pour comprendre les raisons et la signification du changement de perspective voulu par les Pères en ce qui concerne les responsabilités du pouvoir civil en matière religieuse. Enfin, dans la troisième et dernière partie, nous analysons les défis que rencontre actuellement cet enseignement conciliaire. Au terme de ce parcours, nous en arrivons à la conclusion que la mise en lumière des fondements théologiques de la liberté de l'Église, à savoir, d'une part, l'enracinement de l'Église dans le mystère de Dieu et, d'autre part, le caractère constitutif de la perspective eschatologique, permettent de comprendre cette liberté comme une limite au pouvoir humain – dans le monde ou dans l'Église. Ainsi compris, le principe de la liberté de l'Église contribue à l'élaboration d'une ecclésiologie politique dont les circonstances actuelles montrent la nécessité. Ce parcours permet aussi de prendre conscience que non seulement ce principe traverse l'histoire, mais qu'il a une histoire, et que l'étude de celle-ci révèle des éléments de continuité permettant d'affronter les défis actuels et à venir. En somme, les découvertes effectuées en chemin nous conduisent à poser la question de la liberté de l'Église dans les sociétés, non pas comme celle d'un groupe d'individus, mais comme celle d'un corps social qui interroge et travaille les cultures et, en particulier, les conceptions de l'ordre social.
Dignitatis humanae (1965), the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on religious freedom, states that « [t]he freedom of the Church is the fundamental principal in what concerns the relations between the Church and governments and the whole civil order. » (DH 13 § 1) However, the marginalization of the Church in pluralistic and secularized societies exposes the limits of the juridical approach espoused by the Council Fathers in this document. Nowadays, the struggle to envision the place and role of the Church in sociopolitical and cultural contexts profoundly different from the one characterizing the 1960's points to a serious problem in Catholic ecclesiology. To fathom this problem properly and to address it in a productive manner, we go through, in the first part of this thesis, Christianity's two-thousand-year old history so as to understand how the freedom of the Church was implemented and theorized in various contexts. In the second part, we carefully analyze the text and context of Dignitatis humanae, to understand the reasons and the significance of the perspective shift expressed by the Fathers with regard to public powers' responsibilities in religious matters. Finally, in the third and last part, we examine the challenges currently facing this conciliar teaching. We then come to the conclusion that the highlighting of the theological foundations of the freedom of the Church, namely, the rooting of the Church in God's mystery, and the constitutive character of the eschatological perspective, allows for an understanding of this freedom as a limit to human power – be it in the world or in the Church. Thus understood, the principle of the freedom of the Church becomes a central element of the political ecclesiology called for by the current circumstances. This endeavor shows that this principle not only runs through history, but has a history, the study of which reveals elements of continuity of paramount importance to face the current challenges and those still to come. The discoveries made along the way lead us to view the question of the freedom of the Church, not as that of a group of individuals, but rather of a social body whose presence challenges cultures and, in particular, the conceptions of social order.
Mimbuih, M'Ella Clarisse Maryse. « Relation entre l'évolution du statut de la femme espagnole contemporaine et sa place dans l'Opus Dei (à partir de la Seconde République) ». Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1224.
Texte intégralAs we can notice, women haven’t always held a best place in society. Spanish women haven’t differed from the rules. In fact their emancipation is the result of a committed struggle and political, economic, social as well as cultural process. They can henceforth aspire to something they were forbidden before, for the influence from their traditions still affects several individual or organizational entities which are still staying on the fringe of that progress, despite the development of the social mentalities. That is the case of many religious traditionalists, as the Opus Dei, which is fully paid up institution of the Catholic Church, for which dogma have to stay inflexible. Then we go within the depth priesthood and try to discover the real place of women in the Opus Dei. In comparing their style of life to the ones of the others nuns communities, We finish by comprehend better some preconceived ideas we had about the question in the beginning of our research work
Walch, Agnès. « Couples et prêtres face au mariage : la spiritualite conjugale dans l'église catholique en France depuis le concile de Trente : origines, évolution et perspectives ». Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040175.
Texte intégralFoulon, Jean-Hervé. « La réforme de l'Église dans la France de l'Ouest de la fin du XIe siècle au milieu du XIIe siècle : ecclésiologie et mentalités réformatrices ». Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010685.
Texte intégralThis doctoral thesis paid particular attention to a certain number of reformers among the clergy and their ecclesiological conceptions in the loire country at the turn of the XIth and XIIth centuries. Bishops (Yves de Chartres, Hildebert du Mans, Marbode de Rennes, Ulger d'Angers, Geoffroy Babion), Abbots (Geoffroy de Vendôme, Baudri de Bourgueil) or hermits (Robert d'Arbrissel, Bernard de Tiron, Vital de Savigny) were the true local actors of this reformative process called Gregorian reform ;. These reformers were singled out because they had left a corpus of literary sources which were quite consistent as regards their character and their dating (from 1090 down to 1133 or 1158 for Babion's sermons). These sources enabled us to understand better the reformers' doctrines that were at stake, the ecclesiological conceptions and the various religious sensitivities: about six hundred letters, a hundred sermons or so, several hagiographical works, quite as many historical sources without including the theological treatises and poems. Four parts have enabled us to study on the one hand the religious structures of these parts of the loire valley at the end of the xith century characterized by a distinct permanence of carolingian ideas; and then the human sphere of these reformers: low social origins, their accession to positions of responsibility and power in the church in connection with rome, their social circles and sets of acquaintances. . . ; and on the other hand we have managed to convey their ecclesiological ideas (the preeminence of rome and sacerdotal mediation) while throwing light on reformative sensitivities which turned out to be different (neo-carolingian, first radical Gregorianism, second gregorianism typical of the french milieu); finally it was deemed necessary to specify the religious mentalities underlying these ideals and to ask whether there had been any possible mutation of the religious feeling through the emergence of a personal feeling of guilt
Baccuet, Christian. « Le ministère, nœud gordien de l'œcuménisme ? : la question des ministères dans les dialogues théologiques internationaux entre les Églises luthériennes et réformées et l'Église catholique ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAK006.
Texte intégralEcumenical relations tend to crystallize around the question of ministry, a subject on which current dialogue seems to be blocked. For fifty years, the Lutheran and Reformed Churches have been engaged in dialogue at the international level with the Roman Catholic Church on this question. Numerous reports have been produced. This study analyzes the strong convergences, the legitimate differences and the divergences which appear in these dialogues on the apostolicity of the Church, the importance of the common priesthood of the baptized, the necessity of a special ministry conferred by ordination for the service of preaching and administration of the sacraments and the essential importance for the Church of a ministry of episkopè to protect the integrity of the faith and preserve the unity of the church. The study demonstrates that ministry is not the ultimate question, but one that reveals fundamental ecclesiological issues which appear in the connection between eucharistic and ecclesial communion, the structuring of the Church on a universal level and its relationship with local Churches, the presence in fullness of the Church of Jesus Christ in one or several particular Churches. The study offers a reflexion which prepares the ground for moving forward to a mutual recognition of ministries which, although not currently on the agenda, nevertheless still remains possible
Koffi, Joël. « Stratégie du numérique (intelligence stratégique) de l'Église Catholique de France pour confronter sa position sur les questions de société : le rôle de la blogosphère catholique dans le débat sur la révision de la loi de bioéthique ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5004/document.
Texte intégralThe Ascendancy of digital tools in the domain of communication reveals the importance of their efficient use for social actors in their strategies of expression and influence. This study proposes an exploration into the heart of the universe of one of these tools (the blog) to understand it’s function in order to identify potential strategic use by a specific actor in society: the Catholic Church in France. The first part of this research consisted in clarifying the various concepts used: strategic intelligence, the blog, and the notion of participating in social debates. This definition phase proved to be necessary, because it allowed us, by using our definition of strategic intelligence, to choose the approach from which the concept of blogs would be presented. The second part of our study gradually shows the emergence of strategic intelligence regarding the revision of bioethical laws in the Catholic Church. In this study, we explain the specificities (diversity, fugacity and complexity) for a field of study such as the Catholic blogosphere. These features have led us to adopt a method of selecting blogs referenced by Google, and to a technique of dynamic archiving of blogs. Subsequently we have tried to approach this Catholic blogosphere, by clarifying the organization and institutional functioning of the Catholic Church
Nteka-Salakiaku, Daniel. « Le dialogue de vie entre les catholiques et les adeptes des Religions Traditionnelles Africaines dans l'Église locale de Kinshasa de 1960 à 2000 ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21959.
Texte intégralMorlaes, Jean-Michel. « L'Église et la vie religieuse dans les Landes à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, 1760-1803 ». Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30023.
Texte intégralThis work aims to observe the evolution of religious life in what constitutes, from 1790, the department of Landes. The period studied runs from 1760 to 1803, that is to say, from the situation before the reorganization of religious establishments undertaken by the Commission of Regulars, until the implementation of the Concordat of 1801. The upheavals resulting from the French Revolution occupy the heart of the matter. The evolution of the Church in these Landes countries, whose religious identity did not become fixed until 1803, was constructed in the course of the transformations successively introduced by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the Concordat of 1801. It is a question here of observing pastoral institutions, practices and choices as well as individuals, placed between respect for Roman directives, respect for republican laws, and religious freedom
Murphy, Gwénael. « Femmes de Dieu et Révolution Française dans le diocèse de Poitiers ». Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0061.
Texte intégralThis study offers to reconstruct trajectories of Poitiers diocese nuns who, at the number of 1100, were alive during the French Revolution. The subject, to combine methods of micro-history, prosopography, daily story and statistics studies, with precise and signify whole, what were nuns choices during the French Revolution. Wanted not contradict but supplement what we still know, this work try to show, by crossing all possible archives, that choices of nuns were not unanimous and the majority tilt to accept the secularisation. Assertion which isn’t postulate at the beginning, but results from searchs. Otherwise, we want to show how French Revolution was alive by « ordinary » women and alterations it would provoke in their daily life
Le, Doaré Alain. « La naissance des prêtres-marins : (1938-1955) : juxtaposition progressive de modèles missionnaires de l'Eglise catholique dans le monde maritime en France au XXe siècle ». Rennes 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN20004.
Texte intégralFrom the thirties on, the action catholique starts considering the training and the sending of lay missionaries in view of the evangelisation of the maritime world. These "new men", these "native" laymen, these sailors, these militants appointed by the action catholique, whose apostolic responsibility is recognised by the church's hierarchy, are apostles among their peers, in charge of the "conquest" of their brothers. Their objective, in particular with the help of the action catholique's organisations and a handful of priests, is to create a new maritime world, a maritime lay christianity. In 1945 starts the mission of the sea, created on the model of a missionary institute. It is almost a religious congregation, whose aim is, in turn, to recruit and train missionaries and priests for the sake of the maritime world's evangelisation. Some priests, educated in the mission de France’s seminary created in 1941, will try to become sailors while going down the steps of what can be called an "incarnation scale". The further they "go down" this scale in order to become priests and sailors, the farther they cast away from the traditional model of the Roman Catholic priest. Their "experiment", which upsets both the maritime world and the church, survives until the catholic hierarchy demands the complete stop of those working priests, who challenge the "uncompromising Catholicism" (Emile Poulat) and the traditional model of the priest. The simultaneous combination of the increasing apostolic influence of laymen trained by the action catholique and the "downwards" movement of clergymen implied by their presence within the sailors' world, blurs the traditional and admitted differences between priests and laymen that have existed for centuries. Maybe an essential clue to understand the nowadays identity crisis of the catholic priest can be found there
Saubolle, Jean-François. « Foi catholique et action sociale : le cas des syndicats libres féminins de l'Isère (1906-1940) ». Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040196.
Texte intégralThis study dedicated to the feminine religions associations of Isère, endeavors to clarify the development of the relationship between religious engagement and social action in the middle of a society founded by women in 1906, for the protection of catholic women working in a hostile environment. These feminine associations supported by ecclesiastical hierarchy and by part of the local catholic middle class, base themselves on the social teaching of the Catholic Church! This inquiry takes into account the same moral and religious motivations as those which create the unity of a social organization with its contradictory effects: they unite more, but also they divide more
Homedes-Palau, Marc. « Le mariage comme "res sacra" et comme consécration sacramentelle dans le magistère de l'église catholique : contribution d'histoire doctrinale à une théologie de la "consecratio sui generis" du sacrement de mariage ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAK006.
Texte intégralThe thesis examines the development of the doctrine of the sacrament of marriage between Pope Pius VIII (1829) and Pope Francis (2022) from the perspective of two notions: the sacredness of marriage and its sacramental consecration. The first appeared as a key notion until the Second Vatican Council, but then lost its importance, although John Paul II re-emphasized it in a speech in 2003. Marriage is – already as a natural institution – a “res sacra”, a sacred reality in relation to God. The notion of consecration emerged in the Magisterium in 1930 and refers more directly to Christian marriage, in its specificity as a sacrament of the New Law. The use of this notion is hesitant at first (spouses receive “a kind of consecration”) and its meaning will only be deepened by John Paul II. Two lines of interpretation will develop: a moral line, based on the thought of Pius XI, and an ecclesiological line, based on the thought of Pius XII. Although the first one dominated reflection until the catecheses of John Paul II on human love (1984), it is the second one which will then come to the fore. Pope Francis will consolidate it. The thesis pays particular attention to the work of the Council, as well as to the magisterium of John Paul II and Pope Francis
Brudere, Baiba. « "Je me sens la vocation de prêtre", Ms B, 2 v° : enquête sur le sacerdoce commun chez Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et de la Sainte-Face et l'apport de son expérience pour l'accomplissement de cette vocation aujourd'hui / ». [Paris] : les Éd. du Cerf, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41180346k.
Texte intégralMuller, Caroline. « La direction de conscience au XIXe siècle (France, 1850-1914) : contribution à l’histoire du genre et du fait religieux ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2086/document.
Texte intégralSpiritual direction is a Catholic practice which regained currency in the second half of the nineteenth century: women and men would go through their lives and the movements of their souls with their director, with moral improvement and spiritual progression in mind. The Catholic Church established this practice as one of the vehicles for the transmission of a system of values which puts women at the heart of moral regeneration in France, by turning them into agents of conversion of their families. The resurgence of spiritual direction thus constitutes a pastoral response to the Catholic Church’s project to reclaim the French society, in times when its prerogatives met frequent protest. Yet, the directees’ projects cannot be limited to their directors’: spiritual direction grants access to practical and symbolic resources aiming at adjusting gender norms. The director is also solicited by couples from the French elite to be the go-between and referee of their conjugal life, with the greatest discretion as for their exchanges. The director’s role thus largely exceeds mere control of devotion practices, even though devotional manuals state this as a director’s main function. Even though directors go on fulfiling such a spiritual supervision until the 1880s, the directees’ expectations then bend toward a less spiritually-charged support, leading to conflicts. Such a transformation of the practice of spiritual direction must be linked to the general evolution of “technologies of the Self” (Foucault) and, especially, to the development of psychological medicine
Rodrigues, Maurilio Alves. « L'évolution historique des Communautés Ecclésiales de Base (Ceb's) au Brésil ». Paris, EPHE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPHE5022.
Texte intégralThe first part of the thesis shows that Latin America, and especially Brazil, has been part of the changes which were introduced and which constantly increased, following the Second Vatican Council. The social context of the Continent explains the blossoming of movements like the Base Ecclesial Communities (CEB's) ; movements which, from the exigences of the faith, are sensitive to social transformation. The many historical origins of the CEB's and their definition are presented. This historical dynamism continues. In their own turn, the CEB's are basically series of social groups that continue to play an important role in the fight for better conditions of life. From the study of the genesis of the CEB's, the research brings out elements that help to establish "popular and lay idea" all through these new practices. The study of the interecclesial meetings of the CEB's is a highlight of the work. Though these do not have the deliberative character of an assembly, the themes studied, the discussions which are programmed and the persons who attend the meetings promote a vital influence on the life of the communities of the country. The second part of the work is based on a series of documents produced by the representatives of the CEB's, at the demand of the organisers of the interecclesial meetings of these same communities. Having remarked the significance of the method of content analysis used by researchers working in diverse domains bordering on social sciences, the author chose to adopt it as his working instrument. The echoes of the CEB's, and even the development of this experience outside Brazil are also treated. The third part of the research tries to determine, from the official documents of the Church, the influence which the experience of the CEB's has exerted in the understanding of the Magisterium on what the Church is, or should be. Besides episcopal documents, the study also had recourse to the materials gathered during the first national enquiry devoted to catholic communities and published in 1994. Finally, an attempt at stock-taking, based on concrete data was considered important for the self-conscience of the militants of the CEB's, for the reflection of those who are interested in the rapport between religion and society and for the comprehension of certain important aspects of the history of contemporary catholicism
Cooreman-Guittin, Talitha. « La perception de la déficience intellectuelle dans la pédagogie catéchétique de l'Eglise ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAK002.
Texte intégralIntellectual disability poses a real challenge to the catechetical pedagogy of the Church. It questions the anthropology of all catechesis, especially the perception of people with a disability and moves the gravitational center of catechesis from cognitive knowledge to a personal relationship with the other (the Other). People with disabilities question the whole human community: "Why did God make me this way?” or "Why does no one want us as friends?” These questions serve as a starting point for a search throughout history, the Bible, ecclesial texts and catechetical tools to see how people with intellectual disabilities are perceived. The difficulty of making friends of all abilities is conditioned by our perception of disability. Assuming that this perception is determined in part by our religious conceptions, including our understanding of a so-called "adamic perfection," the author seeks a theologically and pastorally adjusted response to the two questions posed. By starting the conversation between disability theologies and catechesis in France, she opens up new perspectives, transforming the anthropological representations relating to the Christian faith, allowing a "capacitating" catechesis that opens a pathway to friendships beyond the barriers of disability
Sakkal, Elias. « La femme dans le christianisme et dans la chretiente : de saint paul a saint thomas d'aquin ». Toulouse 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU20034.
Texte intégralWomen's condition in christiany and christendom has always been waving between equality and subordination of women to men: whenever christian theology and the church's attitude concerning the woman's problem, came closer to the specific spirit of jesus or identified itself with the gospel's contents, women became equal to men. Nevertheless, christian women found themselves subordinated or subjected to men, on the other hand, whenever the same theology and the same church wandered away from the gospel to draw the elements of their theories and moral rules from prechristian cultures and particularly from the old testament
Crété-Protin, Isabelle. « De la cité au diocèse de Troyes : histoire d'une christianisation (IVème-IXème siècles) ». Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040159.
Texte intégralApart from ancient works of local knowledge, whose data is often doubtful or inaccurate, the origins and the development of Christianity in a particular diocese have generally only been the object of brief review articles. However, the collection and collation of written, archaeological and toponymic sources allows the writing of a Christian history of the diocese of Troyes, from its origins to the end of the IXth century, an era of Viking’s invasions after which northern Gaul was the subject of deep political, social and religious changes. After establishing its geographical context, and stripping the legends left by the middle ages from the religious origins of the diocese, the analysis concerns itself first with the time period of, the setting and the participants in the first evangelization; followed by the Christian topography of the episcopal city describing the first monasteries and hermitages - witness to the widespread Christianization during the Merovingian era ; then the religious activity of the diocese during the IXth century and its place within the Christian history of northern Gaul ; and finally, the rural Christianization through the investigation of the creation of the parishes. The analysis first confined to the Christian town of Troyes, starting point of the evangelization, progresses to the diocese in order to give a picture of an expansive Christianity
Bouflet, Joachim. « Institution et charisme dans l'Église de 1846 à nos jours : la question du jugement épiscopal sur les apparitions mariales modernes et contemporaines ». Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30014/document.
Texte intégralOn the 4th of November 1847, Msgr de Bruillard, the Bishop of Grenoble, sets up a commis-sion of inquiry aimed at clearing the way for the doctrinal judgment he will have to pass on the alleged apparition of the Virgin Mary at La Salette on the 19th of September 1846. In doing so is merely applying once again the usual rules of the Church in matters pertaining to the discernment of spirits, but he actually does innovate by rigorously definiting the canonical framework within which this judgment must be exercised, following – in matters regarding the question of canonization – a procedure which, to some extent, faithfully reflected the one already favoured by the De servorum Dei beatificatione et de beatorum canonizatione (1734-1738) by Prospero Lambertini (the future pope Benedict XIV). Even though it aims to serve as a model (adopted by a growing number of bishops having to come to terms with events of apparitions in their dioceses), and however efficient it proves to be, this type of procedure soon meets with a variety of obstacles exposing its own limitations : among these obstacles one could not minimize the increasingly frequent interference of the Holy Office in its dealings with the bishops, before the Second Vatican Council. After the Council, the bishops are given more leeway, but the repercussions – on a world scale – of certain mariophanies will induce the Congregation for the Doctrine of the faith to edict in 1978 a set of general Norms, offering the bishops the guiding lines of a roadmap. Nevertheless, these norms will soon become inapplicable, in the face of newly emerging types of mariophanies, whose primary source is the 'Medjugorje case' (1981). Because of its implications – not just religious, but political and societal as well – this mariophany has been dubbed the breaking point apparition, raising the question of how the ecclesiastical Institution should respond to facts and attitudes which, while pretending to speak in the name of the Church, claim the right to disregard part of her decisions, by using as an excuse the need for a more open-minded and a more immediate involvement in the history of mankind – as it appears nowadays ; so much so that, conflicting with the judgments on the authenticity of the case and its relevance for the Church, the claimed fruitfulness of the event runs the risk og beeing viewed as the principal criterion for a judgment on the phenomenon itself
Allais, Joëlle. « Entre terre et ciel. Les religieuses dans le diocèse de Bayeux au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles ». Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN1264.
Texte intégralIn the beginning of the seventeenth century, the action of pious circles allowed proliferation of women's monasteries in a diocese where protestantism had been very important among the nobility. To the abbaye-aux-dames and Saint-Laurent convent of Cordillon, founded in middle ages, were added communities from traditionnal and counter-reformation's orders. The communities settled in the diocese with the support of local notables, who could reconcile devotion and patrimonial interest. The number of nuns continued to increase up to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Then, starting in 1720, the spread of jansenism and economic difficulties, linked to the law system, produced a durable slackening of recruitment due to the withdrawal of traditional elites. At the end of the century, the communities were restored by the influx of urban middle class and rural elites. Women's monasteries, forever isolated behind their walls, were organised in societies apart from the world. Rules and constitutions, specific to each order, anticipated every contingency of material and spiritual life. By the end of the eighteenth century, despite the mounting disregard of the progressive elite for women's convents, female monastic life was still accepted and recognized by the majority of people in the diocese, thus permitting its rapid recovery and expansion after the Revolution
Fuentes, Belgrave Laura. « L'autonomie reproductive au Costa Rica et au Nicaragua : un talon d’Achille dans le processus de laïcisation ». Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0008.
Texte intégralHow to explain the continued restrictions on women's reproductive autonomy which prevails in Costa Rica and Nicaragua? To answer this question, which remains more than ever, this thesis interrogates the consequences of the influence of the Catholic Church on the establishment of symbolic boundaries inside of which were built the Nations-States of Costa Rica and Nicaragua. The maintenance until today of the elective affinity between political and religious authorities has hampered attempts to secularization of these countries: each crossed threshold of secularization was succeeded by a threshold of confessionalization which has taken issue extensively for women's rights. If these rights are ultimately passed from religious control to state control, the secularization process remains incomplete, preventing the emergence of a recognized status of women's freedom to dispose of themselves. States take possession of Christian morality to confiscate their body, even if Nicaragua became secular while Costa Rica remains confessional. This lawlessness is reinforced by the appearance and rapid growth of Evangelical Churches that are supporting the Catholic Church in the political arena with the electoral participation of Pentecostals parties. These religious communities find a common goal about the defense of the "right to life of the unborn" with the emergence of sexual and reproductive rights. They join forces to fight against the access to therapeutic abortion, morning-after pill and in vitro fertilization. This alliance is bearing fruit: therapeutic abortion in Nicaragua is prohibited while the morning-after pill and in vitro fertilization are condemned in Costa Rica
Papikyan, Hayarpi. « L'éducation aux confins de l'Empire : la scolarisation des filles et l'entrée des femmes arméniennes dans l'espace public au Caucase : (milieu du XIXe - début XXe siècle) ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB219.
Texte intégralThis dissertation brings to the light the story of the late-mid-nineteenth century and early twentieth-century education of Armenian girls for the first time by placing it in the context of the general political events that influenced its development. It also examines Armenian women's work as educators, organisers and sponsors of girls' schooling. The research is based on a wide array of public and private sources: school reports, programs and regulations, press publications (editorials, correspondences, news, announcements and advertisements), literary works, speeches, memoirs, diaries, autobiographies and letters, which reveal the period's progression from girls receiving private tutoring and an archaic training by deaconesses and celibate devotees to establishing regular schools for girls and providing them a similar form of education as their brothers. The development of Armenian girls' schools and education took place in the turbulent context of the repressive colonial politics of the Russian Government in the Caucasus, the efforts of the Armenian Church to maintain its authority and power over the Armenian communities and the growing Armenian national-revolutionary movement. The research uncovers the nuances of changing consciousness about Armenian girls' education and shows how it led Armenian women to assume public roles, establish schools, charities, libraries, write and translate children's literature, undertake a wide range of fund-raising public activities for girls' schools (charity bazaars, public lotteries, embroidery sales, theatres and concerts) and enter the revolutionary movement. This dissertation joins a vibrant conversation in the educational sciences about nineteenth and early twentieth-century schooling, programs and institutions. It also engages in the discussions about Eastern-European and Caucasian girls' education and women's history. The research also contributes to Armenian Studies by restoring to Armenian history a missing and vital chapter about women's presence and role in the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century major political, social and cultural developments
Kedowide, Hubert. « De l'événement médiatique international à sa médiatisation nationale : analyse socio-sémiotique du traitement des propos du pape Benoît XVI sur le préservatif dans les quotidiens de Québec et du Cameroun ». Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25281.
Texte intégralDenkha, Ataa. « Autorité, transparence et gestion des entrées et sorties dans les congrégations féminines : éclairages à partir du cas de l’Irak ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAK018.
Texte intégralThe revelation of abuse in the Church invites a search for the truth about the management of authority and transparency in female congregations in Mesopotamia. To speak about the abuse of power has become necessary. Canonical norms and the teachings of the Magisterium of the Church invite religious communities to a fair application of the law while respecting the dignity of the human person. Likewise, a change of mentality about women in Arab-Muslim countries, in the Iraqi society in particular, and in the Church as a whole is urgently needed. The results of this research work suggest the need for a reform and renewal of the identity of religious life in Iraq with the view to better manage vocations in the future. Religious life plays an important role in this country which is in need of rebuilding itself humanely, spiritually and fraternally in order to rediscover the values of peace, justice, reconciliation and solidarity. The interest of this subject is not limited to women’s congregations in Iraq alone but is directed to all consecrated persons in the Church