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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Fertility Endocrine aspects »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 31 janvier 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Fertility Endocrine aspects"

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Szkodziak, Filip, Jarosław Krzyżanowski, and Piotr Szkodziak. "Psychological aspects of infertility. A systematic review." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 6 (June 2020): 030006052093240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520932403.

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Objective Fertility may be defined as a capacity to conceive and produce offspring. Infertility is characterized by failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility concerns an estimated 8–12% of the global population, and is associated with factors including time of unwanted non-conception, age of female partner and number of diseases impacting fertility. Unexplained infertility is described as idiopathic. This study aimed to analyse and evaluate the influence of mental disorders, often considered as reasons for idiopathic in

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Leshchenko, O. Ya, E. V. Genich, M. A. Darenskaya, and L. I. Kolesnikova. "HIV and infertility: neuro-endocrine and metabolic aspects." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 12, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2020-12-4-73-80.

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Objective: to establish a correlation of the main neuroendocrine and metabolic parameters associated with infertility and to provide a prognostic assessment of reproductive disorders in HIV-infected women, stages 4.Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, cohort, clinical and sociological study of fertility of 83 women of reproductive age with HIV, stages 4.Results. The most signiﬁcant indicators of lipid peroxidation and neuroendocrine regulation systems have been established in patients with HIV infection and reproductive disorders, which will make it possible to predict these disorders in th

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Kumar, A., S. Raut, and N. H. Balasinor. "Endocrine regulation of sperm release." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 12 (2018): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18057.

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Spermiation (sperm release) is the culmination of a spermatid’s journey in the seminiferous epithelium. After a long association with the Sertoli cell, spermatids have to finally ‘let go’ of the support from Sertoli cells in order to be transported to the epididymis. Spermiation is a multistep process characterised by removal of excess spermatid cytoplasm, recycling of junctional adhesion molecules by endocytosis, extensive cytoskeletal remodelling and final spermatid disengagement. Successful execution of all these events requires coordinated regulation by endocrine and paracrine factors. Thi

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Arnanz, Ana, Juan A. Garcia-Velasco, and José Luis Neyro. "Calcifediol (25OHD) Deficiency and Its Treatment in Women’s Health and Fertility." Nutrients 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091820.

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Currently, there is abundant scientific evidence showing that the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) is a highly complex endocrine system with multiple actions in different regions of the body. The unequivocal presence of vitamin D receptors in different tissues related to fertility, and to specific aspects of women’s health such as pregnancy, undoubtedly implies functions of this steroid hormone in both male and female fertility and establishes relationships with different outcomes of human gestation. In order to review the role of the VDES in human fertility, we evaluated the relationships es

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de Carvalho, Bruno, Ionara Barcelos, Sebastião de Medeiros, Cristina Benetti-Pinto, Daniela Yela, Andrea Nácul, Gustavo Maciel, José Júnior, Ana Carolina Rosa e Silva, and Laura Costa. "Increasing the Chances of Natural Conception: Opinion Statement from the the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations - FEBRASGO - Committee of Gynecological Endocrinology." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 41, no. 03 (February 15, 2019): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677838.

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AbstractConsidering that myths and misconceptions regarding natural procreation spread rapidly in the era of easy access to information and to social networks, adequate counseling about natural fertility and spontaneous conception should be encouraged in any kind of health assistance. Despite the fact that there is no strong-powered evidence about any of the aspects related to natural fertility, literature on how to increase the chances of a spontaneous pregnancy is available. In the present article, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations (FEBRASGO, in the Portugues

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Ivanova, L. V., L. Sh Gorbacova, and N. L. Nemet. "Modern aspects in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory diseases, associated with intrauterine device contraception and their consequences in the remote period." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 48, no. 2 (May 15, 1999): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88063.

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Pelvic inflammatory diseases are widespread form of women pathology. In many cases these diseases are connected to IUD application and frequently result in violations of specific functions of a female organism. We conduct operation on generalization of data of literary sources, with reference to the given kind of a pathology, analyse the etiology, clinical features, methods of treatment (conservative and surgical), and also paths for restoring fertility and endocrine functions.

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Yding Andersen, C., L. S. Mamsen, and S. G. Kristensen. "FERTILITY PRESERVATION: Freezing of ovarian tissue and clinical opportunities." Reproduction 158, no. 5 (November 2019): F27—F34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0635.

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Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) is mainly used for fertility preservation in girls and women facing a gonadotoxic treatment. If the woman subsequently becomes menopausal, the ovarian tissue may be transplanted to regain ovarian function, including fertility. The method was developed more than two decades ago and today thousands of women worldwide have undergone OTC. Fewer than 500 patients have had tissue transplanted and close to 100% of those regain ovarian function. Several technical aspects of OTC are now becoming more established, including high quantitative follicle survival, defin

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Rojas, Joselyn, Mervin Chávez-Castillo, Luis Carlos Olivar, María Calvo, José Mejías, Milagros Rojas, Jessenia Morillo, and Valmore Bermúdez. "Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life." Journal of Pregnancy 2015 (2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/715735.

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The genetic, endocrine, and metabolic mechanisms underlying female reproduction are numerous and sophisticated, displaying complex functional evolution throughout a woman’s lifetime. This vital course may be systematized in three subsequent stages: prenatal development of ovaries and germ cells up untilin uteroarrest of follicular growth and the ensuing interim suspension of gonadal function; onset of reproductive maturity through puberty, with reinitiation of both gonadal and adrenal activity; and adult functionality of the ovarian cycle which permits ovulation, a key event in female fertilit

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Schuenemann, G. M., J. L. Edwards, F. M. Hopkins, N. R. Rohrbach, H. S. Adair, F. N. Scenna, J. C. Waller, J. W. Oliver, A. M. Saxton, and F. N. Schrick. "Fertility aspects in yearling beef bulls grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 4 (2005): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05005.

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During a 2-year study, yearling beef bulls were used to determine the effects of grazing on endophyte-infected tall fescue on endocrine profiles, semen quality and fertilisation potential. Bulls were allotted to graze tall fescue pastures infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum (E+; n = 20 per year) or Jesup/MaxQTM (Pennington Seed, Atlanta, GA, USA; NTE; n = 10 per year). Bulls were grouped by scrotal circumference (SC), bodyweight (BW), breed composites and age to graze tall fescue pastures from mid-November until the end of June (within each year). Blood samples, BW, SC and rectal temperatu

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Yaw, Alexandra, Autumn McLane-Svoboda, and Hanne Hoffmann. "Shiftwork and Light at Night Negatively Impact Molecular and Endocrine Timekeeping in the Female Reproductive Axis in Humans and Rodents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010324.

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Shiftwork, including work that takes place at night (nightshift) and/or rotates between day and nightshifts, plays an important role in our society, but is associated with decreased health, including reproductive dysfunction. One key factor in shiftwork, exposure to light at night, has been identified as a likely contributor to the underlying health risks associated with shiftwork. Light at night disrupts the behavioral and molecular circadian timekeeping system, which is important for coordinated timing of physiological processes, causing mistimed hormone release and impaired physiological fu

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Thèses sur le sujet "Fertility Endocrine aspects"

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Pacelli, Myra Mary. "TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY LIPIDS AND PITUITARY RESPONSE TO EXOGENOUS GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE IN HOLSTEIN HEIFERS (LUTEINIZING, PROTECTED FAT, PROGESTERONE)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275374.

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Algire, James Edgar. "Prostaglandins in follicular development and ovulation in cattle." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61849.

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Johnson, Mark Steven 1955. "EFFECTS OF ELEVATING BLOOD LIPIDS IN ENERGY DEFICIENT ANESTROUS DAIRY HEIFERS ON PITUITARY RESPONSE TO GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE CHALLENGE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275384.

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Blais, Élise. "Utilisation du CIDR MD pour l'induction de l'oestrus chez la brebis en contre-saison sexuelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30462/30462.pdf.

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Cette étude visait à évaluer différents protocoles d’utilisation d’un implant vaginal de progestérone (CIDRMD) pour l’induction des chaleurs dans l’objectif d’augmenter la fertilité des brebis en contre-saison sexuelle. Un traitement de 14 j avec injection d’eCG au retrait du CIDR, un protocole de 5 j avec administration d’eCG et de PGF2α au retrait et un traitement de 13 j avec injection d’eCG et de progestérone au retrait ont été comparés en mai, juin et juillet, dans trois sites expérimentaux, sur 331 brebis hybrides prolifiques Dorset × Romanov. Le CIDR a été très efficace pour induire et

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Maurice, Clotilde. "Une exposition prénatale paternelle au mélange d'organochlorés de l'Arctique altère la fertilité et la santé des fils dans un modèle de rat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25497.

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Des niveaux d’élevés d’organochlorés (OC), incluant des pesticides et des produits industriels connus pour être des perturbateurs endocriniens, ont été détectés dans les populations humaines et animales en Arctique. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’une exposition durant la vie précoce aux doses environnementales d’organochlorés qui contaminent l’Arctique, affecte la fonction et le développement reproducteur sur plusieurs générations avec une transmission paternelle dans un modèle de rat. Des femelles Sprague-Dawley (F0) ont été gavées avec le mélange d’organochlorés de l’Arctique (500 µg PCB/kg

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Duggal, Priya S. (Priya Sunanda). "Leptin action on ovulation and leptin receptors across the rat oestrous cycle." 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd866.pdf.

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Duggal, Priya S. (Priya Sunanda). "Leptin action on ovulation and leptin receptors across the rat oestrous cycle / Priya S. Duggal." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21675.

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Al-Matubsi, Hisham Y. "Regulation of ovarian oxytocin and prostaglandin F2[alpha] release in the ovine oestrous cycle." Thesis, 1998. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15557/.

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This thesis addresses the regulation of ovarian oxytocin and prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) release in the ovine oestrous cycle, their role in luteolysis and a possible mechanism by which the oxytocin secretory pathway is controlled in ovarian tissue.

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Livres sur le sujet "Fertility Endocrine aspects"

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International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. Congress. Contraception into the next decade: A preview to the year 2000. Carnforth, Lancashire: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1988.

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Lantbruksuniversitet, Sveriges, ed. Hormonal interralationships in heifers and postpartum cows: Endocrinological and methodological studies. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1987.

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McKeown, Ronan Michael. The effect of immunization against an inhibin fragment on hormone concentrations and testicular function in rams. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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E, Rivlin Michel, ed. Handbook of drug therapy in reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.

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Jean, Ginsburg, and Prelević Gordana M, eds. Drug therapy in reproductive endocrinology. London: Arnold, 1996.

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Wolfgang, Distler, and Beck Lutwin, eds. Endorphins in reproduction and stress. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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Kim, S. Samuel. Oocyte Biology in Fertility Preservation. Springer, 2013.

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Kim, S. Samuel. Oocyte Biology in Fertility Preservation. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Kim, S. Samuel. Oocyte Biology in Fertility Preservation. Springer, 2016.

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Prelevic, Gordana M. Drug Therapy in Reproductive Endocrinology. A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Fertility Endocrine aspects"

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Marland, Anne, and Mike Tadman. "Practical and nursing aspects of endocrine conditions." In Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology & Diabetes 4e, 809–36. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198851899.003.0014.

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Endocrinology nursing is an ever-evolving specialty. This chapter provides expert and innovative practice-based nursing information. It provides nursing care for thyroid surgery and disorders, facilitating investigation and education about pituitary function and specialist nurse management of different conditions. Education on visual field deficits and minimum driving standards are covered. The full roles of the nurse in pituitary surgery is explained, from pre-op to post-op care. Diabetes insipidus is covered. Responsibilities and possible pathways for managing male fertility, testosterone replacement, and gender dysphoria are all described. Finally, role development and nurse led clinics are examined.

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Khanday, Sameena, Rayees Ahmad, and Guru Dutt Sharma. "Thermotolerance for Physiological and Endocrine Regulation of Embryo-Uterine Development." In Climate Change and Its Impact on Fertility, 135–57. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4480-8.ch007.

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Hyperthermia affects most aspects of reproductive performance in mammals by compromising the physiology of reproductive tract, through hormonal imbalance, disrupting the development and maturation of oocyte, causing embryonic mortality, abortion, growth retardation, and major developmental defects. Heat stress reduces the steroidogenic capacity of its theca and granulosa cells by altering the efficiency of follicular selection resulting in drop of luteinizing hormone and estradiol secretions from the dominant follicle in the plasma, reduced intensity, and duration of estrus expression. The mechanism for the developmental stage-dependent change in heat tolerance is considered to be the accumulation of antioxidants in embryos in response to heat-inducible production of reactive oxygen species. Morula or blastocysts can repair heat-induced misfolded or unfolded proteins or facilitate DNA damage induced apoptosis. Therefore, embryo transfer (ET) that can bypass the heat-sensitive stage could be a good solution to improve the conception rate under heat stress. However, further research is required to improve the reduction in pregnancy rates due to summer heat stress.

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Khanday, Sameena, Rayees Ahmad, and Guru Dutt Sharma. "Thermotolerance for Physiological and Endocrine Regulation of Embryo-Uterine Development." In Climate Change and Its Impact on Fertility, 135–57. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4480-8.ch007.

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Hyperthermia affects most aspects of reproductive performance in mammals by compromising the physiology of reproductive tract, through hormonal imbalance, disrupting the development and maturation of oocyte, causing embryonic mortality, abortion, growth retardation, and major developmental defects. Heat stress reduces the steroidogenic capacity of its theca and granulosa cells by altering the efficiency of follicular selection resulting in drop of luteinizing hormone and estradiol secretions from the dominant follicle in the plasma, reduced intensity, and duration of estrus expression. The mechanism for the developmental stage-dependent change in heat tolerance is considered to be the accumulation of antioxidants in embryos in response to heat-inducible production of reactive oxygen species. Morula or blastocysts can repair heat-induced misfolded or unfolded proteins or facilitate DNA damage induced apoptosis. Therefore, embryo transfer (ET) that can bypass the heat-sensitive stage could be a good solution to improve the conception rate under heat stress. However, further research is required to improve the reduction in pregnancy rates due to summer heat stress.

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"Reproduction and development." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Medical Sciences, edited by Jade Chow, John Patterson, Kathy Boursicot, and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605071.003.0025.

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Reproduction and development are large topics, knowledge of which underpins several medical specialities including sexual health, fertility, gynaecology, urology, reproductive endocrinology, obstetrics, and neonatology. Doctors need to know the structure, function, and endocrine control of both male and female systems in order to diagnose and manage conditions specific to either male or female organs, as well as conditions such as impotence and infertility. Not surprisingly, the reproductive system is the only body system that shows major differences in both structure and function between males and females. However, sexual differences go beyond the primary sexual characteristics present at birth and the secondary sexual characteristics that emerge under the influence of sex hormones at puberty. Sexual dimorphism in some brain structures commences at an early age, and differences in the endocrine profiles of males and females produce characteristic changes in morphology, physiology, and behaviour that go beyond simple sexual dimorphism to affect many aspects of life, including sexual differences in susceptibility to disease and the longer life expectancy of women as compared to men that is seen around the world. Whether these differences, mainly beneficial to women, are because females are ‘biologically superior’ or because of a complex mix of genetic, behavioural, and social factors is a matter for discussion and research. Some knowledge of embryology is important to every medical student. As a minimum it provides explanations for the congenital malformations and their consequences that are encountered in many areas of clinical practice. Deeper knowledge will assist those seeking real insights into the structure of the human body. It is the study of embryological development and the knowledge of how each tissue type arises, how one tissue meets another, and how tissues move and change shape during development that explains the relations between tissues and organs in the adult human form. Achieving a full understanding of the dynamics of the formation of the body’s organs and tissues is demanding, but it can replace some of the rote learning of anatomical structures, familiar to many students, with a deeper understanding of form and function.

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Yürekli, Banu Şarer. "Endokrin Bozucuların Üreme Sistemi Üzerindeki Etkileri." In Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık, 117–32. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-04-7.ch07.

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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals are defined as “an exogenous chemical, or a mixture of chemicals, that can interfere with any aspect of hormone action”. Endocrine disruptors consist of pesticides, fungicides, industrial chemicals, plasticizers, and phytoestrogens. Time exposure to endocrine disruptors is an important issue. The developing fetus and neonates are more vulnerable in terms of endocrine disruption. Endocrine disruptors may interfere with the synthesis, action, and metabolism of sex steroid hormones. They can cause developmental and fertility problems, infertility, and hormone-sensitive cancers in women and men. Estrogen and androgen pathways are important in gonadal development, the determination of secondary sex characteristics, and gametogenesis. Endocrine disruptors mediate their action through respective receptors and/or downstream signaling. Endocrine disruptors can cause antagonistic or agonistic responses, acting through estrogen/androgen receptors. Bisphenol-A (BPA), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, polychlorinated biphenyls, and phthalates are major endocrine disruptors that interfere with the normal estrogen/androgen pathways leading to infertility in both sexes through DNA damage in spermatozoids, altered methylation pattern, histone modifications and miRNA expression. Endocrine disruptors affect the increasing incidence of male reproductive disorders, including poor semen quality, testicular malignancies, and congenital developmental defects such as hypospadias and cryptorchidism. Bisphenol-A (BPA) has also been reported to be associated with female infertility. BPA can cause dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis with a precocious maturation through damage of GnRH pulsatility, gonadotropin signaling, and sex steroid hormone production. Further, BPA exposure during the early life stage may have a transgenerational effect predisposing the subsequent generations to the risk of developing BPA-related disease. Experimental studies suggested that prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposure to BPA can impair several steps of ovarian development and impair ovarian function, particularly folliculogenesis. Uterus morphology and function are also affected by endocrine disruptors. Studies carried out in animal models have reported the occurrence of endometriosis-like lesions after BPA exposure. Moreover, BPA exposure has been described to cause PCOS-like abnormalities.

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Sharma, Neha, Sanghapriya Mukherjee, and Aparajita Kushwaha. "Cytokine Storm in Hypothyroidism in Infertile Women." In Hypothyroidism - New Aspects of an Old Disease. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102044.

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Thyroid dysfunction interferes with several aspects of reproduction along with pregnancy. Hypothyroidism in females leads to an elevated level of hormone prolactin which decreases levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and finally causes infertility. Obesity acts upon the reproductive cycle by decreasing oestrogen metabolism stimulating menstrual disturbance along with an ovulation. But till date, one of the most underestimated obstacles in fertility is inflammation. Hypothyroidism leads to inflammation in secondary epithelial cells of thyroid gland. This affects immune, nervous system and endocrinal functions of body. Inflammation contributes to oestrogen dominance, a hormonal state that consists of having too little progesterone in the body compared to oestrogen. This leads to progesterone resistance, prevention of progesterone hormone receptors from working properly. This condition also leads to infertility in hypothyroid females. Therefore, not only hormonal profile is sufficient to check up for reproductive problems in the female, but also inflammatory markers like IL-6 and CRP should be added to this profile.

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Yılmaz, Bayram. "Endokrin Bozucuların Güncel Durumu, Ağır Metaller, Poliklorlu Bifeniller (PCBS), Parabenler, BHA, BHT." In Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık, 11–34. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-04-7.ch02.

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Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are a global problem for environmental and human health. They are defined as “an exogenous chemical, or mixture of chemicals, that can interfere with any aspect of hormone action”. It is estimated that there are about 1000 chemicals with endocrine-acting properties. EDCs comprise pesticides, fungicides, industrial chemicals, plasticizers, nonylphenols, metals, pharmaceutical agents and phytoestrogens. Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants (POPs) are substances that persist a long time in the environment and pose a threat for human health. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of POPs that were widely used and banned in 1980s. PCBs may have neurotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, hepatatoxic, nephrotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Some PCBs resemble to estradiol 17-β and hence can mimic estrogenic effects. In contrast, coplanar PCBs mimic dioxin that they bind to aryl hydrocarbon receptor and causes anti-estrogenic effects. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and uranium) have been reported to have endocrine disruptive effects. However, their carcinogenic, neurotoxic and other adverse effects on human health are more important. Parabens are methyl, ethyl, propyl and ester forms of PHBA that are commonly used in food, pharmaceutical and personal care products. They have weak endocrine disruptive effects. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are food additives as antioxidants. There are very few studies on the endocrine disruptor effects of BHA and BHT. Their use has been limited in USA, EU and Canada. Human exposure to EDCs mainly occurs by ingestion and to some extent by inhalation and dermal uptake. Most EDCs are lipophilic and bioaccumulate in the adipose tissue, thus they have a very long half-life in the body. It is difficult to assess the full impact of human exposure to EDCs because adverse effects develop latently and manifest at later ages, and in some people do not present. Timing of exposure is of importance. Developing fetus and neonates are the most vulnerable to endocrine disruption. EDCs may interfere with synthesis, action and metabolism of sex steroid hormones that in turn cause developmental and fertility problems, infertility and hormone-sensitive cancers in women and men. Some EDCs exert obesogenic effects that result in disturbance in energy homeostasis. Interference with hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid and adrenal axes has also been reported. Potential EDCs, their effects and mechanisms of action, epidemiological studies to analyze their effects on human health, bio-detection and chemical identification methods, studying EDCs in humans and recommendations for endocrinologists, individuals and policy makers are reviewed.

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