Thèses sur le sujet « Final cover »

Resumo: O plantio direto consiste em um sistema de manejo conservacionista da produção agrícola, que promove a melhoria das condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação de sistemas de acabamento de semeadura existentes no mercado nacional, utilizados em semeadoras de precisão para plantio direto, assim como novas propostas, levando em conta fatores que afetam a germinação das sementes e a emergência das plântulas no campo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR, em Londrina, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições para a cultura do feijão e três repetições para a cultura da soja. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito sistemas de acabamento de semeadura, dotados de componentes com e sem aterramento, sistemas de controle de profundidade de sementes e rodas compactadoras. Foram avaliadas variáveis do solo, das sementes e parâmetros de desempenho das unidades semeadoras. Conclui-se que os discos aterradores melhoram os resultados das unidades de semeadura, beneficiando a operação em diferentes aspectos e aumentando a emergência. As rodas controladoras de profundidade paralelas melhoram os resultados dos discos aterradores, inclusive os de emergência. As rodas compactadoras lisas não são indicadas, pois promovem problemas de selamento superficial. As rodas compactadoras em "V" apresentaram bons resultados, mas as rodas compactadoras com garras e sulcos internos tendem a ser melhores
Abstract: No-till is a system of conservation management of agricultural production, which promotes the improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the systems finish seeding on the market in Brazil, used in precision seeders for no-till planters, as well as new proposals, considering factors that affect seed germination and emergence seedlings in the field. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná - IAPAR, in Londrina, using the randomized block planning with eight treatments and four repetitions for the cultivation of beans and three repetitions for soybean. Treatments consist of eight systems of finish seeding that having components with and without ground finish systems, depth of seed and compactor wheels. Was evaluated soil variables, seeds variables and performance parameters of seeding units. It was concluded that soil cover disks improve the seeding units performance, benefit the operation in different aspects and increasing the emergency. Parallel depth controller wheels improve results of soil cover discs, including the emergency. The flat compactor wheels are not recommended, because they promote soil surface sealing problems. The wheels in "V" had good results, but the wheels with grip and internal ridges tend to be better
Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Coorientador: Ruy Casão Júnior
Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva
Banca: Antonio Sérgio Ferraudo
Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello
Banca: Wilson José Oliveira de Souza
Doutor

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O plantio direto consiste em um sistema de manejo conservacionista da produção agrícola, que promove a melhoria das condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação de sistemas de acabamento de semeadura existentes no mercado nacional, utilizados em semeadoras de precisão para plantio direto, assim como novas propostas, levando em conta fatores que afetam a germinação das sementes e a emergência das plântulas no campo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná – IAPAR, em Londrina, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições para a cultura do feijão e três repetições para a cultura da soja. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito sistemas de acabamento de semeadura, dotados de componentes com e sem aterramento, sistemas de controle de profundidade de sementes e rodas compactadoras. Foram avaliadas variáveis do solo, das sementes e parâmetros de desempenho das unidades semeadoras. Conclui-se que os discos aterradores melhoram os resultados das unidades de semeadura, beneficiando a operação em diferentes aspectos e aumentando a emergência. As rodas controladoras de profundidade paralelas melhoram os resultados dos discos aterradores, inclusive os de emergência. As rodas compactadoras lisas não são indicadas, pois promovem problemas de selamento superficial. As rodas compactadoras em “V” apresentaram bons resultados, mas as rodas compactadoras com garras e sulcos internos tendem a ser melhores
No-till is a system of conservation management of agricultural production, which promotes the improvement of the physical, chemical and biological soil conditions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the systems finish seeding on the market in Brazil, used in precision seeders for no-till planters, as well as new proposals, considering factors that affect seed germination and emergence seedlings in the field. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná – IAPAR, in Londrina, using the randomized block planning with eight treatments and four repetitions for the cultivation of beans and three repetitions for soybean. Treatments consist of eight systems of finish seeding that having components with and without ground finish systems, depth of seed and compactor wheels. Was evaluated soil variables, seeds variables and performance parameters of seeding units. It was concluded that soil cover disks improve the seeding units performance, benefit the operation in different aspects and increasing the emergency. Parallel depth controller wheels improve results of soil cover discs, including the emergency. The flat compactor wheels are not recommended, because they promote soil surface sealing problems. The wheels in V had good results, but the wheels with grip and internal ridges tend to be better

Ground-based spectral imaging devices offer an important supplement to satellite imagery. Hand-held, ground-based sensors allow rapid, inexpensive measurements that are not affected by the earth’s atmosphere. They also provide a basis for high altitude spectral indices. We quantified the spectral reflectance characteristics of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Westbred 936) in research plots subjected to either nitrogen or water stress in a two year study. Both types of stress reduced ground cover, which was evaluated by digital photography and compared with ten spectral reflectance indices. On plots with a similar soil background, simple indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index, ratio vegetation index, and difference vegetation index were equal to or superior to more complex vegetation indices for predicting ground cover. Yield was estimated by integrating the normalized difference vegetation index over the growing season. The coefficient of determination (r2) between integrated normalized difference vegetation index and final yield was 0.86. Unfortunately, none of these indices were able to differentiate between the intensity of green leaf color and ground cover fraction, and thus could not distinguish nitrogen from water stress. We developed a reflective index that can differentiate nitrogen and water stress over a wide range of ground cover. The index is based on the ratio of the green and red variants of the normalized difference vegetation index. The new index was able to distinguish nitrogen and water stress from satellite data using wavelengths less than 1000 nm. This index should be broadly applicable over a wide range of plant types and environments.

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O crescente consumo humano acarreta uma maior geraÃÃo de resÃduos, que, por sua vez, devem ser adequadamente tratados e descartados. O armazenamento dos resÃduos urbanos em aterros produz gases, que quando nÃo geridos corretamente prejudicam a qualidade de vida da populaÃÃo. As emissÃes incontroladas desses gases provocam mÃltiplos impactos econÃmicos e socioambientais a partir da contaminaÃÃo do ar nas diferentes cidades do mundo. A comunidade circunvizinha do aterro à bastante prejudicada em virtude do convÃvio constante com o mau cheiro, gases inflamÃveis e atà componentes cancerÃgenos presentes no biogÃs. Em termos mundiais, o lanÃamento incontrolado do biogÃs na atmosfera à uma das contribuiÃÃes humanas para o aumento dos Gases causadores do Efeito Estufa (GEE) e aquecimento global. Uma das principais formas de se evitar a passagem aleatÃria do biogÃs gerado em aterros para a atmosfera à constituir um adequado sistema de cobertura dos resÃduos, a qual tem, dentre outras funÃÃes, evitar a fuga dos gases e a entrada de Ãguas pluviais na massa de resÃduos, alÃm de auxiliar na coleta e tratamento do biogÃs gerado no interior do aterro. Desenvolveu-se tÃcnicas de laboratÃrio e em campo para contemplar o estudo do fluxo de gases que atravessa o solo utilizado como cobertura do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC), com o objetivo de se avaliar a funcionalidade da camada de cobertura e se estimar a quantidade de gases, metano (CH4) e diÃxido de carbono (CO2), emitidos pelo Aterro. Escolheram-se quatro pontos distintos na superfÃcie da cÃlula, onde foram coletadas duas amostras, uma deformada e outra indeformada, para cada ponto selecionado. Os resultados mostraram que o solo da camada de cobertura foi classificado como areia fina silto-argilosa, com permeabilidade de 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, limite de liquidez de 27%, limite de plasticidade de 14% (Ãndice de plasticidade: 13%), massa especifica seca mÃxima de 1,83 g/cm e umidade Ãtima de 11%. Utilizou-se a metodologia de mediÃÃo por placa de fluxo de alta sensibilidade, onde se mediu o fluxo que atravessa a camada de cobertura, utilizando-se aparelhos de precisÃo. A mÃdia do fluxo de CH4 emitido pela camada de cobertura variou entre 105 e 1.361 m3/dia.m2, enquanto a mÃdia dos fluxos de CO2 variou de 76 à 1.048 m3/dia.m2. O fluxo mÃdio de CH4 pode atingir valores prÃximos de 9.452 t/ano, o que representa aproximadamente 198,5 mil t de CO2eq por ano em uma Ãrea de 78 hectares do aterro
The growing human consumption entails a greater generation of waste, which, in turn, must be properly treated and disposed. The storage of waste in landfills produces gas, which if not managed properly will affect the quality of life. The uncontrolled emissions of these gases cause multiple economic, social and environmental impacts, as due to air pollution in different cities around the world. The community surrounding the landfill is actually impaired by virtue of living with the constant stench, flammable and even carcinogenic compounds present in the biogas. Worldwide, the uncontrolled release of biogas into the atmosphere is one of the human contributions to the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and global warming. One of the main ways to avoid the random passage of the biogas generated in landfills to the atmosphere is to provide an adequate coverage of the waste system, which has, among other functions, prevent the escape of gases and the ingress of rainwater into the mass of waste as well as assist in the collection and treatment of the biogas generated within the landfill. Techniques were developed in the laboratory and field research to consider the flow of gases through the soil used as cover Landfill Metropolitan West Caucaia (ASMOC), to assess the functionality of the cover layer and estimate the amount of gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the landfill. Four different points on the cell surface were chosen, where two samples were collected, a deformed and other undeformed, for each selected point. The results showed that the covering layer is classified as sandy silt-clay, with permeability of 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, liquid limit of 27%, plastic limit of 14% (plasticity index: 13%), maximum dry density of 1.83 g/cm and optimum moisture content of 11%. The methodology used was the static flow measurement with high sensitivity, which measures the gas flow through the cover layer, using precision instruments. The average flow of CH4 emitted by the layer of coverage ranged between 105 and 1.361 m3/dia.m2, while the average CO2 fluxes ranged 76 - 1.048 m3/dia.m2. The average CH4 flux can reach values close to 9,452 tons / year, which represents about 198 500 tonnes of CO2 eq per year in an area of 78 hectares of the landfill.

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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB
The water balance is an important aspect on development of a landfill project, and the choice of material for the cover layer will influence the generation of percolated liquids. Considering the composition and characteristics of cover layers, it becomes necessary the conventional material substitution. Therefore, this study compared the construction civil waste (CCW) to the soil from the university campus - UEFS in Feira de Santana/BA as used in evapotranspiration cover layer for landfill, using the water balance models Fenn et al. (1975) and S?o Mateus et al. (2012). The results showed that both materials have the same behavior for the Fenn et al. (1975) method, where the CCW generates less liquid than MSW to the ground. By the method of S?o Mateus et al. (2012), the CCW and the soil allow the passage of water to the MSW in different behaviors, and the soil promoted greater liquid infiltration, about 95.5% higher than the CCW. When the methods were compared, S?o Mateus et al. (2012) presented higher water infiltration to the MSW in the simulation with the soil, in relation to the method of Fenn et al. (1975), and smaller with the CCW, this occurs due to the distinction of the input parameters for the materials, highlighting the influence of the permeability coefficient in the water balance.
O balan?o h?drico ? parte importante no processo de elabora??o de um projeto de aterro sanit?rio, visto que a escolha do material para a camada de cobertura influenciar? na gera??o de l?quidos percolados. Tendo em vista a necessidade da utiliza??o de materiais para a composi??o das diversas camadas dos sistemas de cobertura, torna-se indispens?vel o estudo de materiais alternativos para a substitui??o dos materiais usados originalmente. Para tanto, este trabalho comparou o res?duo da constru??o civil (RCC) com o solo do campus universit?rio da UEFS em Feira de Santana/BA utilizados como camada de cobertura para aterro sanit?rio, utilizando os modelos de balan?o h?drico de Fenn et al. (1975) e S?o Mateus et al. (2012). Os resultados mostraram que, pelo m?todo de Fenn et al. (1975), ambos os materiais possuem comportamento semelhante, sendo que o RCC infiltrou menor quantidade de ?gua para o res?duo s?lido urbano (RSU) do que o solo. Pelo m?todo de S?o Mateus et al. (2012), o RCC e o solo permitem a passagem de ?gua para o RSU em comportamentos distintos, sendo que o solo promoveu maior infiltra??o de l?quidos, cerca de 95,5% maior do que o RCC. Quando comparados os m?todos, S?o Mateus et al. (2012) apresentou maior infiltra??o de ?gua para o RSU na simula??o com o solo, com rela??o ao m?todo de Fenn et al. (1975), e menor com o RCC, isto ocorre devido ? distin??o dos par?metros de entrada para os materiais, destacando-se a influ?ncia do coeficiente de permeabilidade no balan?o h?drico.

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Capes
Uma das formas de tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) que mais se destaca são os aterros sanitários, que possui como vantagens, a facilidade de operação, menor custo quando comparado às outras técnicas (triagem, tratamento biológico, incineração, entre outras) e a existência de um plano de monitoramento contínuo. O aterro sanitário utiliza uma camada de cobertura final de solo compactado com a finalidade de isolar os resíduos do meio externo, minimizar a entrada de água para o interior do maciço sanitário, reduzir as emissões de gases para a atmosfera, evitar a proliferação de roedores e vetores de doença, entre outras. As Normas Brasileiras não regulamentam o tipo de solo a ser utilizado, nem técnicas de execução de camadas de coberturas de aterros, nem a forma de monitoramento, possuindo como única exigência o atendimento de um coeficiente mínimo de permeabilidade à água. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho do solo compactado utilizado na camada de cobertura final de um aterro de resíduos sólidos, tendo como campo experimental o Aterro Sanitário de Campina Grande/PB. Para isso foi realizada a caracterização física do solo utilizado na camada, verificação de seus parâmetros quanto à viabilidade para uso em aterros sanitários, análise físico-química e mineralógica, obtenção da curva de retenção de água no solo e análise dos pontos experimentais da curva aos ajustes propostos na literatura. Foi verificado o comportamento do solo frente aos processos de umedecimento/secagem e expansão/contração, observação da relação entre a umidade ótima de compactação e o ponto de entrada generalizada de ar (GAE), além da verificação da variação da umidade do solo em um perfil experimental da camada de cobertura por meio de sensores capacitivos. Os resultados demonstraram que, o solo possui permeabilidade à água admissível para uso em aterros sanitários segundo as normas nacionais e internacionais. O ajuste da curva de Van Genuchten aos pontos experimentais da curva de retenção atendeu às condições de concordância a partir dos parâmetros estatísticos analisados. A umidade ótima de compactação do solo possui valor próximo ao GAE, onde se inicia a dessaturação do solo, no qual o ar começa a entrar nos maiores poros formados pela drenagem da água e perda de umidade. Deve-se realizar a compactação do solo na energia proctor normal obedecendo à adição de água suficiente para atingir a umidade ótima, em um intervalo aceitável de ± 2%. Pode-se concluir que, o tipo de camada de cobertura final (solo argiloso compactado) utilizado é inadequado para a região do aterro devido às características climatológicas a que o solo está submetido e a ausência de proteção vegetal superficial. A aplicação da energia proctor normal para compactação do solo da camada de cobertura do aterro sanitário proporciona condições favoráveis à redução da permeabilidade à água do solo. A curva de retenção de água no solo da camada de cobertura do aterro sanitário apresenta comportamento unimodal e possui características de um solo argiloso. A utilização de sensores capacitivos se mostrou como uma técnica eficaz para aquisição automática da umidade do solo e verificação da sua variação ao longo do tempo, bem como, o monitoramento da sucção pela espessura da camada de cobertura final de solo compactado.
One of the forms of treatment of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the landfill, which has the advantages of ease of operation, lower cost when compared to other techniques (sorting, biological treatment, incineration, among others) and the existence of a continuous monitoring plan. The landfill uses a final cover layer of compacted soil to isolate residues from the external environment, minimize the entry of water into the landfill, reduce the emission of gases into the atmosphere, prevent the proliferation of rodent and vectors of disease, among others. The Brazilian Regulations do not regulate the type of soil to be used, nor techniques for implementing layers of landfills, nor the form of monitoring, having as sole requirement the attendance of a minimum coefficient of water permeability. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance of the compacted soil used in the final cover layer of a landfill, with the Landfill Campina Grande/PB as an experimental field. The physical characterization of the soil used in the layer, verification of its parameters regarding the feasibility for use in landfills, physical-chemical and mineralogical analysis, obtaining the water retention curve in the soil and analysis of the experimental points of the curve were performed adjustments proposed in the literature. The behavior of the soil was verified in relation to the wetting/drying and swell/contraction processes, observation of the relation between the optimum compaction humidity and the Generalized Air Entry (GAE), besides the verification of soil moisture variation in one experimental profile of the cover layer by means of capacitive sensors. The results showed that the soil has permeability to water admissible for use in landfills according to national and international standards. The adjustment of the Van Genuchten curve to the experimental points of the retention curve met the conditions of agreement from the statistical parameters analyzed. The optimum soil compaction humidity has a value close to GAE, where soil desaturation begins, in which the air begins to enter the larger pores formed by water drainage and moisture loss. Soil compaction must be carried out in normal proctor energy by adding sufficient water to achieve optimum moisture, within an acceptable range of ± 2%. It can be concluded that the type of final cover layer (compacted clay soil) used is unsuitable for the landfill region due to the climatological characteristics to which the soil is subjected and the absence of surface vegetation protection. The application of normal proctor energy to soil compaction of the landfill cover layer provides favorable conditions for the reduction of soil water permeability. The water retention curve in the soil of the final cover layer of the landfill presents unimodal behavior and has characteristics of a clay soil. The use of capacitive sensors proved to be an effective technique for automatic acquisition of soil moisture and verification of its variation over time, as well as the monitoring of suction by the thickness of the final cover layer of compacted soil.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as emissões de metano em aterros sanitários, os conceitos de geração de gases em aterros sanitários, movimentações de gases em aterro, apresenta os métodos de medição de gases in situ, tipos de cobertura finais para aterros e a oxidação do metano na camada de cobertura. A pesquisa também tem como objetivo medir as emissões de gases e avaliar a infiltração das águas pluviais através da camada de cobertura do aterro sanitário da CTR Nova Iguaçu. As medições foram realizadas nos meses de julho a novembro de 2010, na camada de cobertura monolítica existente e em outra construída sobre uma barreira capilar. Sensores para medir temperatura e umidade foram instalados em profundidade nas duas camadas. Foram realizados ensaios de placa de fluxo para medir a composição dos gases e o fluxo através dos dois tipos de camadas, e avaliadas duas situações: com os poços de extração de gás ativos e desligados. Os sensores indicaram que em período de baixa pluviosidade, a barreira capilar apresenta uma eficácia superior à camada monolítica, e com a intensificação das chuvas, as umidades medidas nos dois tipos de camadas aumentam, e na barreira capilar o gradiente estabelecido entre os sensores diminui, indicando uma possível tendência à saturação desta barreira capilar. Porém, com a paralisação das chuvas, recupera e retoma sua condição inicial. Os resultados de medidas dos gases demostraram a eficiência do sistema de extração de gás quando ativado, resultando em emissões quase nulas de metano e gás carbônico nos dois tipos de camadas. No entanto, quando o sistema está desativado, as emissões através da camada monolítica são cerca de 3 vezes maiores do que através da barreira capilar.
This research presents a literature review on methane emissions from landfills, the concepts of landfill gas generation, the landfill internal gas flow, introduces the methods of measurement of gases "in situ", types of final landfill coverage and the methane oxidation in the cover layer. The research also purposes to measure greenhouse gas emissions and to evaluate the infiltration of rainwater through the landfill cover layer of the CTR Nova Iguaçu. Measurements were made in the months from July to November 2010, the existing monolithic cover layer and another built on a capillary barrier. Sensors to measure temperature and humidity were installed in two layers in depth. Plate assays were performed to measure the flow of the gas composition and flow through the two types of layers, and evaluated two situations with the gas extraction wells active and off. The sensors have indicated that in times of low rainfall, the capillary barrier has superior efficacy to the monolithic layer, and with the intensification of rain, the moisture content measured on two types of layers increase, the capillary barrier and the gradient established between sensors decreases, indicating a possible trend to saturation of capillary barrier. However, with the stoppage of rain, recovers and returns to its initial condition. The results of measurements of gases demonstrated the efficiency of extraction of gas when activated, resulting in near zero emissions of methane and carbon dioxide in the two types of layers. However, when the system is off, the emissions through the monolithic layer is about three times larger than through the capillary barrier.

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The issues surrounding the religious have been given greater importance in scientific discussions and the media. Discussions on religion and religiosity have become widespread as a means for construction of social representations, both as individual levels, in addition, in the collectivity. This work deals with the construction of the order of Jesus, missionaries and settlers of the projects that marked the presence of the Jesuit missionaries, from colonization to the religious restructuring imposed after the expulsion of the Jesuit Order in Sergipe. Expulsion is what happened in the midst of political and administrative changes made by the Portuguese government in the mid-eighteenth century, which had representation at the Marquis of Pombal its creator. Understanding the religious and social restructuring, designed here in the practices and representations of popular and official. This restructuring has had on the religious brotherhoods, religious orders and other representations, an important symbolic presence in the spaces sociorreligiosos linked to Catholic practices in Sergipe. Representation such that officially came into the vicars pasted their legal representatives, in the maintenance of religious practices in the boroughs and cities Sergipe
Os assuntos que envolvem a religiosidade t?m recebido maior import?ncia nas discuss?es cient?ficas e nos meios de comunica??o social. Os debates sobre religi?o e religiosidade t?m se difundido como meio para constru??o das representa??es sociais, tanto em n?veis individuais como, al?m disso, na coletividade. Este trabalho trata da constru??o da ordem de Jesus, dos projetos mission?rios e colonizadores que marcaram a presen?a dos mission?rios jesu?tas, desde a coloniza??o at? a reestrutura??o religiosa imposta ap?s a expuls?o da ordem jesu?tica em Sergipe. Expuls?o esta que aconteceu em meio a mudan?as pol?ticoadministrativas tomadas pelo governo portugu?s em meados do s?culo XVIII, que tinham na representa??o do Marqu?s de Pombal seu idealizador. Compreender a reestrutura??o religiosa e social, aqui concebida nas pr?ticas e nas representa??es populares e oficiais. Essa reestrutura??o da religiosidade teve nas confrarias, irmandades, ordens terceiras e demais representa??es, importante presen?a simb?lica nos espa?os sociorreligiosos ligados ?s pr?ticas cat?licas em Sergipe. Representa??o essa que oficialmente passou a ter nos vig?rios colados seus representantes legais, na manuten??o das pr?ticas religiosas nas freguesias e cidades sergipanas

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2002.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86).

Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Tarek Abichou, Florida State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 21, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

This study investigated the establishment of vegetation cover planted in plug and seedling form in the closure phases of the Umlazi Landfill. It also investigated the various facets of the closure process of the Umlazi Landfill and the effect these have on the establishment and choice of vegetative cover, and the grass technology used to make the establishment of vegetation a success. The setting up of trials and the gathering of basic data were undertaken to assess the alternative vegetation options available to researchers. The cover provided by the grasses was assessed in the investigation. The capping of landfill sites is a relatively new approach and it is soon to become a mandatory requirement by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal) (DWAF, 1998). This systematic investigation used in the closure of the Umlazi Landfill, will provide a model for the capping of landfills in South Africa. Seeing that this was the first hazardous (H:h) landfill site in the country to be closed according to the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal (DWAF, 1998), every attempt was made to ensure that all aspects in the closure of the site met with the Minimum Requirements. The Minimum Requirements document mentions only briefly that the landfill must be vegetated with some grass type. Prior to 1994, capped landfill sites were usually planted with traditional grass seed mixes and these were not widely successful, as seen on many older landfills that have been partially or completely capped, and where vegetation cover is sparse. There is much literature in the developed countries on the closure of landfills (e.g., Erickson, During the site inspections in June 2001 and February 2002, it was noted that many species of alien plants had established themselves in the poor soil conditions. This made it even more important to find indigenous vegetation to vigorously establish itself that would prevent the establishment of alien invaders. Samples of grass species established on some part of the site were also taken for identification. The dominant grass was identified as Cynodon dactylon. In view of establishing a balanced vegetative cover on top of the Umlazi Landfill, Acacia karoo trees (in seedling form) were also planted. Three bunch grass species, Melinis nerviglumis, Melinis minutiflora and Hyparrhenia hirta, were tested to see if thatching grass could be grown on the site to generate a cash crop for local residents of Umlazi township. Preparation and planting of the capped areas took place in the latter part of 2003 and were completed in early 2004. Measurements and field data were recorded and statistically analysed. The trials revealed three key findings: Firstly, both creeping grasses studied, namely Cynodon dactylon var. “Sea Green” and Panicum natalense var. ”Natal Buffalo Grass” grew well on the site. Initially P. natalense grew faster but after a month, C. dactylon overtook it. At the end of the trial (six months, P. natalense provided a higher level of soil cover. However, C. dactylon grew more consistently over this period. Hence both species provided good growth and cover on this site. Secondly the three bunch grasses, Melinis nerviglumis, Melinis minutiflora and Hyparrhenia hirta, all grew well and had similar survival rates. Hence the potential for growing these grasses as a cash crop has potential. Thirdly, all the Acacia karoo trees survived, i.e., they achieved 100% survival. The average height increase and stem width was similar in all trials and growth was consistent over the six month growing period. Hence the tree species would be a good choice for planting on landfills in its ecologically suitable zones. It is therefore feasible to envisage the planting of a mixture of grasses under the cover of A. karoo trees, to provide a balanced mixture of indigenous grasses to cover a freshly capped landfill. Such a system should provide for stable growth of vegetation for many years.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-167).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2002.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-250).

A high level of plant mortality on the Bisasar Road landfill, Durban, South Africa initiated an investigation into the primary causes of the mortalities and a search for potentially tolerant plant species. Field studies revealed that volunteer grass growth on cover soils was primarily limited by elevated soil C02, with high soil conductivity and low soil moisture possibly compounding the effect. Cynodon dactylon, the most abundant coloniser of the site appeared to be relatively sensitive to high soil CO2, whilst less common species such as Sporobolis cifricanus and Paspalum Paspoloides appeared to be less sensitive. Further research focused on the high mortality of trees planted on the landfill providing insight into the important variables limiting survival· and the relative differences in performance of 20 tree species. A more rigorous 14-month field experiment was designed and constructed, to assess the performance of 10 of the more promising tree species, the environmental conditions limiting tree growth and the benefit of a deeper layer of better quality topsoil. Some species, such as Barringtonia racemosa, performed relatively well in the field experiment, whilst other species such as Syzygium cordatum, and Harpephyllum caffrom experienced high mortalities and poor growth. The better quality topsoil layer provided little improvement in the performance of the stronger or the weaker species, however significant improvements were recorded for species with relatively intermediate performance. The composition of the soil atmosphere was shown to determine rooting depth. Species that performed better had deeper roots, possibly assisting them in utilising deeper soil moisture reserves. It was concluded that high soil CO2 and low soil O2 levels were the key variables responsible for poor tree survival and growth in this field experiment. A soil fumigation system was designed to provide more control of soil gas concentrations and to experimentally investigate differential species responses and the relative effects of soil CO2 and O2 on tree survival and growth. The apparatus fumigated, for a period of 140 days, the rhizosphere of 80 potted 'tolerant' (Barringtonia racemosa) and 'non tolerant' (Harpephyllum caffrum) trees with 4 treatments consisting of varying combinations of CO2 and 02. The difference in performance of Barringtonia racemosa and Harpephyllum caffrum in the experiment on the landfill was similar to that of the elevated CO2 low O2 fumigation treatment, supporting the premise that landfill gas was the key cause for poor performance of plants. Reduced stomatal conductance and resultant limitations on photosynthesis were found to be indicative of species sensitivity. Low O2 had an additive effect on the impact of elevated CO2 in Harpephyllum caffrum however, even with normal soil O2 levels, 25% soil CO2 had negative growth effects on this sensitive species. Maintenance of plant health and better performance of Barringtonia was attributed to a high inherent level of tissue porosity and aerenchyma. The research provided a greater understanding of the causes of poor vegetation growth and the possible mechanisms of species tolerance to landfill conditions.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

This project examines the viability of a proposed online marketplace for a Portuguese Interior Design company. The proposed paper consists of both a group and an individual part. In the group part, qualitative research was conducted to understand how Professionals and Final Consumers interact and what adherence to the market place would look like. In the individual parts the thesis’ authors individually examined in-depth some implication that arose from the qualitative analysis: (1) which strategy should the marketplace follow, (2)how to engage both targets to the platform, (3)and the relevance of the Made-in Portugal brand within the platform.

Dissertação de mestrado em Geociências (área de especialização em Valorização de Recursos Geológicos)
Os resíduos extraídos na mina de Neves-Corvo são em grande parte constituídos por sulfuretos reativos, com elevado potencial para originar drenagem ácida mineira. De maneira a minimizar e a controlar a ocorrência de drenagem ácida mineira, a SOMINCOR começou um novo estudo para avaliar o comportamento geoquímico dos resíduos ao longo do tempo e definir qual o melhor tipo de cobertura tendo em vista a estabilização geoquímica do depósito. O presente trabalho foi realizado sob a forma de estágio na empresa SOMINCOR, enquadrando-se no objetivo da empresa de definir o melhor tipo de cobertura. Neste contexto, no decorrer do trabalho de estágio procedeu-se ao tratamento, analise gráfica e interpretação dos resultados da caracterização geoquímica dos diferentes materiais em estudo. Especificamente foram tratados dados de caracterização química (ICP-MS), mineralógica (DRX), e de ensaios geoquímicos de previsão do potencial de geração de acidez: ensaios estáticos (pH e Condutividade elétrica da Pasta, ABA e NAG) e ensaios cinéticos (Teste da Célula Húmida e Colunas). A análise e interpretação dos resultados indicaram que a melhor solução para a cobertura dos resíduos consiste numa configuração do tipo “cobertura de baixo fluxo com escombro não encapsulado”. Esta configuração prevê uma sequência de materiais, da base para o topo, compreendida por: Rejeitado, Escombro, Material Grosseiro (Barreira anti-capilaridade), Geotêxtil, Material fino e Solo de cobertura.
The waste extracted from the Neves-Corvo mine are mainly composed of reactive sulphide, with huge potential to originate acid mine drainage. To minimize and control the occurrence of acid mine drainage, SOMINCOR started a new study to evaluate the geochemical behaviour of residue over time and define which kind of cover for the geochemical stabilization of the deposit. The reference work was carried out in the form of an internship at the company SOMINCOR, in keeping with the company’s objective of defining the best type of cover. In this context, during the internship, the treatment, graphic analysis and interpretation of the results of the geochemical characterization of the different materials under study were carried out. Specifically, data from chemical tests (ICP-MS), mineralogical (XRD), static (Paste pH and electrical conductivity, ABA and NAG) and kinetic tests (Humidity Cell Test and Columns) were analysed. This analysis and interpretation of the results indicated that the best solution for the waste cover is a "low flow coverage with not encapsulated waste rock" type configuration. This configuration provides a sequence of materials from the base to the top comprised of: Tailings, Waste Rock, Coarse Material (Capillary barrier), Geotextile, Fine Material and Cover Soil.