Thèses sur le sujet « Fluxus – Histoire »

Notre thèse examine les rapports des membres de Fluxus à leur histoire à travers leurs écrits et leurs stratégies de conservation Analysant la littérature historienne sur Fluxus nous étudions les rapports de notre discipline avec cet objet qui semble lui échapper : ces textes avouent une difficulté à faire l'histoire de Fluxus et nous suggérons quelques raisons de cet échec, au travers des notions de temporalité et d'évènement, éléments structurants de Fluxus, révélant sa nature rhizomatique, et permettent de comprendre l'appropriation opérée par les artistes, grâce à leur activité éditoriale. Si l'auto histoire relève souvent de l'auto légitimation, Fluxus montre un attrait pour son histoire qui dépasse celca pour atteindre une autonomie au monde de l'art par un contrôle total sur les sources de l'historien. Nous proposons une approche méthodologique qui ouvre la linéarité du récit historique pour atteindre une forme plus à même de refléter la complexité de Fluxus
Our dissertation examines the relationships between Fluxus artists and their history though their texts relating their history and the conservatory strategies they used. Through the study of the historical literature dedicated to Fluxus, we analyse the our discipline's relations to this object : confronted to the difficulty expressed in these texts, we explain why history is defeated when trying to work on Fluxus through the temporality and event notions that are structural elements in Fluxus. They reveal its fundamentally rhizomatic basis, and allow us to understand the appropriation of their history by the artists through their editorial activities. If auto-history is often selflegitimisation, Fluxus shows an attraction to it that overpasses this frame to reach an autonomy vis-à-vis the art world and an absolute control on the sources of the history-making. We propose some cues for a methodological approach which try to avoid the linearity of the historical narration to reach a form more alike to reflect Fluxus' complexity

Plus de 500. 000 Indiens ont émigré vers la Caraïbe au XIXe siècle pour travailler sur les plantations sucrières. Parmi eux, 43. 000 sont arrivés en Guadeloupe. Les deux tiers provenaient du pays tamoul par Pondichéry et les autres de la plaine du Gange par Calcutta. Le voyage durait trois mois. Pendant leur séjour dans l'île, les indiens étaient durement traités : mal nourris, mal soignés, soumis à un travail excessif, peu et mal payés, souvent brutalisés, mal protégés par l'administration et la justice coloniales. Ils réagissaient par la résistance passive ou la fuite, et parfois par l'incendie. Un quart seulement d'entre eux ont été rapatriés, les autres sont entrés dans un processus de créolisation qui s'est étendu sur deux ou trois générations jusqu'en 1923, date de l'accès à la nationalité française pour leurs enfants.

Por meio de uma abordagem fenomenológica clássica própria para o estudo de fenômenos culturais, este trabalho se direciona para a gênese das vivências em capoeira. Buscando um aprofundamento teórico, tenta estruturar subsídios metodológicos para desenvolver um modo de descrição fenomenológica menos distante abstrativamente do modo como a capoeira é vivida por aqueles que a manifestam, bem como das vivências em capoeira do próprio pesquisador que são parte constitutiva dos resultados. Realizam-se então entrevistas com 15 mestres de capoeira de diversas vertentes. Depois de transcritos, estes depoimentos foram submetidos aos procedimentos metodológicos pertinentes à arqueologia fenomenológica das culturas e a fenomenologia genética de Edmund Husserl (1859-1938). Os sucessivos cruzamentos intencionais, permeados pela corporeidade sensível situada na base destas experiências vividas, revelam fortes sentidos adversos de união entre os capoeiristas, ápice de uma realização de si, de uma ação livre e criativa, conduzida por uma dimensão desconhecida de si mesmo. Realizando uma incursão orientada pela busca de conexões possíveis entre elementos históricos, sociais, culturais e a matriz de sentidos estruturada pelas vivências evidenciadas na primeira etapa dos resultados, traça-se uma possibilidade de gênese histórica da capoeira que se revela neste entrecruzamento de sentidos
By using the classical Phenomenological approach to cultural events, this study aims to comprehend the genesis of \"capoeira lived experiences\". Aiming to deepen the theory on our subject, this work also intends to organize methodological substracts as a solid basis for developing a Phenomenological method of describing a \"capoeira way of living\" that can be less abstract, closer to the way that capoeira is experienced by those in whom capoeira manifests itself, as well as closer to the capoeira experiences of the researcher himself (some of which are constitutive parts of the results). 15 capoeira masters, from different lineages, were interviewed. After transcription, these testimonials underwent the methodological procedures from the Phenomenological Archaeology of the Culture and also Edmund Husserl\'s (1859-1938) Genetic Phenomenology. Intentional sucessive data crossings, pervaded by the sensibility of the bodies situated on the very basis of the experiences, revealed different and strong purport of bonding (union) between the capoeiristas, considered the peak of an ultimate realization, of a creative and free action, conducted by a whole new dimension that was unknown before. Making an incursion on the search of possible connections between historical, social and cultural events on one side and a matrix of meanings (structured on the lived-experiences shown on the first part of the results) on the other, this study elaborates a possible historical genesis for capoeira that can be revealed on this crossroad of meanings

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The present work on African immigration to Brazil in contemporary presents some aspects of my involvement with insertion in this subject, and brings up the question of the various forms and strategies that some African populations are able to cross the Atlantic, reviving diasporas. Was based on analysis of information from newspaper that made references to African immigrants , found in various forms to enter the ships anchored on the African coast, and thus achieve maximize their life chances . It also establishes dialogues with African immigrants who arrived here, in many different ways and times, with varying personal characteristics about their impressions about meanings that traverse the twenty-first century. Concludes with an overview of the political situation in Africa as well as the relationships that Brazil has established with African countries
O presente trabalho sobre a imigração africana no Brasil na contemporaneidade apresenta alguns aspectos da minha inserção no envolvimento com esta temática, e traz à tona a questão das diversas formas e estratégias que algumas populações africanas encontram para conseguir atravessar o Atlântico, revivendo diásporas. Baseou-se em análise de informações de notícias de jornais que fizessem referencias a imigrantes africanos, nas diversas formas encontradas para adentrar os navios ancorados no litoral africano, e desta forma conseguir potencializar suas possibilidades de vida. Também estabelece diálogos com imigrantes africanos que aqui chegaram, das mais diversas formas e épocas, com características pessoais variadas sobre suas impressões a respeito de significações dessa travessia no século XXI. Finaliza com um apanhado da situação política na África, bem como das relações que o Brasil vem estabelecendo com os países africanos

Au cours du XXème siècle, l'étude de la politique répressive en URSS a été menée sans utilisation des sources statistiques et des données des organismes internationaux. Ces documents étaient tenus strictement secrets et donc inaccessibles. Avec la chute du mur de Berlin en 1989 et l'effondrement de l'URSS en 1991, le monde se trouve complètement modifié. Ce processus engendre la division de certains états en Europe, la création de nouvelles zones de conflit et aussi la proclamation de l'indépendance de certains pays comme l'Azerbaïdjan en octobre 1991. Ces modifications politiques provoquent des mouvements de population. Essentiellement liée à la sécurité, surtout en raison du conflit arrnéno azerbaïdjanais qui a influencé l'économie, les hommes émigrent et s'installent dans les pays de la CEl, particulièrement en Russie et en Ukraine, mais aussi en Allemagne, en Israël, et ailleurs. Aujourd'hui, les raisons de l'émigration du peuple azerbaïdjanais sont différentes. Notre problématique propose d'étudier, de façon historique et sociologique, l'ensemble des courants migratoires azerbaïdjanais vers la France à l'époque contemporaine, c'est-à-dire de la fin du XIXème siècle. au début du XXIème siècle. Cette question est éclairée par l'étude de mouvements migratoires des pays voisins. L'exemple azerbaïdjanais regroupe différents types d'immigration, c'est pourquoi il nous a paru pertinent et judicieux de l'analyser pour comprendre les enjeux actuels des mouvements de population. De plus, l'étude des flux migratoires azerbaïdjanais est intéressant de par ses caractéristiques culturelles, politiques et surtout économiques et permet d'accéder à une meilleure intelligibilité de nos sociétés.

Identifier les mécanismes évolutifs impliqués dans la spéciation, i. E. Formation des espèces, est crucial dans une époque de crise de la biodiversité. À ce jour, la classification dichotomique des mécanismes impliqués dans le processus de spéciation (i. E. Allopatrie versus sympatrie, écologique versus non-écologique. . . ) n'intègrent pas l'interaction dynamique qui les régit. Dans cette thèse, nous avons cherché à intégrer au mieux les différentes composantes de la spéciation - isolement spatial, écologique et reproducteur - dans un cadre temporel. Pour cela, nous avons étudié la divergence de deux sous-espèces de plantes à fleurs, Antirrhinum majus pseudomajus et A. M. Striatum aux fleurs respectivement rouges et jaunes. Nous avons intégré durant cette thèse des approches d'écologie (modélisation de niche) de génétique des populations (analyses de structuration génétique, inférence basée sur le coalescent, ajustement de clines) à différentes échelles spatiales, de l'aire de distribution globale à une zone hybride localisée, en pensant par le détail des zones de contact. Nos résultats montrent comment les processus historiques et démographiques agissent conjointement sur la distribution actuelle des populations des deux sous espèces d'A. Majus. L'ensemble de nos résultats soutient l'hypothèse du rôle adaptatif de la couleur des fleurs dans le maintien de l'isolement à l'échelle de l'espèce. De plus, la divergence de niche que nous avons détectée entre les deux sous-espèces pourrait être à l'origine de leur divergence phénotypique. Dans les zones de contact, nous avons mis en évidence des échanges de gènes récurrents entre sous-espèces associés à des gradients d'expansion géographique dans des directions opposées. L'ensemble de nos résultats soulève l'hypothèse d'un maintien de la parapatrie entre sous-espèces assuré par leur exclusion compétitive dans les zones de contact. En conclusion, la divergence des deux sous-espèces semble résulter de la combinaison dans le temps de processus historiques neutres et démographiques actuels avec des processus sélectifs associés à l'écologie des sous espèces qui modèlent non indépendamment leur diversité
This thesis sought at understanding how evolutionary and ecological processes lead to population divergence and ultimately speciation. To this aim, i integrated the different components of speciation - ecological, spatial and matting isolation - ina temporal framework to gain a better understanding of their dynamicinteraction through time. I studied the ongoing divergence of two snapdragon subspecies of Antirrhiunum majus pseudomajus and A. M striatum. I tested the relative role of historical processes of colonasation (post-glacial colonisation scenario), contemporary barriers to gene flow and local adaptation to explain the current patterns of subspecies distribution and the distribution of their genetic diversity. I also investigated the extent of gene flaw between the two subspecies in the contact zones and the role of environmental factors on the direction of gene flow and the maintenance of disjunct distributions despite gene flow. Finally, i studied the relative roles of neutral processesof dispersal and selective processes in the maintenance of a stable hybrid zone between the two subspecies

As the demand for oil and gas resources increases, the need to venture into more hostile environments becomes a dynamic focus in the petroleum industry. One problem associated with certain high risk formations is lost circulation. As a result, engineers have concentrated research efforts on developing novel Lost Circulation Materials (LCM’s) that will effectively treat thief zones. The most pioneering LCM’s require mixing energy to activate a reaction involving two or more chemicals. However, minimal research has been conducted to accurately predict downhole mixing capabilities. Therefore, this research focuses on developing a correlation between laboratory experiments and scaled model experiments for accurate prediction of downhole mixing energies in terms of flow rate for adequate mixing of lost circulation prevention fluids.

Les agences de presse se constituent en europe au xixeme siecle : l'agence havas en 1832, a paris ; la continental telegraphen compagnie en 1849 a berlin et la reuter's telegram company en 1851 a londres. Les << trois grandes >> s'assurent des 1859 le monopole des nouvelles et la mise en place de reseaux de transmission internationaux. Le developpement des activites de bourse a partir des annees 1850 appelle la constitution de services agenciers specialises dont la fiabilite et la rapidite assurent la bonne marche des affaires et la connexion des marches boursiers europeens. Les dimensions commerciales des activites agencieres impliquent des attitudes specifiques, se traduisant par une certaine propension a menager les susceptibilites. Le cas des relations entre abonnes financiers et l'agence havas montre tout particulierement les multiples degres d'influence agissant sur les structures agencieres. Flux et reseaux agenciers sont l'empreinte de preoccupations geopolitiques et geoeconomiques. Rapidite et discretion des informations financieres temoignent de la meme facon de l'interference entre milieux financiers et agenciers.

Effective gages to measure skin friction and heat transfer have been established over decades. One of the most important criteria in designing such a gage is the physical size of the gage to minimise the interference of the flow, as well as the mass of these devices. The combined measurement of skin friction and heat flux using one single gage on the other hand, present unique opportunities and with it, unique technical problems.

The objective of this study is therefore to develop a cost-effective single gage that can be used to measure both skin friction and heat flux. The method proposed in this study is to install a coaxial thermocouple into an existing skin friction gage to measure the unsteady temperature on the surface of the gage. By using the temperature history and a computer program the heat flux through the surface can be obtained through an iterative guessing method. To ensure that the heat flux through the gage is similar to the heat flux through the rest of the surface, the gage is manufactured of a material very similar to the rest of the surface.

Walker developed a computer program capable of predicting the heat flux through a surface from the measured surface temperature history. The program is based on an inverse approach to calculate the heat flux through the surface. The biggest advantages of this method are its stability and the small amount of noise induced into the system. The drawback of the method is that it is limited to semi-infinite objects. For surfaces with a finite thickness, a second thermocouple was installed into the system some distance below the first thermocouple. By modifying the computer program these two unsteady temperatures can be used to predict the heat flux through a surface of finite thickness.

As part of this study, the effect of noise induced by the Cook-Felderman technique, found in the literature were investigated in detail and it was concluded that the method proposed in this study is superior to this Cook-Felderman method. Heat flux measurements compared well with measurements recorded with heat flux gages. In all cases evaluated the difference was less than 20%. It can therefore be concluded that heat flux gages on their own can measure surface heat flux very accurately. These gages are however too large to install in a skin-friction gage. The method introduced in this study is noisier than the heat flux gages on their own, but the size which is very important, is magnitudes smaller when using a coaxial thermocouple, to measure the surface temperature history.
Master of Science

This thesis presents the results of contemporary limnological and palaeolimnological investigations of a series of crater lakes in order to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental history of western Uganda, East Africa. The research examines questions of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of climate changes in the context of growing human impacts on the landscape over the last millennium. Sediment records from two lakes, Nyamogusingiri and Kyasanduka within the Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) were investigated to look at the long term records of climate and environmental change (spanning the last c. 1000 years). Five shorter cores across a land-use gradient were retrieved to assess the impact of human activity on the palaeoenvironmental record over the last ~150 years. High-resolution (sub-decadal), multiproxy analyses of lake sediment cores based on diatoms, bulk geochemistry (C/N and δ13C) and sedimentary variables (loss-on-ignition, magnetic properties and physical properties) provide independent lines of evidence that allow the reconstruction of past climate and environmental changes. This multiproxy approach provides a powerful means to reconstruct past environments, whilst the multi-lake approach assists in the identification and separation of local (e.g. catchment-scale modifications and groundwater influences) and regional effects (e.g. climatic changes). The results of a modern limnological survey of 24 lakes were used in conjunction with diatom surface sediment samples (and corresponding water chemistry) from 64 lakes across a natural conductivity gradient in western Uganda (reflecting a regional climatic gradient of effective moisture) to explore factors controlling diatom distribution. The relationships between water chemistry and diatom distributions were explored using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and partial CCA. Variance partitioning indicated that conductivity accounted for a significant and independent portion of this variation. A transfer function was developed for conductivity (r2jack = 0.74). Prediction errors, estimated using jack-knifing, are low for the conductivity model (0.256 log units). The final model was applied to the core sediment data.This study highlights the potential for diatom-based quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from the crater lakes in western Uganda. Sedimentary archives from the Ugandan crater lakes can provide high-resolution, annual to sub-decadal records of environmental change. Whilst all of the lakes studied here demonstrate an individualistic response to external (e.g. climatic) drivers, the broad patterns observed in Uganda and across East Africa suggest that the crater lakes are indeed sensitive to climatic perturbations such as a dry Mediaeval Warm Period (MWP; AD 1000-1200) and a relatively drier climate during the main phase of the Little Ice Age (LIA; c. AD 1500-1800); though lake levels in western Uganda do fluctuate, with a high stand c. AD 1575-1600). The general trends support the hypothesis of an east to west (wet to dry) gradient across East Africa during the LIA, however, the relationship breaks down and is more complex towards the end of the LIA (c. AD 1700-1750) when the inferred changes in lake levels at Nyamogusingiri and Kyasanduka are synchronous with changes observed at Lakes Naivasha (Kenya) and Victoria and diverge from local lake level records (from Edward, Kasenda and Wandakara). Significant changes in the lake ecosystems have occurred over the last 50-75 years, with major shifts in diatom assemblages to benthic-dominated systems and an inferred increase in nutrient levels. These changes are coincident with large sediment influx to the lakes, perhaps as a result of increasing human activity within many of the lake catchments.

The flute consort was popular for music-making in civilian society from about the second quarter of the sixteenth century, especially in Germany and France where the main sources of music and instruction books were published between about 1520 and 1560. Prior to the development of the consort, the flute was primarily played by Swiss and German soldiers, in a duo with a large drum. Their presence on the battlefield and playing for court entertainments can be documented from around 1470, and it would appear that their presence at court provided the impetus for civilian players to take up the flute and transform it to an instrument for soft chamber music. An introductory chapter deals with the instrument itself, describing its design features, surviving instruments, a short background history of the flute in the years leading up to the fifteenth century, and the names by which the so-called ‘Renaissance flute’ was known. Chapter 2 examines the contexts and activities of the Swiss and German military flautists, their movement into the courts of Europe, and the subsequent development of the flute consort, through a study of Swiss chronicles, court and city documents and payment records, pictures and musical sources. Chapter 3 follows the rise and development of flute consort playing in Germany and France ca. 1520 -1560; I have focused on this period in these two countries, because the main sources of consort music and instruction books were published there. Relevant activities of Swiss flutes and flute consorts in other European centres supplement the discussion. Chapter 4 is devoted to an analysis of historic playing techniques. Important original source materials have been studied and interpreted, including some seventeenth-century treatises which indicate the survival of sixteenth-century playing techniques. Instruction books, along with evidence from surviving instruments, music and other written documents have made it possible to create a comprehensive method for playing the Renaissance flute.

Cette thèse étudie le processus de spéciation entre la lamproie fluviatile (Lampetra fluviatilis) et la lamproie de Planer (L. planeri). Les deux espèces présentent des stratégies d'histoire de vie extrêmement différentes : L. fluviatilis est parasite et anadrome alors que L. planeri n'est pas parasite et reste strictement dulcicole. Toutefois, leur degré d'isolement reproducteur et leur histoire de divergence demeurent méconnus. Ces questions ont été abordées par des approches expérimentales, de génomique de populations et de simulations démographiques. Des croisements expérimentaux ont révélé un faible isolement reproducteur, confirmé par des degrés variables de flux géniques dans les populations naturelles. Les analyses génétiques ont montré que les deux taxons représentaient probablement des écotypes avec un isolement reproducteur partiel suggérant que les barrières reproductives endogènes ne réduisaient que partiellement la migration efficace entre écotypes. L'importance du contexte géographique actuel et passé dans l'étude de la spéciation a aussi été mise en évidence par des analyses à l'échelle du génome. Ainsi, les populations isolées de L. planeri évoluent principalement sous l'effet de la dérive génétique et ont une diversité réduite. Les inférences démographiques ont suggéré que la divergence a été initiée en allopatrie puis suivie de contacts secondaires résultant en un parallélisme génomique partiel entre réplicas de paires de populations. Une hétérogénéité de la divergence génomique a démontré que les ilots génomiques de différenciation ne résultaient pas de l'action récente de la divergence écologique. En outre, nos résultats suggèrent un impact faible de la fragmentation anthropique des cours d'eau sur la diversité génétique des populations de L. planeri. Les populations résidentes possèdent une diversité génétique plus grande lorsque le flux de gènes avec L. fluviatilis dans les parties aval des cours d'eau. Globalement cette thèse a démontré que les paires d'écotypes parasites et non-parasites de lamproies représentent un excellent modèle d'étude de la spéciation et notamment de l'architecture génomique de la divergence
This thesis investigates the process of speciation between the European lampreys Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri. The two species have drastically different life history strategies: L. fluviatilis is parasitic and anadromous while L. planeri is non-parasitic and strictly freshwater resident. Yet their level of reproductive isolation and history of divergence remain poorly understood. A multidisciplinary approach including experiments, population genomics analyses and historical reconstruction was undertaken to address these issues. Experimental crosses revealed a very low level of reproductive isolation, partially mirrored by variable levels of gene flow in wild populations. Genetic analyses revealed that the two taxa were best described as partially reproductively isolated ecotypes suggesting that endogenous genetic barriers partially reduced effective migration between ecotypes. Genome wide analyses showed the importance of the current and ancient geographical context of speciation. In particular, parapatric L. planeri populations diverged mostly through drift and displayed a reduced genetic diversity . Demographic inferences suggested that divergence have likely emerged in allopatry and then secondary contacts resulted in partial parallelism between replicate population pairs. A strong heterogeneity of divergence across the genome was revealed by sympatric populations suggesting that genomic islands of differentiation were not linked to ongoing ecological divergence. Further investigations showed that the genetic diversity of L. planeri populations was weakly affected by human-induced river fragmentation. Resident populations displayed a higher diversity when gene flow was possible with L. fluviatilis populations in downstream sections of rivers. Overall this thesis showed that parasitic and non-parasitic lamprey ecotypes represent a promising model for studying speciation and notably the genomic architecture of divergence

La perte et la fragmentation des habitats générées par les activités humaines érodent la diversité génétique intra-spécifique, entrainant l’extinction de populations chez de nombreuses espèces. Paradoxalement, des habitats artificiels comme les terrils du nord de la France favorisent l’installation de populations sauvages. Néanmoins leur localisation au sein d’un paysage très anthropisé interroge sur la pérennité des populations qu’ils hébergent. Cette étude visait à étudier la diversité génétique neutre des populations de Bufo calamita et Pelodytes punctatus, deux espèces d’amphibiens établies dans le bassin houiller et dans des habitats littoraux plus sauvages. Des approches de génétique des populations ont permis de décrire les effets de différents processus micro-évolutifs sur les niveaux de diversité génétique, depuis le processus biogéographique de colonisation des terrils jusqu’au régime d’appariement dans une population, en passant par une analyse multi-espèces de la connectivité paysagère. Les populations de B. calamita du bassin houiller présentent de forts niveaux de diversité génétique pouvant résulter d’introductions d’individus de diverses localités. Toutefois, dans le bassin houiller, une forte différenciation génétique s’observe chez les deux espèces. Cela s’explique au moins en partie par la présence de barrières aux flux de gènes entre populations qui, à long terme, pourrait compromettre le maintien des populations. Enfin, le succès reproducteur inégal des mâles de B. calamita, qui pourrait induire des baisses de niveau diversité génétique intra-population, semble associé à une compétition entre mâles et implique plusieurs stratégies d’appariements
Human activities induce habitat loss and fragmentation that have an erosive effect on the level of intraspecific genetic diversity, decreasing the individual fitness and jeopardizing populations’ adaptive capability. Conversely, new human-made areas, such as spoil heaps of northern France, can provide suitable habitats for pioneering species. Spoil heaps being part of a highly human-fragmented landscape, the likelihood of population persistence is questioned given the scarcity of suitable habitats and the occurrence of potential barriers to dispersal. We studied the intraspecific genetic diversity of two anurans, Pelodytes punctatus and Bufo calamita, located in coalfield areas and semi-natural coastal habitats. We focused on the effects of micro-evolutionary processes of genetic drift and gene flow in shaping genetic structure. We studied (i) the biogeographical history of colonization of coalfield areas in B. calamita, (ii) the landscape connectivity using a multispecies approach, and (iii) the evolutionary determinants of variance in breeding success in B. calamita. In coalfield areas, B. calamita populations showed high levels of genetic diversity suggesting several independent colonization events. Nonetheless, marked local genetic discontinuities were observed within coalfield areas for both species, suggesting occurrence of environmental barriers impeding gene flow that may compromise population viability. Within a B. calamita population, we observed a polygynous mating system involving a possible decrease in genetic diversity. Our results suggested that variance in male mating success was linked to male-male competition and may imply distinct mating strategies

Orientador: Ernesta Zamboni
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Mestrado

This study explores how four medieval poems—the Junius manuscript’s Genesis B and Christ and Satan and Geoffrey Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde and The Parliament of Fowls—engage with medieval conjugal rights through their depictions of agentive female protagonists. Although many laws at this time sought to suppress the rights of women, especially those of wives’, both pre- and post-conquest poets illustrate women who act as subjects, exercising legal rights. Medieval canon and common law supported a certain amount of female agency in marriage but was not consistent in its understanding of what that was. By considering the shifts in law from Anglo-Saxon and fourteenth century England in relation to wives’ rights and female consent, my project asserts that the authors of Genesis B and Christ and Satan and the late-medieval poet Chaucer position their heroines to defend legislation that supports female agency in matters of marriage. The Anglo-Saxon authors do so by conceiving of Eve’s role in the Fall and harrowing of hell as similar to the legal role of a forespeca. Through Eve’s mimesis of Satan’s rhetoric, she is able to reveal an alternate way of conceiving of the law as merciful instead of legalistic. Chaucer also engages with a woman’s position in society under the law through his representation of Criseyde’s role in her courtship with Troilus in his epic romance, Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer disrupts his audiences’ expectations by placing Criseyde as the more agentive party in her courtship with Troilus and shows that women might hope to the most authority in marriage by withholding their consent. In his last dream vision, The Parliament of Fowls, Chaucer engages again with the importance of female consent in marriage but takes his interrogation of conjugal rights a step further by imagining an alternate legal system through Nature, a female authority who gives equal consideration to all classes and genders.

Magister Artium - MA
With its Afrikaner Nationalist past and its current status as an Afropolitan hub, Voortrekker Road simultaneously constitutes a place of separation and transgression, resulting in a quotidian tableau of urban life that could in some ways be read as a microcosm of social dynamics in contemporary South Africa. This thesis is a study on the intersecting microhistories at play in Voortrekker Road as a site of fractured negotiation within South Africa as a transitional society, and a place where multiple historical narratives intersect and become rewritten. In interpreting and portraying the layered, entangled histories, attention will be paid to microhistories and the fragment in order to steer away from totalising perspectives. Furthermore, the study draws heavily on the theories of Walter Benjamin in order to position a montage approach to history at the center of interpreting the historical layers enveloped along the road. A montage approach to historical thinking aims to deviate from the deterministic method of Hegelianism. Gyanendra Pandey emphasises how ‘part of the importance of the “fragmentary” point of view lies in that it resists the drive for a shallow homogenization and for other, potentially richer definitions of the “nation” and the future political community.’ Particular attention is paid to the microhistories and intimate business praxis amongst migrant entrepreneurs and informal businesses in order to consider the explosive creative refunctioning of Voortrekker Road in relation to its socially engineered segregationist history. In consideration of Voortrekker Road as a startling respite from xenophobic violence, the study considers the infusions of affect into the cityscape. As AbdouMaliq Simone aptly prompts ‘What are some of the ways in which urban residents are building a particular emotional field in the city, trying to restore a very physical sense of connection to one another?’

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Literatura
Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar dos novelas de la escritora brasileña Hilda Hilst, específicamente indagar en ellas cómo se constituyen los sujetos -desplegados en personajes y narradores- y la arquitectura textual. Desde mi punto de vista, estamos en presencia de una escritura con rasgos singulares y que a mi parecer se inscriben en lo que Hélène Cixous en un momento denominó escritura femenina. El corpus seleccionado corresponde a dos obras claves, de la tardía trayectoria de Hilst, en el territorio de la prosa: Flujo-Floema y Tu não te moves de ti. En la primera me concentraré en la complejidad de la experimentación que la autora despliega en su narrativa: la multiplicidad de los narradores y la arquitectura textual per se; mientras que en el segundo me enfocaré en el contenido simbólico y la oposición propuesta entre Razón y Fantasía, y como la autora parece asociar estas dos dimensiones a una binaridad sui generis masculino/femenino. Asimismo, también trabajaré cómo se constituye la diferencia en la representación de lo corpóreo en ambas novelas
The present work aims at analyzing two novels by the Brazilian author Hilda Hilst, especifically at venturing into the process of construction of the subjects -split into characters and narrators- and the textual architecture. From my point of view, her writing is one of very particular characteristics that may correspond to what Hélène Cixous has once called feminine writing. The corpus selected is composed of two key works of her late experiences with prose writing: Fluxo-Floema and Tú não te moves de ti. In the former I will concentrate in the complexity of the structural games the writer inscribes in her narrative: the multiplicity of narrators and the textual architecture per se; while in the latter I will focus on the symbolic contents and the opposition between Reason and Fantasy, and how the author seems to associate these two dimensions with a sui generis duplicity male/female. Besides, I will also work on how the difference is constituted in the representation of the body in both novels.

This dissertation focuses on a critical factor in historical transformation of medieval China-the dilemma between war and peace. Not only does this dissertation provide a brief and comprehensive account on conflicts, battles, and treaties, but it observes the attitude toward violence and the track of searching peace during Tenth and Eleventh Century China as well. Borrowing the concept of peace by modern scholars studying grand strategy, strategic culture, and pacifism, I regard peace as realistic strategic option, institutionalized establishment, consent behavior mode, and multi-oriented culture. My discussion begins with the exhausting campaigns of the T'ang in Central Asia and the ensuing civil war during the Ninth and Tenth centuries, arguing the Sung non-active posture in external adventure as a conscious avoidance of excessive violence. The relative success of the Sung policy saw in the peace annexation of the Wu-Yueh Kingdom and the conclusion of the Peace of 1005 between the Sung and Liao with modest cost. In addition, the early Sung rulers firmly controlled the military machinery and prevented war-making by internal and institutional causes. Nevertheless, the existing institutionalized peace between the Sung and Liao did not create a norm of behavior and prevent violence proliferation. Unable to contain the Tangut expansionism, the Sung was compelled to reinstate aggressive grand strategy, relieving constrain on its war machinery. Strategic imperative stimulated career military service of the Sung civil officials and gave room to the voice of pragmatic expansionism. Sung military achievement culminated in the success of rearmament during the reform of Wang An-shih. However, the ensuing war eventually ravaged the Sung empire, its opportunity for a great leap toward a pre-modern world missed.

A partir de documents d'archives publiques (archives départementales de Moselle et de Meurthe-et-Moselle), et de fonds prives émanant des entreprises étudiées (forges de Wendel de Joeuf, société métallurgique de Knutange, forges de la marine et d'Homécourt, Chatillon Commentry a Neuves-Maisons et laminoirs de Thionville) l'étude s'est étayée d'éléments probants à la fois qualitativement et quantativement. De ce fait, l'usage d'outils scientifiques de travail comme les statistiques, combinées à un support informatique puissant, a permis un travail rigoureux et précis; plutôt que de développer une argumentation à partir d'échantillons prélevés au hasard, la thèse a réussi à englober l'ensemble de la population ouvrière de plusieurs usines sur la période retenue. La représentativité des sources utilisées ne fait aucun doute et le regard porte sur les travailleurs de la sidérurgie s'est enrichi d'éléments nouveaux. La démonstration vise à mieux comprendre les courants de main-d’œuvre qui transitent par les établissements industriels de Moselle et Meurthe-et-Moselle, deux départements carrefours entre le sud et le nord de l’Europe. Ce travail débute à la fin du XIXe siècle, période capitale dans le développement de la région est de la France et de l'ensemble du monde sidérurgique. Il s'achève avec la seconde guerre mondiale. Le personnel ouvrier des usines a été analyse afin de mieux suivre et comprendre ses trajectoires spatio-temporelles, ses comportements au sein des équipes de travail et son devenir professionnel. Un regard particulier a été porte sur la question des rapports avec les employeurs et l'intervention de l'état
With the help of documents from public archives (archives of the departements of Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle) and from the private collections of the companies wich have been studied (de Wendel's forges in Joeuf, metallurgic societies of Knutange, forges of the navy and of Homecourt, Chatillon-Commentry at Neuves-Maisons and the rolling mills of Thionville), the study was further supported by convincing elements thanks to both qualitative and quantitative research. Therefore, the use of such scientific tools as statistics, as well as the use of a powerful computer medium, contributed to the rigour and accuracy of the research. Rather than developping an argumentation with samples taken at random, the dissertation includes the entire population of workers from several factories during the closen period. No doubt can be cast on the representativeness of the sources used and knowledge about workers in the iron and steel industries grew richer as new elements were discovered. The demonstration aims at better understanding of the movements of the labour force wich passed in transit through the industrial factories of Moselle and Meurthe-et-Moselle, two French departements (administrative divisions) at a crossroads between southern and northern Europe. This study starts at the end of the 19th century, a major stage in the economic development of eastern France and of the iron and steel industry as a whole. It ends with the Second World War. Factory workers where analysed so as better follow and understand their spatiotemporal trajectories their behaviours in work teams and their professional evolution. Particular attention was paid to the question of the relations of the workers with the employers and to the intervention of the state

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Cariniana estrellensis e Cariniana legalis são uma das maiores árvores dos biomas florestais da Amazônia e Mata Atlântica, sendo atualmente vulneráveis à extinção devido ao intenso desmatamento desses biomas. Estratégias para conservação in situ e ex situ são urgentes e estudos de diversidade genética e fluxo de genes são chaves e para esses propósitos. Assim, investigamos a diversidade genética, a estrutura genética espacial (SGS) e o fluxo histórico de genes em populações fragmentadas de ambas as espécies, utilizando marcadores de microssatélites. Todas as árvores encontradas nas populações foram mapeadas, medidas para o diâmetro na altura do peito (DAP) e amostrado o cambio de casca. O índice de fixação (F), em alguns casos, foi significativamente maior em árvores com menor DAP, indicando que as árvores menores apresentam um maior parentesco do que as maiores. Foi detectada SGS significativa para populações de ambas as espécies (60-350 m), indicando um padrão de dispersão de genes de isolamento pela distância (IBD). Para ambas as espécies, foi observada alta imigração de semente (38,5-61,5%) e pólen (80,1-100%), mostrando que as populações não são isoladas geneticamente. Não foi detectada autofecundação, mas o cruzamento entre árvores relacionadas foi detectado nas espécies (8,9-12,5%), sugerindo uma seleção mais forte contra árvores de autofecundação do que se originou do cruzamento entre árvores relacionadas. A distância de dispersão de pólen e sementes em C. estrellensis atingiu longa distância (> 3 km) do que em C. legalis (máximo de 385 m). No entanto, o pólen e as sementes em C. estrellensis e o pólen em C. legalis foram dispersos em um padrão de IBD. Os resultados sugerem que as populações estudadas são adequadas para conservação in situ e ex situ.
Cariniana estrellensis and Cariniana legalis, two of the largest trees in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes, are currently vulnerable to extinction due to the intense deforestation of these biomes. Strategies for in and ex situ conservation are urgent, and studies of genetic diversity and gene flow are key aspects needed to develop these strategeis. Thus, we investigate the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure (SGS), and historical gene flow in fragmented populations of both species, using microsatellite markers. All trees found in the study populations were mapped, measured for diameter at breast height (DBH), and sampled for bark cambium. Our results show that in some cases, fixation index (F) was significantly higher in trees with lower DBH, indicating that smaller trees have higher levels of inbreeding than larger ones. Significant SGS was detected in populations of both species (60-350 m), indicating a gene dispersal pattern of isolation by distance (IBD). For both species, we found high seed (38.5-61.5%) and pollen (80.1-100%) immigration demonstrating that populations are not genetically isolated. No self-fertilization was detected, but we did find evidence of mating among related trees (8.9-12.5%), suggesting stronger selection against selfed individuals than those originated from mating among relatives. Pollen and seed dispersal distance for C. estrellensis reached longer distances (> 3 km) than for C. legalis (maximum of 385 m). However, pollen and seeds of C. estrellensis and pollen of C. legalis were dispersed in an IBD pattern. The results suggest that the studied populations are suitable for in and ex situ conservation.

La domestication du mil (Pennisetum glaucum), dans le Sahel, a engendré une large gamme de variétés, très diversifiées pour de nombreuses caractéristiques agronomiques. En particulier, la diversité de la durée du cycle des variétés locales de mil est une composante essentielle des stratégies mises en œuvre par les agriculteurs pour faire face aux fluctuations des précipitations et assurer une certaine stabilité de la production. Au cours des dernières décennies, des évolutions dans les pratiques agricoles ont été observées, en réponse à des changements écologiques et sociaux. Une des conséquences de ces évolutions pourrait être l’existence de flux de gènes entre variétés à cycle court et variétés à cycle long du fait de l’émergence de situations de parapatrie entre ces deux types de variétés, naguère isolées. Par ailleurs, l’existence de recouvrement des périodes des floraisons de ces deux types variétaux a déjà été préalablement observée. Une telle situation amène donc à s’interroger sur la dynamique évolutive passée et actuelle de la diversité de la longueur du cycle du mil dans le Sahel. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j’ai évalué les possibilités d’occurrence de flux de gènes entre variétés précoces et tardives de mil dans le Sud-ouest du Niger, en utilisant une approche comparative entre situations contrastées pour la distribution spatiale de ces deux types de variétés. J’ai réalisé : 1) une étude des périodes de floraison de deux variétés de mil (précoce (Haïni Kiré) : 75 à 95 jours entre le semis et la maturité et tardive (Somno) : 105 à 125 jours de durée de cycle) dans plusieurs champs paysans, et dans deux villages. 2) une analyse moléculaire à l’aide de 15 marqueurs microsatellites qui a permis l’estimation des niveaux de différenciation génétique entre populations de mils précoces et tardifs échantillonnés dans 4 villages (incluant les deux villages déjà cités) de la même région.Les résultats ont montré la possibilité effective de flux de pollen et l’existence d’introgressions génétiques entre variétés précoces et tardives. Les mécanismes qui pourraient permettre un maintien sur le long terme d’une différenciation phénologique entre les deux types variétaux malgré l’existence de ces flux de gènes, sont discutés.Dans la deuxième partie, j’ai utilisé une approche « gène candidat » combinée à une démarche de génétique des populations, pour tenter d’identifier des gènes qui auraient pu contribuer à la diversité de la durée de cycle chez le mil. Je me suis focalisé sur trois gènes du contrôle de la transition florale PgHd3a, PgDwarf8 et PgPHYC. Leur implication dans la diversité de la durée de cycle chez plusieurs espèces a déjà été montrée. J’ai estimé les niveaux de différenciation génétique entre les mils domestiques et sauvages, précoces et tardifs pour ces trois gènes J'ai aussi cherché à mettre en évidence, au sein de ces gènes, les empreintes éventuelles d’évènements sélectifs passés. Afin de prendre en compte l’histoire démographique des mils dans les tests de neutralité sélective, j’ai utilisé les données de polymorphisme nucléotidiques de 8 séquences témoins dans le cadre d’une approche Bayésienne.Les résultats obtenus suggèrent fortement que PgHd3a et PgDwarf8 ont été ciblés par la sélection durant la domestication. Cependant, les données ne soutiennent pas l’hypothèse d’un rôle potentiel des trois gènes candidats dans la différenciation de la durée de cycle entre les variétés locales précoces et tardives. L’approc
Domestication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) in the Sahel of Africa has produced a wide range of diversity in cycle duration of landraces. This diversity allows Sahelian farmers to outface the precipitation fluctuation and to ensure regularity in grain production. Due to ecological and social recent changes, modifications of farmer’s practices could be a factor promoting gene flow between the early and late flowering varieties by increasing the opportunity of neighboring and flowering overlap between them. Such a situation raises questions about the past and current evolutionary dynamics of phenological diversity in this crop.In the first part of my thesis I tried to evaluate the possibility of gene flow between pearl millet varieties in South-West Niger, through a comparative approach among contrasting situations pertaining to the spatial distribution of early and late landraces. Therefore I conducted: 1) a field study where we observed flowering periods, for two types of varieties (early type (Haïni Kiré): 75 to 95 days and late type (Somno): 105 to 125 days of cycle length) in several pearl millet fields, and in two villages 2) a molecular study that allows the assessment of the level of genetic differentiation between late and early flowering populations sampled from four villages (including the two where the field study was conducted) of the same region (Dallol Bosso), using microsatellite markers. I was able to demonstrate the occurrence of pollen flow between the two types of landraces and I also showed evidence of genetic introgression between early and semi-late landraces. Potential mechanisms that would allow for the maintenance of the phenological differentiation between these two varieties and despite the gene flow are discussed.In the second part of this work I used a candidate gene and a population genetics approach, to try to identify genes that may have contributed to the cycle length diversity in pearl millet. I focused on three flowering candidate genes, PgHd3a, PgDwarf8 and PgPHYC which have been shown to be involved in the cycle length genetic diversity in several species, in order to estimate the differentiation between wild and domestic pearl millets and between early and late landraces, on the basis of theses candidate genes. I also tried to track for the fingerprint of eventual past selective events within these candidate genes. To be able to distinguish the effects of selection from the effect of demographic events that occurred during the domestication process, I used 8 neutral STS loci and an Approximate Bayesian Computation approach.My results strongly suggest that PgHd3a and PgDwarf8 were likely targeted by selection during domestication. However, a potential role of any of the three candidate genes in the phenological differentiation between early and late landraces was not supported by our data. The Bayesian approach confirmed the idea, suggested by many authors, that the gene flow from the wild to the domestic genetic pool has contributed significantly to the genetic diversity of the domestic pearl millet

Introducció: L’estenosi aòrtica (EAo) de baix flux i baix gradient (BF/BG) amb fracció d’ejecció del ventricle esquerre (FEVE) normal és una entitat que s’ha associat amb un pitjor pronòstic que l’EAo d’elevat gradient (EG); tot i això, diferents estudis i recents meta-anàlisis posen en dubte els resultats previs. Objectiu: Determinar el risc de mortalitat i/o necessitat de cirurgia/TAVI en els pacients amb EAo severa amb BF/BG i FEVE conservada en comparació amb l’EAo severa amb flux normal i baix gradient (NF/BG) i amb EG. Materials i mètodes: Estudi observacional longitudinal retrospectiu de pacients diagnosticats entre 2008 i 2016 d’EAo severa (AVA < 1,0 cm2) amb FEVE normal (≥ 50%) de 14 hospitals terciaris. Es classificaren els pacients en funció de l’ecocardiograma basal en: EG (gradient mig ≥ 40 mmHg), NF/BG (VEi > 35 ml/m² i gradient mig < 40 mmHg) i BF/BG (VEi ≤ 35 ml/m² i gradient mig < 40 mmHg). Es recolliren variables clíniques, demogràfiques i ecocardiogràfiques basals i a llarg termini. Resultats: S’inclogueren 1391 pacients: 147 (10,5%) BF/BG, 752 (54,1%) EG i 492 (35,4%) NF/BG. Al llarg del seguiment (59,0 mesos; RIC 39,7 - 82,9), 899 pacients (64,6%) van rebre substitució valvular aòrtica o TAVI, 551 amb EG (73,3%; mediana temps: 12,3 mesos, RIC 3,5-32,6), 81 pacients amb EAo BF/BG (55,1%; mediana temps: 28,7 mesos, RIC 6,8-44,6), i 267 amb NF/BG (54,3%; mediana temps: 29,9 mesos, RIC: 14,1-49,4) objectivant que la EAo EG va requerir cirurgia/TAVI de forma més precoç que la EAo NF/BG (p<0,001) i que la EAo BF/BG (p<0,001), sense diferències entre la EAo BF/BG i la EAo NF/BG (p=0,358). Durant el seguiment es registraren 385 morts (mortalitat global del 27,7%): 46 del grup BF/BG (31,3%; mediana de temps: 50,8 mesos, RIC: 29,6-75,8), 205 del grup EG (27,3%; mediana de temps: 56,1 mesos, RIC: 33,8-83,7) i 134 del grup NF/BG (27,2%; mediana de temps: 53,19 mesos, RIC: 31,0-76,9) sense observar-se diferencies significatives entre els 3 grups (p=0,319). Així mateix, s’observà que el benefici de la cirurgia/TAVI en termes de reducció de mortalitat global en tota la població amb EAo fou important, essent els pacients amb EAo EG els que més es beneficiaren (HR: 0,17; IC 95%: 0,12-0,23; p < 0,001), seguits dels pacients BF/BG (HR: 0,25; IC 95%: 0,13-0,49; p < 0,001) i en darrer lloc els NF/BG (HR: 0,29; IC 95%: 0,20-0,44; p < 0,001). S’observà que la progressió del gradient mig al llarg del seguiment fou major en els grups amb baix gradient en comparació amb el grup EG (BF/BG vs. EG: p=0,022; NF/BG vs. EG: p=0,013) i respecte a l’AVA no s’observaren diferències significatives entre el grup BF/BG i el grup EG (p=0,452), essent major la disminució en el grup NF/BG que en el grup EG i BF/BG (NF/BG vs. EG: p=0,007; NF/BG vs. BF/BG: p=0,013). Conclusions: L’EAo BF/BG és una entitat poc freqüent que afecta el 10,5% de la població. La indicació de cirurgia/TAVI en el grup BF/BG fou menor que en el grup EG i similar al grup NF/BG, sense diferències significatives en la mortalitat. El benefici de la cirurgia en relació a la reducció de la mortalitat global fou menor en els pacients amb EAo BF/BG en comparació amb els pacients EG. L’estudi de l’evolució de l’AVA i el gradient mig del grup BF/BG va mostrar un patró intermedi entre el grup EG i NF/BG. Les troballes del present estudi ens fan concloure que la EAo BF/BG té un comportament clínic intermedi entre els grups EG i NF/BG.
Introducción: La estenosis aórtica (EAo) de bajo flujo y bajo gradiente (BF/BG) con fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) normal es una entidad que se ha asociado con un peor pronóstico que la EAo de elevado gradiente (EG); a pesar de ello, distintos estudios y recientes meta-análisis ponen en duda los resultados previos. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de mortalidad y/o necesidad de cirugía/TAVI en los pacientes con EAo severa con BF/BG y FEVI conservada en comparación con la EAo severa con flujo normal con bajo gradiente (NF/BG) y con EG. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional longitudinal retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados entre 2008 y 2016 de EAo severa (AVA < 1,0 cm2) con FEVI normal (≥ 50%) de 14 hospitales terciarios. Se clasificaron los pacientes en función del ecocardiograma basal en: EG (gradiente medio ≥ 40 mmHg), NF/BG (VEi > 35 ml/m² y gradiente medio < 40 mmHg y) y BF/BG (VEi ≤ 35 ml/m² y gradiente medio < 40 mmHg). Se recogieron variables clínicas, demográficas y ecocardiográficas basales y a largo plazo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1391 pacientes: 147 (10,5%) BF/BG, 752 (54,1%) EG y 492 (35,4%) NF/BG. A lo largo del seguimiento (59,0 meses; RIC 39,7 - 82,9), 899 pacientes (64,6%) recibieron remplazo valvular aórtico o TAVI, 551 con EG (73,3%; mediana tiempo: 12,3 meses, RIC 3,5-32,6), 81 pacientes con EAo BF/BG (55,1%; mediana tiempo: 28,7 meses, RIC 6,8-44,6), y 267 con NF/BG (54,3%; mediana tiempo: 29,9 meses, RIC: 14,1-49,4) objetivando que la EAo EG requirió cirugía/TAVI de forma más precoz que la EAo NF/BG (p<0,001) y que la EAo BF/BG (p<0,001), sin diferencias entre la EAo BF/BG y la EAo NF/BG (p=0,358). Durante el seguimiento se registraron 385 fallecimientos (mortalidad global del 27,7%): 46 del grupo BF/BG (31,3%; mediana de tiempo: 50,8 meses, RIC: 29,6-75,8), 205 del grupo EG (27,3%; mediana de tiempo: 56,1 meses, RIC: 33,8-83,7) y 134 del grupo NF/BG (27,2%; mediana de tiempo: 53,19 meses, RIC: 31,0-76,9) sin observarse diferencias significativas entre los 3 grupos (p=0,319). Asimismo, se observó que el beneficio de la cirugía/TAVI en términos de reducción de mortalidad global en toda la población con EAo fue importante, siendo los pacientes con EAo EG los que más se beneficiaron (HR: 0,17; IC 95%: 0,12-0,23; p < 0,001), seguidos de los pacientes BF/BG (HR: 0,25; IC 95%: 0,13-0,49; p < 0,001) y en último lugar los NF/BG (HR: 0,29; IC 95%: 0,20-0,44; p < 0,001). Se observó que la progresión del gradiente medio a lo largo del seguimiento fue mayor en los grupos con bajo gradiente en comparación con el grupo EG (BF/BG vs. EG: p=0,022; NF/BG vs. EG: p=0,013) y respecto al AVA no se observaron diferencias significativas entre el grupo BF/BG y el grupo EG (p=0,452), siendo mayor la disminución en el grupo NF/BG que en el grupo EG y BF/BG (NF/BG vs. EG: p=0,007; NF/BG vs. BF/BG: p=0,013). Conclusiones: La EAo BF/BG es una entidad poco frecuente que afecta al 10,5% de la población. La indicación de cirugía/TAVI en el grupo BF/BG fue menor que en el grupo EG y similar al grupo NF/BG, sin diferencias significativas en la mortalidad. El beneficio de la cirugía en relación a la reducción de la mortalidad global fue menor en los pacientes con EAo BF/BG en comparación con los pacientes EAo EG. El estudio de la evolución del AVA y el gradiente medio del grupo BF/BG mostró un patrón intermedio entre el grupo EG y NF/BG. Los hallazgos del presente estudio nos hacen concluir que la EAo BF/BG tiene un comportamiento clínico intermedio entre los grupos EG y NF/BG.
Introduction: Severe paradoxical low-flow/low-gradient (LF/LG) aortic stenosis (AS) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been associated with worse prognosis than high gradient (HG) AS. However, different studies and recent meta-analyses question the previous results. Aim: To determine the mortality risk and the need for surgery in patients with severe LF/LG AS and preserved LVEF compared to severe AS with normal flow and high (HG) and low gradient (NF/LG). Materials and methods: A retrospective longitudinal observational study of patients diagnosed of severe AS (AVA < 1,0 cm2) with normal LVEF (≥ 50%) from 14 reference hospitals between 2008 and 2016. Patients were classified according to baseline echocardiography as: HG (mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg), NFLG (SVi> 35 ml/m² and mean gradient <40 mmHg) and LF/LG (SVi ≤ 35 ml / m² and mean gradient <40 mmHg). Baseline and long-term clinical, demographic and echocardiographic variables were collected. Results: A total of 1,391 patients were included and classified as: 147 (10.5%) LF/LG, 752 (54 0.1%) HG and 492 (35.4%) NF/LG. Throughout follow-up (59.0 months; IQR 39.7 - 82.9 months), 899 patients (64.6%) received aortic valve replacement or TAVI, 551 with HG (73.3%; median time: 12.3 months, IQR 3.5-32.6), 81 with LF/LG AS (55.1%; median time: 28.7 months, IQR 6.8-44.6), and 267 with NF/LG (54.3%; median time: 29.9 months, IQR: 14,1-49,4), with HG AS patients requiring surgery/TAVI earlier than NF/LG (Log-Rank p <0.001) and LF/LG AS patients (p <0.001), without significant differences between the LF/LG and NF/LG (p=0.358). During follow-up, 385 patients died (overall mortality 27.7%): 46 in LF/LG group (31.3%; median time: 50.8 months, IQR: 29.6-75.8), 205 in HG group (27.3%; median time: 56.1 months, IQR: 33.8-83.7) and 134 in NF/LG group (27.2%; median time: 53.19 months, IQR: 31.0 -76.9) with no significant differences among groups (p=0.319). It was observed that the benefit of surgery (in terms of overall mortality risk reduction) in the whole AS population was significant, with HG AS patients benefiting the most (HR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.12-0.23; p <0.001) followed by LF/LG patients (HR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.13-0.49; p <0.001) and finally NF/LG (HR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.20-0.44; p <0.001). Progression of the mean gradient throughout follow-up was greater in low gradient groups: LF/LG and NF/LG compared to HG (LF/LG vs. HG: p=0.022; NF/LG vs. HG: p=0.013) with no significant differences between LF/LG and NF/LG (p=0.426) and considering AVA progression, no significant differences were observed between the LF/LG and HG groups (p=0.452), with this decrease being greater in the NF/LG group than in others (NF/LG vs. HG: p = 0.007; NF/LG vs. LF/LG: p = 0.013). LVEF progression did not differ significantly among groups (LF/LG vs. HG: p = 0.353; NF/LG vs. HG: p = 0.626, LF/LG vs. NF/LG: p = 0.212). Conclusions: Paradoxical LF/LG AS is a rare entity that affects 10.5% of the population. The need for surgery/TAVI in the LF/LG group was lower than in the HG group and similar to NF/LG group, without significant differences in overall and cardiovascular mortality. All patients with significant AS benefited from aortic valve surgery in terms of overall mortality reduction, which was less beneficial in LF/LG AS compared to HG AS. Study of AVA and mean gradient progression revealed an intermediate pattern of LF/LG between the HG and NF/LG groups. Therefore, the findings of the present study conclude that LF/LG has an intermediate clinical profile between the HG and NF/HG groups.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
No início do século XX, a Documentação apresentou um grande avanço por meio da reflexão e ação sobre o tratamento da informação existente nas instituições científicas. Em 1909, foi implementado na Biblioteca doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz, um sistema de disseminação de informação entre seus cientistas que se baseava na leitura sistemática e resumo semanal de artigos deperiódicos científicos recém chegados à instituição, que tivessem relação com suasfrentes de pesquisa. Esses resumos eram apresentados e debatidos em uma reunião semanal e, posteriormente, eram classificados pelo próprio pesquisador para que servissem ao bibliotecário na alimentação de um catálogo analítico de assunto, presente na biblioteca e disponível aos pesquisadores locais. Este trabalho procura identificar e traçar o fluxo da informação, a partir de um estoque informacional até o pesquisador, ocorrido através da prática institucional intitulada “Mesa das Quartas-Feiras”. Dessa forma, foi possível analisar e fomentar o estudo das experiências de atividades, fluxo e sistematização da informação em um ambiente científico podendo levar à discussão sobre o papel das bibliotecas e dos bibliotecários diante das necessidades modernas de uso, formas de acesso e disseminação da informação no ambiente das instituições de pesquisa em Ciência e Tecnologia em Saúde, assim como seus papéis estratégicos na produção científica em instituições de pesquisa.
In the beginning of the 20th century, Documentation presented a great advance by means of reflection and action on the treatment of the existing information in the scientific institutions. In 1909, in the Library of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, a system of dissemination of information between its scientists was implemented. It consisted of systematically reading and summarizing anarticle of a weekly scientific periodical that had recently arrived at the institute and that related to the scientist’s area of research. These summaries were presented and discussed in a weekly meeting and latterly classified by the researchers themselves, useful for the librarian when feeding an analytical catalogue of subject, located at the library and available to local researchers. This work aims at identify and trace the flow of information from an informational source to the researcher, which occurred through the institutional practice, entitled “The Wednesday roundtables”. In this way, it was possible to analyze and foment the study of regency experiences, flow and systematization of information in a scientific environment, making it possible to discuss the roles of libraries and librarians before the modern necessities of use, forms of access and dissemination of information in the environment of research institutions in science and technology in health, as well as strategic roles in scientific production.

Cette thèse s’attache à décrire le phénomène de la brièveté dans les émissions télévisuelles courtes sur les arts plastiques. Après la construction du problème constitué par la présence à la télévision de ces émissions et par le risque que son insertion dans le flux télévisuel fait peser sur l’existence du discours bref, une analyse notionnelle de la brièveté, distinguant notamment le court du bref, permet de relever plusieurs stratégies médiatiques de la brièveté. Elles visent soit, dans une perspective rhétorique, à s’adapter à la contrainte de la brièveté, soit, dans une perspective pragmatique, à créer une relation facilitée avec l’œuvre d’art. Au travers d’une description des procédés à l’œuvre dans deux émissions, D’Art d’art, sur France 2 et Suivez l’artiste, sur France 3, sont alors, dans un premier temps, explorées les manières multiples dont l’émission, tentant de lutter contre l’écoulement du flux télévisuel, suggère une retenue du discours ou opère une rétention, via diverses techniques de condensation. Puis, sont envisagées les modifications apportées par la brièveté, dans son efficacité, à la relation entretenue avec l’œuvre d’art. Elle peut être actualisée, réduite au contact distant ou à ses effets. Enfin, sa possibilité est accrue dès lors qu’elle se noue dans le contexte d’une rencontre occasionnelle et contingente. Dans cette forme de communication télévisuelle brève, créatrice de possibilités, la brièveté du discours redéfinit les termes, déplace l’enjeu de la relation de communication et y introduit de la flexibilité, donnant la possibilité à l’œuvre d’art de s’ouvrir à un contact multiforme
This doctoral thesis aims at describing the phenomenon of brevity in short television programmes about plastic arts. First, we will construct the problem constituted by the presence of such programmes on television and by the threat their insertion in the television flood represents for the existence of the brief discourse. Then, a notional analysis of brevity, clearly distinguished from shortness, will enable us to pick out several strategies of brevity in the media. In a rhetorical perspective, these programmes aim at getting adapted to the constraint of brevity, whereas in a pragmatic perspective, their target is to make the relation to the work of art easier. First, through the description of the process used in two programmes, D’Art d’art on France 2 and Suivez l’artiste on France 3, we will study the multiple strategies the programme resorts to in order to try to fight against the television flood, suggesting restraint in speech! or operating retention via various techniques of condensation. Then, we will concentrate on the changes brought by brevity in its efficiency to the relation to the work of art. It can be actualized, reduced to distant contact or to its effects. Finally, its possibility is increased since it is formed in an occasional and contingent encounter. In this form of short television communication, creative of possibilities, the brevity of discourse redefines the terms, moves the stakes in the relation of communication and introduces flexibility, giving the possibility to the work of art to open to multiform contact

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Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas
Research on the functions of hypertext in the informational flow in the electronic media. One first argues the concept of information in the areas of the Mathematics, Semiotics and Communication. They are presented, after that, the concepts of hypertext, one is traced retrospect historical considering it a mobilizador device of the knowledge, proceeding from the evaluative process of register and dissemination of knowing, its importance is approached to relate the users and the supplies of knowledge, and is analyzed it scientific production of the Science of the Information on hypertext during the understood period enters the years of 1990 the 2002. It has been struggled viability of use of the pertextuais resources in the processes of the information and is concluded presenting resulted and.
Pesquisa sobre as fun??es do hipertexto no fluxo informacional em meio eletr?nico. Discute-se primeiramente o conceito de informa??o nas ?reas da Matem?tica, Semi?tica e Comunica??o. Apresentam-se, em seguida, os conceitos de hipertexto, tra?a-se um retrospecto hist?rico considerando-o um dispositivo mobilizador do conhecimento, proveniente do processo evolutivo de registro e dissemina??o do saber, aborda-se sua import?ncia para relacionar os usu?rios e os estoques de conhecimento, e analisa-se a produ??o cient?fica da Ci?ncia da Informa??o sobre o hipertexto durante o per?odo compreendido entre os anos de 1990 a 2002. Debate-se a viabilidade de uso dos recursos hipertextuais nos processos da informa??o e conclui-se apresentando resultados e sugerindo linha de estudos futuros.

L'exposition répétée à la cocaine induit une plasticité cérébrale responsable de changements comportementaux de longue durée, dont les mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire sont mal connus. Les neurones du striatum exprimant le recepteur à la dopamine D1 et ceux exprimant le recepteur à la dopamine D2 jouent un rôle important dans l'intégration de ces signaux. L'activation de ces récepteurs induit des cascades de signalisations opposées, il est donc primordial de pouvoir les étudier séparément. Afin d'analyser spécifiquement ces familles de neurones, nous avons adapté une méthode de tri et d'analyse des noyaux des neurones basée sur la cytométrie en flux. Notre étude a permis de quantifier les changements post-traductionels des histones, ainsi que les enzymes les controlant, specificiquement dans les noyaux des neurones D1 ou D2, suite à un traitement aigu ou chronique de cocaine. Avec cette approche, nous avons trouvé que les neurones D1 et D2 comportent des profils épigénétiques spécifiques, dynamiquement régulés par la cocaine. Plus particulièrement, nous avons trouvé que l'acétylation des histones H3K14, H4K5, H4K12 et la méthylation de H3K9 étaient régulées de manière opposée entre les deux types cellulaires, sous-tendant la disparité de leur réponse transcriptionelle à la drogue. Enfin, nous avons observé qu'il y avait une corrélation complexe entre les modifications post-traductionelles d'histones, spécifiques des neurones D1 ou D2, et qui est sensiblement altérée par la cocaine. Nous proposons une approche originale dans le domaine des neurosciences permettant l'étude des protéines nucléaires applicable potentiellement à tous les types neuronaux du cerveau

La Presse Quotidienne Gratuite (PQG) est aux métropoles d’aujourd’hui ce que la presse à un sou était aux grandes villes de la fin du XIXe siècle, c'est-à-dire un média de masse témoin d’une civilisation urbaine traversant une période de bouleversements économiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques. La recherche effectuée consiste à saisir le temps contemporain des régions urbaines à travers l’analyse des instances d’émission et de réception de ces quotidiens. De fait, les métropoles d’aujourd’hui sont les nœuds d’un espace de « super-flux » mondialisés de biens, de personnes et de capitaux. La presse gratuite et commerciale devrait donc être essentiellement le miroir d’une civilisation globale n’ayant plus qu’un rapport anecdotique avec les villes héritées. Cependant, ce média représente et participe à la redéfinition de territoires ancrés dans lesquels s’organisent des peurs et des besoins de rassurance spécifiques. Ces journaux font partie d’une Gesellschaft/Gemeinschaft du risque localisé impliquant deux phénomènes territoriaux : 1) la perpétuation de frontières-lignes clôturant le rapport communicationnel entre un pouvoir étatique et des populations métropolitaines, 2) l’existence d’une frontière-glacis montrant la capacité de débordement de ces interactions sur d’autres États territoriaux. Afin de comprendre cette situation, la recherche se focalise sur trois gratuits situés dans des métropoles d’envergure transfrontalière : L’essentiel au Luxembourg et les éditions de 20 Minutes à Genève (Suisse) et à Lille (France)
The free dailies like the penny press in the late 19th century portray an urban civilisation experiencing a time of economic, social, cultural and political turmoils. The current research consists in understanding contemporary metropolitan transitions through the production and the reception of this type of press. Today metropolises are nodes of a world-wide liquid space of goods, people and capitals. Therefore, this commercial press could be essentially the mirror of a global civilisation unrelated to the inherited cities. However, this media depicts and is instrumental in the definition of locally-based territories which concentrate specific fears and expectations. Free dailies are parts of a localised risks Gesellschaft/Gemeinschaft implying two territorial phenomenons : 1) the perpetuation of borders closing the communicational ties between one state power and the metropolitan population, 2) the presence of transitional frontiers showing the ability of the state-civil society communication container to include parts of other territorial states. To understand these interactions, the research takes into consideration three free newspapers located in metropolises whose urban development crosses over state borders: L’essentiel in Luxembourg and the editions of 20 Minutes in Geneva (Switzerland) and in Lille (France)

Cette thèse est centrée sur la caractérisation des traceurs des fluides qui interagissent avec les roches du socle et les roches sédimentaires dans les systèmes riftés hyper-amincis exposés dans la Téthys alpine, les Pyrénées et Ibérie-Terre Neuve. L’étude de ces fluides est basée sur les observations géologiques, les analyses géochimiques et les données géophysiques. Deux types de fluides ont été identifiés : les fluides associés à la croûte continentale, avec une signature caractérisée par Si et Ca, ainsi que les fluides liés au manteau en exhumation, avec une signature caractérisée par Si, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, Ni, Cr et V. La percolation des fluides est fortement liée à la formation des failles de détachement et à l’évolution des systèmes hyper-amincis. Le flux de fluides dans ces systèmes a des implications importantes pour les changements rhéologiques, pour la nature des sédiments et pour les modifications chimiques des réservoirs de la Terre
This thesis focus in the identification of geochemical tracers and effects of fluid that interact with basement and sedimentary rocks in hyperextended systems. The investigation of such fluids is based on geological observation, geochemical analyses and geophysical data from fossil hyperextended rift systems exposed in the Alps and in the West Pyrenees, and the present-day distal margins of Iberia and Newfoundland. Two types of fluids were identified during this study. The first type, referred to as continental crust-related fluids, has a signature of Si and Ca. The second type, referred to as mantle-related fluids, has a signature of Si, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, Ni, Cr and V. The fluid percolation is strongly related to the formation of extensional detachment faults and the evolution of hyperextended systems. Fluid flow in these systems has major implications for the nature of sediments, rheological changes and chemical modifications of the Earth’s reservoirs throughout its evolution

Parce que la fragmentation de l'habitat favorise la diminution de la taille des patches de ressources et la réduction de leur connectivité, ce processus est l'une des principales causes d'extinction des espèces en milieu tropical. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au cas du propithèque à couronne dorée (Propithecus tattersalli), une espèce rare et menacée de lémurien du Nord-Est de Madagascar dont les populations évoluent dans un habitat forestier restreint et fortement fragmenté. Cette espèce sociale, endémique de la région enclavée de Daraina, n'a été découverte qu'il y a une vingtaine d'années (Simons 1988) et peu d'informations sont disponibles sur sa résilience à l'ouverture croissante de son habitat. Afin de fournir des informations pertinentes pour la mise en place de stratégies de conservation pour cette espèce, nous avons 1) étudié sa distribution et mesuré les densités des principales populations et 2) caractérisé sa structure génétique globale grâce au développement de marqueurs microsatellites spécifiques et à l'échantillonnage des fèces de 403 individus appartenant à 118 groupes sociaux répartis sur l'ensemble de l'aire de distribution. Les résultats des analyses démographiques suggèrent une importante variabilité de densité entre les fragments forestiers prospectés (entre 34 et 90 individus/km²) et une abondance totale du propithèque à couronne dorée comprise entre 11. 000 et 26. 000 individus, avec probablement plus de 18. 000 individus. En combinant des analyses spatiales et génétiques, nous avons mis en évidence que la rivière Manankolana est à l'origine de la principale discontinuité génétique et joue probablement le rôle de barrière de flux de gènes pour cette espèce, alors que la route nationale non goudronnée semble peu entraver la dispersion des individus. Nos résultats suggèrent également une forte influence de l'isolement par la distance et une faible influence de la connectivité structurelle de l'habitat forestier sur les patterns de dispersion à l'échelle du paysage, même si l'une des populations au Nord de l'aire de distribution est très différenciée, suggérant un fort effet local de la fragmentation de l'habitat. .
Since habitat fragmentation reduces the size of habitat patches and decreases their level of connectivity, this process is among the greatest threats faced by species in tropical regions. Here, we studied the case of the golden-crowned sifaka (Propithecus tattersalli), a rare and threatened species of lemur from northeastern Madagascar, whose populations are only found in a small and highly fragmented forest habitat. This socially-organized species, endemic to the Daraina area, was only discovered twenty years ago (Simons, 1988) and little is know about its resiliency to the growing habitat openness. To provide relevant information to set up appropriate conservation strategies for this species, we 1) studied its distribution and assessed the density of its main populations and 2) characterized its global genetic structure isolating new specific microsatellites and collecting faeces from 403 putative individuals (118 social groups) sampling in the whole distribution area. The results of the demographic analyses suggest a large heterogeneity of density among surveyed forest patches (between 34 and 90 individuals/km²) and a total species size between 11,000 and 26,000 individuals and most likely above 18,000 individuals. Combining spatial and genetic analyses, we showed that the Manankolana River is the main geographical feature shaping P. Tattersalli 's genetic diversity, and that it probably played a role as a barrier to gene flow whereas the national road does not seem to strongly impede the dispersal of individuals. Our results also suggested a strong influence of the isolation by distance and a weak influence of the forest habitat structural connectivity on dispersal patterns at the landscape scale even though one of the population in north of the distribution area is highly differentiated suggesting a strong local impact of habitat fragmentation. At the resource patch scale, we found that individuals within social groups are closely related and that most of the dispersal events occur between adjacent social groups as suggested by behavioural information (Meyers, 1993). Lastly, the study of the P. Tattersalli demographic history revealed that the populations underwent a bottleneck at a period between 1500 and 3000 years ago leading to a drastic reduction of effective population size (from several thousand individuals to a few hundred individuals per population). .

Split Soundscape est un projet artistique d’installation sonore inspiré par les notions de paysage sonore et de schizophonie introduites par le compositeur R. Murray Schafer. Ce projet artistique propose la reconstitution de l’espace sonore en temps réel par un double dispositif : des microphones disposés dans un territoire captent et transmettent leur environnement sonore par internet en temps réel (technique du streaming). Dans un espace d’exposition dédié à l’écoute, des haut-parleurs diffusent les sons transmis et construisent un espace nouveau.La recherche interroge la notion d’espace dans sa définition géographique, sociale et philosophique. La notion de paysage sonore est définie, remise en question, et mise en perspective par l’archéologie sonore et l’espace sonore dans sa dimension sociale, deux notions qui nous amènent à considérer l’écoute comme centrale dans la réception et la construction du paysage sonore. La notion de schizophonie (la séparation d’un son originel de sa reproduction), est définie et mise en perspective avec celle d’objet sonore et comme avatar de la reproductibilité technique.Le travail artistique est situé dans le champ de la création sonore et contemporaine, et particulièrement dans son rapport aux notions de flux, d’indéterminisme et de composition. Dans le contexte du doctorat « pratique et théorie », l’aspect pratique de la recherche est évoqué, et l’évolution du projet plastique est présentée à travers des expérimentations inspirées de la recherche théorique
Split Soundscape is a practice based research project that revisits the concepts of Soundscape and Schizophonia originally introduced by the composer R. Murray Schafer. The artistic practice consists of a series of sound installations that focus on the reconstitution of sound space in real time. A number of “Open” microphones located in given territories are employed to transmit the local sonic environment via the internet in real time (using audio streaming technologies). A new soundscape is composed from these transmitted soundscapes and played through loudspeakers in a dedicated (exhibition) listening space. The theoretical research investigates geographical, sociological and philosophical definitions of space. The concept of soundscape as defined by Schafer is called into question and reconsidered from the perspective of sound archeology and as a social construct. This in turn, leads to the positioning of listening as being central in the construction of soundscape. The notion of Schizophonia (the separation of an original sound from his technical reproduction) is examined in detail and compared with Pierre Schaeffer’s definition of the sound object or objet sonore as an alternative consequence of mechanical reproduction. The artistic practice is contextualized in relation to the field of contemporary sound art and more specifically the concepts of flux, indeterminism in composition. The tools developed to facilitate the practice are described, and the evolution of the art project is presented as a succession of experiments informed by the academic research

Cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins are a major water quality and potential health risk around the world. This thesis developed an analytical method for microcystin congeners in sediments in order to examine their fate in lakes and establish the history of toxin-producing cyanobacteria in relation to environmental change using lake sediments. A novel method for both intra- and extracellular microcystins in lake sediments was developed, consisting of accelerated solvent extraction, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid phase extraction and multiple reaction monitoring-based HPLC-MS/MS quantitation. The method achieved comparable recoveries of intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins based on nine microcystins and nodularin (marine analogue). The analytical method was validated using surficial and deeper sediments from seven lakes of diverse geography and trophic state. To study the fate of microcystins, a multi-year, whole lake study of Microcystis blooms was conducted to obtain both in situ and in vitro half-life estimates of microcystin-LA (MC-LA), an understudied, but increasingly reported microcystin. MC-LA appeared to undergo slower rates of decomposition and persist longer than the more frequently studied MC-LR. Experimentally, high light intensity increased in vitro decomposition of dissolved MC-LA while high temperature enhanced decomposition in the particulate phase. Sediment deposition measurements and estimates of sediment-pore water distribution coefficients, sediment accumulation rates, and diffusive fluxes indicated that microcystin congeners differ in their fate. Notably, MC-LA preferentially distributed into pore water and remobilized (by diffusion) from sediments and into overlying water while MC-RR adsorbed more strongly to sediment particles. Finally, the sediment record of an eutrophic lake of major recreational importance was examined to identify possible drivers of toxigenic cyanobacteria and determine if the perceived increase in toxigenic cyanobacteria could be corroborated. Microcystins were detected to the bottom of the core (early 1800s), indicating that toxigenic cyanobacteria were present prior to the first permanent settlements. Microcystins were significantly correlated with changes in diatom-inferred nutrients (DI-TP and DI-TKN) within the sediment core as well as with specific algal pigments. Sediment microcystins in the upper layers also significantly correlated with a 20-year monitoring record for water column microcystins suggesting that sediment microcystins can be used as a proxy for past surface water conditions.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
William James’s scientific psychology was developed in order to surpass precedent approaches such as both Rationalism and Associationism. His masterpiece, The Principles of Psychology (1890), has been a mark in the history of psychological science because James already took cognitive processes as relations between the organisms and their environments. In this doctoral work, three contemporaneous cognitive theories are interpreted through James’s ideas: Artificial Intelligence, Connectionism and Dynamical Systems. This analysis, however, neither concerns scientific psychology nor philosophy of mind — in precise terms, the former examines psychological facts, and the later categorizes mental phenomena. Notwithstanding, we have done a conceptualcomparative study that categorizes the explanations proposed by those three cognitive theories. To be sure, this work should be labelled as a Philosophy of Cognitive Science. It examines theories concerned with cognition; so it is a philosophical analysis on cognitive science
A psicologia científica de William James procurava superar perspectivas precedentes oriundas do Racionalismo e do Associacionismo. Sua obra-prima, conhecida como Os Princípios de Psicologia, de 1890, é um marco na história da psicologia porque nesse livro James já toma os processos cognitivos como relações entre o organismo e seu meio ambiente. Nesta tese de doutoramento, três teorias cognitivas modernas — a saber, Inteligência Artificial, Conexionismo e Dinamicismo — são interpretadas via as idéias de James. Tal análise, entretanto, não deve ser tomada como sendo ciência psicológica no sentido positivo, nem tampouco deve ser enquadrada no que se convenciona chamar de filosofia da mente. No primeiro caso, fatos psicológicos propriamente ditos seriam examinados. Já no segundo, ou seja, se este fosse um trabalho em filosofia da mente, então se deveria estabelecer as categorias dos fenômenos mentais. Aqui, o que se procura formular, mediante uma espécie de estudo comparativo-conceitual, é uma categorização das explicações propostas pelas três linhas teóricas a serem examinadas. Então, para sermos precisos, esta tese se enquadra no que se poderia chamar de Filosofia das Ciências Cognitivas, pois discorre sobre como diversas teorias científicas explicam a cognição. Trata-se de um exame de teorias, uma categorização das explicações científicas sobre a cognição

This dissertation analyzes Wolf Vostell's Fluxus Zug, 1981, arguing that it was simultaneously a work of art, a museum, an academy, and an archive. I explore the art work/alternative institution in relation to other museums that Vostell conceived and realized from the 1960s until his death in 1998; the interdisciplinary collaborations that he established in the 1960s; his concept for an ideal academy from 1969; the archive that he began building in the 1950s; and recent theories of the Archive. This microhistorical study reveals Vostell's centrality to contemporary experimental art. I argue that the spirit of Vostell's art and ideas are very much alive today as artists demonstrate widespread interest in curating as an art practice, in the construction of alternative pedagogies, and in working in, with, and against the Archive.

Dissertation

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Química, ramo de especialização em Fotoquímica, apresentada ao Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Indigo, an iconic molecule of colour, is included in the most ancient and important natural dyes used by mankind. The longevity as a colourant and unique properties of this compound are related with its high (photo)stability which is linked to a rapid proton transfer in the excited state (ESPT). In the past few years, indigo and its derivatives have gained renewed interest due to applications in several fields such as photoswitches, electronic devices and sensors. The study and development of an improved and fast approach for the synthesis of mono- and di-substituted indigo derivatives combined with a comprehensive characterization of their electronic spectral and photophysical properties in different solvents and temperatures was undertaken and constitutes the first part of this thesis. The study was further rationalized with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. The second part of this thesis reports the synthesis of tryptanthrin and tryptanthrin derivatives, important compounds with a variety of biological and pharmacological applications as well as redox properties. Tryptanthrin was synthesized from indigo under mild conditions using microwave irradiation. A comprehensive study of the excited state of these compounds was also undertaken. In contrast with indigo, emission of the triplet state of tryptanthrin and its derivatives, with the exception of 2-aminotryptanthrin, where fluorescence dominates, was observed with a very efficient singlet oxygen sensitization quantum yield. These results indicate intersystem crossing (ISC) to be the dominant deactivation channel in tryptanthrin and its derivatives, with high quantum yields. Time-resolved fluorescence and femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) data, further supported with TDDFT calculations, show for tryptanthrin, two species, a locally excited (LE) and a charge transfer (CT) with a highly reversible inter-conversion rate constant (LE to CT state). A pratical and modern application of storage of chemical energy with, an aqueous organometallic and an all-organic redox flow battery (RFB) with sulfonated tryptanthrin, working at neutral pH and with long-term stability, was further developed. The single cell tests showed reproducible charge-discharge cycles with significant improvement results for the aqueous all-organic RFB, with higth coulombic, voltaic and energetic efficiencies stabilized over several working cycles. The work paves the way to the promising development of new tryptanthrin based structures for environmentally friendly aqueous all-organic RFBs working at neutral pH values.
O índigo, uma icónica molécula da cor, é um dos corantes mais antigos e importantes usados pela humanidade. A longevidade deste corante assim como as suas propriedades únicas estão relacionadas com a sua elevada (foto)estabilidade que esta ligada a uma rápida transferência de protão no estado excitado. Nos últimos anos, o índigo e os seus derivados ganharam um interesse renovado devido a aplicações em diversos campos, tais como, interruptores fotónicos, dispositivos elétricos e sensores. O estudo e desenvolvimento de uma abordagem mais rápida e aprimorada da síntese de derivados mono- e di-substituídos do índigo combinados com uma caracterização abrangente das suas propriedades eletrónicas, espectrais e fotofísicas, em diferentes solventes e temperaturas foi realizada e constitui a primeira parte desta tese. O estudo foi racionalizado com cálculos teóricos através da teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT) e da teoria do funcional da densidade dependente do tempo (TDDFT). A segunda parte desta tese relata a síntese da triptantrina e seus derivados. Estes compostos são importantes pois para além de apresentarem uma vasta aplicação biológica e farmacológica possuem também propriedades de oxidação-redução. A triptantrina foi sintetizada a partir do índigo sob condições suaves utilizando radiação de micro-ondas como fonte de energia. Um estudo abrangente do estado excitado destes compostos foi também realizado. Em contraste com o índigo, na triptantrina e seus derivados, com exceção da 2-aminotriptantrina, onde a fluorescência domina, foi observada emissão do estado tripleto com rendimentos quânticos de formação de oxigénio singleto muito eficientes. Estes resultados indicam que a conversão intersistemas (ISC) é a principal via de desativação na triptantrina e seus derivados, com elevados rendimentos quântico. Os dados de fluorescência resolvida no tempo e absorção transiente de femtosegundos (fs-TA), complementados com cálculos TDDFT, mostram que no caso da triptantrina, existem duas espécies, uma excitada localmente (LE) e uma com transferência de carga (CT), com uma constante de interconversão altamente reversível (LE para o estado CT). Uma aplicação prática e moderna de armazenamento de energia química com, uma bateria redox de fluxo aquoso organometálico e exclusivamente orgânico com triptantrina sulfonada, trabalhando em pH neutro com estabilidade a longo prazo foi desenvolvida. Os testes de célula única demostraram ciclos de carga-descarga reprodutíveis, com melhores resultados no sistema exclusivamente orgânico, com eficiências coulômbica, voltaica e enérgicas estáveis e elevadas ao longo de vários ciclos. Este trabalho fornece uma nova perspetiva sobre o desenvolvimento de derivados da triptantrina solúveis em água com potencial aplicação em baterias de fluxo aquoso de sistemas exclusivamente orgânico que trabalham em pH neutro e são mais sustentáveis em termos ambientais.

Tout mécanisme de formation d'un bassin sédimentaire porte une signature thermique caractéristique. Inversement, la reconstitution de l'histoire thermique d'un bassin sédimentaire permet d'en tirer des conclusions sur les mécanismes et l'histoire de sa formation. Les méthodes géothermométriques nous permettent d'étudier l'histoire thermique d'un bassin. Les enregistrements réalisés nous renseignent, soit sur les conditions de température (ou conditions T/P) instantanées (températures de fermeture, de cristallisation, etc.), soit sur les effets du couple température-temps (énergie) au cours de la diagenèse (transformation de la matière organique, transformation des minéraux argileux). Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude réalisée dans l'avant-pays alpin de Suisse et de Haute-Savoie (France). Le bassin molassique s'étend le long du front externe de l'arc alpin sur plus de 800 km, de Chambéry à Vienne. Depuis le front alpin la sédimentation de la Molasse, essentiellement détritique, pro grade vers le nord-ouest. Cet élargissement du bassin au cours du temps est matérialisé par la position des biseaux appartenant à des groupes lithostratigraphiques successifs. L'épaisseur des dépôts varie de quelques dizaines de mètres dans la partie distale jurassienne à plus de 4000 m dans la partie proximale subalpine. Sur le plan lithostratigraphique, la Molasse peut être divisée en quatre groupes où les faciès prédominants sont alternativement marins et terrestres: UMM (Molasse marine inférieure, Rupélien-Chattien), USM (Molasse d'eau douce inférieure, Rupélien-Burdigalien?), OMM (Molasse marine supérieure, Burdigalien-Langhien?) et OSM (Molasse d'eau douce supérieure, LanghienSerravalien). Du nord-ouest au sud-est, le bassin molassique est divisé en trois ensembles tectoniques: i) la Molasse du Jura, ii) la Molasse du Plateau et iii) la Molasse subalpine. Par le biais d'une meilleure compréhension des processus qui contrôlent le régime paléogéothermique, l'objectif de cette étude est la reconstitution de l' histoire thermique de quelques périmètres du bassin molassique au cours du Tertiaire. La démarche suivie peut être décomposée en trois phases principales: - La phase d'échantillonnage. Afin de rendre les résultats obtenus les plus significatifs possibles, les échantillons ont été prélevés avec une large dispersion géographique. Du sud-ouest au nord-est, cinq régions ont été explorées: Haute-Savoie (Bornes, Plateau de Bornes, Bassin de Bellegarde, Bassin de Rumilly) et bassin genevois, Suisse occidentale (région entre le lac de Neuchâtel et le lac de Genève), région du lac de Thoune, Suisse orientale (région centrée autour du lac de Zürich), Suisse septentrionale (région située dans la prolongation des failles du fossé rhénan vers le sud, dans le Jura tabulaire et le Jura plissé); - La phase d'analyse. Quatre types de méthodes ont été utilisées: étude de la réflectance de la vitrinite, étude diffractométrique des argiles, étude des inclusions fluides et pyrolyse RockEva!. - La cartographie des résultats et la modélisation de l'histoire thermique.

The aim of this interdisciplinary study is to reconstruct the evolution of our changing conceptions of time in the light of scientific discoveries. It will adopt a new perspective and organize the material around three central themes, which run through our history of time reckoning: cosmology and regularity; stasis and flux; symmetry and asymmetry. It is the physical criteria that humans choose ¿ relativistic effects and time-symmetric equations or dynamic-kinematic effects and asymmetric conditions ¿ that establish our views on the nature of time. This book will defend a dynamic rather than a static view of time.