Pour voir les autres types de publications sur ce sujet consultez le lien suivant : Fortification.
Articles de revues sur le sujet « Fortification »
Créez une référence correcte selon les styles APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard et plusieurs autres
Consultez les 50 meilleurs articles de revues pour votre recherche sur le sujet « Fortification ».
À côté de chaque source dans la liste de références il y a un bouton « Ajouter à la bibliographie ». Cliquez sur ce bouton, et nous générerons automatiquement la référence bibliographique pour la source choisie selon votre style de citation préféré : APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
Vous pouvez aussi télécharger le texte intégral de la publication scolaire au format pdf et consulter son résumé en ligne lorsque ces informations sont inclues dans les métadonnées.
Parcourez les articles de revues sur diverses disciplines et organisez correctement votre bibliographie.
1
Bzhezovska, Nataliya. "FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS OF CASTLE STRUCTURES ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SMALL CITIES IF THE PODILLYA OFTHE XVI-XVII CENTURIES." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.177-188.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated.
 The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.
2
Korshunova, Nadezhda V., and Pavel A. Stromov. "Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th – 19th centuries According to the Materials of Field and Archive Research." Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no. 2 (2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i2.406.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article aims to provide an analysis of the basic fortification constructions that formed the Uyskaya Fortification Line during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as fortresses, redoubts and outposts, based on newly found archive documents. These documents have made it possible to research the construction of these fortifications and compare the standard plans to the fortifications that were actually built, taking their function into consideration. The research aims to characterize Uyskaya Fortification Line as the foundation for the state building of the Russian Empire, the final element of the outer frontier.
 This article features the results of field observations aimed at studying the fortification monuments on the Uyskaya Fortification Line of the 18th and 19th centuries along the Rivers Kidysh, Uy, and Tobol. The intensity of exploration in this region was one of the lowest ever in Russian history. One of the major reasons is the lack of proper engineering provision of the Uyskaya Fortification line. In fact, the military authorities delegated all their duties concerning the fortresses and redoubts to the local people without payment or providing them with necessary tools. Mediocre fortifications or somewhere the lack of them didn’t contribute to forming the authority of the Russian Government among the locals which influenced a wide range of integration processes in Orenburg Krai. The results obtained in the research may be of interest to both experts in fortification and those who research the issues of state building.
3
Hao, Pham Manh, Nguyen Cong Thang, Nguyen Van Thao, et al. "Blast testing of ultra-high performance concrete fortifications using local materials." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 16, no. 4 (2022): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2022-16(4)-06.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper presents experimental results on blast testing of fortifications made from ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) and ordinary concrete (NC) by a non-contact explosion test with the TNT explosive. UHPC and NC samples used in the test were of the type of precast fortification of the real-scale and structure. TNT explosive was used in the test with a mass of 600 g per detonation. The explosive charge was centered on the top of fortifications, with the distance from the center of the explosion to the top of the fortification roof being 600 mm, 450 mm, and 300 mm, respectively. The test results, i.e., the strain of fortification roof ele-ments, the explosive load resistance, and the destruction level, were evaluated by comparing the UHPC and NC fortifications.
4
Аносова, В. С. "Development of technology of fortification construction on the westery region of Kievan Rus during the tatar-mongol invasion in the XIII-XIV centuries." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 6(254) (September 20, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2019-254-6-5-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the article, the author revealed the main types of fortification fortifications of the region, which took place in the 13th-10th centuries. Traced the main trends that characterized the development of defense structures, fortifications of the cities and castles. The influence of the Tatar-Mongol invasion on defense construction in the western lands of the former Kyiv state is analyzed. The general tendencies of the fortification structures, which took place in construction, are highlighted.
5
Denman, Derek S. "On fortification: Military architecture, geometric power, and defensive design." Security Dialogue 51, no. 2-3 (2019): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010619889470.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Fortification calls to mind images of high walls establishing clear lines between inside and outside and immobilizing enemies. However, even the most seemingly inert fortifications rely on subtle forms of mobility and more elaborate spatial relations. This article examines fortification as a technique of power in which warfare, the design of the built environment, and the organization of space are intertwined. Where research on fortification tends to emphasize the symbolic, sovereign aspirations of wall-building, the approach advanced here focuses on the spatial technologies and infrastructural projects of military architecture and engineering that remake space through martial means. The article follows the trajectory within military architecture by which linear fortifications became defense in depth and asks how transformations of ‘depth’ in contemporary warfare have come to integrate more complex, non-linear notions of space and time. By tracing the ways in which the curtain wall of Vauban’s bastion fortress transformed into the radar curtain, I argue that fortification constitutes a ‘becoming war’ in which ‘defensive’ war intensifies organized violence. As such, the concept of fortification proves indispensable for understanding the reinforced boundaries and delineated pathways cutting across the global space of contemporary warfare.
6
Nossov, Konstantin S., and Svetlana R. Muratova. "Stone-brick fortification of the end of the 17th – first half of the 18th centuries on the territory of Western Siberia." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 485 (2022): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/485/12.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The authors analyzed the fortification features of the exceptional monuments of Russian stone-brick defensive architecture in Western Siberia of the late 17th – first half of the 18th centuries: the Kremlin in Tobolsk together with the Sophia and Gostiny Dvors, the Kremlin in Verkhoturye, the Monastery in Dalmatovo. We paid attention to the stages of their construction, tried to clarify the time of their construction. The method of analysis of graphic materials (fixation plans and projects) made it possible to identify the degree of implementation of the fortification objects planned for the project. The use of comparative architectural analysis of fortification elements of fortifications with analogues of the European part of Russia and methods of historical and architectural research (measurement and calculation) made it possible to determine their fortification role and the actual dimensions of fortification elements (the Monastery in Dalmatovo, the Kremlin in Tobolsk). The genesis method made it possible to interpret the ways of origin of the forms of fortification of the studied objects. When comparing the architectural monuments with each other, much in common was found: all fortification objects were built under the influence of the Russian architectural style that developed in domestic defense architecture in the late 15th to 17th centuries; when compared with the fortifications of that time in the European part of Russia, their style was equal to the Kremlin of Moscow and was far from the principles of bastion fortification, common not only in Western Europe, but also in the European part of Russia (for example, the fortifications of the 16th century in earthen version – the Earthen fortress of Ladoga, the Small Earthen City of Novgorod – and of the first years of the 18th century – the stone Novodvinsk fortress). The methods of formal, compositional and proportional analysis made it possible to pay special attention to the elements of fortification objects and describe their forms and construction solutions. The walls of the stone fortifications of Siberia followed the terrain, in contrast to the regular shape of the fortresses built according to the requirements of the fortification of that time; the number and frequency of towers did not meet the requirements: in the Verkhoturye Kremlin there were only two of them, and in the Dalmatovsky Monastery and the Tobolsk Kremlin they were unevenly distributed in the spans and some of them remained unfinished; the fortifications were not high – about 4.5 to 6 meters – and the hight was different; spinners on steep slopes included various administrative, residential or utility buildings (Kremlin in Tobolsk, Dalmatovsky Monastery), or they had a lower height compared to those on the floor side (Verkhoturye); the width of the spindles did not meet the requirements and at different sites it was about 1.8 m (the spindles of the fortresses of the European part of the country were 3 m wide or more); on the inside of the fortress, the parapets have arches about 3–4 m wide and high, loopholes of the sole fight (Sophia Dvor in Tobolsk), and sometimes sole and middle battles (Verkhoturye Kremlin, Dalmatovsky Monastery).
7
Kupka, Jiří, Adéla Brázdová, and Jana Vodová. "Units of Military Fortification Complex as Phenomenon Elements of the Czech Borderlands Landscape." Land 11, no. 1 (2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010079.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper is focused on selected units of casemates with enhanced fortification in the military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape as specific forms of brownfields. They represent a functional system that interacts with surrounding nature, landscape character, and human society. Four approaches were chosen to study the function and potential of selected individual abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification, where each of them corresponds to one of the four landscape layers: genius loci, socio-economic sphere, functional relationship (between human and the landscape), and natural conditions. There is a corresponding research method for each of the landscape layers (guided interview with respondents, data analysis on abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications as brownfields, analysis of their landscape functions, and zoological survey of interior). The main results could show that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortifications can play important roles in all landscape layers: stories and genius loci, abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as a special type of military brownfield but also as a semi-natural ecosystem, and the same time as a habitat for invertebrates. The analyses and surveys conducted clearly demonstrate that abandoned casemates with enhanced fortification as units of military fortification complex of the Czech borderlands landscape perform several hidden important functions in the landscape for which they cannot be viewed as brownfields. This hidden functional potential is most likely best described by the concept of hidden singularity, which offers itself for integration into basic approaches to brownfields.
8
Okonchenko, Olha, and Ihor Okonchenko. "PARAMETERS OF CASTLE FORTIFICATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE WESTERN REGIONS OF UKRAINE OF THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH - BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURIES." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (2021): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.e-02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A comparative typological and metrological analysis of defensive structures of 53 castles in the western regions of Ukraine is carried out. Fortification lines of castles are classified, based on the division of fortresses by their dimensions, proposed in the treatise on fortification in 1659 by J. Naronovich-Naronsky. The reasons for the functioning of castle fortifications with different levels of defense in one period are explained.
9
Fedunkiv, Zenoviy. "STRATIN CITY FORTIFICATIONS: CONSTRUCTION DATE, EFFICIENCY, PLANNING AND VOLUME-SPACE CHARACTERISTICS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 18, no. 2023 (2023): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.18.108.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Based on the results of scientific expeditions and field surveys, the article examines the problems of construction dating, functioning efficiency, localization and identification of structures and fortifications, the planning and spatial structure of the Stratyn city fortifications. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that, apart from the reports of four scientific expeditions, no full-fledged scientific article was devoted to Stratyn's city fortifications. The study, based on the analysis of historical sources and the military-political situation, puts forward an assumption about the period of construction of city fortifications and their role in the Polish-Turkish wars of the 1670s. Based on the analysis of cartographic sources and field surveys, an analysis of the planning structure was carried out, the location was determined and fortification structures and fortifications were identified. On the basis of the analysis of the fortification and technological features of the preserved fragments of ramparts, ditches and sites of buildings, it was concluded that the Stratyn city fortifications belong to the bastion defense system common in the western Ukrainian lands.
10
Chen, Lesia. "OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN FORTIFICATIONS IN THE 15th-19th CENTURIES." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2024, no. 20 (2024): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2024.20.130.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study of the evolution of the development of defensive European forts as a monument of military architecture is relevant nowadays. Wars caused the construction of fortifications to protect the territories of cities. The evolution of medieval fortresses was accompanied by technical progress in construction tools and techniques and the technical skills of military engineers. Fortification complexes in Europe over the centuries, with the development of firearms, were modernized and improved in accordance with the requirements of the time. The reason for the evolution of fortifications was the introduction of new methods, tactics and military strategies. In the process of research, the principles of defense art, fortification technologies in the development of the construction of European forts were studied. Experimenting with new fortification systems, military engineers and architects created defensive complexes that impress with the wisdom of construction, aesthetic and landscape sensitivity. The article traces the evolution of the development of defensive forts in Europe during the 15th - 19th centuries, which characterize the cultural landscape and form the cultural defense heritage.
11
Ilhomovich, Atajanov Muhiddin Ilhomovich. "SOME COMMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF KHOREZM FORTIFICATION MONUMENTS." European Journal of Learning on History and Social Sciences 1, no. 8 (2024): 85–91. https://doi.org/10.61796/ejlhss.v1i8.909.
Texte intégralRésumé :
General Background: The study of fortification monuments provides critical insights into historical military architecture and urban planning. Khwarezm, a region rich in ancient fortifications, offers a unique case study due to its strategic significance and architectural diversity. Specific Background: Historical research on Khwarezmian fortifications has predominantly focused on their architectural features and historical context within Central Asia. Early studies emphasized the military and defensive roles of these structures, reflecting their importance in regional security and administration. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive documentation, gaps remain in understanding the chronological development of these fortifications, their specific functions within the local socio-political landscape, and their interactions with neighboring cultures and technologies. Aims: This study aims to review and synthesize the historical research on Khwarezmian fortifications, highlighting advances and persistent gaps. It seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of these structures and their broader historical implications. Results: The analysis reveals that while substantial progress has been made in identifying and categorizing Khwarezmian fortifications, there remains a lack of detailed chronological frameworks and a limited understanding of their socio-political roles over time. Recent findings suggest a more nuanced interaction between Khwarezmian fortifications and surrounding civilizations than previously understood. Novelty: This review introduces a critical re-evaluation of Khwarezmian fortification studies, integrating recent archaeological discoveries and historiographical advancements. It proposes a revised framework for understanding the evolution and significance of these structures within their historical context. Implications: The findings offer new perspectives on the historical development of fortification strategies in Central Asia, contributing to broader discussions on military architecture and urban planning in ancient civilizations. This synthesis has potential implications for future research directions and preservation efforts in the region.
12
Dyakova, O. V. "Medieval Fortresses of the Margaritovka Basin in Eastern Primorye." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (2022): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-60-70.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction. Studies of ancient fortifications in the Eastern Primorye of Russia in the Margaritovka River basin are conducted for the first time by complex methods: mapping, geophysical characteristics, classification by shape, size, functional purpose.Results. Four fortification sites have been identified: Shcherbakovskoye settlement, Senokosnoe-1 fortification, Margaritovo fortress, Margaritovskaya stone defensive wall. Shcherbakovskoye settlement belongs to the mountain type. It is characterized by a closed configuration of shafts, corner and wall towers, stone-throwing platforms, an inner city, residential estates. Shcherbakovskoye settlement is a gift of the 13 th century period of the state of Eastern Xia. The Senokosnoe-1 fortification belongs to the cape type. It is protected by earthen ramparts and a moat. The fortification is comparable in archaeological material with the Polzevskaya culture of the early Middle Ages. The Margaritovo fortress belongs to the cape type and dates from the post-Bohai period. The Margaritovskaya stone wall is located on the Sikhote-Alin mountain spur. It is equipped with a watchtower. It was built in the Middle Ages. Conclusion. The location of the fortifications and the stone rampart indicate the functioning of a land and river route in the Margaritovka River basin. The road began on the mountain Perevalnaya. The final point of the road was the bay of the Morayak-Ribolov of the Sea of Japan. The entrance to the bay and the mouth of the Margaritovka River was protected by a stone wall with signal towers.
13
Alnafisah, Ruyuf Y., Atheer S. Alragea, Mona K. Alzamil, and Amani S. Alqahtani. "The Impact and Efficacy of Vitamin D Fortification." Nutrients 16, no. 24 (2024): 4322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244322.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Vitamin D deficiency is a global health issue linked to various chronic diseases and overall mortality. It primarily arises from insufficient sunlight exposure, compounded by dietary limitations. Vitamin D fortification of commonly consumed foods has emerged as a viable public health intervention to address this deficiency. This review evaluates the impact of vitamin D food fortification on serum levels, intake, and health outcomes and explores the stability, bio-accessibility, bioavailability, and cost-effectiveness of such interventions. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 2015 to 2024. The criteria included primary research on healthy adults that addressed the effects of vitamin D fortification on health, intake, and serum levels, as well as the fortification’s stability, bio-accessibility, bioavailability, and cost-effectiveness. Studies were extracted and analyzed according to PRISMA guidelines. The review included 31 studies from diverse geographic locations, revealing that fortifying dairy products, cereals, fats, oils, and other food items effectively increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The fortification methods varied, with vitamin D3 showing superior efficacy over vitamin D2. Encapsulation techniques improved stability and bioavailability. Fortifying staple foods like milk and eggs proved cost-effective compared with pharmaceutical interventions. Vitamin D food fortification significantly enhances serum levels and intake, with dairy and cereals being the most frequently fortified. Standardized fortification guidelines are essential to ensure safety and efficacy. Ongoing evaluation and region-specific policies are crucial for effectively optimizing fortification strategies and addressing vitamin D deficiency.
14
Slanov, Alan A. "Early Scythian fortification." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2024): 100–106. https://doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-4-100-106.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Scythian settlements of the 7th-5th centuries BC has not yet been discovered, however, the methods of siege and assault on fortified cities were already known to them much earlier, as can be seen from the campaigns in Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. The main archaeological monuments of the fortification of European Scythians IV-III centuries BC Belsk, Kamenskoye and Belozersk settlements on the Dnieper, Nemirovskoye in the basin of the Southern Bug, Nadliman settlement on the Dniester, Elizabethan settlement on the Lower Don, etc. are considered. In Central Scythia during the III century BC life ceases in the Kamensky settlement and other settlements, and the Crimea becomes the center of Late Scythia. The article analyzes the Early Scythian fortification and polyorcetics on the basis of data from archaeological and written sources. The most significant fortifications of ancient Scythia are investigated, the most characteristic architectural forms and building techniques are noted.
15
Yu, Frolova. "PROGRAMS FOR FORTIFICATION AREA CONSERVATION IN THE NETHERLANDS." Architectural Studies 7, no. 2 (2021): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2021.02.154.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article is aimed at familiarizing readers and specialists with programs for the preservation of fortification territories and methods of using historical landscapes in the Netherlands, the legal aspect of preserving the remains of fortifications and terrain. The project method of integrating the territory into the tourist observation network is considered. Over the past 30 years, the Netherlands has been developing a legal framework in the intersectoral branch for the protection of a significant historical landscape, including existing or lost objects of fortification art of the XVIII and XX centuries. Reasonable protection criteria, a well-formed strategy for systematic use and subordination of the territory prevents violation of the legal framework of the monument and its physical integrity accelerates the process of developing architectural and design proposals for restoring the spatial appearance of the fortification object
16
Ivanyuk, Sergey. "Features of Fortifications of the Tsaritsyn Defense Line in the 20s of the 18th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (2021): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.5.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introduction. Extending from the walls of the fortress of Tsaritsyn to the Don river, the Tsaritsyn defense line reliably protected this area from the systematic raids of nomads, gave an impetus to the active settlement of the region and its economic development. A number of research papers are devoted to the history of the Tsaritsyn line, but some aspects are still insufficiently studied. This article reveals the features of fortification and military engineering characteristics of the Tsaritsyn defense line defensive structures, its technical condition during the reign of Peter I. Methods and materials. The research is based on both published documents and ones stored in archives, which allow us to understand the principles that formed the fortified Tsaritsyn defense line, which fortifications were part of its complex in the 20s of the 18th century. Methods of the study: the principles of historicism and objectivity, analysis, synthesis, systematic approach. Analysis. The comparison of the evidence of participants in the construction of the Tsaritsyn defense line (1719–1720) and cartographic plans of its fortifications made it possible to determine the main characteristics of military engineering facilities located at it. Additionally, the analysis of cartographic sources, the manuscript division of the Library of the Academy of Sciences and the documents of the Main Office of Artillery and Fortification helped to determine the time frame and the author of the map “of the defensive line between the Volga and the Don” of 1723, which has not previously been used by researchers when working on the issue of fortification of the Tsaritsyn defense line in the first years of its operation. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that since the beginning of commissioning in 1720, the main fortification objects were formed at the Tsaritsyn defense line, which were part of the complex of its defensive structures, which remained the main fortifications during the entire time of its operation until the abolition of service on it.
17
Wadyl, Sławomir. "Report on archaeological excavations on the so-called “Round Mountain” in Pasym, Szczytno district, site 1, in 2017." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 298, no. 4 (2018): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134933.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 2017, the excavation of the fortifications in Pasym, Szczytno district, was continued. During this time three trenches were excavated (Figure 2). Trench 1/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was laid out in the western part of the fortification, partly on the edge, partly on the slope descending from the west towards the lake. Trench 2/2017 (measuring 15 x 5 m) was located on the eastern slope of the fortification. Trench 3/2017 (measuring 5 x 5 m) was located in a dip situated to the south-east of the fort. The study encompassed an area of 1.75 acres. During the excavations, unusually interesting remains within the courtyard of the stronghold were discovered. Earlier obser�vations concerning the fortification of the site were also confirmed. The powerful defence system has no analogies in contemporary Prussian territories. Particularly valuable were the layers of accumulated deposits dating from the Early Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages.
18
Dubman, E. L. "Features of construction of fortification in the forest-steppe Zavolzhie region of the first third of the XVIII century." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 2 (2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-2-17-26.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the significant changes observed in the early decades of the 18th century. during the construction and use of defensive systems on the southern and southeastern borders of European Russia. The question of how the new fortification theories and technologies, adopted from Western Europe, turned out to be suitable for the natural and geographical conditions of our country and for successfully resisting the attacks of nomads, was studied. An analysis of historiography of Russian defensive architecture that has developed to date, has made it possible to obtain fairly complete answers on the issues under consideration. For a special study of individual aspects of the topic, published and archival documents from the central archives were used. The revealed materials on the design and construction of the New Zakamskaya line allow us to conclude that the leadership of the Military Collegium and the Office of the main artillery and fortification tightly controlled the projects prepared in the borderlands, the proposed routes of the defensive lines. It paid particular attention to checking the provision of fortifications to them, as well as to the use of standard samples of such fortifications prepared in the Office. At the same time, the commanders and engineers of the expeditions involved in the construction of lines and the deployment of the Landmilitia regiments on them showed a certain independence in all these matters. A study of the activities of the leadership of the Zakamsk expedition shows that they often entered into disputes with their higher authorities and often emerged victorious from them. During the period under review, Western European concepts of fortification were fundamental. It was they who were guided in the Military Collegium and the Chancellery of the main artillery and fortification. However, officers and engineers working in the borderlands were well acquainted with the peculiarities of military threats from the nomads, the strategy and tactics of their attacks. During the design and construction work, they showed common sense and knowledge of the basics of military engineering. This was most evident during construction in the first half of the 1730-ies of New Zakamskaya Line, which was later replaced by Samaraskaya line. The transitional period in the defensive architecture of the forest-steppe borderland ends in the 1730-ies. At this time, there was a gradual adaptation of Western fortification approaches to Russian realities. The transition from continuous systems of fortifications to live lines becomes obvious. Their builders are increasingly using various, applied to the peculiarities of the terrain and natural conditions, methods of erecting defensive structures. However, even in the middle second half of the century, when creating defensive lines, the "rational-geometric principle" prevailed, which corresponded to the Western European principles of fortification.
19
Gardel, Marie-Élise. "Contextualiser la fortification." Heresis 5, no. 1 (2024): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/heres.2024.2236.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En introduction à l’article de Michèle et Jean-Bernard Gau, qui constitue une réelle avancée sur la connaissance de Quéribus et des fortifications de la région, nous avons pensé utile d’introduire cette contribution par une mise au point historiographique sur la vision que les historiens ont eu de la fortification à travers les siècles, aboutissant à l’archéologie médiévale et à la castellologie, auxquelles l’article sur Quéribus est une solide contribution. Nous livrons ensuite quelques réflexions sur le château de Quéribus et ses différentes fonctions, permettant de souligner tout l’intérêt des recherches effectuées par ces deux archéologues de 1985 à 1989 et la pertinence de leurs hypothèses.
20
Booty, Frank. "Fortification." Computer Fraud & Security Bulletin 11, no. 8 (1989): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0496(86)90068-8.
Texte intégral
21
Fitria, Ana, L. Abdullah, and P. D. M. H. Karti. "Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Sorgum bicolor pada Kultur Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) dengan Sistem Fertigasi dan Fortifikasi Nutrisi Berbeda." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 20, no. 2 (2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.20.2.51-57.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a microorganism that biologically affects plant enzymes and plant nutrients. AMF production development techniques need to be improved with the addition of nutritional fortification to produce quality AMF products. The research aimed was to cultivate AMF with complete fertilizer nutrition and different fertigation systems on Sorghum bicolor. The study used a 2 x 3 factorial randomized design with A factor: fertigation system (flat and terraced) and B factor: fertilizer nutrient levels (1000ppm, 2000ppm, 3000ppm). The results showed that the flat fertigation system had a significant different (p<0.05) on plant height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, and fresh biomass. However, in the high-level fertigation system, numbers of leaf, stem diameter, and fresh biomass did not have significant difference. There was no interaction between the fertigation and nutrient fortification systems. Sorghum panicle age started at 75 yields after planting (DAT). The relationship between percent infection and the number of spores showed a low level of correlation with R2 = 0.032. It can be concluded that the best fertigation system was a flat fertigation system for all nutrient fortifications, with the best average yield on 2000ppm nutrient fortification.
 Key words: AMF, fertigation system, nutrition fortification
22
Ali, Hatem Salama, Ahmed Noah Badr, Tawfiq Alsulami, Mohamed Gamal Shehata, and Mohamed Mahmoud Youssef. "Quality Attributes of Sesame Butter (Tahini) Fortified with Lyophilized Powder of Edible Mushroom (Agaricus blazei)." Foods 11, no. 22 (2022): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223691.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Sesame butter (tahini) is a common appetizer and food additive in the Mediterranean basin. Pathogenic strains and mycotoxin content are the most hazardous issues in the final product. This investigation aimed to enhance the quality and safety properties of tahini products against microbial hazards and mycotoxins. Local samples of tahini were evaluated for natural contamination, including mycotoxin level determinations. Agaricus blazei was utilized as a bioactive source and evaluated for the bioactive content of laccase, B-glucan, antioxidant activity, and phenolic content, as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant potency. Two fortification ratios (0.5% and 1.0%) were chosen to apply Agaricus in tahini sesame as a model. Chemical composition, color attributes, sensory properties, emulsion, and oxidative stability were evaluated for the fortified samples versus the control. The results reflected increments of protein (22.91 ± 0.64% to 29.34 ± 0.96%), fiber content (3.09 ± 0.05% to 6.27 ± 0.06%), emulsion stability (84.9 ± 1.24% to 95.41 ± 0.56%), oxidative stability, and bioactive group content. The fortification process is reflected by the absence of Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli bacteria from contaminated samples after 30 days of storage. The water activity for 1.0% fortification (0.154 ± 0.001) was recorded as lower than the control sample (0.192 ± 0.002). Moreover, the degradation of aflatoxins and zearalenone content was recorded during storage. The degradation ratio reached 68% and 97.2% for 0.5% and 1.0% fortifications, respectively, while zearalenone degradation recorded a decline of 26.7% and 33.7%, respectively, for the same fortification ratios. These results recommended 1.0% lyophilized mushroom fortification as a quality and ameliorative safety treatment for tahini products.
23
Kavas, Nazan, and Gökhan Kavas. "Functional probiotic yoghurt production with black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) juice concentrate fortification." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 2 (2018): 096–102. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4305434.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this study, probiotic yoghurts (PY<sub>X</sub> and PY<sub>Y</sub>) were produced with cow’s milk with 13 % dry matter standardized concentration by 3 % skim milk powder addition and Black Mulberry (<em>Morus nigra</em> L.) juice concentrate (BMJC) fortification at different ratios (1 % v/v and 2 % v/v) One sample was produced as plain yoghurt (PY). The samples were stored at +4 °C±1 for 14 days. Microbiological, sensory properties as well were analyzed at the 1<sup>st</sup>, 5<sup>th</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup> and the 14<sup>th</sup> days of the storage. The relation between BMJC fortification and viability and numerical increase of probiotics were significant (p<0.05). The increase in BMJC level improved the mentioned parameters. In the study, the relation between BMJC fortifications and the microbiological of yoghurts were significant. Conclusively, 1 % (w/v) and 2 % (w/v) BJC fortification improved the functional properties of yoghurt samples.
24
Kosenko, Vitalii, та Oleksandr Voloshchenko. "Мethodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structure for the action of penetrating radiation". Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, № 112 (17 квітня 2024): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2024.112.285-293.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the article is to publicize a methodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structures for the action of penetrating radiation. The experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war testifies to the aggravation of potential nuclear threats from the Russian Federation, in the case of which, in the event of their implementation, ensuring the survivability of our troops due to the radiation factor during hostilities will be significantly complicated. This development of events requires the Defense Forces of Ukraine to be constantly ready for action in the event of the enemy's use of nuclear weapons, and to strengthen the capabilities of the troops to protect against the impact factors of a nuclear explosion.The most effective way to protect troops in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons is their shelter in field fortifications, the construction and covering of which will prevent or maximally reduce the impact of the impact factors of a nuclear explosion, in particular, penetrating radiation.The essence of the proposed methodological approach consists in the consistent determination of the dose of gamma radiation and neutrons inside the field fortification structure, taking into account a number of indicators, which will allow us to draw a conclusion about the compliance of the coating and construction of this fortification structure with the existing requirements for the protection of troops.The scientific novelty of the given methodical approach to the calculation of field fortification structures for the action of penetrating radiation consists in the comprehensive consideration of indicators that quantitatively characterize the main characteristics of a nuclear explosion, the conditions of the environment and the properties of various covering materials and the construction of field fortification structures.
25
Sokyrko, Oleksii. "CITIES, FORTRESSES, GARRISONS. FORTIFICATION AND DEFENSE STRATEGIES IN THE COSSACK HETMANATE IN THE «MILITARIY REVOLUTION» PERIOD." City History, Culture, Society, no. 4 (November 7, 2018): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2019.04.089.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Changes in the Early Modern military technologies have fundamentally affected the transformation in urban space: fortifications, planning, lifestyle of the inhabitants. At the same time, the development of new defence fortresses and the modernization of the old ones, the providing it by garrisons and artillery have become important elements of state policy. All these innovations were part of the «military revolution» in Europe. Its features in this had the important place in Eastern European states among them and the Cossack Hetmanate.The theatre of military operations on which the main enemy for a long time were the Tatars had led to the fact that most fortifications were wood-earthen.However, the development of firearms gradually forced to abandon brick and wooden fortifications of the frontal type. They were supplemented with elements of Western European fortification (bastions and ravelins), which increased the firepower of the fortress and its defensive capacity.At the same time, the Hetmanate did not have sufficient resources for largescale reconstructions of fortresses and the maintenance of permanent garrisons in them. The combination of these factors led to the fact that in the XVIII century fortification building in the Cossack Hetmanate passed into the hands of Russia and began to be used in the interests of the Empire.
26
Shulyk, Vasyl. "INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSIVE URBANISM IN THE POST-CONFLICT PERIOD." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 80 (May 30, 2022): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.80.511-523.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The history of the development of military science shows that defense objects of long-term fortification need not only skill from the creators, but also a long time and significant financial costs for construction. Economic efficiency is usually not considered here, the expediency of such construction is strictly determined by an increase in the level of the country's defense capability. 
 With the change or improvement of the types of offensive weapons, it became necessary to reconstruct the defensive objects of long-term fortification or even dismantle them and build modern fortifications in their place.
 With the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022, the occupants invaded the territory of Ukraine in certain directions. That is, it can be clearly indicated that the seizure of Ukrainian territory by the aggressor took place using the existing anthropogenic framework, which includes international and national main and local roads, railway lines of communication.
 Experience shows that the country must have a system of fortified areas, defense positions, centers of resistance and strongholds, equipped with long-term fortifications and barriers, which must be built along the state border. At the same time, it is advisable to supplement the existing system of long-term fortification with the construction of dual-use engineering facilities (civilian and military) and the use of objects of natural or natural-anthropogenic origin, which improve the efficiency and environmental performance of such expensive structures.
 Dual-use facilities should be able to quickly turn them into a defense facility. Land areas of natural origin (forest and wetlands) should also serve as defensive barriers. In the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, it is advisable to use agro-recreational and agricultural production areas (rice plantations, plantations with fast-growing trees, etc.), which will be a significant addition to the main system of long-term fortification. This approach will increase the indicators of efficiency and environmental friendliness in the overall structure of defense facilities in Ukraine.
27
Kosenko, Vitalii, Oleksandr Voloshchenko, and Mykola Kushnirenko. "Determination of the enclosed-type field fortifications structures resistance against the nuclear explosion shock wave." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 109 (November 11, 2022): 387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2022.109.387-402.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the article is to publish the results of research on determining the stability of the structures of enclosed-type field fortification structures against the nuclear explosion shock wave.
 Having received a worthy repulse of aggression, assessing its losses and the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Russia moved to direct threats to use nuclear weapons.
 With this development of the war, the protection of our troops must be carried out by sheltering personnel, weapons and equipment in the enclosed type field fortifications; the stability of these structures must be sufficient, in particular, to counteract the nuclear explosion shock wave.
 Calculation of the stability of such structures against the nuclear explosion shock wave is proposed to be carried out in two stages.
 At the first stage, the estimated loads of the nuclear explosion shock wave on the main protective elements of the fortification are calculated. The calculation is based on the law of similarity during explosions, which allows determining the parameters of the shock wave at different distances from the epicenter of a nuclear explosion.
 At the second stage, the actual stress during dynamic loads, which occurs as a result of the impact of a shock wave on the structure of a certain fortification structure, is determined.
 The basis of the calculations at this stage is the determination of the moment of resistance of the fortification structure elements, the load intensity, the bending moment for an evenly distributed load on the main structural elements, and the compressive force transmitted through these elements.
 Each stage of calculations is illustrated by examples. The proposed procedure for determining the stability of structures of the enclosed-type field fortifications against the nuclear explosion shock wave allows you to choose the material of the right size for these structures, which will ensure the stability of their functioning and the necessary survivability of personnel during a nuclear explosion.
28
Polyakov, Е. N., and M. I. Korzh. "FORMATION OF FORTIFICATION ART IN ANCIENT EAST COUNTRIES." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 4 (2019): 94–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-4-94-124.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article presents a comparative analysis of fortification art monuments in such East countries from Ancient Egypt to medieval China. An attempt is made to identify the main stages of the fortification development from a stand-alone fortress (citadel, fort) to the most complex systems of urban and border fortifications, including moats, walls and gates, battle towers. It is shown that the nature of these architectural structures is determined by the status of the city or settlement, its natural landscape, building structures and materials, the development of military and engineering art. The materials from poliorceticon (Greek: poliorketikon, poliorketika), illustrate the main types of siege machines and mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of boundary shafts and long walls (limes). The most striking examples are the defensive systems of Assyria, New Babylon, Judea and Ancient China.
29
O., Rybchynsky. "NATURE AND FORTIFICATION STRUCTURES OF DOWNTOWNS IN THE CITIES OF KYIV REGION IN THE 17th – END OF THE 18th CENTURIES." Architectural Studies 2020, no. 2 (2020): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/as2020.02.249.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article describes the nature and fortification structure of downtowns in the cities of Kyiv region in the 17th - late 18th centuries. Geometric and proportional properties of strengthening downtowns are determined. Stages of formation and features of changes in the fortifications of the downtown and castles during the 17th-18th centuries in the cities of Kyiv region are revealed.
30
Spodenets, Iryna, and Olena Zhukova. "BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR CREATING NFT-TOKENS – AS A SPHERE OF ACTUALIZATION OF MONUMENTS OF FORTIFICATION ARCHITECTURE." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 17, no. 2022 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The contradiction between the need of using of perspective blockchain technology to create NFT-tokens in the field of Ukraine fortification heritage and the lack of scientific information on this issue determined the topic of the proposed article. The topic of blockchain technology using for the actualization of immovable cultural heritage in general is new and scantily explored, obviously, single publications are presented mainly in the form of narrow specialists’ review. The aim of the article is to highlight the experience of using innovative blockchain technology in the creative industry to form an understanding of the possibilities of its use in the field of actualization of Ukraine fortification architecture monuments. The article reveals the meaning of NFT-token, blockchain technology, marketplace. The main NFT tokens sites of storage, purchase, exchange or sale are described. The experience of NFT-tokens successful use in the domestic museum-cultural sphere and the experience of forming the crypto-heritage market have been recorded as a motivating occasion for specialists working with monuments of fortification architecture. It is noted that in comparison with the existing crypto-art market, the crypto-heritage market is only at the stage of formation. The uniqueness of Ukraine's fortification heritage in terms of crypto artists needs is noted. The classification of fortifications is given. Emphasis is placed on the main technical and construction characteristics, which with the help of blockchain technology will allow to store information about authentic shapes, scales, textures, masonry, colors, materials, technical condition, etc. on the relevant marketplaces. It is concluded that the introduction of digital blockchain technology is a promising area of creative cooperation of cultural and creative industries with individual local communities to preserve, promote, capitalize the fortification heritage of Ukraine through the creation of NFT-tokens.
31
Sychova, K., and O. Zaiets. "Land usage legal problems for the construction of fortification facilities." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 3, no. 86 (2025): 126–32. https://doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.86.3.18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war and significant threats to the national security of Ukraine, the construction of military engineering and fortification facilities is of critical importance, as these facilities ensure the defense of our state. But their construction on land plots of various forms of ownership often creates a legal conflict between the objective need to protect the territory of the state and exercising the rights of owners of these land plots or their land users. The legislator has already developed a certain legislative framework regarding the mechanisms of real estate requisition. But it does not always work in the conditions of the need to make urgent decisions regarding the construction of fortifications. In addition there will be additional threats to the environment and food security of the state in addition to those currently being inflicted by the enemy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the legislative framework, scientific and legislative material in order to establish the legal and actual mechanisms of land use for the construction of fortification structures, their impact on the exercise of land rights of landowners and land users as well as the search for compensatory, organizational and protective guarantees of land rights of the specified subjects for their modern and post-war safe use. The article analyzes the legislation on the legal forms of acquisition and use of land plots for the construction of fortifications, scientific works in this area, the practice of the ECtHR, the Supreme Court as well as legislative materials are used. Despite the existence of legal norms that regulate these issues, there are currently gaps in the legislation, namely: lack of legal regulation of temporary occupation of land plots for the construction of fortifications; absence of a mechanism for restoring the rights of owners after the completion of fortification works and, in particular, compensation mechanisms. Therefore, this requires the development of clear legal frameworks that will ensure the predictability of legal relations between the state and land owners in war and post-war times.
32
Volichenko, Olga, Wei Xiong, XiaoYu Huang, and Azyk Orozonova. "The genesis and fortification of the castle architecture of the early Middle Ages." Architectural Studies 10, no. 2 (2024): 111–23. https://doi.org/10.56318/as/2.2024.111.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study is devoted to a detailed analysis of the genesis and fortification of castle architecture of the early Middle Ages, covering the period from the 5th to the 11th century. An extensive review of historical documents, drawings, works of historians, and reports of archaeological research was conducted. The study examines the architectural, social, and economic aspects of castle architecture, paying special attention to the impact of historical events on defensive structures and the changes caused by the integration of construction methods from different cultures. The main attention was paid to the examination of the evolution of castles from simple wooden fortifications to powerful stone ones and the analysis of construction methods used in various regions. The castle architecture of the early Middle Ages borrowed many elements from ancient Roman and Byzantine fortifications, such as towers, walls, and gates. These elements adapted and developed in the face of frequent invasions and instability, which led to the creation of more powerful and functional fortifications. Castle architecture was born gradually, starting with simple fortifications, such as the Roman fortifications of Autun, Saxon burgs, the location of which is recorded in the list of Burghal Hidage, compiled in the 9th century. One of the first types of castles were Motte and Ringwork or similar in function, motte-and-baileys, first common in England and Germany, representing fortifications on artificial hills and plots of land surrounded by moats and ramparts, which played an important role in strengthening the power of the feudal lords in the 11th-12th centuries. Examples of such fortifications are the Peñerudes Tower in Morcina and the Castle of Canossa. Marlborough Castle in Wessex, Berkeley Castle and Castello Firmiano Castle are important monuments of fortification of castle architecture of the 5th-11th centuries, demonstrating a more developed approach to strengthening in comparison with their predecessors. The findings are important for analysing the development of castle architecture and understanding the historical processes that influenced its formation
33
Shelekhan, Oleksandr, Oksana Lifantii, Yuriy Boltryk, and Marcin Ignaczak. "Defensive Structures of Severynivka Hillfort (Excavations of 2009 and 2012-2013)." Baltic-Pontic Studies 21, no. 1 (2016): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The article focuses on the research results of Severynivka hillfort fortifications. In 2009 a rampart and a moat on a cliff on the south floor-level side. In 2012-2013 there was made a rampart and escarp sections in the north-eastern part of the fortification. Separate stages of its construction are distinguished; the possible reconstruction of the defensive structures is suggested.
34
Liyanage, C., and M. Hettiarachchi. "Food fortification." Ceylon Medical Journal 56, no. 3 (2011): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v56i3.3607.
Texte intégral
35
Roy, Anindita. "Food fortification." International Journal of Chemical Studies 9, no. 1 (2021): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2021.v9.i1c.11557.
Texte intégral
36
Charlton, Karen, and Sheila Skeaff. "Iodine fortification." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 14, no. 6 (2011): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0b013e32834b2b30.
Texte intégral
37
Slanov, Alan A. "Cimmerian Fortification." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2024-2-20-26.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Early examples of northern Iranian fortification date back to the Cimmerian era. Thus, the fortifications on the modern Kerch and Taman peninsulas, made up of a system of ramparts and ditches that fenced off the Bosporus from the steppe barbarians, were called “Cimmerian” by ancient authors. The Cimmerians are the most ancient people of southeastern Europe known to us. Their country Cimmeria covered the modern Crimean and Taman peninsulas, the Northern Black Sea region, the Azov region and the Northern Caucasus. During the Central Asian campaigns, the Cimmerians had to confront the advanced armies of that time - Assyrian and Urartian, with their perfect fortresses (in particular, the so-called “Cyclopean”, in the shape of a circle or square), which required the development of siege and assault techniques (polyorcetics), which were successfully used during hostilities. The Cimmerian Wall crosses the middle of the Kerch Peninsula (between the Kerch Peninsula and the rest of Crimea) at its narrowest point and has a length of 40-42 km. The shaft or its individual fragments are also called Asandrov, Uzunlarsky, Turkish, Akkozsky, etc. The rampart (circa 400 BC), reinforced with stonework running along its crest, reached a width of 20 m at the base, a height of up to 7-8 m, and its ditch, 5 m deep, had a width of 10-15 m. Along the entire length of the rampart, the same type of square tower-forts measuring approximately 10x12 m were erected, at a distance of about 2.5 km from each other. Roads run along the rampart, and in the rampart itself there are about a dozen passages, fortified with stone and flanking towers. The Cimmerian Wall on the Taman Peninsula began at the northeastern protrusion of the Taman Gulf and stretched for about 7 km to the shore of the Sea of Azov. According to other materials, it had a length of about 40 km and ran along the bottom from the center of the Taman Bay about 20 km to the northeast, and continued the same amount along the land part, ending before reaching the shore of the Temryuk Bay. The remains of this fortification were noted on topographic maps of the second half of the 20th century as the Cimmerian Val. The аrticle, based on dаta from аrchaeologicаl and written sources, аnаlyzes Cimmerian fortificаtion and polyorcetics. The most significant defensive structures of the Cimmeriаns are exаmined; the most charаcteristic аrchitectural forms аnd construction techniques are noted.
38
Richardson, D. P. "Food Fortification." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 49, no. 1 (1990): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19900007.
Texte intégral
39
Lomangino, Kevin. "B12 Fortification." Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 35, no. 5 (2009): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000350731.77744.53.
Texte intégral
40
Seghi, Robert R., Sadia Nasrin, Jonathan Draney, and Noriko Katsube. "Root Fortification." Journal of Endodontics 39, no. 3 (2013): S57—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.029.
Texte intégral
41
Tesema, Sisay. "SPRINKLES for Ethiopian Staple Food Fortification/ Home Fortification." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 5, no. 5 (2015): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2015/20885.
Texte intégral
42
Morawiec, Norbert, та Valerii Lastovskyi. "Fortification Objects of the End of the XVII–XVIII Centuries on the Ukrainian Territories in the Context of International Relations: Historiographical Aspects (Part IІ)". International Relations: Theory and Practical Aspects, № 4 (7 серпня 2019): 57–77. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745x.4.2019.177618.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A promising scientific direction for today is the historiography of international relations. It involves the study of many theoretical and practical aspects. Today there are virtually no historiographical studies of fortification systems as one of the factors of international relations. The methodological basis for this study was a historiographical method combined with other general scientific methods. The logical and problem-chronological methods are also used. The source of the work was the scientific research of contemporary Ukrainian authors. The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to the achievements of current Ukrainian historiography with regard to research into fortifications situated in the territory of the present-day Ukraine. It has to be noted that the researchers discussed in the paper have studied the fortifications from different perspectives, describing them as military installations, historic sites, architectural complexes, but also as cultural phenomena, having an unquestionable influence on the existence of the fortification crew and the local community. The study is a Ukrainian version of the publication “Historyk w świecie szańców, bastionów, rawelinów…. XVIII-wieczne obiekty fortyfikacyjne leżące na terenach dzisiejszej Ukrainy we współczesnej historiografii ukraińskiej”.
43
Morawiec, Norbert, and Valerii Lastovskyi. "Fortification Objects of the End of the XVII–XVIII Centuries on the Ukrainian Territories in the Context of International Relations: Historiographical Aspects (Part I)." International Relations: Theory and Practical Aspects, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 178–92. https://doi.org/10.31866/2616-745x.3.2019.159119.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A promising scientific direction for today is the historiography of international relations. It involves the study of many theoretical and practical aspects. Today there are virtually no historiographical studies of fortification systems as one of the factors of international relations. The methodological basis for this study was a historiographical method combined with other general scientific methods. The logical and problem-chronological methods are also used. The source of the work was the scientific research of contemporary Ukrainian authors. The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to the achievements of current Ukrainian historiography with regard to research into fortifications situated in the territory of the present-day Ukraine. It has to be noted that the researchers discussed in the paper have studied the fortifications from different perspectives, describing them as military installations, historic sites, architectural complexes, but also as cultural phenomena, having an unquestionable influence on the existence of the fortification crew and the local community. The study is a Ukrainian version of the publication “Historyk w świecie szańców, bastionów, rawelinów…. XVIII-wieczne obiekty fortyfikacyjne leżące na terenach dzisiejszej Ukrainy we współczesnej historiografii ukraińskiej”.
44
Filimonov, Dmytro. "Fortification of the period of the Russo-Turkish war of 1735–1739 near the Vorona river in the Dnipro Nadporizhzhya." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 2 (2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210418.
Texte intégralRésumé :
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, dozens of temporary ground fortifications were built on the territory of the lower Prydniprovya region to provide communication with the Ukrainian line of Russian troops operating in the lower reaches of the Dnipro and the Crimea. The same is true for the left bank of the cataracted part of the Dnipro river flow, along which the Dnipro army passed to the Crimea during the campaign of 1736, which resulted in the formation of Russian military outposts on this territory. These fortifications are still poorly explored both in terms of historiography and archaeology. Many of them are still not localized on the modern geographical map. Furthermore, the conditions of their topographic placement and features of the engineering configuration are not clarified. The current situation concerning this issue makes a comprehensive study on the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, and especially its initial stage impossible. In particular, it is impossible to reconstruct the path used by the Dnipro Army during the Crimean campaign of 1736 without localization of field fortifications, as well as to study such important aspects as the organization of its supply and the establishment of courier communication with the Ukrainian line. The purpose of the article is to analyze the published written sources concerning the processes related to the construction and operation of the fortification of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, located on the territory of the Dnipro Nadporozhzhya, near the Vorona river, as well as to determine the location of this fortification using the cartographic material and historiographical descriptions and to clarify the peculiarities of its engineering configuration. Research methods: systemic structural, chronological, geographical, comparative, descriptive. Core results: the article shows the reasons for the construction and functioning of the sconce built on the right bank of the Vorona River, the left tributary of the Dnipro river. The chronological framework for the existence of this fortification is specified; its role in the events of the Crimean campaign of 1736 is determined, and the composition and number of the garrison located in it are clarified. Through the use of cartographic material of the first half of the 18th century and the end of the 19th – first half of the 20th century, the location is determined and the conditions of topographic placement of the remains of the studied fortification before the construction of the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station Dam in the early 1930s are clarified. The features of fortification of this temporary field entrenchment are defined. The practical significance of the materials obtained in this research lies in the possibility of their further use in writing scientific articles and generalizing works on the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 18th century. Scientific novelty: issues related to the emergence and functioning of the fortification near the Vorona river at the initial stage of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 are considered for the first time in historiography. The location is determined and the features of the engineering configuration of this defensive structure are clarified. Furthermore, three manuscript plans of the late 19th – first half of the 20th century, revealed in the funds of Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro, are introduced into scientific circulation. Type of article: research.
45
Korolko, Sergyy, Myroslav Sanytskyy, Tetiana Kropyvnytska, Artem Dziuba, and Yuriy Shabatura. "Prospects of the use of high-tension fiber concrete as the basis for the formation of protective shelters and fortification structures during the russian-ukrainian war." Military Technical Collection, no. 28 (May 25, 2023): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.28.2023.25-33.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article analyzes the current state of protective shelters and fortification structures, foresees the modern possibilities of using fastening and basalt-type structures to increase the stability of concrete fortifications both during the construction of buildings for the protection of the civilian population, and for the creation of dugouts, fortifications and fire structures for the protection of personnel in accordance.
 Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of fiber concrete modified with plasticizers and active mineral additives using basalt and polypropylene fibers have shown that their introduction has a positive effect on the strength characteristics of concrete. The compressive strength of fiber concrete at day 28 increases from 61.4 to 77.0 and 96.2 MPa, respectively, and the flexural strength from 7.4 to 12.7 and 13.8 MPa, respectively.
 For the production of reinforced concrete protective materials, it is more effective to create hybrid high-strength concrete using fibers of different nature, followed by the formation of a reinforced concrete slab of the appropriate size. At the same time, the standard provides for the manufacture of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements of fortification structures and platoon support points of wall panels of the SP-1, SP-2 type and floor slabs PP-1 with a thickness of at least 300 mm from heavy concrete of strength class C32/40 with the use of plasticizers and active chemical additives.
 However, when using the obtained hybrid fiber concrete with strength class C50/60 and using a reinforcing mesh according to the calculated data, it is possible to reduce the effective thickness of the fiber concrete slab to 27.5 cm installation of fortification.
 The use of a reinforcing mesh in a complex with basalt fiber provides increased resistance of fiber concrete to the action of a high-speed impact due to an increase in the density of the cementing matrix as a result of a decrease in water consumption, as well as due to spatial three-dimensional reinforcement with dispersed basalt fiber. As a result of the mutual combination of the strength characteristics of the concrete matrix at the micro- and macro-levels in hybrid fiber concrete, it is possible to reduce the thickness of reinforced concrete elements and reduce the weight of the protective structure while meeting the requirements of the standards for such fortifications. An increase in the strength of cement stone occurs due to a decrease in the concentration of stresses in places of local stresses and a redistribution of energy throughout the volume of the material.
 The conducted studies of modern hybrid high-strength concrete with basalt fiber create new opportunities for the creation of protective concrete fortifications and fortification structures.
46
Mykhalchenko, Serhii, and Valerii Tovbych. "PROSPECTS OF MODERN FORTIFICATION." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.268-276.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new.
 The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering.
 The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".
47
Čižmář, Ivan, Roman Křivánek, and Miroslav Popelka. "K poznání charakteru a rozsahu oppida Staré Hradisko (okr. Prostějov) na základě nedestruktivních prospekčních metod a dálkového průzkumu / Determining the character and scope of Staré Hradisko (central Moravia) oppidum using non-destructive survey methods and remote sensing." Archeologické rozhledy 74, no. 2 (2022): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2022.8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
For several decades, the use of non-destructive methods (geophysical survey, aerial archaeology and LiDAR) has been a key part of archaeological research, as their application produces interesting and important findings without disturbing investigated situations. Thanks to the use of these methods, existing knowledge was refined and expanded at the La Tène Staré Hradisko oppidum in central Moravia concerning settlement in the area to the west of the fortifications. An important discovery was made of a previously unknown pincer gate in the eastern part of the fortifications with a connected fortification system enclosing the northern part of the oppidum.
48
Tiegs, Robert. "Adapting to Change." Vulcan 3, no. 1 (2015): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00301004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper examines an invention by Simon Stevin (1548–1620) which was intended for use in fortifications and economic activities in the Dutch Republic. Stevin was a prominent innovator and engineer who served as an important link between the military and public spheres. He published his ideas for his new invention in New Manner of Fortification through Pivoted Sluices (1617) detailing how his device could help maintain the wet ditches surrounding the Republic’s towns and defenses. These ditches were an important component of the Netherlandish style of fortification developed by Stevin and others. Simultaneously, Stevin also believed that his device could be employed beyond military purposes. In particular he argued that his pivoted sluice lock could benefit the Dutch economy through its use in navigation, land reclamation, and peat harvesting. In short, Stevin envisioned a system in which the military and economic needs of the Republic could be harmoniously combined.
49
Artemieva, Nadezhda G. "Contribution of the jurchens of the Eastern Xia State (1215–1233) to the evolution of the medieval fortifi cation of the Far East." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 51 (2025): 176–88. https://doi.org/10.24852/pa2025.1.51.176.188.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Jurchen fortifications of the Eastern Xia state (1215–1233) are a complex system of fortification. Preparing for defense against the Mongols, the Jurchens began to build a new type of mountain settlements, which turned into fortress cities with a complex defense system. Each settlement had its own functions, on which their location, size and internal topography depended. Applying the rich experience of their predecessors, they create their own tradition in urban planning, rationally using natural and geographical conditions. Walled cities are erected on the mountain spurs that controlled the adjacent valley, providing the most advantageous position for defense. Inside the spur there was a glen, which made it possible to follow the movement of the enemies, while the enemies were deprived of the possibility to observe the actions of the fortress defenders . The walls of the fortress were built taking into account the steepness of the rocks, which eliminated the need to erect fosses. The gates were reinforced with additional structures in the form of a barbican. The ramparts were mainly made of earth, with additional fortifications such as towers, roundels, barbettes. Additional fortifications had characteristic features of the XIII century cities and performed defensive functions combined with guard and observation. The introduction of new technical solutions by the Jurchens in the urban planning of mountain hillforts was a contribution to the evolution of medieval fortification of the peoples of East Asia
50
Jevtic, Milos, and Momir Cerovic. "Circular enclosure from the early copper age in north-western Serbia site of Sancina in Desic, near Sabac (excavations 2017-2019)." Starinar, no. 72 (2022): 9–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta2272009j.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the wooded landscapes on the last northern slopes of the mountain Cer, a very well-preserved palisade ditch enclosure of small dimensions and a regular circular shape was discovered (site of Sancina, Desic village). Over the last few years, archaeological excavations at this site have focused on the inner space, bordered by a massive ring-shaped earthen rampart. An unusually wide and deep ditch surrounds a high earthen embankment of flattened conical shape, bordered on the inside by a palisade ditch, with traces of densely packed and deeply buried wooden posts. The excavations so far have not revealed any interruption in the circular palisade ditch, which could confirm the existence of an entrance, i.e., a passage, clearly bordered by an earthen rampart. In the central part of the circular fortification a deep shaft/well was discovered, which has been explored to the level of underground water. Apart from traces of smaller hearths on the inside of the palisade ditch and several deeply buried conical pits, with traces of charred, vertically placed posts, there are no other architectural remains inside the circular fortification. Traces of a catastrophic fire have been discovered inside the entire fortification and are especially visible above the palisade ditch. According to numerous sherds of secondarily burned ceramic vessels, the circular enclosure in Desic belongs to the post-Vinca culture of the Early Copper Age. According to the shape and basic elements of architecture, we assume that the earthen fortification in Desic belongs to a special form of smaller prehistoric enclosures, characteristic of circular palisade fortifications in the area of the Upper Tisza region, in the north-eastern parts of the Great Hungarian Plain.