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Ivanova, Xenia A., and Alexander A. Stepanov. "Restrictions of the freedom of speech in France in the digital technologies era." Law Enforcement Review 3, no. 1 (2019): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2019.3(1).15-23.
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The subject. The article reveals an understanding of the freedom of speech in French law The purpose of the article is to identify the contents of freedom of speech in the French law and to determine the boundaries of its implementation in the Internet as well as to confirm or refute the hypothesis that both the freedom of speech and the definition of the boundaries of that freedom meets the purposes of protection of human rights. The description of methodology. General scientific methods ‐ analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison ‐ were used. The authors also use the formal legal interpretation of French judicial decisions and content‐analysis of press.The main results and scope of their application. Freedom of speech is one of the foundations of French society, but it has become necessary to revise a number of rules governing freedom of speech and imposing restrictions due to widespread using of Internet in people’s life. So exceptions from freedom of speech are embedded in national legislation, despite the fact that the basis for the legal regulation of freedom of the media in a democratic society is to ensure non‐interference of the state in the content of production and dissemination of information. In some countries exceptions to freedom of speech are expressed primarily in the form of rules aimed at preventing abuses of freedom of the mass media and serving as a basis for sanctions against media editorial boards. The authors also cite actual examples of the realization of the freedom of speech in France, and draw conclusions about the possibilities for the development of this right. The proposed analysis may be used as a basis for improvement national legislation concerning limitations of freedom of speech.Conclusions. Freedom of speech and freedom of the media are not absolute in France. In order to fulfil its function of protecting and guaranteeing rights and freedoms, the state must pay equal attention both to ensuring freedom of speech (including the independence of the press, access to information) and to defining the limits of this freedom in order to prevent its unlawful abuse. Any freedom turns into chaos without proper boundaries.
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Lamačková, Adriana. "Conscientious Objection in Reproductive Health Care: Analysis of Pichon and Sajous v. France." European Journal of Health Law 15, no. 1 (2008): 7–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092902708x300172.
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AbstractThis article explores the issue of conscientious objection invoked by health professionals in the reproductive and sexual health care context and its impact on women's ability to access health services. The right to exercise conscientious objection has been recognized by many international and European scholars as being derived from the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. It is not, however, an absolute right. When the exercise of conscientious objection conflicts with other human rights and fundamental freedoms, a balance must be struck between the right to conscientious objection and other affected rights such as the right to respect for private life, the right to equality and non-discrimination, and the right to receive and impart information. Particularly in the reproductive health care context, states that allow health professionals to exercise conscientious objection must accommodate this in such a way that its exercise does not compromise women's access to health services. This article analyses the European Court of Human Rights' decision on admissibility in Pichon and Sajous v. France (2001) and argues that a balancing approach should be applied in cases of conscientious objection in the sexual and reproductive health care context.
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Semane, N., V. H. Peuch, S. Pradier, et al. "On the extraction of wind information from the assimilation of ozone profiles in Météo–France 4D-Var operational NWP suite." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 4 (2008): 16473–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-16473-2008.
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Abstract. By applying four-dimensional variational data-assimilation (4D-Var) to a combined ozone and dynamics Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP), ozone observations generate wind increments through the ozone-dynamics coupling. The dynamical impact of Aura/MLS satellite ozone profiles is investigated using Météo–France operational ARPEGE NWP 4D-Var assimilation system for a period of 3 months. A data-assimilation procedure has been designed and run on 6-h windows. The procedure includes: (1) 4D-Var assimilating both ozone and operational NWP standard observations, (2) ARPEGE transporting ozone as a passive-tracer, (3) MOCAGE, the Météo–France chemistry and transport model re-initializing the ARPEGE ozone background at the beginning time of the assimilation window. The Degrees of Freedom for Signal diagnostics show that the MLS data covering the 68.1–31.6 hPa vertical pressure range are the most informative and their information content is nearly of the same order as tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Furthermore, with the help of error variance reduction diagnostics, the ozone contribution to the reduction of the horizontal divergence background-error variance is shown to be better than tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Moreover, by using observation minus forecast statistics, it is found that the ozone assimilation reduces the wind bias in the lower stratosphere.
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Semane, N., V. H. Peuch, S. Pradier, et al. "On the extraction of wind information from the assimilation of ozone profiles in Météo–France 4-D-Var operational NWP suite." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 14 (2009): 4855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4855-2009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. By applying four-dimensional variational data-assimilation (4-D-Var) to a combined ozone and dynamics Numerical Weather Prediction model (NWP), ozone observations generate wind increments through the ozone-dynamics coupling. The dynamical impact of Aura/MLS satellite ozone profiles is investigated using Météo-France operational ARPEGE NWP 4-D-Var assimilation system for a period of 3 months. A data-assimilation procedure has been designed and run on 6-h windows. The procedure includes: (1) 4-D-Var assimilating both ozone and operational NWP standard observations, (2) ARPEGE transporting ozone as a passive-tracer, (3) MOCAGE, the Météo–France chemistry and transport model re-initializing the ARPEGE ozone background at the beginning time of the assimilation window. Using observation minus forecast statistics, it is found that the ozone assimilation reduces the wind bias in the lower stratosphere. Moreover, the Degrees of Freedom for Signal diagnostics show that the MLS data covering the 68.1–31.6 hPa vertical pressure range are the most informative and their information content is nearly of the same order as tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances. Furthermore, with the help of error variance reduction diagnostics, the ozone contribution to the reduction of the horizontal divergence background-error variance is shown to be better than tropospheric humidity-sensitive radiances.
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Cahen, Fabrice. "Who Was Afraid of Pregnancy Tests? Gestational Information and Reproduction Policies in France (1920–50)." Medical History 63, no. 2 (2019): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.2.
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Though resulting from a long-term process, the need to manage pregnancies both medically and bureaucratically became a state concern, especially from the 1920s onwards. A woman’s official obligation to notify the state of her pregnancy (and therefore to know it on time) goes beyond a matter of biopolicies and poses a range of contradictions. ‘Pregnant or not?’ – as an issue of knowledge – is a powerful tool for apprehending the tensions between individual freedom, privacy, institutional requirements and professional powers.In order to better understand the historical meaning of pregnancy diagnostics in mid-twentieth-century France, this paper combines three dimensions: uncertainty and its management; the informational asymmetry between institutional agents and women; and the diachronic dimension of gestation. Writing this history sheds more light on an apparent paradox: while knowing and notifying one’s own pregnancy became a duty, the tools that could help women eliminate some doubt right from the first months of their pregnancy – in particular the innovation of laboratory diagnosis – was seen as a danger. When, in 1938, private laboratories began publishing advertisements for the laboratory test in the most widely-read newspapers, tending to reframe it as a commercial service, the anti-abortion crusade was increasing its propaganda and its political pressure. This crusade’s legal victory proved incomplete, but for a long time some of the most conservative physicians recommended great parsimony in prescribing testing. Combined with reducing the legal time limit for notification, this conflict shows how the state injunctions towards women could look like a ‘double bind’.
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Pisani, Marco, Milena Astrua, Pierre-Alix Carles, Stefan Kubsky, Thanh-Liêm Nguyên, and Olivier Acher. "Characterization of Angle Accuracy and Precision of 3-Degree-of-Freedom Absolute Encoder Based on NanoGPS OxyO Technology." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123462.
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An absolute encoder based on vision system nanoGPS OxyO was developed by HORIBA France. This encoder provides three types of position information, namely, two inplane co-ordinates and inplane angular orientation. This paper focuses on the characterization of its angular performance. To this aim, the nanoGPS OxyO system was compared with the national angle standard of the National Metrology Institute of Italy (INRIM) that had evaluated accuracy of about 0.1 µrad. The effect of image size and illumination conditions on angular measurements was studied. Precision better than 10 µrad and accuracy better than 63 µrad over 2π rotation were demonstrated. Moreover, the application of nanoGPS OxyO to the characterization of rotation bearing is presented. Small deviations from pure rotational behavior were evidenced that would have not been possible using laser interferometers. As a consequence of its accuracy and versatility, the nanoGPS OxyO encoder is expected to be useful for laboratory experiments and quality-control tasks.
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Rovinskaya, T. "Political Ambitions of European “Pirates”." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2015): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-7-72-84.
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The paper thoroughly examines the ideological essence, political goals, structure, electoral achievements and international protest activities of the Pirate Movement, consisting of national Pirate Parties worldwide and the Pirate Parties International. The Pirate ideology arose in mid-2000s in response to information society biases, and is paying special attention to the freedom of non-commercial information exchange in the Internet, individual privacy, transparency of state politics and direct citizens' involvement with flexible Internet-tools (Liquid Democracy concept). This relatively new political force has made a vivid progress in electoral field within a short time (since 2006 till present). The representatives of the most successful Pirate Parties (in Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Switzerland, France, Spain, Croatia and Iceland) hold deputy's seats in municipal, regional, national and supranational state agencies, including the European Parliament. In many other countries of the world the "Pirates" are also registered officially and participate in elections; in some countries the Pirate Parties are active, though not yet registered. Except for electoral activity, the Pirate Parties organize joint protest campaigns against national laws/state programs and international agreements that violate the information freedom and civil rights (i.e. PRISM, ACTA). These campaigns also serve for unification and growth of the international Pirate Movement. The Pirate Parties have quickly transformed from populist groups into a political force aspiring to equitable participation in political process along with traditional political parties, challenging them in a certain way. The Pirate ideology will be in demand as long as it will give a resultative solution for specific problems of a post-industrial society in the context of democracy.
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Mishra, Bikash Ranjan, and Pabitra Kumar Jena. "Bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies: a gravity model analysis." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 1 (2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2017-0169.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from some leading developed countries (the USA, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and France) into major four Asian economies (China, Korea, India and Singapore).Design/methodology/approachUsing one basic and four augmented versions of gravity model technique, the authors tried to examine the determinants of bilateral FDI flows in four major Asian economies. The study used World Development Indicators, CEPII, KOF and Heritage Foundation data for period 2001–2012.FindingsThe results revealed that besides the market size for host and source country, other criteria such as distance, common language and common border also influence foreign investors. Other macroeconomic factors such as inflation rate and real interest rate are among the key factors that attract more FDI. In addition to economic factors, institutional and infrastructural factors such as telecommunication, degree of openness, index of globalisation and index of economic freedom also stimulate the international investors from the developed world to the major Asian countries.Research limitations/implicationsIt is altogether possible that only a set of home country specific characteristics or host country specific characteristics does not matter when determining FDI. Most empirical studies using indices such as the index of globalisation and economic freedom are subject to certain methodological limitations such as model selection, parameter heterogeneity, outliers and moral hazard.Practical implicationsMore distance between the host and source country would result in less FDI flows due to more managerial and raw material supply chain cost. Similarly, more gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (PCI) are leading to more FDI flows into Asian economics. Therefore, major Asian economies should frame their economic policies in such a manner where these counties can strengthen their GDP as well as PCI. Furthermore, above countries should open its economy more and more for better FDI flows as it seems that economic globalisation and economic freedom are major determinants of bilateral FDI flows. The negative impact of inflation and interest rate should be controlled.Social implicationsFrom policy perspective, higher scores of economic, social and political globalisation also attract high FDI to the host country. On the same line higher scores in economic freedom mean that less restrictions in terms of economic policies and the policy environment are conducive for free trade and resource transfers. Higher scores in trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruptions also show more developed and conducive policy environment. In the same reasoning higher scores in the composite index of economic freedom which takes information from trade freedom, investment freedom and freedom from corruption and others also encourage flow of FDI in to the host country.Originality/valueThis is the first paper which combines the globalisation index, economic freedom index and distance along with some major macroeconomic variables.
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Van Eecke, Patrick. "Online service providers and liability: A plea for a balanced approach." Common Market Law Review 48, Issue 5 (2011): 1455–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2011058.
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Internet access providers, online platforms and other intermediaries benefit from a protection against liability claims caused by end-users' illegal or harmful information. This liability limitation is enshrined in the 2000 Directive on Electronic Commerce, a directive considered crucial for a proper functioning of the internal market, the uptake of the information society and the protection of freedom of speech. Throughout the years, the liability protection for online intermediaries seems, however, to have been gradually carved out by case law, particularly on the Member State level. In recent cases, such as C- 236/08, Google France, and C-324/09, L'Oréal, the European Court of Justice has also interpreted relevant EU legislation. Online intermediaries are increasingly forced to monitor the activities of their users if they want to remain shielded from liability. Paradoxically, obliging online intermediaries to monitor the information transmitted or stored by users is forbidden by the same Directive on Electronic Commerce. This article proposes a balanced approach in which the intermediary protection regime can be safeguarded, whilst still protecting the rights of third parties whose rights may be infringed on the internet.
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V. V., Novitskyi. "Political and legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights through the lens of the European Union countries." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-32.
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The author of the article, first of all, draws attention to the current problems of protection and protection of human rights, which unfortunately are traced within the territorial jurisdiction of the European Union. Such problem is quite well demonstrated by Berbel Koffler, as the Commissioner of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on human rights and humanitarian aid policy. Indeed, the Ombudsman of Germany has raised a number of deep dilemmas: violence against human rights defenders on the grounds of their professional activity, the relation of human rights institutions with public security and economic development. In fact, these questions, in varying percentages, are equally relevant to many countries in the world. In the outlined context, the case of the European Court of Human Rights “Gabriel Weber and Caesar Richard Saravia v. Germany” of 29.06.06 was analyzed. Actually, this case covers directly the issues of human rights and national security of Germany. Grounds for initiating this case have arisen in connection with the legislative provisions of the Law of Germany on the Restriction of the Secret of Correspondence, Mail and Telecommunications of 13.08.68., ("Law G-10"), taking into account changes made under the Anti-Crime Act of 28.10.94, which extend the powers of the Federal Intelligence Service, within the so-called strategic monitoring. It is about collecting information by listening to telephone conversations in order to identify and prevent serious threats to the Federal Republic of Germany, such as: armed attacks on its territory, international terrorist attacks, other serious crimes. According to the applicants who worked as journalists, strategic monitoring can be used against individuals to prevent effective journalistic investigations. In view of these suspicions, the applicants argued that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, such as the right to privacy and correspondence, the violation of press freedom, and the right to an effective remedy. The ECHR Judges, having examined the circumstances of the case, concluded that there were no grounds to satisfy the complaints on the basis of the following arguments: 2) German legislation, as part of strategic monitoring, is endowed with adequate and effective safeguards against abuse by authorized entities. In addition, the article analyzes the multi-vector issue of banning citizens of some European Union countries from wearing hats that completely or partially hide their faces. The fact is that, under such restrictions, in particular, the traditional clothing of women adherents of Islam has fallen. It is a “burqa” and a “niqab”. The presented study is mainly based on the legislative practice of France, Belgium, which provides for administrative as well as criminal penalties for non-compliance with the stated prohibition. In such cases as S.А.С. France, Belkacemi and Oussar v. Belgium, Dakir v. Belgium, the applicants, alleged that they had violated the human rights guaranteed by the Convention, including: the right to respect for their private life; the right to freedom of expression of one's religion or belief; the right to freedom of expression; the right to freedom of association; humiliating treatment and discrimination against the enjoyment of the abovementioned human rights. According to most ECHR judges, who have dealt with the said cases, the disputed prohibition is not necessary in a "democratic society for public safety" but its main task is to preserve the conditions of "cohabitation" as an element of "protection of the rights and freedoms of others." In the context of this debate, attention was paid indirectly to such EU Member States as: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Denmark, Switzerland. Keywords: human rights, legal guarantees, security, privacy.
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Robie, David, Philip Cass, and Mari Dunlop. "Noted: RSF cheekily climbing the barricades." Pacific Journalism Review 22, no. 1 (2016): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v22i1.25.
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Reviews of: Saving Independent Journalism: 30 Years Defending Media and Hostile Climate of Environmental Journalists. Paris, France: Reporters Without Borders. No ISBN (Reviewed by David Robie); The United Nations and Freedom of Expression and Information, edited by Tarlach McGonagle and Yvonne Donders. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107083868 (Reviewed by Philip Cass); Pacific Way: Auckland's Pasifika Community Diaspora Media, by Michael Neilson. Auckland: Pacific Media Centre. ISBN 978-1-927184-35-6 (Reviewed by Mari Dunlop).Thirty years ago, Reporters Sans Frontières began its global campaign for the protection of journalists and against propaganda as a fledgling NGO in the southern French city of Montpellier. Better known in the Anglophone world as Reporters Without Borders, RSF declares in the editorial of this milestone publication that it has been ‘cheekily climbing the barricades, boldly waving freedom’s banner, proclaiming the virtues of journalism, supporting heroes, dispensing safety equipment, funding resistance and applying pressure in the palaces where the laws are written’ (p. 3).
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Hoyer, Dirk. "Dimitri Kirsanoff: The Elusive Estonian." Baltic Screen Media Review 4, no. 1 (2016): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmr-2017-0001.
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Abstract This article investigates the contradictory information about the Estonian identity of the filmmaker Dimitri Kirsanoff (1899–1957) and examines the archival material that provides final confirmation of his birth and childhood in Tartu. In addition, Kirsanoff’s substantial contribution to silent cinema and his significance in the context of French avant-garde impressionism are discussed. Kirsanoff’s most acclaimed film Ménilmontant (France, 1926) was released 90 years ago. It is still frequently screened all over the world, due to its experimental montage techniques, the early use of handheld cameras, its innovative use of actual locations and the actors’ performances that still resonate with contemporary audiences. Ménilmontant is also influential because of its elliptical narrative style. However, with the advent of sound film, Kirsanoff’s career declined because the reorganisation of the film industry limited the creative freedom he enjoyed in the 1920s. This article attempts to contribute to a wider acknowledgement of Dimitri Kirsanoff’s Estonian origins, his films and his important place in the world cinema.
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Venot, Alain, Bertran Auvert, François Grémy, and Patrice Degoulet. "Graduate Programs in Medical Informatics at the Paris Universities." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 04, no. 01 (1995): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1638026.
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Abstract:Most medical schools in France have chairs in Biostatistics and Medical Informatics to coordinate the teaching of these two disciplines both within the regular curriculum of the medical studies and as a specialized teaching. This paper describes the current medical informatics specialized program offered at the Paris Universities. Since 1968 the program has comprised a Master of Science and a Ph.D. degree. At the Master Level, despite several reforms and in-depth program revisions the curriculum is still organized as a set of modules of 100 hours teachins with a large freedom for the medical faculties to define the contents of the courses and for the students to organize their studies and combine medical informatics, biomathematics and biostatistics training. Since 1990, an intensive one-year full-time course is offered, called Advanced Study Diploma in Medical Informatics, which is strongly research oriented. This program seems a good strategy to form medical informatics special1 ists who have initially received a broader education in informatics and statistics.
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Goldford, Zackary. "Penalty Default Rules in French, German and Louisianan Contract Law." European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 9, no. 4 (2022): 358–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-bja10043.
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Abstract Some American law and economics scholars have used the term “penalty default rules” to describe default rules that are undesirable to at least one party to a contract. Parties have incentives to depart from these default rules and to share information in doing so. In a recent article, I brought this concept outside of the United States, the common law tradition and the law and economics literature by using it to describe a selection of rules in Québec contract law. In this article, I build on that work by identifying a selection of penalty default rules in three other civilian jurisdictions – France, Germany and Louisiana – that apply to contract formation, contract interpretation, changed circumstances and remedies for breach. Then, I argue that the penalty default rules that I have identified serve two valuable functions. First, they enhance at least some parties’ freedom of contract by better equipping them to make informed decisions. Second, they complement the duty of good faith by incentivizing the sharing of information, including information that might not always need to be shared in order to comply with the duty of good faith. Although these functions are somewhat different than those that law and economics scholars have attributed to American penalty default rules, my analysis reveals that penalty default rules both exist and have value in the civilian world.
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Kozyreva, Anna, Galina Rustikova, Tatiana Pirozhkova, Valentin Shelmenkov, and Alexey Belyavskiy. "Legal support of information security of the individual in the conditions of digital transformation of society." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400043.
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The article considers a comprehensive legal approach to ensuring the information security of the individual in the context of the digital transformation of public relations affecting the spheres of education, obtaining public services, including in the administration of justice, as well as the digitalization of the legal profession. The process of creating the Concept of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the digital space of the Russian Federation, as well as the need for the objective use of personal data in the identification of a person in the information and communication environment, is investigated. An actual international problem is to ensure the information security of the individual in the implementation of rights and freedoms that allow using information and communication technologies to communicate, to obtain relevant and reliable information that affects almost all aspects of life. The experience of various countries, such as China, England, France, in determining approaches to the legal support of information security of the individual, is considered.
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Allakhverdieva, Leyli Ali. "Measuring media liberalism or dirigisme degree by country." Economic Annals-ХХI 188, no. 3-4 (2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v188-01.
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The author measures the degree of of the public regulation of the information services provision via media (media liberalism degree), namely via printed media, and television and radio broadcasting. The methodology of measurement of media liberalism degree (media freedom subindex) is part of the index of liberalism (or dirigisme in opposite) of information services, prepared according to Professor N. Muzaffarli’s assessment of the degree of the government intervention in the economy. In order to measure the media freedom subindex, the following indicators are used: the VAT index on printed publications, the VAT index on television and radio broadcasting, the index of license fee for watching TV, the VAT index of license fee for watching TV, the index of penalty for late VAT payment, the corporate tax index, the ratio of private and the state TV channels subindex. Measuring those indices in the studied group of countries made it possible to establish that: 1) Azerbaijan and Georgia are the most liberal countries with regard to the VAT index on printed publications, Bulgaria is the most dirigiste country; 2) the minimal VAT index on television and radio broadcasting is observed in Malta, the maximal - in Hungary; 3) in most countries the index of license fee for watching TV is lowest, with Austria having the highest indicator; 4) in Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation, Georgia and Armenia there is no concept of license fee for watching TV, respectively there is no related VAT; in the UK, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands and Sweden this type of tax is not levied either; 5) the most liberal country in terms of the index of penalty for late VAT payment is Hungary, whereas Slovenia is the most dirigiste; 6) the most liberal country with regard to the corporate tax index is Hungary, while the most dirigiste is Malta; 7) in most countries the ratio of the private and state-owned TV channels subindex is equal to zero (there are no local public TV channels), with France being the most dirigiste country in terms of the subindex mentioned above. It can be noted that the most liberal media belong to Cyprus, the most dirigiste - to France. In most of the researched countries the media are more liberal than the relative center shows. It has been found that most countries with a higher level of economic development adhere to less dirigiste media policies, and vice versa. Also, there are countries that do not lend themselves to this pattern, for example, Ireland.
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Kharchenko, Oleksandr. "How Ukraine May Convey Truth about the War to the World." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-49.
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The fifth year of confrontation with Russian aggressor and violent war in eastern Ukraine – which made the country to bleed – brought the cold understanding that this tragedy which was carried to the peaceful land of Ukraine, this dreadful mixture of cruelty, hostility, lies, military treachery and dishonour, this flow of a hatred and fear that every day pours into Ukraine from Russian “zombie boxes”, all these troubles will stay here for a long time. Therefore, we have to determine an evident thing. Those democratic norms of freedom of speech, pluralism, diversity of thoughts and views, which Ukraine has struggled for and continues to fight for so long – all these achievements were also stricken by the war. They did not disappear but have clearly changed. War sharpened them. Occupation of Crimea and Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine divided the information space into the “black” and “white” where halftones are hard to find between. Therefore, today calls for pacifism or non-acceptance of violence resemble readiness to capitulation and perceived as a part of hostile information game. However, what shall we do, if Ukrainian journalists are demanded the maximum pluralism from some international organizations and the unconditional adherence to the slightest nuances of freedom of speech from the Ukrainian authorities? How Ukraine can reveal all this “hybridity” of Ukrainian realia, so that European officials could understand it? For instance, last autumn, a year after the correspondent of Ukrinform, Roman Sushchenko, had been illegally arrested in Moscow, we sent this news to three dozen European news agencies. Do you know how many agencies responded? The one. On the other hand, if a journalist of the France Press or the Associated Press gets illegally arrested in the same manner, you may not even doubt that support will be much more tangible. Ukrinform has recently become a part of the Ukrainian Multimedia Broadcasting Platform. It is probably the first time in the modern history of Ukraine when media platform demonstrates a systematic approach to the Ukrainian information presence abroad. What matters is that approach helps the representatives of the Ukrainian authorities to assert themselves and the country as part of the globalized world, to seek and find the right decisions so that Ukraine is perceived as peaceful, proud and happy country, to the joy of its neighbours and its own citizens. Keywords: Ukrinform, mass media, hybrid war, propaganda, Russian regime.
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Tamba, Nokiamy Sesena, and Myrna Laksman-Huntley. "PENGGUNAAN FUNGSI PELENGKAP PADA KALIMAT DALAM TRACT MEI 1968." JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 8, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v8i1.8922.
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Tract as a communication platform to call people to participate in demonstrations is still used by the French until 2019 in the Yellow Vest Movement. This proves the important usage of the track in France. The most important movement in French history that involves the utilization of tract was in Mai 68. By using it, the movement initiated by students of the University of Nanterre (May, 3rd 1968) was able to invite workers to join them on May 13 1968. However, it has a disadvantage due to paper usage: spatial limitations for the transmission of information. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and presentations. Use qualitative methods and literature study; this article describes the utilization of the function accessory in the tracts on May 13 68, based on the sentence structure theory by Le Querler (1994). In the tract, variations of function accessories are presented according to the amount of paper used and to the freedom of presentation of the sentence by the creator. As a result, its utilization and presentation in the tract help the various groups involved on May 13, 1968, to gain a better understanding of the reasons and objectives to be carried out in the movement.
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Cassou, Bernard, and Bernard Pissarro. "Workers' Participation and Occupational Health: The French Experience." International Journal of Health Services 18, no. 1 (1988): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/49lq-63xq-gak4-5y1j.
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In France, workers' participation in occupational health was organized for the first time in 1947, when Hygiene and Safety Committees were created. However, these committees remained ineffective in many firms for more than 20 years. Their role and power were greatly extended in 1976; in 1982, the Auroux Laws gave wage-earners new rights, mainly rights of expression. Here too, the way these laws have been put into operation varies a lot. Generally speaking, a great many regulations and laws exist that should give workers very good protection, but control systems are weak, and wage-earners' information on health is insufficient. Workers' participation is generally set up through trade unions, which are more often nationwide than locally organized. Workers' membership in unions is rather weak. The recent creation and development of quality circles in many firms, controlled by the company, give a false impression of workers' freedom of speech and do not really improve participation. But recent social movements have shown that people increasingly wish to express themselves and to deal with their own employers without any go-between. Nevertheless, participation will become effective only if workers' knowledge is taken into account, if they are trained in analysis and expression, and if their suggestions are seriously considered.
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Darlington, Emily, and Julien Masson. "What does co-creation mean? An attempt at definition informed by the perspectives of school health promoters in France." Health Education Journal 80, no. 6 (2021): 746–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00178969211013570.
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Background: Capacity building and community-level participation are important to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of health promotion programmes, as well as to promote empowerment and decision-making power. However, stakeholders’ participation in the design and implementation of health promotion projects often involves the provision of information and consultation rather than partnership or citizen control, especially in school settings. Co-creation could be a means to support higher levels of participation, yet its definition remains unclear. A further challenge relates to the methods needed to promote participation. Examining what co-creation represents for health promoters could help in both of these respects. Objectives and goals: This study explored how school health promotion professionals perceived and defined co-creation to gain insight into how to encourage co-creation processes in school-based health promotion. Methods: Qualitative data including documents and illustrations were collected during creative thinking activities undertaken with school health promotion professionals. All data collected were transcribed and analysed using a three-stage screening process. Results: Co-creation is a multi-dimensional construct. Based on our findings, it is a voluntary-based process of bottom-up collaboration informed by values of diversity, mutual trust, openness, autonomy, freedom, respect and shared expertise, responsibility and decision-making. Co-creation can result in out-of-the-box, new or improved tailored health-promoting practices and projects, which address a co-defined need, for the benefit of all members of the group. Conclusion: Co-creation is timely and key in school health promotion practices. Further research is needed into the specific competences needed to promote co-creation, as well as the methods used to evaluate achievements and added value of co-creation at different levels of implementation.
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Malecki, Catherine. "Public opinion, risk to reputation: The essentials of societal corporate governance?" Journal of Governance and Regulation 1, no. 4 (2012): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v1_i4_c1_p5.
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Research Question/Issue: This paper will examine the role of reputation regarding corporate governance in terms of performance, risk control and the possible role of legislature or behaviors in this field (in particular with regards to the recent Green Paper “Companies in the EU: a management of governance”, COM (2011) 164 final, of the 5th April 2011, of the European Commission). Research Findings/Insights: Image, reputation, positive or negative opinion, notoriety of the companies and their managers are regarded as an element of their performance. It is accepted that public opinion, inherently linked to the reputation risk is an essential element of corporate governance. Regarding the need of a long term matter, particularly after the financial crisis, a short period of time is enough to transform a positive public opinion into a negative one. In addition, the assessment of public opinion is complex. Everyone can freely form an “opinion”. The opinion may be private and public. Public opinion refers to society, to citizens and to the people. Its classic means of expression are freedom of the press and freedom of speech. This question is particularly crucial regarding the role of the companies to the “society” as recently defined by the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the committee of the Regions, A renewed EU strategy 2011-14 for Corporate Social Responsibility, the European Commission and the European Parliament (Brussels, 25.10.2011) COM (2011) 681 final). Theoretical/Academic Implications: How to manage good corporate governance reputation ?As from 1979, the Anglo-Saxon doctrine has acutely highlighted the role of reputation risk regarding corporate governance but what is the situation within the EU? Has legislature, in Europe (and for example, in France), sufficiently acknowledged the concept of reputation risk control? – A long term period seems necessary for efficient corporate governance. Yet, CSR has given an additional power to social and environmental information which may, because it affects a more important spectrum (stakeholders…), cause a more important prejudice, whereas CRS is an "integral part" of corporate governance. Thus, in France, as pointed out in recital 10 of the policy 2006/46/CE but above all, as pointed out in article 53 of the said Grenelle 1 law (n° 2009-967 of the 3rd August 2009), “the quality of information regarding the way in which companies consider the social and environmental consequences of their activity and the access to this information constitutes essential conditions of good corporate governance”. The SRI funds also attempt to control the factors of reputation risk. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The multiple vehicles of public opinion regarding corporate governance : in fact, CSR, largely consisting in the “reporting” of social and environmental values therefore on “societal communication”, which potentially contains so many possible public opinions to be expressed, may be “additions” to individual opinions. CSR rests on a true discourse which seems, to certain authors, removed from reality: “the reports on corporate social responsibility, summary document between the “say” and “do”, appear as a support of speech which, removed from the real situation, tends first and foremost, to show the “good faith” of organisations. Societal corporate e-governance with the aid of the internet further weakens the concept of societal reputation.
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Aştefanei, Iulia-Sînziana. "Media Representation of the Victims of Terrorist Attacks. An Ethical and Legal Analysis of Articles Published in Le Monde." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Ephemerides 66, no. 1 (2021): 27–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeph.2021.1.02.
Texte intégralRésumé :
"The topic of this paper explores the online media representation of the victims of terrorist attacks in relation to the ethical and legal frameworks aimed at protecting the people. Despite the fact that freedom of expression should not be restricted under any circumstances, the news media outlets ought to take into consideration the legal acts, the moral behaviors and ethical principles when publishing and disseminating information about the terrorist attacks. Journalists should aim to pursue the purpose of this profession with the intent of remaining objective and upright while respecting the human rights. The research of this paper focuses on the interdependence between journalism, ethics and law by analyzing how Le Monde covered some of the terrorist attacks which happened in Europe. The importance of ethics in journalism had been acknowledged by analyzing the role of the regulatory organizations for the press, as well as the professional standards which were set in order to guide the journalists and protect the people. The in-depth analysis of the media representation of the victims of terrorist attacks highlighted the fact that the journalistic ethical codes might have the power to strengthen the protection of the people in the press, while assessing the noninfringement or the breach of the supranational and national legislation enacted by the European Union and France. Keywords: victims, terrorist attacks, media ethics, media law "
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Nikitenko, L. "Evolution of the idea of participative democracy." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (February 18, 2023): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.63.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article examines the transformation of the content of the idea of participatory democracy with reference to historical retrospection.
 To carry out a full-fledged analysis of the evolution of the idea of participatory democracy, the way of development of the concept of democracy in general is considered. It has been established that the phenomenon of "democracy" originates from the times of antiquity and the works of Aristotle (384-322 BC), and the philosophers of the Renaissance (M. Machiavelli, J. Locke, S. Montesquieu, J.-J. Rousseau, A. Tocqueville, etc.). The process of implementing the ideas of democracy in practice started at the end of the 17th century in England and France, went through four stages, the last of which began in the 21st century and continues to this day.
 It was found that the history of participatory democracy tentatively dates back to the 5th century to n. (the city of Athens, Ancient Greece), and after the Second World War, the gradual expansion of electoral rights and the processes of emancipation paved the way for its large-scale development. In the 80s of the XX century in Western Europe and the USA, the idea of participatory democracy gained momentum. B. Barber, K. McPherson, J. Mansbridge, C. Pateman, J. Zimmerman and S. Shalom made the greatest contribution to its spread. The result of a long path of transformation of the content of democracy, which for several centuries was perceived as a means of including the poor in the space of politics, was the understanding of participatory democracy as an indispensable process of requiring the rotation of leaders, the breakdown of social hierarchies, and a change in the perception of the essence of freedom. The evolution of the idea of participatory democracy, first of all, is connected with the declaration of the priority of human freedoms over the interests of the state.
 Today, the theory of participatory democracy occupies a leading place in the rating of democratic theories and is actively used in practice in many countries of the world. The defining idea of participatory democracy lies in the potential of ordinary citizens to exercise self-management, but it has not yet been fully implemented in life. So, we have the following movement vectors to ensure universal and effective involvement of the vast majority of citizens in the decision-making process: increasing the level of awareness and education, leveling economic inequality, providing real tools for influencing the political process (especially with the help of information and communication and blockchain technologies). At the same time, it is worth taking into account the autonomy of the individual, the freedom of individuality and the issue of voluntary participation or non-participation of each individual citizen.
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Gupta, KSHITIZ, and Sumeet Gupta. "Antidisestablishmentarianism in the American Election: The Rise of Donald Trump and Far Right Parties in Europe, Identity Politics in the light of Niccolo Machiavelli’s Treatise – ‘The Prince’." Journal of Global Economy 13, no. 4 (2018): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v13i4.480.
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Background - The functioning of the American elections has a subtle political and social ring that resonates around the world but the concern regarding its proper functioning has been exacerbated by the 2016 election and the rise of President Donald Trump. Objective - The first section of the research paper looks at a few noteworthy difficulties confronting U.S political decisions, including extending party polarization over electrical methodology, the frangibility and vulnerability of historic classified electronic information to hacking and the effect of deregulation of campaign spending, aggravating the absence of definite measures. The second section compares, the political landscape and candidates of the 2016 presidential elections with respect to various variables that laid the foundation for the 2016 election along the French, Austrian, and German election. The paper also covers practical reforms tailored to strengthen electoral laws by improving the freedom and upholding the professional standard in election management by continuous social evaluation of candidates as social media is becoming an infectious ground for populist political moments. Data - The data is collected from the American government’s website for national statistics and the election data for Austria France, and Germany is collected from the national statistics website of the European Union. The data is analysed in R.Studio and Python.Conclusion - The political ideology of Machiavelli’s treatise, ‘The Prince’ is compared with the rise of Trump with respect to Christian morality in politics. Stress has been laid, on the rhetoric of right wing parties and how identity politics shaped the American election and brought the European far right into limelight.
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Rahmawan, Hatib. "Changes In Education, Religion, Social, Economic, Culture, And Politics In Egypt Post-Napoleon Invasion." AL-MISBAH (Jurnal Islamic Studies) 7, no. 2 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/al-misbah.v7i2.1847.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The important role of Egypt in the Resurrection of the Islamic world is did not happen suddenly, but he had to go through a dark history, that was colonialized by Napoleon Bonaparte. Even though Napoleon ruled Egypt for three years, but his presence woke the Egyptian consciousness to progress and change. This paper aims to uncover the changes that occurred in Egypt in the fields of education, issues, economy, culture, and politics post-Napoleon invasion. From this, a main problem can be formulated as follows; How was the change in education, religion, social, economy, culture, and politics post-Napoleon invasion? This paper uses the liberary research method, which is combined with the model of writing history to reveal the relationship between historical facts with changes that occured. The important information obtained from this post-Napoleon study include; (1) in the field of education raises awareness of the underdevelopment of science, the development of various educational infrastructure, recognizing the importance of freedom and independence in the development of science; (2) Encouraging changes in perspectives and models of religion towards a more rational and solutions to the changing times; (3) in the social and cultural sphere the idea of equality (legalite) and equality between rulers and people was born and the development of war technology, weapons and military training adopted from France; (4) in the political field gave rise to the idea of nationalism and republican government; and (5) in the economic field to encourage the development of industrialization and agrarian reform.
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Rahmawan, Hatib. "Changes In Education, Religion, Social, Economic, Culture, And Politics In Egypt Post-Napoleon Invasion." AL-MISBAH (Jurnal Islamic Studies) 7, no. 2 (2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/almisbah.v7i2.1847.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The important role of Egypt in the Resurrection of the Islamic world is did not happen suddenly, but he had to go through a dark history, that was colonialized by Napoleon Bonaparte. Even though Napoleon ruled Egypt for three years, but his presence woke the Egyptian consciousness to progress and change. This paper aims to uncover the changes that occurred in Egypt in the fields of education, issues, economy, culture, and politics post-Napoleon invasion. From this, a main problem can be formulated as follows; How was the change in education, religion, social, economy, culture, and politics post-Napoleon invasion? This paper uses the liberary research method, which is combined with the model of writing history to reveal the relationship between historical facts with changes that occured. The important information obtained from this post-Napoleon study include; (1) in the field of education raises awareness of the underdevelopment of science, the development of various educational infrastructure, recognizing the importance of freedom and independence in the development of science; (2) Encouraging changes in perspectives and models of religion towards a more rational and solutions to the changing times; (3) in the social and cultural sphere the idea of equality (legalite) and equality between rulers and people was born and the development of war technology, weapons and military training adopted from France; (4) in the political field gave rise to the idea of nationalism and republican government; and (5) in the economic field to encourage the development of industrialization and agrarian reform.
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Rylova, A. N. "Self-regulation of journalism in Spain." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2015-2-29-35.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Self-regulation of journalism resides in voluntary measures taken by the professional community of journalists to guarantee the observation of certain rules and principles in the process of providing information to public, maintain independence and credibility of media. The institution of self-regulation of Spanish journalism emerged later than in other Western countries due to the history of interaction between the State and media: for a long time Spanish media were under State control and freedom of expression was constantly defied. That is why first attempts to establish bodies for self-regulation of journalism in the post-Franco Spain evoked fears of a return to censorship. However, the time lag concerning media self- regulation allowed Spain to use other countries’ experience. Nowadays, the degree of self-regulation of journalism in Spain is similar to that of the Western countries. The institution of self-regulation operates successfully and facilitates Spanish media authority.
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Alicki, Robert. "False Qubits?: Polarization of Light and Josephson Junction." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 14, no. 02 (2007): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11080-007-9039-1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We compare two physical systems: polarization degrees of freedom of a macroscopic light beam and the Josephson junction (JJ) in the “charge qubit regime”. The first system obviously cannot carry genuine quantum information and we show that the maximal entanglement which could be encoded into polarization of two light beams scales like 1/(photon number). Two theories of JJ, one leading to the picture of “JJ-qubit” and the other based on the mean-field approach are discussed. The later, which seems to be more appropriate, implies that the JJ system is, essentially, mathematically equivalent to the polarization of a light beam with the number of photons replaced by the number of Cooper pairs. The existing experiments consistent with the “JJ-qubit” picture and the theoretical arguments supporting, on the contrary, the classical model are briefly discussed. The Franck-Hertz-type experiment is suggested as an ultimate test of the JJ nature.
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Areal, Francisco J., and Laura Riesgo. "EU Inspections of GM Content in Food and Feed: Are They Effective?" Agriculture 11, no. 9 (2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090842.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We investigate the effectiveness of inspecting regimes in controlling food and feed products containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) non-compliant with European Commission (EC) regulations (i.e., a food/feed import containing above the 0.9% GM content threshold for food and at or above 0.1% for feed allowed by the EC regulations but not (or incorrectly) labelled or food/feed imports containing unauthorized GMOs). We collate information at the country level from EC official reports on the number of samples and cases of non-compliance identified by official controls conducted by European Member States (MS). We analyze the probability of finding non-compliant food/feed imports for a number of MS countries between 2000 and 2013, by using a hierarchical model, which interlinks the number of samples taken (i.e., inspections) with interceptions of non-compliant products. Results show that the probability of finding imported products non-compliant with EC’s GMO regulations in food and feed varies among MS countries but, in most cases, is relatively high. For instance, for imported food products in 2004, the probability of the rate of intercepting non-compliant food products being above 5% and 10% in France was 99% and 70%, respectively. However, whereas countries such as Sweden, Portugal, and Austria also show a high rate of intercepting non-compliant food, other countries such as Germany and Spain show a very low probability of finding imported food products being non-compliant. For imported feed products, the overall probability of rate of intercepting non-compliant feed products being above 5% and 10% per country and year was even higher than for imported food products (e.g., 100% in the case of Hungary in 2005). The European Union regulation needs to guide MS adequately in order to establish the optimal level of inspections, guaranteeing consumers’ freedom of choice.
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Vorontsova, N. V., A. V. Merzlov, R. R. Mukhametzyanov, and N. G. Platonovskiy. "Assessment of the attractiveness of rural areas in terms of internal migration in Russia and the EU countries." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 6 (2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2021-0-6-40-47.
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Those born in rural areas move to urban areas for both temporary and permanent residence. In general, urbanization is expanding in the world, as evidenced by the increase in the proportion of the urban population. However, recently, in parallel with urbanization, especially in the developed countries of Europe, there has been a reverse flow - the resettlement of a certain part of the urban population to the countryside. It attracts city dwellers with a comparatively better ecological situation, the presence of wide spaces and a sense of freedom. All of this is also supported by modern innovative capabilities. Information and digital technologies are increasingly blurring the boundaries between urban and rural areas. However, the attractiveness of rural areas for permanent habitation in a number of cases, including in our country, is reduced due to the lack of adequate urban living conditions for life and urban-centric state policy. This primarily affects rural areas remote from cities. At the same time, the suburbs, especially megacities, are the most attractive in terms of internal migration. It accommodates the conditions of urban life and the advantage of rural areas. The article touches upon the issues of internal migration of the urban population to the countryside in Russia and a number of European countries (on the example of France and Germany). In this regard, it was noted that this tendency exists, and with an increase in dynamics. As a result of the study, the factors that influence the decision-making by the townspeople to move to settlements located in agricultural areas were identified, and a set of criteria was proposed to assess their attractiveness from the point of view of internal migration of the population.
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Wang, Aiqing. "Inter-lingual Homophony: Neige as a Demonstrative/Filler in Mandarin Chinese." Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, no. 1 (2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.102506.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The demonstrative/filler neige in Mandarin Chinese is potentially contentious outside that language,as it bears resemblance in terms of pronunciation with a racial slur in English. Nonetheless, neigedoes not possess any racist connotation in Mandarin Chinese, and its analysis needs to take intoconsideration historical and contextual information. The form neige is a colloquialism of its formalequivalent nage, which has functioned as a demonstrative determiner/pronoun or a discoursemarker in verbal communication since ancient periods. The derivation of nei from na is realisedvia suppression of the demonstrative with the numeral yi ‘one’, and this phenomenon occurredeven before Mandarin was invented as a national lingua franca. Differently from languages suchas English in which the number of homophones is limited, Chinese contains an enormous amountof syllables with myriads of homophones, owing to the fact that Chinese is a tone language thatdepends on tone implications to differentiate meanings and syllables/words are hence predominantlymono- or bi-morphemic. As a consequence, homophones pertaining to Chinese aboundboth language-internally and cross-linguistically. Among the repercussions of homophony are theliterary inquisitions during the Qing era that sabotaged freedom of creation. Therefore, the interpretationand comprehension of neige need to be objective and impartial.
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Verot, Elise, Paul Bonjean, Robin Chaux, et al. "Development and Validation of the COVID-19 Knowledges and Behavior Questionnaire in a French Population (CoVQuest-CC)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052569.
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Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led most countries to take restrictive measures affecting social activities and individual freedoms to limit viral transmission. It was shown that practical, motivational and social barriers impact on adherence to the isolation and social distancing measures advocated by the health authorities. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a COVID-19 Knowledges and Behavior Questionnaire adapted to a teenager and adult French population. Methods: CoVQuest-CC was developed by a multidisciplinary team made of infectious diseases physicians, medical virologist, specialists of infectious control, experts of the questionnaires methodology, experts in public health and prevention, and statisticians. CoVQuest-CC was responded to by a big cohort from the general population during their participation in a massive SARS-CoV-2 screening campaign in 2021 in Saint-Etienne, France. Results: The confirmatory factorial analysis yielded good results (CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.04), and confirmed the five-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Each dimension had a satisfying internal consistency, with Cronbach alphas of 0.83, 0.71, 0.65, 0.72 and 0.83 for transmission knowledge, barrier gesture respect, tests acceptability, home isolation possibility and test practicability, respectively. Conclusions: According to our knowledge, CoVQuest-CC is the first validated, consistent and reliable self-administrated French-specific questionnaire investigating the general population’s knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19. It shows acceptable psychometric properties and can be use by Public Health teams or caregivers for public health and research purposes. Trial Registration: The study protocol was approved by the IRB ILE-DE-FRANCE 1 (No. IRB: I ORG0009918). All participants were given written and verbal information about the study and gave informed consent to participate. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT04859023.
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HOGUE, CHERYL. "FREEDOM OF INFORMATION VERSUS ACADEMIC FREEDOM." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 46 (2011): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n046.p032.
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Adrian, Melanie. "France, the Veil and Religious Freedom." Religion, State and Society 37, no. 4 (2009): 345–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637490903315385.
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Bingham, Craig M., and Martin B. Van Der Weyden. "Freedom of information?" Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 11 (2002): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04972.x.
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BIRKINSHAW, P. "Freedom of Information." Parliamentary Affairs 50, no. 1 (1997): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a028711.
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Dalrymple, Theodore. "Freedom from information." BMJ 335, no. 7625 (2007): 889.1–889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39377.564525.94.
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Dimond, Bridgit. "Freedom of information." British Journal of Midwifery 11, no. 4 (2003): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2003.11.4.11213.
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Jasny, B. R. "Information and Freedom." Science 343, no. 6170 (2014): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.343.6170.463-a.
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Bardy, Ali Henri. "Freedom of information." Lancet 352, no. 9135 (1998): 1229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60576-4.
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Ilube, T. "Freedom of Information." ITNOW 52, no. 2 (2010): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwq144.
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Batchelor, P., A. Crosse, J. Donaghy, and S. White. "Freedom of information." British Dental Journal 211, no. 7 (2011): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.827.
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Wilson, C. "Freedom of information." Computer Law & Security Review 22, no. 3 (2006): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2006.03.009.
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Wilson, C. "Freedom of information." Computer Law & Security Review 22, no. 5 (2006): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2006.04.004.
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Avle and Adunbi. "Whose Freedom? Whose Information?: Discourses on Freedom of Information Policies." Journal of Information Policy 5 (2015): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0179.
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Avle, Seyram, and Omolade Adunbi. "Whose Freedom? Whose Information?: Discourses on Freedom of Information Policies." Journal of Information Policy 5, no. 1 (2015): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.179.
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Abstract Information policymaking in the contemporary global environment is complex and can be a difficult process. The difficulty lies, partly, in the divergent priorities of the state and civil society organizations (CSOs) and their transnational allies that often push specific laws in the global south. This article uses an analysis of the discourse around Freedom of Information (FOI) policies in Ghana and Nigeria to show how such divergent priorities emerge and their impact on the policymaking process. Specifically, it shows the limitations of key assumptions underlying advocacy for FOI and how the hegemony of the state is ultimately preserved.
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Lebedeva, Yulia V. "Brexatom and its legal consequences." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 13, no. 4 (2022): 990–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2022.410.
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The article provides information about the legal consequences of Brexatom after the entry into force on January 1, 2021 of the Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for cooperation on the safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. After the signing of the international agreement, a new stage of relations began for the Euratom and the UK, based on the provisions of international law and the IAEA’s “soft law” norms; although the peculiarity is that, the Parties recognized the four freedoms of internal nuclear common market of the EU. At the same time, the norms of English case law and EU law also formed the basis of bilateral relations between the UK and Euratom. Settling topical legal issues such as export controls, physical protection, nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, enrichment, reprocessing, trade, procurement of equipment and devices, supply of nuclear material, nuclear transfers, the Euratom and the UK laid the basis law for further bilateral cooperation on nuclear research and development, exchange of information and technical expertise on matters within peaceful uses of nuclear energy. However, the UK maintains its participation in a number of European programs and projects. The European Commission and the Euratom began to rebuild the legal system for the supply of nuclear materials and to make changes to the work of the European nuclear fuel cycle. Further development of relations between the Great Britain and the Euratom will depend on London’s position and interests in the world nuclear market. If there is a clash of British interests for the European nuclear market with the companies of France, the USA, China and Russia, then this will lead to the legal regulation of bilateral relations between England and Euratom only based on international law.
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Shabrova, Nina V. "Parents in the School System in Europe." Integration of Education 26, no. 3 (2022): 539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.108.026.202203.539-558.
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Introduction. To determine the prospects for the development of the social community of parents as a subject of civil society in Russia it is necessary to analyze foreign practices of social and civil activities of parents. In this sense, the activities of European parents are of interest, reflecting the experience of countries with a developed civil society (France, Germany, Sweden). The aim of the article is to analyze the institutional opportunities and practices of European parentsʼ participation in the system of school education. Materials and Methods. The methodological framework for the study of parentsʼ involvement in childrenʼs education was the concept of D. Epstein. To achieve this goal, the content of normative documents regulating the participation of European parents in the education of their school children was studied; a secondary analysis of statistical information and scientific publications was carried out. Results. The study showed that despite the common European space, parents of the analyzed countries have different institutional opportunities to participate in the education of their children. Two basic principles of state policy in relation to the parent community, which affect the peculiarities of their participation in school education, are highlighted. The first principle is the restriction of the freedom of individual choice of parents in the field of school education to ensure equal access to public school education. The second is the priority of childrenʼs rights over the rights of parents. The interaction of the school with parents is focused on the education of politically correct parents who fulfill the requirements of the school. It is noted that the Russian parent community can more actively use at least two European practices for the implementation and protection of parental and children rights and interests in the field of school education: collective forms of protection of rights and interests; consolidation with the local community for the implementation of parental and children needs and interests. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results contribute to the development of the sociological concept of the parent community as a subject of civil society. The materials of the article will be useful to scientists analyzing the problems of the development of Russian civil society; representatives of educational management engaged in the development of programs for the harmonization of relations between parents and schools; civil activists.
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Bronteryuk, B. "FEATURES OF THE 1968 STUDENT PROTEST IN BRAZIL." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 152-153 (2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2022.152-153.1.
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The article reveals the peculiarities of student protests in 1968 in Brazil, in addition to highlighting the characteristics of specifically Brazilian protests, the author also analyzes and compares them with protests in other European and American countries: France, USA, Mexico etc. In general, the article examines the main manifestations of the "Cultural Revolution", which is characterized by student protests in all parts of the world. Most of the protests were driven by a desire to change social principles. Students advocated for greater freedoms in education within universities, and for freedoms in the political sense. One of the key political issues represented by protesters was the Vietnam War and the United States' involvement in. In addition, these protests are characterized by a generational gap between parents and children, who have ceased to understand each other. The article also emphasizes the importance of the preconditions for the protest movement, since in 1964 a military coup took place in Brazil, which resulted in the arrival of the military. The military was a conservative in politics, so conflict with students who advocated completely opposite values was inevitable. An important role in these protests was played by technological progress, which allowed people around the world to learn information much faster. Students, looking at the protests in other countries could feel a certain solidarity with their colleagues and understand that in their struggle they are not alone. It was common to borrow same tactics during protests: boycotts, actions against the police, building of the barricades and seizing university buildings. The author concludes that the student protests in Brazil went from a peaceful boycott of the government to clashes with the police, which led to casualties and repressions by the authorities. At the same time, the article emphasizes the confrontation between the baby boomer generation and the older generation, represented by Brazil's military leaders.
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Michaels, Guy, and Xiaojia Zhi. "Freedom Fries." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 3 (2010): 256–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.3.256.
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Do firms always choose the cheapest suitable inputs, or can group attitudes affect their choices? To investigate this question, we examine the deterioration of relations between the United States and France from 2002–2003, when France's favorability rating in the US fell by 48 percentage points. We estimate that the worsening attitudes reduced bilateral trade by about 9 percent and that trade in inputs probably declined similarly, by about 8 percent. We use these estimates to calculate the average decrease in firms' willingness to pay for French (or US) commodities when attitudes worsened. (JEL D24, F13, F14, L14, L21)