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Livres sur le sujet « Functional UltraSound »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 21 décembre 2024

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

A, Curry Reva, and Tempkin Betty Bates, eds. Sonography: Introduction to normal structure and function. 2nd ed. Saunders, 2004.

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2

Zheng, Yong-Ping, and Yongjin Zhou. Sonomyography: Dynamic and Functional Assessment of Muscle Using Ultrasound Imaging. Springer, 2022.

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3

Zheng, Yong-Ping, and Yongjin Zhou. Sonomyography: Dynamic and Functional Assessment of Muscle Using Ultrasound Imaging. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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Lenzi, Andrea, and Andrea M. Isidori. Ultrasound of the Testis for the Andrologist: Morphological and Functional Atlas. Springer, 2018.

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5

Lenzi, Andrea, and Andrea M. Isidori. Ultrasound of the Testis for the Andrologist: Morphological and Functional Atlas. Springer, 2018.

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6

Nixdorff, Uwe, Stephan Achenbach, Frank Bengel, et al. Imaging in cardiovascular prevention. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0006.

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Imaging tools in preventive cardiology can be divided into imaging modalities to assess pre-clinical and clinical atherosclerosis and functional assessments of vascular function or vascular inflammation. To calculate the likelihood of pre-clinical atherosclerosis intima-media thickness as well as coronary calcium scoring are most frequently used. However, beyond these two there are other parameters derived by ultrasound and multi-detector computed tomography as well as magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear/molecular imaging which are discussed in the chapter. Functional tests include flow-med

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Gardner, Andrew, Grant L. Iverson, Paul van Donkelaar, Philip N. Ainslie, and Peter Stanwell. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, and Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Following Sport-Related Concussion. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.12.

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Sport-related concussion has been referred to as a functional rather than a structural injury with neurometabolic and microstructural alterations reported in several studies. Accordingly, conventional neuroimaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have limited value beyond ruling out structural injury such as a contusion or hemorrhage. This chapter presents a review of three neuroimaging techniques that offer insight into the connectivity and neurometabolic consequences of concussion. A number of studies have now been published using

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Bunker, Tim D. The clinical evaluation of the shoulder. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.004001.

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♦ History: onset event, radiation, exacerbation, night pain, functional deficit♦ Examination: active and passive movement, impingement signs, instability tests♦ Investigation: x-rays, ultrasound, CT and MR.

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9

Lancellotti, Patrizio, and Bernard Cosyns. The Standard Transthoracic Echo Examination. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713623.003.0002.

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Functional imaging by modern echocardiography offers a variety of methods to assess regional and global myocardial function beyond classic dimension, volume and ejection fraction measurements. This chapter shows how various modalities of Doppler echocardiography can be used for assessment of valves, haemodynamics, and coronary flow reserve. It also provides information on myocardial function can be extracted from echo images using a tissue Doppler or speckle tracking approach. 3Dechocardiography provides real-time 3D images of the heart in motion. Various types of examination and quantificatio

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Cosyns, Bernard, and Bernard Paelinck. Pericardial disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0021.

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The ability of ultrasound to elucidate the functional and structural abnormalities of pericardial disease is powerful. Due to multimodality imaging possibilities and to its portability, echocardiography is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Although other non-invasive technologies have been developed to provide information about the pericardium, echocardiography remains the first and often only diagnostic method needed to make a definitive diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment in patients with pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, or constrictive pericardi

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Tempkin, Betty Bates, and Reva Arnez Curry. Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function. 2nd ed. Saunders, 2004.

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12

Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer, and Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020.

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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated

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Flachskampf, Frank A., Pavlos Myrianthefs, Ruxandra Beyer, and Pavlos M. Myrianthefs. Echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0020_update_001.

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For the emergency management of cardiovascular disorders, echocardiography and thoracic ultrasound are indispensable imaging techniques at the bedside. In the intensive care environment, crucial questions, such as left and right ventricular function, valvular heart disease, volume status, aortic disease, cardiac infection, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, pneumothorax, and many others, can be sufficiently and reliably answered by using these techniques; in fact, it is almost impossible to manage patients with acute severe haemodynamic impairment reasonably well without a prompt and repeated

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14

Bhaskar, Arun. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided coeliac plexus block. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0064.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Endosonography-guided celiac plexus neurolysis’, published by Wiersema and Wiersema in 1996. Pain is one of its most distressing complaints of pancreatic cancer, affecting more than 80% of patients with advanced disease. However, the use of opioids and other drugs is often limited by undesirable side effects, which include somnolence, confusion, lethargy, and decreased cognitive function. Intrathecal drug delivery systems, although effective, are often deemed impractical in pancreatic cancer, due to its poor prognosis and the fact that it is oft

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15

Sullivan, Mark, John Henderson, Inderbir Gill, and Nilay Patel. Upper urinary tract obstruction. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0031.

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Obstructive uropathy refers to the clinical sequelae of impairment of free urinary flow in the urological tract. The clinical manifestation of obstructive uropathy depends on the level and duration of obstruction, whether it is partial or complete, and whether infection has supervened. Obstruction may be clinically silent—and incidental radiological, biochemical, or examination findings may suggest the diagnosis. The radiological techniques used to demonstrate obstruction can be divided into anatomical and functional studies. These include ultrasound, urography, cross-sectional imaging, mictur

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Cuckow, Peter. Abnormalities of the bladder. Edited by David F. M. Thomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0120.

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Anatomical and functional reconstruction of the bladder exstrophy/epispadias complex of anomalies presents paediatric urologists with one of their greatest challenges. Nevertheless, very considerable advances have been made during the last 30 years. Children with classic bladder exstrophy now have an excellent prospect of becoming fully continent—either by primary reconstruction or with a catheterizeable stoma. Achieving continence and normal voiding in children with primary epispadias can be difficult because of the dysplastic nature of their sphincteric and bladder neck tissues. Urachal anom

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17

Hoskin, Peter, Thankamma Ajithkumar, and Vicky Goh, eds. Imaging for Clinical Oncology. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198818502.001.0001.

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Imaging is a critical component in the delivery of radiotherapy to patients with malignancy, and this text teaches the principles and practice of imaging specific to radiotherapy. Introductory chapters outline the basic principles of the available imaging modalities, including X-rays, CT, ultrasound, MRI, nuclear medicine, and PET. Site specific chapters then cover the main tumour sites, reviewing optimal imaging techniques for diagnosis, staging, radiotherapy planning, and follow-up for each site. The important areas of radiation protection, exposure justification, and risks are also covered,

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18

Torres, Río Aguilar, Luigi P. Badano, and Dimitrios Tsiapras. Cardiac transplant patients. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0050.

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Echocardiography has a pivotal role in the care of heart transplant (HT) recipients. This chapter discusses the use of echocardiographic techniques for the assessment of HT patients. In the early post-transplant period, echocardiography has demonstrated its utility to assess the normal and abnormal structural and physiological changes of the transplanted heart, as well as to detect complications such as graft failure. During follow-up, development of acute/chronic graft rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy remains the leading causes of mortality in HT recipients and the role of convent

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Cañete, Juan D., and Julio Ramírez. Enthesitis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0011.

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Enthesitis is common in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) occurring in50–60% of patients in clinical trials. Outcome measures for enthesitis have been developed, but its clinical diagnosis may be challenging at sites other than the Achilles and plantar insertions. Power Doppler ultrasound is more sensitive than clinical examination in detecting inflammatory and/or structural changes in asymptomatic patients, which have an unknown significance. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful to evaluate enthesitis and the best technique for osteitis. The concept of synovial–entheseal complex highlights the functi

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Keshav, Satish, and Palak Trivedi. Investigation in liver disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0208.

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This chapter discusses investigations in liver disease, including blood tests (liver chemistry and liver function tests, alpha-fetoprotein, viral serology, antibodies and immunoglobulins), ascetic fluid analysis, imaging (hepatobiliary ultrasound, CT, MRI, endoscopic ultrasound), and liver biopsy.

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executive, Health and safety. Sensory and Autonomic Function and Ultrasound Nerve Imaging in RSI Patients and Keyboard Workers. Health and Safety Executive (HSE), 2002.

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Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2015.

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Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2010.

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24

Sonography: Introduction to Normal Structure and Function. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division, 2020.

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25

Garbi, Madalina. The general principles of echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0001.

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Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current echocardiography technology features is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing.Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures.The present chapter starts by presenting the physics of ultrasound and the construction and function of instruments. Image formation, optimization, display, presentation, storage, and communication are explained. Advantages and di

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Garbi, Madalina, Jan D’hooge, and Evgeny Shkolnik. General principles of echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0001.

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Echocardiography uses ultrasound waves to generate images of cardiovascular structures and to display information regarding the blood flow through these structures. Knowledge of basic ultrasound principles and current technology is essential for image interpretation and for optimal use of equipment during image acquisition and post-processing. This chapter starts by presenting the physics of ultrasound and the construction and function of instruments. Image formation, optimization, display, presentation, storage, and communication are explained. Advantages and disadvantages of available imagin

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27

Galderisi, Maurizio, and Sergio Mondillo. Assessment of diastolic function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0009.

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Modern assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function should be based on the estimation of degree of LV filling pressure (LVFP), which is the true determinant of symptoms/signs and prognosis in heart failure.In order to achieve this goal, standard Doppler assessment of mitral inflow pattern (E/A ratio, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time) should be combined with additional manoeuvres and/or ultrasound tools such as: ◆ Valsalva manoeuvre applied to mitral inflow pattern. ◆ Pulmonary venous flow pattern. ◆ Velocity flow propagation by colour M-mode. ◆ Pulsed wave tissue Doppler

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Pedro, Mónica M., and N. Cardim. Vascular imaging. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0027.

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The use of vascular ultrasonography (alone or combined with newer techniques like angio-magnetic resonance or angio-computed tomography) is an essential tool for the diagnosis and the assessment of vascular diseases. It is also useful for the follow-up after surgical or endovascular interventions (avoiding the need to use angiography in any therapeutic decision in most cases). The integration of two-dimensional echocardiography, colour flow imaging and spectral Doppler makes the morphological and functional assessment of vascular disease possible in almost every territory.For a long time, vasc

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Rudwaleit, Martin. Enthesitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0054.

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Enthesitis is one of the key manifestations of spondyloarthritides (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis. Enthesitis can occur alone or in combination with peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, or spondylitis. The inflammatory process is typically located at the insertion of the enthesis or ligament to bone, often resulting in osteitis as well. Because of its anatomical and functional complexity the term 'enthesis organ' has been coined. Biomechanical stress applied to the enthesis seems to play an important role for the occurrence of enthesitis in genetically predi

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Rudwaleit, Martin. Enthesitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0054_update_002.

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Enthesitis is one of the key manifestations of spondyloarthritis (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis. Enthesitis can occur alone or in combination with peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, or spondylitis. The inflammatory process is typically located at the insertion of the enthesis or ligament to bone, often resulting in osteitis as well. Because of its anatomical and functional complexity the term ’enthesis organ’ has been coined. Biomechanical stress applied to the enthesis seems to play an important role for the occurrence of enthesitis in genetically predisp

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31

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Intraoperative monitoring. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0043.

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Chapter 25 introduced some basic generic principles applicable to many measurement and monitoring techniques. Chapter 43 introduces those principles not covered in Chapter 25 and discusses in detail the clinical applications and limitations of the many monitoring techniques available to the modern clinical anaesthetist. It starts with non-invasive blood pressure measurement, including clinical and automated techniques. This is followed by techniques of direct blood pressure measurement, noting that transducers and calibration have been discussed in Chapter 25. This is followed by electrocardio

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Fye, W. Bruce. Seeing the Heart. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199982356.003.0018.

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During the 1960s and 1970s, new diagnostic technologies were developed that provided unique visual information about the heart’s structure and function. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to create moving images of the heart’s walls and valves. During the 1980s, advances in computer technology contributed to the development of new ultrasound techniques (such as two-dimensional echocardiography) that provided better visualization of the heart. Doppler echocardiography yielded physiological information that had been available previously only by performing cardiac catheterization. Mayo helped pione

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Schreuder, Michiel F. Renal hypoplasia. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0348.

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In true renal hypoplasia, normal nephrons are formed but with a deficit in total numbers. As nephron number estimation is not possible in vivo, renal size is used as a marker. A widely used definition of renal hypoplasia is kidneys with a normal appearance on ultrasound but with a size less than two standard deviations below the mean for gender, age, and body size. A distinct and severe form of renal hypoplasia is called (congenital) oligomeganephronia, which is characterized by small but normal-shaped kidneys with a marked reduction in nephron numbers (to as low as 10–20% of normal), a distin

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Schreuder, Michiel F. Renal dysplasia. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0347.

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Renal dysplasia refers to abnormal and incomplete development of the kidney, which may be segmental, for instance, in the upper part of a duplex kidney, or affect the entire kidney. Dysplasia is by definition a histological diagnosis, but in most patients diagnosis is made on the basis of evaluation with ultrasound and renography. This typically shows cysts and/or a small kidney with decreased corticomedullary differentiation and a reduced split renal function. The latter can also be found in other conditions, such as hypoplasia, vascular insults, renal post-infectious damage, or polycystic ki

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35

Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Equipment and monitoring. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0006.

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The equipment and monitoring chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Retrieval Medicine benchmarks the standard of care delivered by the retrievalist while transiting through the retrieval environment. Continuous physiological monitoring alerts the retrievalist to potential patient deterioration. Core monitor functions are discussed in depth. Standard equipment such as syringe drivers are explained. In addition, a quick but comprehensive guide to ultrasound and blood gas analysis will be a useful refresher for the reader. Echocardiography findings are tabulated. Intraosseous access and recommended i

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Gruenewald, Simon, and Philip Vladica. Renal transplant imaging. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0282.

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The purpose of imaging of the transplant kidney is to assess integrity, anatomy, and function. Relatively or actually non-invasive technologies can be used to monitor for potential early post-transplant complications such as acute tubular necrosis, acute rejection, haematoma, pyelonephritis, abscess, urinoma, ureteral obstruction, vascular complications, and rarely graft torsion. The technologies also assist in the diagnosis and management of late complications such as those arising from immunosuppression, chronic rejection, lymphocoele, cyst, renal artery stenosis, urinary obstruction, and tu

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Avni, Fred E., Marie Cassart, Anne Massez, and Michèle Hall. Ante- and postnatal imaging to diagnose human kidney malformations. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0361.

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Antenatal imaging plays a central role in the detection and management of congenital uropathies. Nowadays, two or three ultrasound examinations are performed in selected countries like Belgium or France while only one mid-trimester examination is performed in others (United Kingdom, Scandinavia). These examinations potentially allow the detection of a wide range of uronephropathies including at one end benign diseases and at the other, life-threatening conditions. Once detected, a full evaluation must be performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the prognosis. In selected cases,

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38

Stein, Matthew A. Lymphadenopathy. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0051.

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Lymphadenopathy is a pathological or abnormal state of one or more lymph nodes in a nodal basin that occurs in response to pathogens, immunogens, or malignant cells that are detected within the lymph. Malignant lymphadenopathy may be detected by physical exam and/or imaging findings, but it is ultimately confirmed or excluded by histological evaluation. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin, and lymph nodes, reviews key imaging and clinical features, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations of lymphadenopathy detected by mammograph

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Schreuder, Michiel F. Renal tubular dysgenesis. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0350.

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Renal tubular dysgenesis involves the absence or incomplete differentiation of proximal tubular nephron segments. Due to the lack of a patent nephron, it is characterized by (fetal) anuria and subsequent oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, premature birth with severe and refractory arterial hypotension, and fetal or neonatal death. The main cause for renal tubular dysgenesis is a genetic mutation in the renin–angiotensin system, which has shown an autosomal recessive trait. Maternal use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers during pregnancy can have

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Forfar, Colin. Diagnosis and investigation in suspected heart disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0087.

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The past 20 years have seen significant changes in both the demographics and natural history of many cardiovascular diseases. Important reductions in case-fatality rates (such as in acute coronary syndromes) have resulted from improved diagnostics and treatment options and better understanding of natural history. For others (such as infective endocarditis), improvements have been limited and disappointing. While advances in therapy and the scientific evidence underpinning treatments have been crucial, the importance of accurate diagnosis has remained a key element for progress. Many of the pri

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Jakobsson, Jan. Anaesthesia for day-stay surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0068.

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Day-stay surgery is becoming increasingly common the world over. There are several benefits of avoiding in-hospital care. Early ambulation reduces the risk for thromboembolic events, facilitates wound healing, and avoiding admission reduces the risk for hospital-related infection. Additionally, the risk of neurocognitive side-effects can be avoided by returning the elderly patient to their home environment. Day-stay anaesthesia calls for adequate and structured preoperative assessment and patient evaluation, and the potential risk associated with surgery and anaesthesia should be assessed on a

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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. Physics in anaesthesia. Edited by Antony R. Wilkes and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0023.

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This chapter covers the basic science of physics relevant to anaesthetic practice. Equipment and measurement devices are covered elsewhere. Starting with fundamentals, atomic structure is introduced, followed by dimensions and units as used in science. Basic mechanics are then discussed, focusing on mass and density, force, pressure, energy, and power. The concept of linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response in physical systems is then introduced, using relevant examples, which are easy to understand. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow is then described, using flow measurement devices as app

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43

Leeson, Paul, Cristiana Monteiro, Daniel Augustine, and Harald Becher, eds. Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198804161.001.0001.

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Fully updated for its third edition, Echocardiography provides all of the essential information you need on echo acquisition, interpretation, and reporting in an easily readable and concise format. Featuring over 400 full colour images, this resource also comes with online access to 155 video clips to clarify complex issues, making it an invaluable guide for both the experienced and trainee cardiologist who performs echocardiography as part of their practice. Designed to align to international guidelines and help trainees undergoing accreditation or certification, including the BSE, EACVI, and

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Fatty Liver Disease: Education for Patients and the Public. Exon Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36255/fatty-liver-disease.

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Fatty Liver Disease is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver, leading to potential liver damage and health complications. This article provides a comprehensive guide to fatty liver disease, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It explains how the liver functions and why fat buildup can interfere with its ability to process nutrients, break down toxins, and regulate metabolism. The article discusses the two main types of fatty liver disease: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with obesity and metabolic conditions, a

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Sidebotham, David, Alan Forbes Merry, Malcolm E. Legget, and I. Gavin Wright, eds. Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759089.001.0001.

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Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography, 3<sup>rd</sup> edition, is a concise guide to the use of transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) for patients undergoing cardiac surgical and interventional cardiological procedures. The text is aimed at anaesthetists and cardiologists, particularly those in training and those preparing for examinations. Three-dimensional imaging is integrated throughout the text. New to the third edition are chapters on mitral valve repair, aortic valve repair, TOE in the interventional catheter laboratory, and TOE assessment of pericardial disease. T

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