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Muller, Richard R., and Matthew Cooper. "The German Army, 1933-1945." Journal of Military History 56, no. 1 (1992): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985726.
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Wegner, S. "German-speaking Emigrants in Uruguay 1933-1945." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 42, no. 1 (1997): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/42.1.239.
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Dostal, Caroline, Anke Strauss, and Leopold von Carlowitz. "Between Individual Justice and Mass Claims Proceedings: Property Restitution for Victims of Nazi Persecution in Post-Reunification Germany." German Law Journal 15, no. 6 (2014): 1035–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220001926x.
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German history of the twentieth century offers a rich resource of precedent for property restitution and compensation programs. The Federal Republic of Germany instituted different mass claims proceedings shaped to “reverse” or mitigate violations of property rights that took place as part of (a) the persecutions by the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945, (b) the Land Reform (Bodenreform) during the Soviet occupation of East German territories from 1945 to 1949, and (c) the nationalization activities of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1949 to 1990. Except for cases under the Land Reform in the Soviet zone, restitution preceded compensation as the main means of redress. All reparation schemes involved specific compensation arrangements including elaborate property evaluation systems.
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DENTON, CHAD. "‘Récupérez!’ The German Origins of French Wartime Salvage Drives, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 22, no. 3 (2013): 399–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000210.
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AbstractThis article examines the origins, implementation and results of salvage drives carried out in wartime France from 1939 to 1945. In post-war accounts – including memoirs and local histories of the occupation – these salvage drives were understood simply as wartime frugality, a logical response to wide-spread shortages. Yet a careful study of the records of both the French Ministry of Armaments and Vichy's Service de la Récupération et de l'Utilisation des Déchets et Vieilles Matières combined with municipal and departmental sources reveals that these salvage drives were heavily influenced by Nazi German practices. From 1939 to 1940, even though French propaganda had previously ridiculed Nazi German salvage drives as proof of economic weakness, officials at the Ministry of Armaments emulated Nazi Germany by carrying out salvage drives of scrap iron and paper. After the fall of France, this emulation became collaboration. Vichy's salvage efforts were a conjoint Franco-German initiative, organised at the very highest levels of the occupation administration. Drawing on the experience of Nazi German salvage experts, Vichy officials carried out the salvage drives according to German models. Nevertheless, they carefully hid the German origins of the campaign from the chain of departmental prefects, mayors, Chambers of Commerce and youth leaders who organised the local drives and solicited participation by evoking French patriotic sentiment. After the liberation of France in 1944, the French Provisional Government renamed but otherwise maintained the Vichy-created salvage organisations and continued to oversee the collection of scrap iron, paper, rags, glass and bones until 1946. At that point, the government largely relinquished control of the salvage industry.
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Hobozashvili, A. "CREATION AND ACTIVITY OF «ELITE» SCHOOLS IN GERMANY (1933–1945)." Ukrainian professional education, no. 14 (December 29, 2023): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2519-8254.2023.14.300232.
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The article highlights the activities of elite schools and their creation. It has been revealed that from the very beginning of its existence, the Nazi regime in Germany sought absolute power over all spheres of German life. The field of education and upbringing had a specific importance in the ideology of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (hereinafter NSDAP).
 Significantly, the ideologues of the Third Reich emphasized the non-class nature of their movement, and the main criterion for achieving personal growth of social peaks was not belonging to a particular class, not property qualifications, but a person’s own abilities and personal qualities. However, the main qualities were blind faith in the Führer, ruthlessness towards enemies, and cooperative personality. For the first time in the entire existence of Germany, young people had a sense of their importance. Never before in German history have youth been so needed, and, at the same time, so criminally used. Social selection began to play a fundamental role in society, so it is not surprising that it also affected the sphere of school and youth education. The emergence of elite schools that educated future generals, Gauleiters, and party officials was a logical reaction to the current regime in Germany.
 In Hitler’s elite schools, the dream of educating new German people-lords was to become a reality. In schools named after Adolf Hitler, national-political educational institutions, and Reich schools of the NSDAP, the regime wanted to raise capable performers who, as Hitler’s heirs, should have the future. Children were drilled, taught military affairs, and formed their worldviews. They were obliged to “believe, obey and fight”, to fulfill the role of political fighters. Young people, attracted by the opportunity to engage in various sports, to have rich leisure time, and to have a promising future career, entered elite boarding schools. There, they were brought up with unconditional loyalty to the regime. During the war, graduates of Hitler’s schools were often fanatics. Only one in two survived.
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Wisely, Andrew. "War against “Internal Enemies”: Dr. Franz Lucas's Sterilization of Sinti and Roma in Ravensbrück Men's Camp in January 1945." Central European History 52, no. 4 (2019): 650–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000852.
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AbstractFollowing the passing of the “Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Genetic Diseases” in July 1933, sterilization became a means to tighten the borders of the German ethnic community against outsiders, including Sinti and Roma. For a while, Sinti soldiers were spared sterilization. After Himmler's Auschwitz decree of December 1942, they were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. They escaped the extermination of other Sinti and Roma in the Zigeunerlager on the night of August 2, 1944, only because they represented a human shield deployable against advancing Russian troops. Still, the Reich insisted on sterilizing them and their families before placing them in front of enemy guns because they were still considered “internal enemies.” As a result, some forty Sinti men and boys were sterilized by Dr. Franz Lucas in the men's camp in Ravensbrück in January 1945. Focusing on their story challenges Lucas's portrayal as the victim of SS practices, a narrative that long benefitted from the testimony of non-Sinti prisoners. In addition, compensation agencies in Germany underestimated the ongoing effects of psychological trauma resulting from sterilization. Sinti victims who were subjected to an “expert assessment” of their blood purity before war's end underwent a renewed assessment of their productivity for German society after the war.
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Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel. "War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans. By Ben Shepherd. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2004. Pp. 300. $29.95. ISBN 0-674-01296-8." Central European History 39, no. 2 (2006): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906340125.
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This concise study of the German army's anti-partisan campaigns on the Eastern Front in World War II provides added detail and nuance to historical understanding of the “war of devastation” launched by the Nazi leadership. While titanic armies clashed on the battlefields, German campaigns in the occupied territories behind the front also took a devastating toll, with “the destruction of more than 5,000 villages and the killing of up to 300,000 mainly civilian Soviet citizens” (p. 27). This brutal treatment was meted out not only by the indoctrinated killers of the SS units, but also by units of the German army (contrary to the idealized depictions of a “fundamentally decent” regular army circulated after 1945). Shepherd aims to reveal the mix of “personal influences and particular conditions” (p. 33) and their interplay in causing the brutalization of the German army, the Wehrmacht. Shepherd states, “the Wehrmacht was the single institution that, more than any other, shaped the lives and actions of ordinary Germans between 1933 and 1945” (p. 28), with eleven million men serving in its ranks in this period.
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Szejnmann, C. C. "Nazism And German Society 1933-1945; Katholisches Milieu und Kleinstadtgesellschaft. Ettlingen 1918-1939." German History 14, no. 2 (1996): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/14.2.269.
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Kölbl-Ebert, Martina. "Geology in Germany 1933–1945: People, politics and organization." Earth Sciences History 36, no. 1 (2017): 63–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-36.1.63.
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This paper explores geology in Germany during the Third Reich, 1933–1945. It deals with the effect of the political regime on the daily life in institutes and universities, with victims, perpetrators and bystanders, with geologists supporting the regime with their expertise in administration, economy and military, with ideological influences on geology as such and most of all with German geologists of that time and the broad spectrum of attitudes they cultivated.
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Szudarek, Krystian Maciej. "Od Hermanna Hoogewega do Hermanna Golluba: z dziejów Archiwum Państwowego w Szczecinie (Staatsarchiv Stettin). Recenzja monografii Macieja Szukały, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie w latach 1914–1945. Ludzie i działalność, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych w Warszawie, Szczecin–Warszawa 2019, ss. 269." Archeion 122 (2021): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/26581264arc.21.004.14484.
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Recenzowana monografia omawia dzieje Archiwum Państwowego w Szczecinie (Staatsarchiv Stettin) w okresie od wybuchu pierwszej wojny światowej do zakończenia drugiej wojny światowej. W tych latach dyrektorami archiwum byli kolejno: Hermann Hoogeweg (1913–1923), Otto Grotefend (1923–1930), Erich Randt (1930–1935) i Adolf Diestelkamp (1935–1945). W okresie II wojny światowej, w związku ze służbą wojskową Adolfa Diestelkampa, funkcje kierownika archiwum pełnili Fritz Morré (1939–1941) i Hermann Gollub (1941–1945). Działalność archiwum została ukazana w monografii przez pryzmat funkcji, jakie pełnią instytucje tego typu (gromadzenie, przechowywanie, opracowywanie i udostępnianie zasobu), na tle przemian politycznych i społecznych zachodzących w Niemczech. Dużo miejsca autor poświęcił pracownikom merytorycznym archiwum i prowadzonym przez nich badaniom naukowym. W tym kontekście ukazał kształtowanie się nowego typu archiwisty zaangażowanego politycznie, włączającego się w niemieckie badania wschodnie (deutsche Ostforschung). From Hermann Hoogeweg to Hermann Gollub: history of the State Archives in Szczecin (Staatsarchiv Stettin). Review of the monograph by Maciej Szukła, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie w latach 1919–1945. Ludzie i działalność, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych w Warszawie , Szczecin–Warsaw 2019, pp. 269 The reviewed monograph gives a description of the history of the State Archives in Szczecin (Staatsarchiv Stettin) from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second Word War. Within that period the Archives had following directors: Hermann Hoogeweg (1913–1923), Otto Grotefend (1923–1930), Erich Randt (1930–1935) and Adolf Diestelkamp (1935–1945). During the Second World War Fritz Morré (1939–1941) and then Hermann Gollub (1941–1945) deputized for Adolf Diestelkamp when he did military service. The monograph take a look at how the Archives performed its typical functions (collecting, preserving, processing and providing access to archival materials) in the context of the political and social transformation in Germany. The author puts a lot of emphasis on professional working in the Archives and their academic research to show the emergence of a new type of politically engaged archivist who joined the studies on Eastern Europe (deutsche Ostforschung).
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Roos, Julia. "The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*." German History 37, no. 4 (2019): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz081.
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Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.
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Stallbaumer-Beishline, L. M. "Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1945." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 17, no. 2 (2003): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcg008.
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Epstein, Catherine. "The Production of “Official Memory” in East Germany: Old Communists and the Dilemmas of Memoir-Writing." Central European History 32, no. 2 (1999): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900020896.
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In East Germany, official memory was reputedly embodied in Old Communists, those men and women who had joined the German Communist Party (KPD) before Hitler's rise to power in 1933. After 1945, the Socialist Unity Party (SED), East Germany's ruling party, exploited the tragic experiences of Old Communists during the Third Reich—exile, resistance, and concentration–camp incarceration—to foster a triumphant official memory of heroic, Communist-led antifascist struggle. Intended to legitimate the SED regime, this official memory was rehearsed in countless “lieux de mémoire,” including films, novels, school textbooks, museum exhibitions, and commemorative rituals. Concurrently, party authorities encouraged Old Communists to share their past lives with younger East Germans; in particular, they urged Old Communists to write memoirs of their participation in the antifascist struggle against Hitler.
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Grill, Johnpeter Horst, and Robert Gellately. "The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945." American Historical Review 97, no. 2 (1992): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165819.
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Kater, M. H. "The Racial State: Germany 1933-1945." German History 10, no. 2 (1992): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/10.2.259.
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Derks, H. "Social Sciences in Germany, 1933–1945." German History 17, no. 2 (1999): 177–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026635599671738571.
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Burns, R. "Theatre and Film in Exile: German Artists in Britain, 1933-1945." German History 9, no. 1 (1991): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/9.1.111.
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BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45." Contemporary European History 27, no. 3 (2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.
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The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.
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TARNAVSKYI, Roman. "Ethnography of the western and southern slavs at the reception of professor Adam Fischer." Problems of slavonic studies 70 (2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3756.
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Background: In 1924, the Department of Ethnology under the leadership of the Polish ethnologist, Professor Adam Fischer was established at Lviv University. The department was to specialize in Slavic issues. Thus, since the founding of the unit, Slav-ic ethnography has been one of the main topics in A. Fischer’s courses. However, until the early 1930s, these disciplines were concluded in areas of culture. A. Fischer began to implement another concept of lecture courses (by peoples or their groups) in the 1930s, after traveling to Central and Eastern Europe(travel geography included ethno-graphic centers of cities such as Prague, Brno, Martin, Bratislava, Vienna, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest). It was then that the Lviv professor started the series “Slavic Ethnography”. It was to consist of a synthesis of “General Characteristics of Slavic Ethnography” and 11 parts of the complex characteristics of individual Slavic peoples (coverage of such issues as the boundaries of ethnic territory and ethnographic zoning, stages of ethnic history, dialectal and anthropological features, the history of ethnographic research, areas of folk culture). Purpose: The work is aimed to analyze the views of the Polish ethnologist of the interwar period Adam Fischer on the Western and Southern Slavs, in particular on the basis of the manuscripts of a professor from the Archives of the Polish Ethnological Society (Wrocław, Poland). Results: Among the West Slavic peoples, A. Fischer singled out the Polabians (German-assimilated Polabian tribes living in the area between the Elbe, the Oder and the Baltic Sea), Lusatians, Poles (the professor emphasized the population of Pomera-nia, in particular, the Kashubians, whose features against the background of the Polish people explained primarily by the Baltic influences), Czechs and Slovaks (in the series “Slavic Ethnography” two separate notebooks dedicated to these peoples were planned. Instead, in the Archives of the Polish Ethnological Society there is one manuscript of two parts – “Czechs” and “Slovaks”, respectively, which was obviously influenced by their stay in the interwar period within one state). In developing the general scheme of the series“Slavic Ethnography”, A. Fischer often used the principle of the existence of the state among the people (which is ethnologically incorrect).This can be seen primarily in the materials about the South Slavs: separate notebooks of the series were to be devoted only to such South Slavic peoples as Serbs and Croats (A. Fischer characterized them as separate peoples with one language), Slovenes, Bulgarians.In the manuscript “Ethnography of Bulgaria” the scholar paid special attention to the Macedonians, emphasizing that part of the then Bul-garian state was not Bulgarian ethnic territory.Instead, Montenegrins and Bosnians (A. Fisher used the term “Muslim Serbo-Croats”) were mentioned occasionally by the pro-fessor in the context of the characterization of the peoples of Yugoslavia.The lecture course “Balkan Peninsula” prepared by A. Fischer deserves special attention. Here, the scientist used the geographical factor to the grouping of the material. Key words: Adam Fischer, Lviv University, “Slavic Ethnography”, Western Slavs, Southern Slavs, Ethnic Processes, Folk Culture. Archives of New Files in Warsaw [unpublished sourse], Mf Nr. B 11453 (2442). (In Polish) Archives of Polish Ethnological Society [unpublished sourse], No. inv. 16, 22, 31, 64, 66, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 87, 123, 124, 136, 154, 280, 281. (In Polish) Burszta, J., 1971. Ethnography of Poland and the Western Territories. Lud, 55, pp.15–28. (In Polish) Falkowski, J., 1931. Fischer A. Slavic Ethnography. First issue: Polabian Slavs. Lviv-Warsaw 1932. Published by Książnica-Atlas. Page 40 + 1 map, with 18 engravings in the test. Price: 2.40 PLN. Lud, 30, pp.239–240. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1932. Slavic Ethnography. First issue: Polabians. Lviv, Warsaw: Książni-ca-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1932. Slavic Ethnography. Second issue: Lusatians. Lviv, Warsaw: Książnica-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1934. Slavic Ethnography. Third issue: Poles. Lviv, Warsaw: Książnica-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1937. Trees in the beliefs and rituals of the Polish people, Lud, 35, pp.60–76. (In Polish) Kaminśkyj, W., 1927. Adam Fischer. Polish People. The Polish textbook, prepared with the allowance of the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Education. With 3 maps and 58 fig. in text. Lviv – Warsaw – Kraków 1926. S. IV + 240. Lud, 26, pp.104–106. (In Polish) Kujawska, M., Łuczaj, Ł., Sosnowska, J. and Klepacki, P., 2016. Plants in folk beliefs and customs – Adam Fischer’s Dictionary. Wrocław: PTL. (In Polish) Lorentz, F., Lehr-Spławiński, T. and Fischer, A., 1934. Kashubians: folk culture and language. Toruń: In-t Bałtycki. (In Polish) Program of lectures for the summer semester of 1910/1911 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1911. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1st and 2nd trimester of the 1921/1922 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1921. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 3rd trimester of the 1921–1922 academic year. Jan Kazim-ierz University in Lviv, 1922. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1st and 2nd trimester of the 1922/1923 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1922. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1924/1925 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1924. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1925/1926 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1925. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1926/1927 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1926. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1927/1928 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1927. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1929/1930 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1929. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1930/1931 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1930. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1931/1932 academic year and the staff of the University in the 1930/1931 and 1931/1932 academic years. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1931. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures and the staff of the University in the 1932/1933 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1932. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1933/1934 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1933. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1934/1935 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1934. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1935/1936 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1935. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1937/1938 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1937. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1938/1939 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1938. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) State Archives of Lviv Region, [unpublished sourse], f. 26, 2, 543; 5, 1956. (In Polish) Staff of the University and the lecture program for the summer semester of 1900/1901 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1901. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Staff of the University and the lecture program for the winter semester of 1901/1902 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1901. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish)
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Geerling, Wayne, Gary B. Magee, and Robert Brooks. "Faces of Opposition: Juvenile Resistance, High Treason, and the People's Court in Nazi Germany." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 2 (2013): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00537.
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Analysis of the sixty-nine juveniles tried for high treason before the People's Court in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, based on the available court records, finds that juvenile resistance in Nazi Germany possessed a distinct form and character; it was a phenomenon rather than an exceptional act. Juvenile resisters charged with high treason were typically working-class males of German ethnicity, motivated primarily by left-wing and religious beliefs, acting in small groups free of significant adult supervision and direction. Examination of the verdicts and sentencing of these juvenile resisters sheds light on how the Nazi justice system reacted to such serious internal resistance from its young.
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Hamre, Martin Kristoffer. "Norwegian Fascism in a Transnational Perspective: The Influence of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism on the Nasjonal Samling, 1933–1936." Fascism 8, no. 1 (2019): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116257-00801003.
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Following the transnational turn within fascist studies, this paper examines the role German National Socialism and Italian Fascism played in the transformation of the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling in the years 1933–1936. It takes the rivalry of the two role models as the initial point and focusses on the reception of Italy and Germany in the party press of the Nasjonal Samling. The main topics of research are therefore the role of corporatism, the involvement in the organization caur and the increasing importance of anti-Semitism. One main argument is that both indirect and direct German influence on the Nasjonal Samling in autumn 1935 led to a radicalization of the party and the endorsement of anti-Semitic attitudes. However, the Nasjonal Samling under leader Vidkun Quisling never prioritized Italo-German rivalry as such. Instead, it perceived itself as an independent national movement in the common battle of a European-wide phenomenon against its arch-enemies: liberalism and communism.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "BRITISH MILITARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF MALTA, PART 2: THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1945." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 1 (2022): 186–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.186.
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ABSTRACT During the Second World War, the central Mediterranean island of Malta was famously besieged by the Italian navy and intensively bombed by Italian and later German air forces, from June 1940 until Allied victory in North Africa in May 1943 brought an end to the siege. It was then scheduled as a staging post to support the Allied invasion of Sicily from North Africa in July 1943 and of mainland Italy from Sicily in September. From 1941 until 1945, two Tunnelling Companies Royal Engineers, overlapping in succession, excavated underground facilities safe from aerial or naval bombardment. In 1943 and then 1944–1945, two Boring Sections Royal Engineers in succession drilled wells to enhance water supplies, initially for increased troop concentrations. Borehole site selection was guided in 1943 by the Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (Edward Battersby Bailey: 1881–1965) and by geologists Captain Frederick William Shotton (1906–1990) and Major Gordon Lyall Paver (1913–1988). In 1944, it was guided by geologist Captain Howard Digby Roberts (1913–1971), leading a detachment from 42nd Geological Section of the South African Engineer Corps that pioneered earth resistivity surveys on the island. Overall, these military studies generated a new but unpublished geological map of the island at 1:31,680-scale and refined knowledge of its geological structure: a much faulted but otherwise near-horizontal Oligo-Miocene sedimentary sequence. Further refinement was achieved as a consequence of the 1944–1945 drilling programme, led principally by geologist Captain Thomas Owen Morris (1904–1989) of the Royal Engineers. By 1945, this had helped to develop an improved water supply system for the island, and plans to develop groundwater abstracted from a perched upper aquifer (in the Upper Coralline Limestone and underlying Greensand formations, above a ‘Blue Clay’) as well as from the main lower aquifer, near sea level (in the Globigerina Limestone and/or underlying Lower Coralline Limestone formations).
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White, J. R. "An Honourable Defeat: A History of German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 4 (1995): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9946246.
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Koehl, Robert, Jost Dulffer, and Dean Scott McMurry. "Nazi Germany, 1933-1945: Faith and Annihilation." Journal of Military History 62, no. 2 (1998): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120754.
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Rinke, Stefan. "From Informal Imperialism to Transnational Relations: Prolegomena to a Study of German Policy towards Latin America, 1918-1933." Itinerario 19, no. 2 (1995): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300006823.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Although never more than a junior partner or rival to the hegemonic powers Great Britain and United States, the German states and later the Reich have since independence played an important role in the foreign relations of Latin America. German-Latin American relations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been the subject of a growing body of research over the last three decades. The interest of historians has focused on the development of these relations throughout the nineteenth century, the era of German imperialism 1890-1914, and on the infiltration of National Socialism and its Auslandsorganisation (organization for Nazi party members living abroad) in Latin America from 1933 to 1945. In addition, the reconstruction of German ties to the Latin American states after the Second World War and postwar emigration from Germany to Latin America are subjects which scholars have recendy begun to analyze.
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Milenović, Živorad. "Educational activities and learning in the Lebensborn project of Nazi Germany." Zbornik radova Pedagoskog fakulteta, Uzice, no. 22 (2020): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfu2022121m.
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During the time of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, that is, to the end of World War II, the most horrific crimes in human history took place. Nazi Germany was based on militarism, racism, anti-Semitism, ideologism and occultism. First, the Nuremberg Laws were passed, which led to the Holocaust, and on December 12, 1935, in Munich, by the order of the commander of the SS troops, Heinrich Himmler, a secret state Lebensborn project was established. The goal of this state project was to create a pure Aryan race, which was considered a key condition for Germany to become the world's leading power in military, economic and cultural terms, and for the German people to rule the world with their sublime tradition and culture. The Lebensborn project involved the birth of children from biological mothers carefully selected from the ranks of racially pure young, beautiful and healthy German girls and biological fathers from the ranks of SS troops, who would later be housed in Lebensborn homes or in the homes of SS officers or prominent purely Aryan families. Children abducted all over Europe, who met the criteria of seemingly belonging to the members of the pure Aryan race, were also accommodated in these homes. In addition to custody and upbringing, the educational activities and teaching of these children in Lebensborn homes were carried out under strict supervision, based on the principles of fascist pedagogy the point that will be discussed in this theoretical study.
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Melnyk, Viktor. "CZECHIAN GERMANS: THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL SELF-DESTRUCTION (1939–1945)." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2018.83.40-50.
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Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.
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Melnyk, Viktor. "CZECHIAN GERMANS: THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL SELF-DESTRUCTION (1939–1945)." Politology bulletin, no. 83 (2019): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2019.83.40-50.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.
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Geller, Jay Howard. "Theodor Heuss and German-Jewish Reconciliation after 1945." German Politics and Society 24, no. 2 (2006): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503006780681902.
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Since 1949, the Federal of Republic of Germany's titular head of state, the Federal President (Bundespräsident), has set the tone for discussion of the Nazi era and remembrance of the Holocaust. This precedent was established by the first Bundespräsident, Theodor Heuss. Through his speeches, writings, and actions after 1949, Heuss consistently worked for German-Jewish reconciliation, including open dialogue with German Jews and reparations to victims of the Holocaust. He was also the German Jewish community's strongest ally within the West German state administration. However, his work on behalf of the Jewish community was more than a matter of moral leadership. Heuss was both predisposed towards the Jewish community and assisted behind-the-scenes in his efforts. Before 1933, Heuss, an academic, journalist, and liberal politician, had strong ties to the German Jewish bourgeoisie. After 1949, he developed a close working relationship with Karl Marx, publisher of the Jewish community's principal newspaper. Marx assisted Heuss in handling the sensitive topic of Holocaust memory; and through Marx, Jewish notables and groups were able to gain unusually easy access to the West German head of state.
30
Griech-Polelle, Beth A. "German Catholicism at War, 1939–1945." German History 37, no. 3 (2019): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz048.
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Blasen, Philippe Henri. "Romanianization and Half-Hearted Concessions. The Last Four Years of German-Language Education in Southern Bessarabia (1936-1940)." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (2021): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_4.
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The article discusses the status of German-language education in Southern Bessarabia in the last years of Romanian domination, before the Soviet takeover in June 1940 and the subsequent resettlement of the local German population in September 1940. It shows that neither the national-liberal government (1933-1938) nor the regime of King Carol II (1938-1940) complied with the 28 October 1920 treaty between the principal allied powers and Romania respecting Bessarabia, an agreement that granted the Romanian nationals of German ethnicity the right to establish and manage schools, as well as to use the German language in the educational sphere. Both the national-liberal government and the regime of King Carol II obstructed public and confessional German-language education in Southern Bessarabia.
32
Ustorf, Werner. "'Survival of the Fittest': German Protestant Missions, Nazism and Neocolonialism, 1933-1945." Journal of Religion in Africa 28, no. 1 (1998): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581828.
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Paucker, A. "Resistance of German and Austrian Jews to the Nazi Regime 1933-1945." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 40, no. 1 (1995): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/40.1.3.
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Rensen, Marleen. "Carl Wege, ‘Das Neue Europa’ 1933–1945: German Thought Patterns about Europe." European History Quarterly 49, no. 2 (2019): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691419839585ae.
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Lang, Gerhard. "El Colegio Alemán de Cartagena, España (1931-1945)." Revista Murciana de Antropología, no. 30 (December 10, 2023): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rmu.573791.
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After a brief general introduction to the history of German schools abroad and in Spain in particular, this paper focuses on the particularities of the founding and subsequent history of the German School of Cartagena (Spain) between 1931 and 1945. It emphasizes the study of the involvement of the German community and the teaching staff in the alleged ideologization of education under the Nazi dictatorship. After a brief general introduction to the history of German schools abroad and in Spain in particular, this paper focuses on the particularities of the founding and subsequent history of the German School of Cartagena (Spain) between 1931 and 1945. It emphasizes the study of the involvement of the German community and the teaching staff in the alleged ideologization of education under the Nazi dictatorship. Después de una breve introducción sobre la historia de los colegios alemanes en el extranjero y en particular en España, este trabajo enfoca las particularidades de la fundación y posterior historia del Colegio Alemán de Cartagena (España) entre 1931 y 1945. Hace hincapié en la implicación de la comunidad alemana y del cuerpo docente en la presunta ideologización de la enseñanza bajo la dictadura nazi.
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Cheape, Charles. "Not Politicians but Sound Businessmen: Norton Company and the Third Reich." Business History Review 62, no. 3 (1988): 444–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115544.
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The lengthy dispute about the role of big business in Hitler's Third Reich has generally portrayed business leaders either as instigators or as victims. The experience of Norton Company, an American multinational in Germany between 1933 and 1945, fits neither role. In this article, Professor Cheape demonstrates that Norton's German and American managers acted as outsiders compelled to play a part for their firm's long–run self–interest. As a result, Norton executives variously cooperated with, ignored, or violated Nazi policies, presenting a richer and more complex pattern of behavior than is usually pictured.
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Wicke, Peter. "Sentimentality and high pathos: popular music in fascist Germany." Popular Music 5 (January 1985): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000001963.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article deals with one of the darkest chapters in the history of popular music: the way in which it was pressed into the service of the cynical and ultra-reactionary goals of German fascism between the years 1933 and 1945. The aim, however, is not simply to fill a gap in historical accounts, which hitherto have always ignored this period. The subject is far from being merely of historical interest: it concerns the mechanisms whereby popular music can be socially and politically misused – mechanisms to which it can more easily fall victim, the more professionally it is produced. It is a fatal error to assume, for example, that popular music serving reactionary interests unmasks itself self-evidently as such. Rather, at no time has the lack of political responsibility on the part of performing musicians and composers been so clear, and had such disastrous eventual consequences, as was the case in Germany between 1933 and 1945. And this is what makes the subject as topical today, forty years after the ending of fascist tyranny in Germany, as it was then. ‘Continuity and change’ requires that the bitter experience of the past be combined with the urgent call to learn lessons from it now, after so long. The next time could be the last time!
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GRABOWSKI, JAN, and ZBIGNIEW R. GRABOWSKI. "Germans in the Eyes of the Gestapo: The Ciechanów District, 1939–1945." Contemporary European History 13, no. 1 (2004): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777303001450.
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The files of the Ciechanów (Zichenau) Gestapo – one of the few remaining archives of this kind from German-occupied Poland – offer interesting insights into the social policy of the Nazi state. The Germanisation of Polish territories occurred by deporting and exterminating the Jews, depriving Poles of their rights and supporting the local Germans and the ethnic Germans resettled from the East. The German minority living in this ethnically mixed region was required to adhere to strict codes of behaviour and was held accountable for all unauthorised contacts with their Polish and, even more so, their Jewish neighbours. The system of control and repression strove to isolate the various ethnic (‘racial’) groups, encouraging denunciations and thus instilling fear in the populace. This article pays particular attention to the actions of German citizens who fell under the scrutiny of the Secret Police.
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Karasoy, Murad. "Effects of German Romanticism on National Socialist Education Policies: “Steely Romanticism”." Journal of Education and Learning 9, no. 1 (2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n1p69.
Texte intégralRésumé :
National socialist education policies put into practice between 1933–1945 in Germany, has been under the influence of romanticism, which is one of the important currents in the history of German thought that began in the middle of the 19th century. Such “being under the influence” does not refer to a passive situation, but it rather means intentional “exposure” by Nazi ideologues. The meeting of Romanticism with National Socialism led to the most dramatic scenes of the history. Educational institutions, where the victims of war were trained, bipartitely fulfilled the task assigned to them regarding to ideological instrumentalism: to destroy and to be destroyed. Putting an end to both their lives own and the lives of others due to this romantic exposure, primary, secondary and higher education students have been the objects of the great catastrophe in the first half of the twentieth century. It will be possible to see the effects of German romanticism, through getting to the bottom of the intellectual foundations of the period’s tragic actions, such as burning books, redesigning the curriculum on the line of National Socialism, and preventing the dissemination of dissenting opinions by monopolizing the press.
 
 This historical research, which is conducted by examining sources like Arendt (1973), Fest (1973), Giles (1985), Bartoletti (2005), Herf (1998), Heidegger (2002), Hitler (1938), Huch (2005), Hühnerfeld (1961), Schirach (1967), Pöggeler (2002), Thomese (1923), Zimmerman (1990) aims to reveal in a scientific way that it is necessary to be careful against the extreme romantic elements in the practices of education.
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Richards, Earl Jeffrey. "National Identity and Recovering Memories in Contemporary Germany: The Reception of Victor Klemperer’s Diaries." German Politics and Society 17, no. 3 (1999): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503099782486888.
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The overwhelming critical response in Germany to the publication ofVictor Klemperer’s journals, particularly those spanning the yearsfrom 1933 to 1945, has been a veritable sensation. Hundreds ofreviews, mostly appreciations, have appeared. Klemperer’s journalshave also turned into big business. On October 12, 1999, the Germantelevision channel ARD began broadcasting a thirteen-episode serieson the diaries in the most expensive, made-for-television program ofits kind in Germany. Additionally, the English-language rights to thejournals were sold to Random House for a record $550,000, morethan has ever been paid for translation rights of any German book inhistory. The selling of Klemperer’s journals may have led to a distortedevaluation of their author’s position and importance.
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Schröder, Peter. "An Episode from the Beginnings of Anthropology in the Amazon." Anthropos 114, no. 2 (2019): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2019-2-343.
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The German ethnologist Curt Unckel Nimuendajú (1883-1945), who had immigrated to Brazil in 1903, moved his permanent residence to Belém in 1913, where he established professional contacts with the Goeldi Museum. Between 1915 and 1919, he survived by working precarious jobs, but also carried out fieldwork among the Xipaya Indians in quite adverse circumstances. This is an illuminating episode about the beginnings of anthropology in the Amazon, which allows relativizing some stereotypes about the history of anthropology, which are commonly reproduced in social science curricula. In addition, it sheds light upon an anthropology without universities where the influences of German ethnology still prevailed and where texts written by self-educated researchers were still accepted.
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Mongiovi, Gary. "Emigré Economists and American Neoclassical Economics, 1933–1945." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27, no. 4 (2005): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710500370232.
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The rise of European fascism in the 1920s and '30s triggered the greatest migration of intellectual capital the world has ever known. This paper is concerned with the German-speaking economists who formed the core of the original Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research. Among émigré economists of the interwar period, those who found refuge at the New School exerted a distinctive influence on American economics, partly owing to their concentration at a single institution, and partly by virtue of the character and quality of their work. The paper has three aims: to provide an overview of the contributions of these economists, to assess their impact on American economics, and to account for the apparent evaporation of their legacy after the onset of the Cold War.
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McFalls, Laurence. "Political Culture and Political Change in Eastern Germany: Theoretical Alternatives." German Politics and Society 20, no. 2 (2002): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503002782385426.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the past century, Germany, for better and for worse, offered itselfas a natural laboratory for political science. Indeed, Germany’sexcesses of political violence and its dramatic regime changes largelymotivated the development of postwar American political science,much of it the work of German émigrés and German-Jewishrefugees, of course. The continuing vicissitudes of the German experiencehave, however, posed a particular challenge to the concept ofpolitical culture as elaborated in the 1950s and 1960s,1 at least inpart to explain lingering authoritarianism in formally democraticWest Germany. Generally associated with political continuity or onlyincremental change,2 the concept of political culture has been illequippedto deal with historical ruptures such as Germany’s “breakwith civilization” of 1933-1945 and the East German popular revolutionof 1989. As well, even less dramatic but still important and relativelyrapid cultural changes such as the rise of a liberal democraticVerfassungspatriotismus sometime around the late 1970s in West Germany3and the emergence of a postmodern, consumer capitalist culturein eastern Germany since 19944 do not conform to mainstreampolitical culture theory’s expectations of gradual, only generationalchange. To be sure, continuity, if not inertia, characterizes much ofpolitics, even in Germany. Still, to be of theoretical value, the conceptof political culture must be able not only to admit but toaccount for change.
44
Harrison, E. D. R. "Himmler's Auxiliaries. The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945." German History 15, no. 1 (1997): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/15.1.165a.
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Lazaroms, Ilse Josepha Maria. "Exiles Travelling: Exploring Displacement, Crossing Boundaries in German Exile Arts and Writings 1933–1945." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 17, no. 6 (2010): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2010.534881.
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Turner, Jr., Henry Ashby. "Reviews of Books:Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1945 Gerald D. Feldman." American Historical Review 107, no. 4 (2002): 1311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532818.
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Gundler, Bettina. "Promoting German Automobile Technology and the Automobile Industry: The Motor Hall at the Deutsches Museum, 1933–1945." Journal of Transport History 34, no. 2 (2013): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.34.2.3.
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During the period of National Socialism, the Deutsches Museum in Munich built a large Motor Hall, which became a kind of national motor museum within the largest German museum of science and technology. The project was supported by Hitler and the German automotive industry. The history of this project demonstrates the degree to which the Deutsches Museum could serve the purposes of National Socialist politics of motorisation and the German automobile industry during the Nazi era. The project also exemplifies the institutional and social constellations that led to the museum's collaboration with the NS regime.
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Roelevink, Eva-Maria, and Jan-Otmar Hesse. "Geschichtspolitik und die deutsche Unternehmensgeschichte." Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte 63, no. 1 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zug-2018-0002.
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Abstract:Politics of Past in Business History German business history currently experiences a boom of commissioned company histories that comes close to a similar high in the 1990s, when German companies started to address their Nazi-past more critically. However, the current interest goes far beyond the period between 1933 and 1945. Apparently, the companies discovered history as an instrument for marketing purposes. By placing «Politics of the Past in Business History» at the center of attention, we aim to bring together contributions of a field that has been filled mainly by an exterior perspective, esp. by journalists. The special issue of ZUG is dedicated to the question, how corporations tried to control their public history. Whether companies organized their history for political purposes beside the anniversaries and how this was conducted is widely neglected by business history so far and is addressed with the special issue.
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Fremdling, Rainer, and Reiner Stäglin. "Das Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung im Zweiten Weltkrieg." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 65, no. 1 (2024): 237–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2024-0012.
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Abstract The German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), the largest institute of its kind in Germany, will celebrate its centenary in 2025. It was founded as the Institute for Business Cycle Research (IfK) on July 16 1925 by Ernst Wagemann, then President of the German Statistical Office. The Institute’s research on the war economy 1939 to 1945 has not yet been examined in a well-founded manner. As the DIW itself does not possess the necessary archival records, the secret studies had first to be made accessible from various archives of the authorities which had requested this research. Only then could the studies and reports which the IfK/DIW had done on the war economy be presented here. With Wagemann losing his dual function as head of the Institute and as President of the German Statistical Office in 1933, the IfK/DIW had no longer a smooth direct access to internal statistics of the Statistical Office. In order to be able to work in an expert capacity, the Institute and its President had to secure their clients’ trust through convincing professional competence. The article elaborates on the Institute’s struggle for the status of vital importance for the war, which awarded a special position compared with other institutes, e.g. in the Reich’s Research Council (Reichsforschungsrat). Wagemann’s skill in presenting his Institute as an indispensable economic research institute certainly contributed to its prominent status. He also asserted and made himself indispensable to the National Socialist system.
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Béhague, Emmanuel. "Comment dire l’histoire ? Formes et réflexions d’une dramaturgie allemande contemporaine face à la question de la culpabilité." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 37, no. 2 (2005): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2005.5840.
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Since 1945 the development of German-language drama is either characterized by an intensified critical investigation of the past – and in particular of the time of the Third Reich – or by the prominent lack thereof. It thus continuously raises the question in which way history is being dealt with. The present contribution aims at investigating the function of theater in the process of collective remembrance of the past in which ideological ideas that formerly structured historical interpretation lost their relevance. The historical break of 1989-1990 causes a questioning of how one dealt with history up to that point which distinguishes itself by a significantly change in approach. Whereas the former attempted to discover and divulge (the guilt, the meaning (or the lack of meaning) of history, its paralysis…), contemporary drama formulates a fundamental skepticism with regard to the possibility of critically analyzing history. In the present contribution this “shift in approach” and its aesthetical consequences is being discussed by using plays of Werner Fritsch, Rainald Goetz and Botho Strauß as examples to illustrate that the German reunification triggered an assessment of the time before 1933-1945.