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1
Musteen, Jason R. Horward Donald D. « Becoming Nelson's refuge and Wellington's rock : the ascendancy of Gibraltar during the age of Napoleon (1793-1815) / ». Becoming Nelson's refuge and Wellington's rock : the ascendancy of Gibraltar during the age of Napoleon (1793-1815), 2005. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04062005-171034.
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2
Martens, Janet. « Gibraltar and the Gibraltarians : the social construction of ethnic and gender identities in Gibraltar ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285238.
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3
Moyer, Melissa G. « Analysis of code-switching in Gibraltar ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4918.
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4
Grocott, Christopher Alan. « The moneyed class of Gibraltar, c.1880-1939 ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441828.
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5
O'Reilly, John G. « The regional geopolitics of the Strait of Gibraltar ». Thesis, Durham University, 1988. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6688/.
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Security of passage of the Strait of Gibraltar is an imperative for the world community. To achieve this, there must be stability on the northern and southern shores of the Strait. Peace in the region is currently threatened by the "creeping jurisdiction" which both Spain and Morocco wish to exert over the waters of the Strait. Other factors which threaten stability are the historical rivalry which exists between Spain and the Islamic southern shore; the legacy of disputed sovereignty in the Crown Colony of Gibraltar and the Spanish Plazas in North Africa; the economic divide betwen the EC and Maghreb along the Strait axis; and the possible threat of militant Islam. Contentions also exist between Morocco and Algeria, eg the Western Saharan War. The re-establishment of a strong "power hierarchy" in the area must be supported by such international instruments as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). The Crown Colony and the Spanish Plazas must be decolonized once Spain is firmly integrated into the EC and NATO, and once Morocco has reached a level of economic and political development that is condusive to closer ties with Western institutions.
6
Stanton, Gareth Huw. « Mediterranean ethnoscopes : migrant Moroccans and the Gibraltar question ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243425.
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7
Michot, Julie. « Les Gibraltariens : des Britanniques à part entre Europes et Afrique ». Metz, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003METZ008L.
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Dernière colonie d'Europe, coincée entre l'Espagne et le Maroc, à l'extrémité méridionale de la péninsule Ibérique, Gibraltar est célèbre comme paradis fiscal. Les médias soulignent son caractère anachronique et les problèmes qu'il crée entre le Eoyaume-Uni, qui exerce sur lui sa souveraineté depuis 1713, et l'Espagne frontalière, qui ne cesse, au nom de son intégrité territoriale, de revendiquer cet endroit stratégique au confluent de la Méditerranée et de l'Atlantique. Ce qui aggrave cet imbroglio, c'est que les historiens oublient souvent qu'une population civile s'est développée aux côtés des soldats britanniques. On connaît donc mal les 30 000 Gibraltariens, étonnant mélange de races, croyances et cultures, vivant en harmonie dans un espace réduit de 6 km2. Le Rocher garde en effet le témoignage des trois civilisations qui s'y sont succédé (maure, espagnole puis britannique), sa singularité résidant dans cette curieuse alchimie entre les cultures des Europes du Nord et du Sud, et celle de l'Afrique du Nord.
8
Cooper, Joanne Henrietta. « Late Pleistocene avifaunas of Gibraltar and their palaeoenvironmental significance ». Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321963.
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9
Archibald, Garry Alexander. « Gibraltar : attempts to solve an international problem, 1964-2002 ». Thesis, University of Ulster, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445229.
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10
Peake, Bryce. « Listening and/as Technology in British Gibraltar, 1940-2013 ». Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19219.
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This dissertation investigates the somatic politics of postcolonial masculinity and mass
media in British Gibraltar. Drawing on 14 months of ethnographic and archival research over the
course of 5 years in Gibraltar and London, I trace the interconnections between the ways of
listening promoted by colonial administrators and scientists in Gibraltar during the post-World
War II democratization of mass media and the contemporary listening practices of Gibraltarian
men as they engage with, think about, and decry the use of emerging media technologies
among women and children. Using a practice theoretical framework developed out of women's
studies, anthropology, and science and technology studies, I move beyond "reading" the sounds
that represent intersecting gender, race, and class stereotypes; instead, I examine how
Gibraltarian men's media listening practices are both product and productive of a complex calculus of
colonial masculine domination that legitimates British colonial violence - symbolic and physical
- in Gibraltar today. In this way, listening to media technologies is transformed into a political
technology for the maintenance and operationalization of colonialism in Gibraltar.10000-01-01
11
Bernard, Gwladys. « Autour du détroit de Gibraltar : espaces politiques et juridiques sous l'Empire Romain ». Bordeaux 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR30063.
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Le détroit de Gibraltar, bras de mer entre deux continents, étroit couloir entre l’Atlantique et la Méditerranée, est une charnière géographique essentielle. Il a joué un rôle clé dans l’histoire des espaces qui le bordent depuis la plus haute Antiquité, et mérite donc d’être considéré comme un objet d’étude à part entière. En effet, sa largeur réduite n’a pas empêché des contacts répétés entre les populations vivant des deux côtés de la Méditerranée, et ce depuis le Chalcolithique. Gibraltar, plus qu’une frontière, est en effet un pont jeté entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée comme un point de passage obligé vers l’Atlantique. La présence de ce détroit, avec ses diverses routes maritimes, ses ports et ses courants, a contribué à façonner un espace particulier dont les influences s’étendent sur deux vastes hinterlands, à savoir tout le sud de la péninsule ibérique et le nord du Maghreb Occidental. Rome, présente dans ces régions de la Méditerranée occidentale depuis la fin du Ier siècle a. C. , impose progressivement à cet espace ibéro-maurétanien un nouveau cadre politique, celui d’un vaste Empire tourné vers l’Italie. Les nouvelles structures politiques et militaires doivent permettre à ces provinces périphériques de l’Hispanie méridionale et des Maurétanies de s’insérer dans un ensemble méditerranéenThe strait of Gibraltar, channel between two continents, narrow corridor between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, is a pivotal geographic feature. It has played a key role in the history of the neighbouring areas since the beginning of the Ancient World. It therefore deserves to be studied in and for itself. Indeed, its narrowness allowed repeated contacts between populations from both sides of the Mediterranean Sea since the Chalcolithic. More than a border, Gibraltar is a bridge that links the two shores of the Mediterranean Sea and an unavoidable gateway to the Atlantic Ocean. The existence of this strait, with its routes, harbors and currents, contributed to the shape of a specific area that influenced two vast hinterlands: the South of the Iberian Peninsula and the North of the western Maghreb. Rome was present in those regions since the end of the 1st century B. C. And gradually imposed a new political structure, that of a large Italy-centered empire, to this Iberian-Mauritanian area. The new political and military structures had to allow the integration of southern Hispania and Mauritania into a Mediterranean unity
12
Garcia, Joseph John. « The modern political and constitutional development of Gibraltar, 1940-1988 ». Thesis, University of Hull, 1991. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5344.
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13
Jackson, Susan Irene. « Methodism in Gibraltar and its mission in Spain, 1769-1842 ». Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4242/.
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In the context of Gibraltar's own history a description is given of how Methodism was taken to Gibraltar by soldiers who met together in small groups and founded the first Methodist Society there in 1769. After meeting with considerable opposition and persecution from the Established Church and others, the Methodist Conference decided to support the work by providing missionary ministers. The early work of building a chapel, fighting for their rights and gaining a degree of official sanction and protection is part of the story. The purpose of the church was always evangelism and a ministry to soldiers was justified because the soldiers and sailors travelled around the world and took the gospel message with them. Links with the British and Foreign Bible Society were established in 1807 as Bible distribution was seen to be an important goal and a useful means of evangelism. There was always an interest too in converting the local inhabitants of Gibraltar and this aim was furthered by the appointment of William Barber in 1824, as a second missionary, solely to work with them. This work was later developed by William Harris Rule who founded the first Mission schools in Gibraltar, which led to considerable opposition from the Roman Catholic population. In the 1830's Rule also attempted to establish Missions in Spain itself This was the time when George Borrow and James Graydon were also working in Spain for the Bible Society. A brief account is given of the work of all three, in the context of the political and religious situation in Spain, thus exploring the reasons why they were all eventually forced to leave the country and why a permanent Protestant foothold was not established in Spain at this time.
14
Mareï, Nora. « Le détroit de Gibraltar, porte du Monde, Frontière de l'Europe ». Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT3050.
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Le détroit de Gibraltar est une voie de passage interocéanique et intercontinentale majeure. Cette situation le projette au centre de différents réseaux de circulations et de mobilités internationales. Ces circulations, intégrées dans les grands flux marchands et humains qui dominent la planète, font toute l'attractivité des lieux et entraînent une organisation maritime et terrestre singulière autour de ce seuil océanique. En particulier, les infrastructures portuaires se sont développées de manière spectaculaire et accueillent aujourd'hui les principaux transporteurs mondiaux. Cette faveur donnée au développement économique a de nombreux effets pervers, qui s'ils ne sont pas pris en compte rapidement, mèneront à une fragilisation des territoires frontaliers du détroit. Le détroit de Gibraltar est également une frontière externe de l'espace Schengen sur lequel les enjeux de la mobilité humaine entre l'Europe et l'Afrique se cristallisent. Ce caractère d'espace de transit pour les hommes et les marchandises en fait, à toutes les échelles d'étude, un observatoire de la mondialisation et ses répercutions sur les territoires. L'analyse du fonctionnement spatial de cet espace de transit est menée par une approche multi-scalaire et pluri-thématique des territoires riverains du détroit. Par delà l'étude des circulations maritimes, ce travail de thèse propose une réflexion sur les difficultés de l'intégration des territoires dans la mondialisation.
15
Brauch, Katrin. « Male and female reproductive strategies in relation to paternity outcome in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) ». Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007.
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16
Cheddad, Abdelmohcin. « Contribution à la connaissance de la région du détroit de Gibraltar pendant l'Antiquité : de la légende à l'intervention romaine ». Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30039.
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Le travail que nous avons effectué s'articule autour de deux thèmes essentiels : la géographie de la région et l'apport des éléments étrangers depuis l'arrivée des phéniciens jusqu'à l'avènement de l'empire romain. À partir de l'étude des textes anciens et l'examen des données archéologiques, nous avons essayé de distinguer entre les récits légendaires et la réalité historique. L’analyse de l'impact phénicien, grec et carthaginois nous a permis à mettre en évidence les particularités de la région et la nature de ses rapports avec le monde extérieurThe subject of this work is concerning two principals ideas: the geography of the region (a man the territory) and the contribution made by different peoples until the coming of roman's empire. From the study of ancients’ sources and the examination of archeological findings, we have tried to distinguish between legendary relations and historical reality. The analysis of the Phoenician, Greek and Carthaginian impact, allow us to valorize the own characteristics of this region and these relations with the outside world
17
Weston, Daniel Alexander. « Code choice in the peninsular societies of Hong Kong and Gibraltar ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606104.
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18
Stockey, Gareth James. « A porous frontier : Gibraltar and its Spanish Hinterland, c.1923-1954 ». Thesis, Lancaster University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492530.
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19
Archer, Edward Gilbert. « Gibraltar, identity and imperialism : a study of an evolving Gibraltarian community ». Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23758.
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This study provides an account of the influences which have contributed to the creation of a Gibraltarian sense of identity, with particular reference to the British imperial presence. Primary sources are of considerable importance, especially when no previous studies are available as in the case of key aspects of the history of education and informal cultural influences. Much use is made of oral evidence. Secondary sources are also used extensively. The prologue sets the scene, establishes the structure and outlines the methodology, while chapter one explores the changing contexts and values which form the background to the study. An account of geographical, environmental and ethnic factors follows, outlining how British interests have played their part. Economic and political factors are then reviewed and they indicate both past and present dependence on the British and a substantial legacy of British ideas and practices. In the case of religion and language both British and non -British influences are shown to have been at work. The Anglican and other non-conformist churches have been vehicles for British influence while Roman Catholicism, with its direct link to Rome, has been the religion of the people. As regards language, the British imposed English as the prestigious language, in direct competition with the language of the area, Spanish. Thus, Gibraltarians have become bilingual but, as is demonstrated, with their own linguistic idiosyncrasies. The study goes on to show that the formal educational system, first religious later largely secular, has been among the most powerful formative factors. The colonial government began to take charge after 1945, prior to a Gibraltaradministered system being put in place. Practice has followed and continues to follow English examples closely and higher education has come to rely entirely on provision in the United Kingdom. Informal influences, through a wide range of social, sporting and cultural activities, have also been of very great importance. Equally, they have reflected British ideas and values. They are given due weight in the last two chapters. In particular, they have furthered the development of Gibraltar's class structure while reinforcing a Gibraltarian sense of identity. The epilogue draws the overall conclusion that the Gibraltarian people and the Gibraltarian community, while separate and unique, are largely the product of the British colonial presence on The Rock. Gibraltar is very much an "offspring of empire". The present strong allegiance of Gibraltarians to Britain makes this clear.
20
Ismaili, Nadir. « Les problèmes juridiques soulevés par le projet de liaison fixe entre le Maroc et l'Espagne à travers le Détroit de Gibraltar ». Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010273.
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Le projet de liaison fixe entre le Maroc et l’Espagne à travers un détroit utilise à des fins de navigation internationale et soumis à la souveraineté respective des deux pays riverains révèle la nécessité à ce que le droit international se préoccupe de ce type d'activité qui concerne directement d'autres utilisations de la mer par l'instauration des règles relatives aux domaines soulevés par le projet par ailleurs, sa réalisation par deux pays appartenant à deux régimes juridiques et économiques distincts appelle à entreprendre des arrangements juridiques et institutionnels capables de traduire son emprise binational et sa dimension internationale. Des adaptations non seulement pour sauvegarder l'équilibre et l'unité mais aussi pour favoriser l'institutionnalisation de la coopération et la mise en place d'un régime de responsabilité appropriéThe project of linking fixed between Morocco and Spain through a strait used for international navigation and submitted to both sovereignties of the bordering states underlined the necessity of the international law to deal with this kind of activity concerning directly the other utilisations of the sea and to establish rules according to subjects evoked by the project. On the other hand, the realisation of the project by two states belonging to different economic and legal systems should make legal and institutional arrangements that will be allow to express its binational being and international dimension. Arrangements are not only to keep the equilibrium and enable the unity but to encourage the institutionalisition of cooperation and to elaborate an appropriate system of responsibility as well
21
Shum, Michael Gin Wah. « Characterization and dissolution of secondary weathering products from the Gibraltar mine site ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/NQ46425.pdf.
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22
Sloma, Diane. « Gibraltar fortress and colony in strategy, economics and war 1918 to 1947 ». Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313205.
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23
Watson, G. « Internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar : A study using radar imagery ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234407.
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24
Picardo, Edward Nicholas. « The war and siege : language policy and practice in Gibraltar, 1940-1985 ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1500/.
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My thesis explores language policy and practice in the history of the people of Gibraltar between 1940 and 1985. This period covers the wartime Evacuation and the Spanish border restrictions and closure, and it is also fundamental in the emergence of Gibraltarian identity and democratic rights. My contention is that these developments were facilitated by growing accessibility to the English language. From being largely the preserve of the colonial establishment and the elite, it emerged as pre-eminent in official use, the media and culture, and higher oral registers. This change was hastened by the Evacuation, which increased awareness of the need for English. The Clifford Report of 1944 reformed the whole education system and gave a central role to English. Clifford, Gibraltar’s Colonial Secretary, and indeed educationalists at the Colonial Office, proved themselves far more enlightened than their governing counterparts in Gibraltar. Their reform greatly contributed to political development in the following decades. With the Spanish border closure, the English language and the sense of attachment to Britain gained further consolidation, co-existing with the move away from overt colonialism. In my examination of language behaviour in Gibraltar, including bilingualism and the use of Spanish, interview material supplements written sources.
25
Hammoud, Ibrahim. « Comportement des galeries dans l'argile profonde : tunnel sous le détroit de gibraltar ». Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0683.
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Ce mémoire est consacre essentiellement à l'analyse des mesures dans les galeries creusées sous le détroit de Gibraltar dans l'optique du dimensionnement du futur tunnel. Il approfondit plus particulièrement le comportement mécanique de ces terrains hétérogènes formes de Flysch argileux ayant subi de grandes déformations tectoniques, en partant des mesures sismiques, vérins, pressiomètre, et oedomètres. Ces terrains se trouvent à l'interface des spécialités de mécanique des sols et des roches. Pour ces terrains, on a réussi à regrouper ces mesures en se basant sur la minéralogie de ces matériaux caractériser par WL. Partant de ces résultats, nous avons commence à interpréter de nombreuses mesures de déformations et de contraintes faites sur des soutènements expérimentaux. Dans ces perspectives, le logiciel éléments finis CESAR développé au laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées a été employé. Il permet de tenir compte de la complexité du chantier : galeries de formes diverses, modes d'exécution, différents revêtements expérimentaux, vitesse d'avancement des fronts de taille, influence d'une galerie sur la voisine, etc. Il était nécessaire de choisir une loi de comportement assez simple pour se concentrer sur la complexité des données du chantier. Donc nous avons propose un comportement du type élastique, en cherchant à déterminer les modules (module sécant qui varie avec la déformation en dehors du domaine élastique) qui permettent de retrouver par le calcul l'essentiel des données observées. La comparaison entre observations et simulations confirme enfin la nécessité de prendre en compte des modules de déformation sécants en rapport avec le niveau de déformation. Pour étudier le rôle du temps (viscosité) il existe de nombreuses méthodes. Les plus anciennes sont des odomètres avec un coefficient c. Une seconde méthode due à Mitchell fait intervenir m qui est la pente de la loi de l o g ( l o g t ), une troisième méthode due à Panet et Sulem qui donne le paramètre. Nous avons donc cherche les paramètres de ces lois à partir des essais œdométriques et les mesures de convergences dans les galeries.
26
Borges, José Fernando. « Fonte Sísmica em Portugal - Algumas Implicações na Geodinâmica da Região Açores-Gibraltar ». Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11067.
Texte intégralRésumé :
"Sem resumo feito pelo autor"; - O estudo das fontes sísmicas faz-se através da caracterização dos processos físicos que tem lugar no foco e baseia-se, fundamentalmente, na movimentação do solo registada em estações sísmicas distribuídas em redor da fonte'. Este estudo pode seguir duas vias: o ponto de vista cinemático, baseado nos deslocamentos ocorridos na região focal, e o ponto de vista dinâmico, cuja base de partida são as tensões acumuladas nesta região.
Um dos principais objectivos do estudo da fonte sísmica, historicamente o primeiro a prendera atenção dos sismólogos, é a caracterização da geometria das falhas geológicas e a orientação do deslizamento que sobre elas ocorre recorrendo aos dados registados em estações sismográficas. Trata-se, portanto, de calcular o mecanismo de geração do sismo ou mecanismo focal. Outro objectivo prende-se com o cálculo do movimento elástico gerado
pelo sismo, traduzido em ondas sísmicas que se propagam no interior e à superfície da Terra.
O estudo da fonte permite, ainda, determinara movimentação inelástica que ocorre na
região focal, a qual se encontra directamente relacionada com os parâmetros quantificadores
da grandeza do sismo - momento sísmico escalar e magnitude. O conhecimento dessas
grandezas permite a quantificação à escala local, regional e global, da tensão e taxa de
deformação associada às regiões sismogénicas.
O objectivo deste trabalho é o estudo da fonte sísmica nas diferentes perspectivas inunciadas
no parágrafo anterior. Este estudo incide sobre a região Açores-Gibraltar, a qual
corresponde, sob o ponto de vista de tectónica de placas, à parte ocidental da fronteira
Açores-Tunísia. Trata-se de uma área significativamente vasta que engloba sectores com
comportamentos tectónico e geodinâmico diversos. Alguns destes sectores apresentam
elevada complexidade e a sua compreensão reveste-se, ainda hoje, de grandes incertezas
e alimenta vivas discussões. Visando contribuir para o esclarecimento de alguns aspectos
dessas questões - fonte sísmica e implicações sob o ponto de vista da tectónica, e geodinâmica
desta região - recorremos a todos os dados disponíveis e rodeámo-nos dos meios e
técnicas ao nosso alcance. Assim, o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, subordinado a estes
objectivos e aos dados e meios disponíveis, deu-se de acordo com as fases que a seguir se
enumera:
1.Cálculo, a partir da leitura do sentido do primeiro movimento efectuada em registos
analógicos, do mecanismo focal de sismos ocorridos período entre 1980 e 1998 no
território de Portugal Continental. Foram ainda calculados, a partir de registos digitalizados,
os parâmetros de fonte do sismo de Benavente de 1909.
2.A região de Évora apresenta uma sismicidade significativa no contexto nacional, contudo,
o cálculo dos seus focais é fortemente condicionado pela deficiente cobertura
azimutal das estações da Rede Nacional, e pelo reduzido número de estações com informação
de primeiros movimentos. Pretendendo ultrapassar estas dificuldades foi instalada
nesta região, e mantida em funcionamento pelo período de um ano, uma rede
sismográfica digital de curto período; os dados por ela fornecidos permitiram o estudo dos mecanismo focal e parâmetros da fonte de um sismo com epicentro nesta região: o evento de 31 de Junho de 1998 (Mb=4).
3. Nos últimos anos, em virtude do desenvolvimento das redes sísmicas internacionais, foi possível, a partir da aproximação de fonte extensa e através da utilização da forma das ondas volúmicas, modelar a fonte dos três sismos de maior magnitude ocorridos na região dos Açores nas últimos duas décadas - foram os primeiros sismos desta área modelados a partir de registos efectuados em estações digitais.
4. A conjugação da informação relativa à fonte sísmica, obtida neste trabalho e em traba-lhos prévios, permitiu quantificar e clarificar alguns aspectos da sismotectónica e geodi-namica da região em estudo (mecanismo tipo, orientação do campo da tensão e taxa de deformação).
5. Ao longo deste trabalho foi desenvolvido um esforço com vista a tornar operacionais um conjunto de rotinas de cálculo e manuseamento de dados, tendo sido, em particular no âmbito da modelação da fonte sísmica, adaptados e desenvolvidos alguns programas.
No que respeita à organização desta tese, é nosso objectivo construir nos capítulos que se seguem uma imagem tanto clara quanto nos seja possível da problemática da fonte sísmica na região Açores-Gibraltar. Para tal mostraremos a informação disponível, os métodos ao nosso alcance e a sua fundamentação teórica. Os resultados obtidos serão discutidos e serão extraídas algumas conclusões que se deseja contribuam para uma melhor compreensão da região em estudo. Assim, a exposição que se segue organizar-se-á de acordo com o seguinte esquema:
No capítulo 2 será feita uma abordagem do problema das redes sísmicas, com destaque para a rede de Évora instalada com o objectivo principal de estudar os mecanismos focais dos sismos desta região. Serão estudadas as respostas instrumentais dos diferentes instru-mentos empregues e serão analisadas as principais características dos registos sísmicos e
os problemas inerentes à digitalização, particularmente aqueles que resultam do emprego de filtragem digital nos processos de sobre-amostragem.
No capítulo 3 será feito um estudo detalhado da sismicidade e sismotectónica da região Açores-Gibraltar, dando ênfase às principais contribuições sobre o conhecimento da sismi-cidade e da fonte sísmica nesta região.
O 4° capítulo será dividido em duas partes: a primeira onde é desenvolvida a teoria fundamental para a compreensão das técnicas empregues neste trabalho; a segunda, onde são apresentados os diferentes métodos e programas empregues no cálculo de parâmetros e grandezas fundamentais na caracterização da fonte sísmica - mecanismo focal, modelação da fonte a partir das onda volúmicas, cálculo, a partir da análise espectral, do momento sísmico escalar, dimensão da fonte e queda de tensão e estudo da função temporal da fonte. No sentido de testar e ilustras as técnicas empregues, a apresentação dos diferentes métodos será acompanhada de exemplos e aplicações. Será dado especial ênfase aos programa desenvolvido neste trabalho - programa de modelação directa da fonte sísmica e programa para o cálculo da função temporal da fonte a partir da utilização das funções empíricas de Green.
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Feijóo, Rodríguez Sonia [Verfasser], Brigitte K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Halford et Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Pfänder. « "Somos más British que los British" : : Gibraltar : Code-Switching im Dienst der Identitätskonstruktion ». Freiburg : Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1172203245/34.
Texte intégral
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Alegría, Miranda Carla. « El Gibraltar de las costas americanas : marinería chilena y extranjera : Valparaíso, 1811-1840 ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116056.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia mención Historia de ChileLa apertura de Valparaíso al comercio libre con los mercados de ultramar significó que, en pocos años, el apacible villorrio se convirtiera en una pequeña urbe, pintoresca y colorida que llamó poderosamente la atención de quienes tocaban sus playas. El marino y armador francés Gabriel Lafond de Lurcy, quien visitó el país en la década de 1820, señaló que el puerto era un asentamiento donde se efectuaba el comercio de tránsito de productos de todo el mundo. En él, los barcos se abastecían de artículos indispensables El viajero galo realizó una descripción panorámica de la bullente ciudad que se presentaba ante sus ojos, la cual se encontraba dividida en las áreas del Puerto y el Almendral.
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Caparroy, Benjamin. « Géographie et morphologie des lieux sacrés maritimes dans le détroit de Gibraltar, du VIe siècle a.C. au Ier siècle p.C ». Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU1045/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Au cours du XIe siècle avant notre ère la zone du détroit de Gibraltar assiste à l’arrivée sur ses côtes de populations phéniciennes venues du Proche-Orient. Ces peuples traversent en effet la mer Méditerranée pour venir s’installer et commercer avec les populations locales dans le but d’approvisionner la métropole de Tyr en métaux, pourpre et autres denrées susceptibles d’alimenter le commerce méditerranéen. C’est dans ce contexte, riche en contacts et en échanges, que se développe notre étude. Elle a pour objet les espaces sacrés qui jalonnent le parcours des pilotes, des voyageurs et des commerçants qui sillonnent le Détroit à bord de leurs navires. Les auteurs antiques, qu’ils soient poètes, géographes ou historiens, signalent un grand nombre d’autels, de temples ou même d’anecdotes mythologiques qui mettent en lumière un paysage sacré particulièrement riche dans cette zone de confins. Notre travail consiste à synthétiser toutes ces informations littéraires pour les mettre en parallèle avec les données obtenues par l’archéologie depuis la fin du siècle dernier. Au fil de l’analyse se révèle en filigrane l’existence d’un réseau d’espaces sacrés et de mythes qui viennent offrir un cadre religieux dans le Détroit. Cette synthèse inédite des données religieuses, recueillies sur les deux rives, permet une analyse et une première approche des phénomènes religieux maritimes dans la zone.Cette compilation des données religieuses doit nous permettre de mieux appréhender et de décrire avec plus d’acuité ce que devait être la vie religieuse des marins qui fréquentaient les colonnes d’Hercule. Il s’agit de déterminer les motivations qui justifient une présence si forte du religieux sur ces rivages : besoin de protection pendant la traversée, motifs économiques, contrôle des côtes et guide de la navigation… Il est également question de caractériser ces dévotions, de savoir par quels moyens et en quels types de lieux s’exprime la religion des marins. Il faut aussi s’interroger sur les émetteurs et les récepteurs de ce type de dévotions : les commerçants sont-ils les seuls à faire des offrandes ? Et quelles divinités sont mises en avant par la religion maritime de ces populations ?L’objectif de la démonstration est clairement de mettre en lumière et de mieux définir les différents éléments qui composent le paysage religieux maritime du détroit de Gibraltar. Le résultat est un essai de définition, de description et de mise en lien des divers éléments de ce réseau fait d’hommes, de divinités, de mythes, de lieux sacrés et de marques de dévotions, qui ont tous un point commun : la merThis work deals with the localisation and functions of the Punic sacred places located at the strait of Gibraltar. The main purpose of this PHD is to discuss the links between those sacred spaces and navigation in this special part of the Mediterranean antique world. Using ancient writers’ quotes, talking about consecrated places on the shore of the south of Spain and the north of Morocco, we shall try and reveal a part of the sacred landscape that sailors and sea-sellers used to frequent. Many sites that have been excavated can be linked to a religious function (temple, sacred areas, holy caves or springs), we aim at discussing the evolution of those sites and the place they have in shore navigations and ports of trade
Este trabajo de tesis se centra en la localización y las funciones de los lugares sagrados púnicos del estrecho de Gibraltar. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es de describir los vínculos que existen entre estos espacios consagrados del litoral y la navegación en la zona del estrecho. Utilizando principalmente las referencias proporcionadas por los autores antiguos y los datos arqueológicos recuperados en las excavaciones de ambas orillas del estrecho (Andalucía, Algarve, Norte de Marruecos), intentamos describir, dibujar de la forma mas precisa posible el paisaje sagrado que los navegantes y comerciantes de esa época conocían. Varios de los sitios excavados tienen una función religiosa (templos, áreas sagradas, cuevas-santuario, fuentes consagradas), el objetivo del trabajo nuestro es presentar una síntesis de estos sitios, describiendo su evolución y el papel que ocupaban en las navegaciones costeras y en la red de puertos del estrecho
30
Munenzon, Dalia. « Continental islands : Ceuta and Gibraltar : A typological research into transactional and partially autonomous territories ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106420.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 243-254).
Continental Islands (Cis) are a geomorphologic formation of land disconnected from the mainland while sharing the same continental shelf. This characteristic of connectivity and remoteness blurs the Cis identity and its relation to the geopolitical territory of the 'mainland'. The geographical constraints and geopolitical ambiguity set the Cl in an important infrastructural role in national strategy and global economy. Although various urbanization theories study the effects of global economy and politics on urban form, few have proposed potential design strategies for the Deleuzian Cl definition. This thesis explores the CI as a typology of an operational, transactional and militarized space, proposing a new urban morphology that addresses the essence of its spatial form. The Cis I explore are located in the Strait of Gibraltar: Ceuta, a Spanish territory in Africa surrounded by Morocco; and Gibraltar, a British autonomy in Europe surrounded by Spain. Both territories are separated geographically, from their hinterlands, while acting as frontiers for a greater geopolitical power - the EU. As a result of their remoteness, both exclaves have extensive military presence and economic incentives. Whereas both CIs have a glorious past as imperial posts, today they are marginal within their national context, merely representing the geopolitical relationship between the EU and its edges. In this research I examine the unique urban form of both Ceuta and Gibraltar as derived from their militarized history and their operational function as places of transport, storage and transactions. The thesis presents a new design strategy to synthesize the dynamic nature of the CIs with its intense defensive infrastructure by drawing from Rossi's "urban artifact" theory and utilizing three spatial concepts: field, void and module. This design proposal will concentrate on the case of Ceuta, a city with one of the highest poverty rates in the EU and unique social complexity. Subsequently, the design strategy emerges from the need for a new scenario that posits a future where global geopolitical forces change the intensity of operation. This proposal highlights the conditions of local inhabitants, legal and illegal economic infrastructures and existing spatial forms.
by Dalia Munenzon.
S.M.
31
Denarnaud, Eugénie. « Le jardin « porte-paysage » : Rencontre des urbanités dans le détroit de Gibraltar (Tanger, Maroc) ». Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse s’attache à questionner le rôle d’un jardin informel, fortement porteur de sens, dans la compréhension de la relation au paysage des Tangérois. Ce jardin interstitiel œuvrerait, non comme un espace simplement récréatif et décoratif, mais comme un talisman paysager. L’objet de la recherche est l’étude de jardins vernaculaires, nés dans un phénomène urbain massif, initié en l’an 2000. Une étude critique du paysage local, menée par l’observation ethnobotanique, géographique et paysagère d’actions jardinières potentiellement coercitives, est conduite dans le contexte actuel de planification urbaine. À certains égards, les Tangérois sont des marcheurs, des arpenteurs, des connaisseurs de leur environnement. Ils tirent une interaction positive avec leur milieu dans un contexte métropolitain : connaissance des fleurs ; des résines ; des abeilles ; des animaux sauvages ; des phénomènes météorologiques et géologiques. Autant d’éléments hétérogènes qui entrent dans ce qu’on peut nommer le paysage. Cette particularité tangéroise a permis d’explorer le fait urbain sous deux angles. D’abord celui de la cité séculaire sans cesse réinventée dans son territoire. Puis, celui de la ville comme reflet contemporain de la modernité. La question plus globale qui sous-tend cette recherche est : de quelle façon le jardin induit-il une relation au paysage ? De quelle manière la recherche portée sur une figure achétypale du jardin, permet-elle de comprendre une relation étendue à la nature et au grand territoire ? Les statuts informels et interstitiels des espaces observés, font qu’ils sont des lieux de marges, de frontières, qui sont précisément des espaces de transformation et d’accueil de l’altérité, et non des lieux de la séparation. Le corps de la recherche est centré sur la question suivante. Comment est-ce que l’invisible, l’ordinaire, « l’a-spectaculaire » est-il porteur d’une forme de réinvention de relation au monde ? Comment est-ce que, retisser des histoires de jardins et de jardiniers, permet-il de concevoir un mode de relation à la terre, qui ouvre sur d’autres liens possibles au vivant ? Comment le caractère hybride de ces espaces, conduit-il les jardiniers et ceux qui sont en contact avec leurs savoir-faire, à composer avec l’instabilité du monde contemporain et à s’insérer dans l’expansion métropolitaine de la ville ? Par un ensemble d’actions, une gamme de modes relationnels au paysage s’est révélée dans l’étude. La double temporalité du jardin de pied d’immeuble s’éclaire dans ce contexte. Il est à la fois, quelque chose de proprement contemporain, lié à un exode rural et à une culture paysanne proche ; et, dans une certaine mesure, un des préalables à l’édification urbaine, un « porte-chance » pour les nouveaux arrivants. En cela, le jardin est le lieu d’une continuité culturelle et le lieu d’un investissement des communautés, dans la construction de la ville. L’enquête ethnographique et l’importance octroyée à l’arpentage de terrain, permet d’entrevoir un renouvellement de l’approche méthodologique en sciences du paysage. En quoi est-ce que la méthode de lecture du paysage est-elle infléchie par le terrain ? De quelle manière transforme-t-il celui qui y évolue ? Le faisceau d’éléments hétérogènes glanés dans l’étude, constitue une sémantique du lieu, par des effets de juxtaposition et de rapprochement a posteriori. Le pistage d’indices et la capture de fragments, font partie des outils principaux du terrain. Herbier, photographie, cartographie entrent dans cette collecte documentaire qui constitue un exsiccata dont la thèse se veut être le lieu de formulation et de traductionThe thesis seeks to question the role of an informal garden, one that strongly conveys meaning, in understanding the relationship to the landscape of the people of Tangier. This interstitial garden would be not simply a recreational and decorative space, but also a landscape talisman. The object of the research is the study of vernacular gardens, sprung from a major urban phenomenon, initiated in the year 2000. A critical study of the local landscape, carried out through ethnobotanical, geographical and landscape observation of potentially coercive garden actions, is conducted in the current context of urban planning. In a way, the people of Tangier are walkers, surveyors, specialists of their environment. They derive a positive interaction with their surroundings in a metropolitan context: knowledge of flowers; resins; bees; wild animals; meteorological and geological phenomena. These are all heterogeneous elements that make up what can be called the landscape. This peculiarity of Tangier has allowed us to explore the urban fact from two angles. Firstly that of the secular city constantly reinvented in its territory. Then, that of the city as a contemporary reflection of modernity. The more global question underlying this research is: how does the garden induce a relationship with the landscape? In what way does the research carried out on an achetypal figure of the garden allow us to understand an extended relation to nature and the great territory? The informal and interstitial statuses of the spaces observed make them places of margins, of frontiers, which are precisely spaces of transformation and reception of otherness and not places of separation. The body of research is centred on the following question. How does the invisible, the ordinary, the "aspectacular" carry a form of reinvention of relation to the world? How does reweaving stories of gardens and gardeners allow us to conceive of a mode of relation to the earth that opens up other possible links to the living? How does the hybrid character of these spaces lead gardeners and those who are in contact with their skills, to deal with the instability of the contemporary world and to fit into the metropolitan expansion of the city? Through a series of actions, a range of modes of relations to the landscape is revealed in the study. The double temporality of the garden at the foot of a building is highlighted in this context. It is at the same time, something very much contemporary, linked to a rural exodus and a nearby peasant culture; and, to a certain extent, one of the prerequisites for urban construction, a "lucky charm" for newcomers. In this sense, the garden is the place of cultural continuity as well as a place for communities to participate in the construction or development of the city. The ethnographic survey and the importance given to land investigation, enables to envisage a new methodological approach to landscape sciences. In what way the method of reading the landscape is influenced by the characteristics of the site itself? In what way does it transform the person who evolves in it? The bundle of heterogeneous elements gleaned in the study, constitutes a semantics of the place, through effects of juxtaposition and a posteriori approximation. The tracking of clues and the capture of fragments are among the main tools of the field. Herbarium, photography and cartography are part of this documentary collection which constitutes an exsiccata whose thesis is intended to be the place of formulation and translation
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Asencio, Yace Jehyra Marie. « Utopía modernizadora en el Gibraltar del Caribe : narrativas científico-sociales durante la Guerra Fría ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2018. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/32977.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Comparados sobre as Américas, 2018.Conteúdo parcialmente liberado pelo autor. Conteúdo restrito: Capítulos 2, 3, 4 e consideraciones finales.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
A época da pós-guerra marcou um momento de reconfiguração e expansão sem precedentes da produção de conhecimento cientifico. As novas ciências sociais se dedicaram ao estudo dos efeitos da transformação de diferentes sociedades para a forma de vida industrial, urbana e capitalista. Na década dos anos 1950 os paradigmas sobre a modernização, a democracia e o progresso económico sustentaram que o passado e o tradicional eram irreconciliáveis com o caminho futuro que indicavam as novas necessidades dos seres humanos. Estas narrativas científicas ofereceram visões do mundo sedutoras desde o ponto de vista das comodidades que podiam ser criadas para elevar a qualidade de vida. A engenharia social a grande escala propunha como preciso a total transformação da vida quotidiana em qualquer lugar que tivesse um programa de desenvolvimento industrial. Na década dos anos 1960 com o fracasso de muitas das projeções da prosperidade, o aumento de científicos sociais nativos e os movimentos revolucionários o paradigma utópico modernizador foi parcialmente derrotado. Neste trabalho procuro contextualizar e comparar as narrativas científico-sociais que definiram o processo de transformação de um lugar particular no Caribe, a ilha de Porto Rico. Os textos produzidos nas primeiras décadas da Guerra Fria estudaram e interpretaram os novos padrões de conduta, pensamento e valores da sociedade em pleno momento de mudança. O conhecimento produzido esteve baseado numa comparação entre passado e presente, com uma projeção de futuro universal sobre o progresso económico. Proponho uma localização das narrativas científico sociais estadunidenses e porto-riquenhas sobre a mudança social gerada em Porto Rico durante a pós-guerra numa perspectiva comparativa transversal.
La época de la posguerra marcó un momento de re-configuración y expansión sin precedentes de la producción de conocimiento científico. Las nuevas ciencias sociales se dedicaron al estudio de los efectos de la transformación de diferentes sociedades hacia la forma de vida industrial, urbana y capitalista. En la década de los años 1950 los paradigmas sobre la modernización, la democracia y el progreso económico sustentaron que el pasado y lo tradicional eran irreconciliables con el camino futuro que indicaban las nuevas necesidades de los seres humanos. Estas narrativas científicas ofrecieron visiones de mundo seductoras desde el punto de vista de las comodidades que podían ser creadas para elevar la calidad de vida. La ingeniería social a gran escala proponía como necesaria la total transformación de la vida cotidiana de cualquier población en donde se fuese a llevar a cabo un programa de desarrollo. Para la década de los años 1960 con el fracaso de las proyecciones de prosperidad, el aumento de científico sociales nativos a las áreas de estudios y los movimientos revolucionarios el paradigma utópico inicial modernizador fue parcialmente derrotado. En este trabajo busco contextualizar y comparar las narrativas científico-sociales que definieron el proceso de transformación de un lugar particular en el Caribe, Puerto Rico. Los textos producidos en las primeras décadas de la Guerra Fría estudiaron e interpretaron los nuevos patrones de pensamiento, conductas y valores de la sociedad en pleno momento de cambio. El conocimiento producido estaba basado en una comparación entre el pasado y el presente, con una proyección de futuro universal sobre el progreso económico. Propongo una localización de las narrativas de científicos sociales estadounidenses y puertorriqueños sobre el cambio social generado en Puerto Rico durante la posguerra en una perspectiva comparativa transversal.
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Garcia, George Alexander. « The teaching of English in the national curriculum : a study of selected schools in Gibraltar ». Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8367.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study examines the implementation of national curriculum English in three schools in Gibraltar. The schools in question, St Paul's First School, Bishop Fitzgerald Middle School and Bayside Comprehensive School together encompass the full national curriculum age-range. To set the above in context, the study first traces the development of English as a subject since 1904 and the advent of the national curriculum. Furthermore, it provides a historical perspective through the examination of the forging of links between the Gibraltar and English systems of education. It then goes on to trace the evolution of English teaching on the Rock leading to the decision to adopt the national curriculum there. The main body of research deals with the strategies for implementation of the English Orders employed by the three schools which form the basis of this study. Significantly different approaches were observed with St Paul's School being more advanced in its strategies, something that can be attributed to the decision by the school to pilot the national curriculum two years before it was required of them. Bishop Fitzgerald School whilst displaying features of good practice, was found to be working to an out-dated syllabus. Bayside School, for its part was found to be basing teaching in years 8 and 9 on the GCSE syllabuses for years 10 and 11. The study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the English programmes adopted by the three schools and concludes that they are in a 2 fair position to react to changes in the English Orders once the current moratorium on changes draws to a close in the year 2000.
34
Marmion, Robert J. « Gibraltar of the south : defending Victoria : an analysis of colonial defence in Victoria, Australia, 1851-1901 / ». Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/4851.
Texte intégralRésumé :
During the nineteenth century, defence was a major issue in Victoria and Australia, as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. Considerable pressure was brought to bear by London on the self-governing colonies to help provide for their own defence against internal unrest and also possible invasions or incursions by nations such as France, Russia and the United States.From 1851 until defence was handed over to the new Australian Commonwealth at Federation in 1901, the Victorian colonial government spent considerable energy and money fortifying parts of Port Phillip Bay and the western coastline as well as developing the first colonial navy within the British Empire. Citizens were invited to form volunteer corps in their local areas as a second tier of defence behind the Imperial troops stationed in Victoria. When the garrison of Imperial troops was withdrawn in 1870, these units of amateur citizen soldiers formed the basis of the colony’s defence force. Following years of indecision, ineptitude and ad hoc defence planning that had left the colony virtually defenceless, in 1883 Victoria finally adopted a professional approach to defending the colony. The new scheme of defence allowed for a complete re-organisation of not only the colony’s existing naval and military forces, but also the command structure and supporting services. For the first time an integrated defence scheme was established that co-ordinated the fixed defences (forts, batteries minefields) with the land and naval forces. Other original and unique aspects of the scheme included the appointment of the first Minister of Defence in the Australian colonies and the first colonial Council of Defence to oversee the joint defence program. All of this was achieved under the guidance of Imperial advisors who sought to integrate the colony’s defences into the wider Imperial context.
This thesis seeks to analyse Victoria’s colonial defence scheme on a number of levels – firstly, the nature of the final defence scheme that was finally adopted in 1883 after years of vacillation, secondly, the effectiveness of the scheme in defending Victoria, thirdly, how the scheme linked to the greater Australasian and Imperial defence, and finally the political, economic, social and technological factors that shaped defence in Victoria during the second half of the nineteenth century.
35
Benmansour, Nadia. « Boundary element solution to stratified shallow water wave equations (With application to the Strait of Gibraltar) ». Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317863.
Texte intégral
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Von, Hippel Karin Lisa. « The intractability of Irredentist disputes with reference to Gibraltar, Ceuta and Melilla, and the Western Sahara ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267934.
Texte intégral
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Messili, Lamia. « Modelages préhistoriques en argile cuite (Cap Achakar, Gibraltar, Maroc nord-atlantique, néolithique) : approche analytique et technologique ». Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette étude porte sur les procédés techniques à l’origine de figurines en terre cuite. Le corpus : une cinquantaine de pièces, a été découvert dans un contexte néolithique du secteur d’Achakar, au Nord-ouest du Maroc et constitue un matériel encore inédit dans la préhistoire récente nord-africaine. Le Néolithique d’Achakar (Gilman 1975), du nom du cap, est connu dans les nombreux sites du secteur, depuis les premiers travaux français et les fouilles américaines du Peabody Muséum et l’Université de Harvard. L’étude porte sur les questions de composition, de provenance et les températures de cuisson. Deux missions de terrain, en mai et novembre 2004, ont livré trois matières premières potentielles, trois matériaux argileux prélevés dans les périmètres proche et moyen du Cap. Ces trois matériaux ont été testés à différentes cuissons et les transformations intervenues ont été enregistrées en fonction de la montée en température. Les compositions minéralogiques ont été déterminées par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) et par diffraction aux rayons X (DRX). La combinaison des deux méthodes confirme l’utilisation de matières premières locales enrichies en sable: une argile “s. L. ” et un sédiment argileux sableux, comme semble l’indiquer l’environnement géologique du Cap. L’IRTF s’est montrée très performante pour déterminer, à partir des échantillons archéologiques (1) les compositions minéralogiques, en termes de constituants majeurs et (2) les températures atteintes: environ 800°C pour l’ensemble des éléments du corpus analysés. Ce seuil est cohérent avec l’ajout d’un dégraissant siliceux. Des analyses complémentaires ont porté sur le matériel céramique utilitaire/funéraire et semblent confirmer que les mêmes critères de choix ont été retenus. Des différences apparaissent toutefois en ce qui concerne les paliers de cuisson et seraient à mettre en relation avec l’utilisation de la calcite comme dégraissant. Par ailleurs, déjà soulignée par Maniatis et al, la combinaison IRTF/DRX a livré un véritable thermomètre minéralogique particulièrement utile lorsque s’est posé le problème de prélèvement sur des pièces d’ « art mobilier ». L’IRTF permet sur des petites quantités d’échantillon un très bon suivi de la déshydroxylation des phyllosilicates. Ce processus directement impliqué dans les procédés céramiques tient compte d’autres paramètres : l’atmosphère, la durée et la cinétique de la cuisson ainsi que des conditions taphonomiques ; nous proposons les apports du MEB et ceux des tests de cuisson expérimentalesThis study deals with ceramic technology involved in a production of prehistoric baked clayey figurines. The corpus: fifty artefacts, was excavated from a Neolithic context in Achakar’s district, north-western Morocco and is still seen as exceptional in North Africa late prehistory. The autochthonous named Achakar Neolithic (Gilman 1975) is well known from several sites since the French Protectorate, the Peabody Museum and Harvard University surveys and excavations. Make-up, clay provenance and heating temperatures are here far concerned. Prospections, in May and November 2004, gave three potential raw materials located in the near- and middle- surroundings of the cave. These three ‘candidates’ were tested at different firing temperatures and the occurring transformations were recorded regarding the heating kinetic. Combined Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis attest local raw materials use: one “s. L. ” clay and a rather sandy or sand-enriched clayey sediment, as displayed by the geological background of the cape. FTIR is particularly useful to study the phyllosilicates dehydroxylation process under thermal treatment i. E. Ceramic technology. It provides good mineralogical characterisation in terms of major components and showed its performance in assessing the figurines’ firing temperatures: on average 800°C; this threshold being coherent and related with siliceous temper use. Complementary mineralogical analyses were carried out on some Neolithic utilitarian/funerary ceramics from the site. Preliminary data seem to show that similar criterions were performing (i. E. Use of sandy raw materials), that calcite was used in some cases as temper, while some differences were noticed on firing temperatures. Already highlighted by Maniatis et al (2002), the combination FTIR/XRD supplied a mineralogical ‘thermometer’ tool despite the fact that sampling was limited on these art mobilier artefacts. Both SEM and replication experiments helped to understand the as-received state of archaeological ceramics and to provide constraints on redox atmosphere, residence time, heating kinetics and post-depositional interference
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Tiemann, Christopher O. « Acoustic scattering and remote sensing in the Strait of Gibraltar : the role of internal solitary waves / ». Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3035909.
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Callegarin, Laurent. « Gadir/Gades et le <> ; : de la genèse à l'époque augustéenne ». Toulouse 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU20018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Durant le 1er millenaire av. J. -c. , gadir / gades (cadix actuelle) symbolise le finis orbis pour les civilisations mediterraneennes. Cette colonie phenicienne est parvenue aux environs des viiie-viie siecles av. J. -c. A creer autour d'elle une entite regionale homogene en extreme-occident : le << circuit du detroit >>, qui conservera ses structures phenicopuniques jusqu'a la periode tardorepublicaine romaine. Notre recherche consiste a definir ledit circuit, c'est-a-dire a tenter de delimiter son cadre geographique, d'apprehender son mode de fonctionnement et de relever ses specificites economiques et culturelles depuis sa genese jusqu'a l'evenement d'auguste. L'etude des monnaies et des amphores produites par le sud de l'iberie et par la mauretanie de l'ouest a permis de degager des periodes de rupture ou de profonds remaniements engendrees non seulement par des evenements macropolitiques (avenement de la thalassocratie carthaginoise au ve siecle, occupation barcide et conquete romaine au iiie siecle av. J. -c. ), mais aussi par des facteurs internes (fluctuations de l'exploitation des metaux, mise en valeur du potentiel productif local avec le developpement des salaisons de poisson a partir de la fin du vie siecle av j. -c. ). Cette trame evolutive a debouche sur un sondage du dialogue qui existait entre les deux rives du detroit de gibraltar et sur le constat d'un developpement quasi-simultane jusqu'au ile siecle av. J. -c. Sur la base de structures heritees des temps phenico-puniques. L'esprit et les productions de la zone du detroit ne changeront radicalement de facies qu'a partir du milieu du ier siecle av. J. -c. Pour s'adapter aux exigences du marche romain. La responsabilite de certaines oligarchies commercantes hispaniques dans cette adaptation s'est revelee particulierement haute.
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Mostaghimi, Nader. « Structural geology and timing of deformation at the Gibraltar copper-molybdenum porphyry deposit, south-central British Columbia ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57878.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Gibraltar Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, near Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia, is hosted in the Late Triassic Granite Mountain batholith. The main ore zone, hosted within the Mine Phase tonalite, is variably deformed and structurally dismembered. Alteration assemblages are used to map out the geometry of deformation. Quartz-chlorite (QC) alteration is strongly associated with mineralization, and QC and ankerite-quartz (AQ) are associated with ductile shear zones (thrust faults) that typically host or bound the ore. Deformation structures are divided into two deformation events, D₁ and D₂. D₁ contains a variably developed, tectonic foliation (S₁) that is folded into gentle to open folds. S₁ is associated with shallowly to moderately south- to southwest-dipping ductile thrust faults and smaller-scale imbricate ductile thrusts that deform the Gibraltar porphyry system. D₂ resulted in the formation of NW- to NE- (N-S) trending dextral faults ± normal displacement, and variably striking low-angle normal faults (e.g., northeast-striking Fault 10) that offset (~60 to <220 metres of vertical- and/or lateral-slip separation) and rotate (CW) D₁ and mineralization. Shallowly SE-plunging mineral lineations (e.g., intersections (L₁) and fold axes (F₂) are associated with a sub-horizontal crenulation cleavage (S₂) that likely formed during extension. The Mine Phase tonalite yields a U-Pb (zircon) crystallization age of ca. 216.17 ± 0.24 Ma (CA-TIMS). In contrast, Ar-Ar (white mica) minimum cooling ages ranged from 54-36 ± 5 Ma for mica collected from S₁, ductile thrusts faults, and N-S striking, dextral faults ± normal displacement. It is proposed that D₁ and D₂ are associated with movement along the Paleocene-Eocene, dextral strike-slip, Quesnel River and Fraser River fault systems, and therefore deformation significantly post-dates porphyry emplacement. This interpretation is supported by deformation microstructures in quartz and plagioclase that constrain the temperatures during deformation to be less than 450°C; too low to be contemporaneous with pluton emplacement.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Burke, Stacie D. A. « A home, a husband, and now a baby, the implications of premarital conception in Gibraltar, 1960-1996 ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46510.pdf.
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Choong, Henry H. C. « The effects of short-term localized changes on the decline of tuberculosis mortality in Gibraltar, 1860--1967 ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ41124.pdf.
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Pacha, Vicente Esteban. « Propuesta de designación de la Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/277379.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years, society has begun to take a new view of its relations with the surrounding environment, and in particular has become aware of the need to ensure the sustainability of the oceans and their biodiversity. This concerns have also moved the scientific community to include aspects of environmental science and engineering in their curricula.
This thesis links both the causes and effects of maritime transport with the necessary protection of marine resources aiming to justify a specific proposal that would allow the right balance between the needs of maritime transportation and the desired environmental protection of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz.
Recent studies show that the model of human activity in this area is hardly sustainable in the terms in which has occurred to date and conclude that continuing with the current rate of growth of these activities would result in environmental problems leading to decreased levels of quality of life and a weakness of the productive sectors. It has also been demonstrated that the effects of chronic discharges in areas adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar are more damaging than large spills even though limited in time, as occurred in the aftermath of the Prestige accident.
Shipping is one of those human activities that have an ongoing impact on the marine environment and is capable of generating acute risks of serious environmental and economic consequences to the region. For these reasons, other Spanish waters enjoy some degree of protection against threats arising from shipping: the Mediterranean Sea is a Special Area under MARPOL Convention; the Cantabrian Sea and the north-western Atlantic waters are part of the Western European PSSA; and the Canary Islands were also designated as PSSA were several protective measures have been implemented.
The designation of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) represents a major advance in environmental protection that complements other existing conservation strategies. It is striking to note that despite the fact that the area subject to study supports one of the largest maritime traffic intensities of the planet and includes important spaces of environmental conservation - including UNESCO's Biosphere Reserves-, lacks an adequate level of protection to minimize the risks of marine pollution.
In summary, this thesis studies the characteristics of the maritime area of the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Cadiz, as well as the levels of protection against the risks arising from shipping. A thorough analysis of the different options offered by international regulations to improve the aforementioned levels of protection leads to the conclusion that it would be appropriate to formally designate the area as a PSSA. Consequently, the dissertation postulates a detailed and definitive proposal for the designation of the PSSA STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR AND GULF OF CADIZ including various associated protective measures that could be implemented to improve safety of navigation, thus reducing the impact that maritime activities pose on the marine environment.
The proposals put forward may also constitute a case study on how to combine science and engineering to achieve an environmental objective. In particular, Chapter 5 forms the basis for an eventual formulation of the proposed PSSA to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Finally, the thesis provides lines of future research on further protection of the proposed PSSA. As a result, in addition to its value in the academic context, the work undertaken could materialize into concrete proposals that would contribute to the transfer of knowledge to the advantage of economic and social development through implementation of the academic research. This indeed contributes to the achievement of the UPC's own driven general strategies, as well as the enacted goals of the Campus of International Excellence of the Sea in the territorial context of the area covered by this thesis.Esta tesis estudia las características del litoral y de las aguas marítimas de la zona del Estrecho de Gibraltar y Golfo de Cádiz, así como los niveles de protección frente a los riesgos derivados de la navegación y otras actividades marítimas en esa zona. Tras analizar detalladamente las diferentes opciones que ofrece la normativa internacional para mejorar los referidos niveles de protección, se concluye que resultaría adecuada la designación por parte de la Organización Marítima Internacional de esas aguas como Zona Marina Especialmente Sensible (ZMES) de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Convenio MARPOL. Consecuentemente, el trabajo personal de planteamiento de la tesis aporta una propuesta concreta para la designación de la ZMES del ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR Y GOLFO DE CÁDIZ que constituye el objeto principal de la tesis. Finalmente, a través de metodologías de selección de criterios, se diseña un sistema de ordenación de tráfico marítimo para la zona designada, que incluye distintas Medidas de Protección Asociadas que podrían implantarse para mejorar la eficiencia y los niveles de seguridad de la navegación reduciendo por tanto el impacto de las actividades marítimas sobre el medio marino
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Gómez, de la Peña Laura. « The origin and tectono-sedimentary structure of the Alboran Basin ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/435682.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this PhD thesis we present a geophysical study of the westernmost Mediterranean basin: the Alboran Basin. This basin is located between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa, and it is surrounded by the Betics and Rif orogenic ranges. Along the Alboran basin, runs the plate boundary between Iberia and Africa tectonic plates. The processes that led to the basin formation in this compressive setting, and the later processes that controlled the basin deformation, remain unclear, as well as the deep structure of the basin. This study aims to: 1) characterize the crust and the basement of the basin, 2) define a seismostratigraphy coherent for the entire basin and analyse the basin evolution in the basis of the sedimentary record, 3) characterize the northeaster transition between the Alboran Basin and the Algero-Balearic Basin through the study of the Palomares Margin and 4) characterize the two most prominent tectonic structures in the area, the Yusuf Fault and the Alboran Ridge front fault. The results of this thesis have been integrated in a geodynamic model of the area, and will help to improve the regional seismic and tsunami hazard assessment model. In order to perform a regional scale study of the Alboran Basin, we have a wide Multichannel Seismic reflection (MCS) profiles grid acquired during different projects (including TOPOMED, EVENTDEEP, CAB, ESCI, CONRAD and IMPULS projects).
Our results reveal that three different crusts are coexisting in the Alboran Basin: a thinned continental crust below the West Alboran and Malaga basins, a magmatic arc crust in the central and eastern parts, and the North African continental crust, below the Pytheas and Habibas basins. The basin is configured in a fore-arc basin an magmatic arc, being the back-arc basin of the system the Algero-Balearic Basin.
The seismostratigraphy study supported and early Miocene initiation of the extension in the West Alboran and Malaga basins, followed by a Langhian-Serravallian extension in the North African margin. At the Tortonian, magmatic activity linked to the subduction system led to the volcanic arc formation. At the Messinian, extensional processes ended and the contractive reorganization of the basin occurred.
The geomorphology study of the Palomares margin support that this contractive reorganization is not a widespread processed, as only few minor faults are reactivated. This hypothesis is confirmed by the characterizations of the Yusuf Fault and the Alboran Ridge front fault. Results in both fault systems are coherent, and point out a minimum total slip of ~20 km in a SE-NW direction since the Messinian top (5.3 Ma). Taking into account the plate convergence rates, the total convergence since the Messinian top is ~24 km, supporting that most of the strain is accommodated by these two faults. These results highlight the importance of a further seismic characterization of the area.
The integration of the results presented in this thesis, together with the most recent tomographic studies (i.e., TOPOIBERIA project), bring to light the necessity of review the geodynamic models of the area. We conclude that the Alboran basin formation took place during the Miocene. The extensional processes were controlled by the geodynamics of the subduction system evolution, including westward slab roll-back and lithosphere tearing. At the ended of the Messinian, extension in the basin finished as a consequence of the ceased of the subduction. The Plio-Quaternary represented the deformational stage of the basin, led by the Iberian – African plate convergence. The distribution of the tectonic structures active in this compressive setting was defined by the inherited lithospheric structure that defined the weakness areas were these faults were developed.La presente Tesis Doctoral se fundamenta en un estudio basado esencialmente en perfiles de sísmica de reflexión (mayormente adquiridos durante los proyectos TOPOMED, EVENT-DEEP y ESCI) de la Cuenca de Alborán, situada entre las cordilleras Béticas (Sur de la Penísula Ibérica) y Rif (Norte de Marruecos). El proceso de formación de la cuenca es aún discutido, al igual que los posteriores procesos de deformación. He centrado el presente estudio en: 1) caracterizar la estructura cortical de la cuenca, 2) definir su evolución, basándome en el estudio del registro sedimentario, y 3) estudiar la reorganización contractiva de la cuenca. El estudio de la reorganización contractiva lo he centrado en tres zonas: el margen de Palomares, la falla de Yusuf y el cabalgamiento frontal de la Cresta de Alborán. Los resultados revelan tres tipos de corteza que coexisten a lo largo de la cuenca: a) corteza continental adelgazada, b) corteza de arco magmático y por último, c) corteza continental del Norte de África. Las primeras evidencias de la fase extensional se localizan en la cuenca oriental de Alborán y en la cuenca de Málaga de edad Burdigaliense, seguidas por la creación de un segundo depocentro en el norte de África durante el periodo Languiense-Serravaliense. El arco magmático se formó durante el Tortoniense. Los procesos extensionales en la cuenca ocurren hasta el Mesiniense, y a partir del Mioceno tardío-Plioceno temprano, cesa la extensión y comienza la fase de deformación compresiva de la cuenca. El estudio de las estructuras activas confirma que la inversión tectónica se focaliza en unas pocas fallas que marcan los límites entre dominios corticales. El desplazamiento acumulado desde el Plioceno Inferior de dos de las principales fallas de la Cuenca de Alborán, Yusuf y el cabalgamiento frontal de la Cresta de Alborán, es cómo mínimo de 20 km. Este valor es cercano al valor total de la convergencia entre las placas de Iberia y África, y por tanto confirma que actualmente la deformación se concentra principalmente en unas pocas estructuras. Dada su importancia, es necesario realizar un estudio de la peligrosidad de estas fallas para evaluar su potencial sísmico y tsunamogénico e incluirlas en las bases de datos nacionales y europeas de riesgos geológicos.
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Hervieux, Gaëlle. « Étude numérique des intéractions courant-topographie : application au gyre subpolaire, aux seuils de Gibraltar et des mers Nordiques ». Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10288.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La représentation numérique des écoulements gravitaires et des courants de bords horizontaux est très importante pour la simulation réaliste des masses d'eau profondes et de la circulation thermohaline de l'océan global. Dans ce travail, nous cherchons à mieux modéliser ces deux interactions courant/topographie dans le code numérique de circulation océanique NEMO, en régime dynamique "eddy-permitting". Nous montrons, avec des configurations idéalisées et réalistes, que l'usage d'une paramétrisation de couche de fond classique (BBL : diffusion et advection des traceurs) améliore les solutions mais surestime le mélange en aval des seuils topographiques. Une réduction (systématique mais faible) des biais de la paramétrisation est obtenue par l'augmentation locale des effets agéostrophiques (friction pariétale et de fond, advection de la quantité de mouvement dans la BBL). Nos travaux suggèrent que cette paramétrisation atteint ses limites d'application dans le régime "eddy-permitting"The numerical representation of gravity currents and along-slope currents is very important to achieve realistic simulations of deep water masses and of the thermohaline circulation in the global locean. Our goal is tu improve the modelling ofboth currentltupography interactions in the NEMO \ ocean general circulation model at eddy-permitting (1/4°) resolution. We show with idealized and realistic configurations that using a classical bottom boundary layer parameterization (downslope tracer advection and diffusion) improves the solutions but over-estimates overflow mixing downstream of the straits. A (systematic but weak) decrease ofthis parameterization's biaises is obtained by increasing local ageostrophic effects (parietal ftiction, momentum advection within the 1 BBL). Our work suggests that this parameterization reaches its limits of application beyond the \ eddy-permitting regime
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Brown, James A. O. C. « Anglo-Moroccan relations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with particular reference to the role of Gibraltar ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/225445.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation presents new evidence about Anglo-Moroccan relations in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with particular reference to the development of the links between the Gharb region of Morocco and Gibraltar and the establishment of the Moroccan consulate there. This evidence is used to re-evaluate prevailing arguments about Moroccan isolationism, especially during the reign of Mawlay Sulaymān (r. 1792-1822), linking this to the nature of the Moroccan sultanate's foreign and trade policy over the longer term. It is argued that the Sīdī Muḥammad b. 'Abd Allāh's (r. 1757-90) well-known 'opening up' of the country should be seen not just as a response to European expansion, but also as a continuation of the sultanate's historical development as a state based partly on the control of trade. It is further argued that Mawlay Sulaymān and his successor Mawlay 'Abd al-Raḥmān (r. 1822-59) essentially followed Sīdī Muḥammad's policy. With reference to this context, the dissertation analyses the development of the Moroccan consulate in Gibraltar, including re-dating its initial establishment. The example of the consulate is also applied to reconsidering dominant assumptions about the role of religious discourse in limiting Morocco's contact with the outside world by assessing the wider social and economic context in which it operated, specifically the growth of trade between Gibraltar and the Gharb and the related development of a group of both Jewish and Muslim Moroccan merchants who partly conducted it. The dissertation finally assesses the political importance of these trade links and commercial interests, and how they influenced the operation of power and authority in the Gharb. The overall case is presented in the context of a critique of civilisational or culturalist approaches to the study of reactions to European expansion and modernity that prioritise cultural difference between Western and, in this case, Muslim societies. It is argued that the Straits of Gibraltar - a ubiquitous symbol of the supposed dividing line between different civilisations - actually illustrate the importance of the interaction between different societies for accurately understanding their development and the agency of actors on both sides.
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Kobylinski, Christopher. « The Protracted Magmatism and Hydrothermal Activity Associated with the Gibraltar Porphyry Cu-Mo Deposit, South Central British Columbia, Canada ». Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39484.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Gibraltar porphyry-Cu deposit is a large open pit porphyry Cu mine in Canada with the geological tonnage (production and reserves) of 3.2 Mt Cu. The Gibraltar deposit is hosted by the Granite Mountain Batholith (GMB), a tonalitic batholith with the surface exposure over 150 km2. All rocks within the batholith are tonalites with minor quartz diorites. The batholith intrudes into mafic volcanoclastic rocks of the Nicola group in the Quesnel terrane of the Canadian Cordillera. The Cu mineralization at Gibraltar is confined to a small 4.5 km2 area in the central part of the batholith and occurs primarily as disseminated chalcopyrite.
New U-Pb dating on zircon shows protracted late Triassic magmatism spanning ~25 m.y. for the formation of the GMB. Early magmatism is dated at 229.2±4.4 Ma in unmineralized tonalites. Later, at least three magmatism form the Cu mineralization during a period spanning from 218.9±3.1 Ma to 205.8±2.1 Ma. These fertile magmas form in a more mature arc setting, superseded early barren magmatic activity in a more juvenile arc setting for the bulk of the GMB. Epidote in the GMB shows compositional zoning with Fe-poor cores and Fe-rich rims. The zoning in the mineralized intrusions likely reflects changes in hydrothermal fluid, from S-rich to S-poor.
The data from the Gibraltar deposit shows that an economic porphyry Cu deposit may be found in igneous rocks with low Sr/Y in bulk rocks and low Eu/Eu* in zircon. In the Gibraltar deposit, Ce anomalies in zircon reflect oxidation conditions and are correlated with Cu resource associated with their respective intrusion.
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Jiménez, i. Munt Ivone. « Desenvolupament de models numèrics de placa prima per a l'estudi de la deformació litosfèrica. Aplicació a la zona Açores-Gibraltar ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669670.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les observacions, tant geològiques com geofísiques, indiquen que les plaques litosfèriques mostren una deformació considerable, no només als seus contorns, sinó també al seu interior. Estudis recents de laboratori indiquen que les roques es deformen fràgil o ductilment depenent de la seva composició, temperatura i règim d’esforços a les que estan sotmeses. En els darrers anys, s’ha fet un avanç considerable en la modelització numèrica del comportament termomecànic de les roques i, en particular, en la deformació de la litosfera. Degut a l’elevat temps de computació i la complexitat inherents als estudis tridimensionals, els experiments numèrics per a l’estudi de la deformació litosfèrica solen basar-se en certes aproximacions simplificadores.
Les aproximacions més utilitzades són les de deformació planar (on el flux de material és sempre paral·lel a un pla que conté dos eixos) i les d’esforç planar (on els gradients verticals de la velocitat són petits comparats amb els horitzontals). L’aplicació d’una o altra aproximació depèn de la zona d’estudi i finalitat de l’estudi.
En aquest treball s’ha desenvolupat un model numèric utilitzant l’aproximació d’esforç planar o placa prima. La litosfera és tractada com un fluid viscós, fent una mitjana vertical de la reologia. Això permet fer un tractament quasi tridimensional a expenses de perdre detall sobre la deformació interna de la litosfera.
El programa de càlcul numèric desenvolupat en aquest treball utilitza la tècnica de les diferències finites, acoblant les equacions tèrmica i mecànica. S’ha incorporat la producció radiogènica de calor seguint un model de distribució de fonts radiogèniques a l’escorça exponencial i constant. Un estudi detallat de la reologia i la producció de calor ha mostrat que aquest és un paràmetre tèrmic prou important com per que s’hagi de tenir en compte.
El model desenvolupat s’ha utilitzat per a fer un estudi de l’evolució de la litosfera en tres contextos compressius i, per a l’estudi neotectònic del límit de plaques entre Euràsia i Àfrica en el segment Açores-Gibraltar.
En un model evolutiu de la litosfera, cal que existeixin heterogeneïtats inicials per a localitzar la deformació. Aquestes heterogeneïtats poden ser de diferents tipus: en les condicions de contorn, la geometria, tèrmiques, reològiques, ... Per altra banda, el mode de deformació dependrà dels valors relatius de la viscositat o resistència litosfèrica entre les diferents àrees, més que dels seus valors absoluts. S’ha observat que variacions de gruixos corticals inicials o litosferes amb diferents produccions de calor, actuen com heterogeneïtats reològiques.
Per a l’estudi neotectònic de la zona Açores-Gibraltar, s’ha fet una aplicació del model en règim estacionari; és a dir, amb deformadors infinitesimals. L’estructura cortical i litosfèrica, juntament amb el regim tèrmic, s’ha determinat integrant dades d’elevació, flux de calor superficial i gruixos cortical i litosfèric. A partir d’aquesta estructura litosfèrica s’ha determinat les variacions laterals de la resistència litosfèrica o viscositat.
La cinemàtica entre les dues plaques està regida per la rotació antihorària de la placa Africana respecte l’Eurasiàtica. La comparació dels resultats del model amb observacions de velocitats de deformació (obtingudes a partir de dades de sismicitat) i direccions d’esforços(a partir de diferents indicadors d’esforços) mostra que, entre tots els pols de rotació publicats, el determinat per Argus et al. (1989) (8.8ºN, 20.3°W i velocitat angular 0.104º/Ma) és el que millor ajusta aquestes dades.
El límit de plaques s’ha considerat com una zona amb una viscositat o resistència litosfèrica menor. El límit entre Açores i el Banc de Gorringe és molt marcat obtenint-se una resistència molt baixa (µ~0.06). L’extensió del límit de plaques cap a l’est no és clara, i el model que millor ajusta tots els observables és amb un limit de plaques que es bifurca pel nord d’Àfrica i pel sud de la Península Ibèrica. La debilitat d’aquests límits (µ~0.3) és menor que la de l’oest del límit de plaques i, per tant, la deformació no està tan localitzada. Amb el límit de plaques determinat, les zones amb velocitats de deformació màximes coincideixen amb la distribució regional de la sismicitat observada. També s’obté un bon ajust de les direccions de compressió màxima.
L’activitat resultant de les falles de l’interior de la Península Ibèrica és d’un moviment direccional molt poc important comparat amb el del límit de plaques. Per una altra banda, l'Atlas és una zona força activa, amb velocitats de deformació elevades, sent comparables a les del límit de plaques.Geophysical and geological observations show an important deformation of the lithospheric plates, not only at their boundaries, but also at their interior. Recent studies show that rocks can deform in a brittle or ductile manner depending on its composition, temperature and stress regime. During the last few years, there have been important advances on numerical modelling of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of rocks, and its application to lithospheric deformation. Owing to the high time of computing and the complexity of the three-dimensional studies, numerical experiments to study the lithospheric deformation usually are based on some simplified approximations. The more common approximations are either plane strain (where the flux of material is parallel to a plane) or plane stress (where the vertical gradient of the velocity is small in front the horizontal). The approximation used will depend on the zone and goal of the study. In this work the numerical model has been developed using the plane stress or thin sheet approximation. The lithosphere is treated like a viscous fluid, with a vertical averaged rheology. This allows doing a quasi 3-D treatment, loosing details about the internal deformation of the lithosphere. The numerical code developed in this work uses the finite difference method, coupling the thermal and mechanical equations. The radiogenic heat production has been incorporated with models using both exponential and constant distribution of radiogenic sources in the crust. A detailed study of the rheology and heat production shows that heat production plays a majar role in lithospheric deformation. The code has been used to study: I) the lithospheric evolution in three theoretical compressive tectonic settings, and II) the neotectonics at the boundary between the Eurasia and Africa plates, along the Azores-Gibraltar segment. I) In this part of the thesis we show that lithospheric dynamic modelling needs of initial heterogeneities to localise deformation. These heterogeneities can affect the boundary conditions, the initial geometry, the temperature distribution, rheological behaviour and many other conditions. The mode of deformation will depend on the relative lateral variations of viscosity or lithospheric strength rather than on their absolute values. Initial crustal thickness variations and radiogenic heat production can act as rheological heterogeneities. II) A steady state model has been applied to study the neotectonics of the Azores Gibraltar region. The crustal and lithospheric structure and the lithospheric thermal regime have been calculated by integrating elevation, surface heat flow; and crustal and lithospheric thickness. The resulting lithospheric structure has allowed us to calculate the lateral variations of viscosity and the strength of the lithosphere. The kinematics of the two plates is governed by the counterclockwise rotation of Africa relative to Eurasia. The comparison between results of the model and the observations of strain rate (from seismic data) and stress orientation (from various stress indicators) suggests that the rotation pole proposed by Argus et al. (1989) (located at 18.8"N, 20.3"W. with an angular velocity of 0.104º/Ma) is the best fit. The plate boundary has been modelled as a weak zone with a lower viscosity or lithospheric strength. The plate boundary between Azores and Gorringe Bank is well defined and the estimated strength very low (µ-0.06). The extension of the plate boundary lo the east is not so well defined, and the model which provides the best fit to the observations is considering a double plate boundary, with one of the branches striking along north Africa and the other one along the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The relative weakness of this double boundary (µ-0.3) is lesser than at the west plate boundary, and therefore deformation is not so localized. The maximum strain rates and stress orientations resulting from this plate boundary geometry fits considerably well with the observations. The tectonic regime obtained from the model in the Iberian Peninsula is mainly characterised by strike-slip deformation with relatively low strain rates. In contrast, the tectonic activity of the Atlas region is noticeably higher, with strain rates similar to the ones obtained along the Eurasian-African plate boundary.
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Abakarim, Abdennacer. « Etude géologique de la partie occidentale de la rive sud du détroit de Gibraltar (Rif, Maroc) dans le cadre de la liaison fixe Europe-Afrique ». Pau, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PAUU3014.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le tracé éventuel de l'ouvrage de liaison-fixe Europe-Afrique est formé par l'empilement d'unités structurales à matériel flysch. Les levés bathymétriques ont montré, dans la partie centrale du détroit de Gibraltar, l'existence d'un haut-fond qui correspond à un anticlinal NS formé par diverses unités. La carte morphostructurale proposée par le détroit montre la continuité des formations on-shore en off-shore. Quatre massifs ont été étudiés sur la rive marocaine: 1) le massif mauretanien de Dehar Oulika caractérisé par une série à l'envers et par une structure synforme constituée par la juxtaposition de plusieurs lames tectoniques orientées NW-SE. 2) le massif numidien de Dehar Zhirou constitué par la juxtaposition de cinq lames de grès plissées orientées E-W avec des séries à l'endroit au Nord et renversées au Sud. 3) le massif numidien de la montagne de Tanger subtabulaire avec des plis EW à grand rayon de courbure. 4) l'unité mixte de Talaa Lagraa ainsi que d'autres panneaux numidiens présente une structure plissée complexe et une forme arquée d'origine tectonique : cette unité est constituée de six écailles délimitées par des surfaces de chevauchements concentriques à pendages centripètes. La déformation enregistrée par ces différents massifs est polyphasée. On distingue cinq phases syn et post-nappes: 1) une compression NE-SW, à l'origine de la mise en place des nappes de flyschs (mauretanien et autres) sur le para-autochtone; 2) une compression NS, responsable du plissement EW et de l'écaillage du massif de Dehar Zhirou et de l'unité de Talaa Lakraa; 3) un exhaussement provoquant le glissement et la mise en suprastructure des nappes les plus élevées (numidien et series mixtes); 4) une phase compressive NS responsable à la fois de la torsion des deux cornes du massif de Dehar Zhirou, de la torsion en arc de l'unité de Talaa Lakraa, de l'écaille vers l'Est de la partie orientale du massif de Dehar Oulika et des plis EW de la montagne de Tanger; 5) une distension N-S responsable de l'effondrement du détroit.
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Webb, Robert C. « Investigation of the geology and mineralisation in the vicinity of the Gibraltar I drill hole, north-west of Tarcoola, South Australia / ». Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw367.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1992.Three coloured, folded maps in pocket inside back cover. "National grid reference: SH 5737-III (Carnding 1:100 000 map sheet)." Includes bibliographical references.