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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Havana charter for an International Trade Organization »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 28 juillet 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Havana charter for an International Trade Organization"

Sychenko, Elena V. "The relationship between labour and international trade: the ghost of the Havana Charter." Russian Journal of Labour & Law 15 (2025): 270–78. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu32.2025.119.

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The author examines the idea of creating the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948 and the charter of this organization (the Havana Charter). In this document, we are interested in the role assigned to labour conditions in the regulation of international trade in the post-war vision of this process. The ITO Charter was signed by 53 countries, but the organization was never established due to the lack of ratification by the United States. Nevertheless, the study of this charter is of significant interest to determine that labour standards were meant to play a role in regulating trade a

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Minkova, K. V. "Ratification of the ITO Charter in the U.S. domestic political discourse, 1948–1950." Lomonosov World Politics Journal 17, no. 1 (2025): 14–53. https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2025-17-1-14-53.

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After World War II, the United States contributed largely to the formulation of the basic principles of the international trade regime, which determine its overall shape up to the present day. At the same time, it is the United States, represented by Donald Trump, that perhaps poses the main threat to these principles, seeking to gain unilateral advantages through protectionist measures and the revision of trade agreements. In order to provide a better understanding of this transformation of the U.S. foreign economic priorities, this paper examines the domestic political debates that unfolded

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SANTOS, NORMA BREDA DOS. "Latin American countries and the establishment of the multilateral trading system: the Havana Conference (1947-1948)." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (2016): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v36n02a04.

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ABSTRACT This article proposes to study the participation of Latin American delegations during the Havana Conference, which negotiated and approved the Charter of International Trade Organization (ITO), including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in 1947-1948. It shows that the prevalent understanding of Latin American countries was that the Havana negotiations would be the outcome of their existing political and material power asymmetries in relation to the industrialized countries. They believed that their fragile economies should face the strong economies of the industriali

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Toye, Richard. "Developing Multilateralism: The Havana Charter and the Fight for the International Trade Organization, 1947–1948." International History Review 25, no. 2 (2003): 282–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2003.9640997.

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Dr., Md. Habib Alam. "Survival of the World Trade Organization through Efficient Reforms." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (ONLINE) - ISSN: 2717-7130 1, no. 3 (2020): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3972439.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a vital role in the international trade community. As of 30 May 2020, 164 states signed the WTO agreement, i.e. USA, China, India, Japan, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Newzealand. WTO holds 98% of world trade within the international trade sector. The birth of the World Trade Organization may be traced back to the end of the Second World War. During the Second World War, for economic growth, International Trade Organization (ITO) was formed with the other two intergovernmental organizations (i.e. the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank).

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Choi, Yo Sop, and Andreas Heinemann. "Competition and Trade: The Rise of Competition Law in Trade Agreements and Its Implications for the World Trading System." World Competition 43, Issue 4 (2020): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2020026.

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Since the failure of the Havana Charter in 1950, it has not been possible to agree upon a binding competition law at the global level. However, following the fiasco of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference in Cancún in 2003, the number of bilateral and regional trade agreements containing competition law chapters, or at least competition-related rules, has increased noteworthy. This reflects that trade and competition are closely intertwined. In an ever more integrated, globalized, and digitized economy, the competition law framework needs to be internationalized. If a bind

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CHASE, KERRY. "Multilateralism compromised: the mysterious origins of GATT Article XXIV." World Trade Review 5, no. 1 (2006): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605002624.

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The GATT treaty's loophole for free trade areas in Article XXIV has puzzled and deceived prominent scholars, who trace its postwar origins to US aspirations to promote European integration and efforts to persuade developing countries to endorse the Havana Charter. Drawing from archival records, this article shows that in fact US policymakers crafted the controversial provisions of Article XXIV to accommodate a trade treaty they had secretly reached with Canada. As a result, the free trade area exemption was embedded in the GATT–WTO regime, even though neither the Havana Charter nor the US–Cana

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Ciampi, Annalisa. "The Divide Between Human Rights, International Trade, Investment and Development Law." Volume 61 · 2018 61, no. 1 (2019): 251–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.61.1.251.

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This article comprehensively reconstructs the historical developments that have led to the particular evolution of human rights law as distinct from international trade and investment law as well as international development law. It submits that one of the causes of the current crisis of the international human rights regime lies in its relative isolation from these other domains of global governance. It thus argues for the desirability to overcome such a separation and examines prospects of feasibility. China’s new international human rights diplomacy is critically assessed amongst current ef

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Minju, Kim. "Convergence or Divergence in Future? Comparative Analysis between the WTO SCM Agreement and the Agreement on Agriculture." Global Politics Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1238592.

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Abstract: The World Trade Organization (WTO) has treated agricultural subsidies as exceptional. Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, subsidies are in general regulated under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (the SCM Agreement) while agricultural subsidies are regulated under the Agreement on Agriculture (the AoA). This paper delves into the historical backgrounds of diverging regulatory patterns of the two by referring to the legal documents from the ITO Havana Charter in 1948 to the GATT 1994. Along with the historical review, rationales for just

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrick. "How to Reform the UN System? Constitutionalism, International Law, and International Organizations." Leiden Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (1997): 421–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156597000332.

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The UN system requires far-reaching changes so as to achieve the objectives of the UN Charter (e.g. with regard to human rights and maintenance of peace) more effectively. European integration law suggests that ‘international constitutionalism’ offers the most effective approach for strengthening the rule of law and peaceful cooperation among democracies. Section 2 outlines basic principles for a constitutional theory of international law. Section 3 discusses the difficulties of ‘constitutionalizing’ the state-centered and power-oriented concepts of the UN Charter. Section 4 explains why the s

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Thèses sur le sujet "Havana charter for an International Trade Organization"

Pogoretskyy, Vitaliy. "Freedom of transit and pipeline gas : can the World Trade Organization provide a viable legal framework for the development of an international gas market?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e2b0145d-bd27-445f-be55-22756bddd75e.

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This study discusses how the World Trade Organization could promote the development of an international gas market by playing a more prominent role in regulating rights essential to effective pipeline gas transit. Gas transit is network-dependent in the sense that it cannot be established without the existence of pipeline infrastructure in the territory of a transit State and the ability to access this infrastructure. Nevertheless, at an inter-regional level, there are no sufficient pipeline networks that would allow gas to travel freely from a supplier to the most lucrative markets. The exist

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Livres sur le sujet "Havana charter for an International Trade Organization"

Graz, Jean-Christophe. Aux sources de l'OMC: La charte de la Havane, 1941-1950 = Precursor of the WTO : the stillborn Havana charter, 1941-1950. Droz, 1999.

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Capling, Ann. Australia and the Global Trade System: From Havana to Seattle. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 3 The United Nations: What it Does, 18 Improving Economic Wellbeing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0018.

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This chapter examines the UN’s role in improving economic wellbeing. One of the UN’s main purposes is to achieve international cooperation in solving international economic problems. To this end, the UN Charter recognizes a link between economic wellbeing and peaceful and friendly relations between states. Economic wellbeing is pursued through principal and subsidiary organs as well as specialized agencies. The discussions cover the Second Committee of the General Assembly; the role of the Economic and Social Council and United Nations Development Programme in economic wellbeing; the United Na

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Havana charter for an International Trade Organization"

Matsushita, Mitsuo, Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Michael Hahn. "Trade and Investment." In The World Trade Organization, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199571857.003.0021.

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Abstract This chapter examines WTO rules on trade and investment. It begins with a discussion of trade and investment in the GATT, covering the Havana Charter of the International Trade Organization (ITO) of March 1948, the 1984 report Canada — Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act (FIRA), and the failed efforts to negotiate a comprehensive treaty on investment, known as the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI). It then details the scope and provisions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and considers the investment-related provisions of the Genera

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Viktor, Kreuschitz, and Nehl Hanns Peter. "Part III Rules for the Compatibility of State Aid, 1 General Theory on Compatibility of State Aid." In State Aid Law of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198727460.003.0012.

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This chapter presents a general theory on the compatibility of State aid, considering the relation between general and sectoral regulation and State aid control. State aid control is one of the most important powers of the Commission. The origins of the prohibition of subsidies can be found in Chapter IV, Section C of the Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization of 1947. Due to the lack of ratification by the US Congress, that Charter was abandoned in 1950 and never entered into force. However, the Treaty on European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) drew a lot of inspiration from

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Kaj, Hobér. "1 Introduction." In The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660995.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides a background of the Energy Charter Treaty, which entered into force on April 16, 1998. The ECT is a unique international instrument which covers the promotion and protection of investments, trade in energy, transit in the energy sector, environmental aspects, as well as the settlement of disputes under the Treaty. It was negotiated and drafted under considerable time pressure by a large number of States and what is now the European Union. Nevertheless, the ECT was not negotiated and drafted in a legal vacuum. Other relevant international instruments were ther

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Khan, Rahmatullah. "Group of 77 (G77)." In International Development Law: Thematic Series. Oxford University PressNew York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835097.003.0078.

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Abstract The Group of 77 (G77) came into being on 15 June 1964 when, at the end of the first session of the → United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva, 77 → developing countries issued a joint declaration (Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Developing Countries Made at the Conclusion of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) which was spelt out three years later as the Charter of Algiers at the first ministerial meeting. A permanent institutional structure gradually emerged from the two constituent instruments and a network of Chapters of the G

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Oermann, Nils Ole, and Hans-Jürgen Wolff. "Trade wars, economic warfare, and the law." In Trade Wars. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192848901.003.0005.

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Abstract The chapter describes the rules in force of international law concerning sanctions, trade war, and economic warfare as practised until 1945. It deals with the UN Charter, the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the San Remo Manual on the Law for Armed Conflict at Sea, the judgement by the International Court of Justice with regard to US measures against Nicaragua, and the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains the principles of most-favoured-nation and of national treatment and examines the state of th

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Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Andrew Charlton. "The Need for a Development Round." In Fair Trade For All. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195328790.003.0003.

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Abstract The current multilateral trade liberalization round, the Doha Round, is the ninth in a series of such negotiations which began in Geneva in 1947. The first eight of these were conducted under the auspices of the WTO’s predecessor, the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), which was established on a provisional basis after the Second World War as a draft charter for the proposed International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO was stillborn it was never ratified by the US Congress and other national legislatures-but the GATT continued to govern international trade in the form

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Sharma, Sushil K., and Jatinder N. D. Gupta. "Adverse Effects of E-Commerce." In The Economic and Social Impacts of E-Commerce. IGI Global, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-043-1.ch003.

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E-commerce is the fastest growing industry worldwide and is one of the most rapidly evolving areas of national and international trade. The Internet has become an incredibly powerful tool for conducting business electronically. Companies have taken the proactive approach and are jumping on the new way to conduct business. E-commerce enables organizational change and helps organizations to conduct business with improved efficiencies and productivity. E-commerce is credited with empowering employees and knowledge workers, by giving them easy access to virtually unlimited information. E-commerce

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Bantekas, Ilias, and Efthymios Papastavridis. "10. Peaceful settlement of disputes." In International Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840978.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the means and methods relating to the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The UN Charter obliges States to resolve peacefully their disputes and suggests certain means for such settlement: on the one hand, diplomatic means, like negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or the ‘good offices’ of the UN Secretary-General and, on the other, legal methods, such as arbitration and recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which are binding. The ICJ exercises its jurisdiction over contentious cases only upon the consent of the parties to the dispute, which ma

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Bantekas, Ilias, and Efthymios Papastavridis. "10. Peaceful settlement of disputes." In International Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803874.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the means and methods relating to the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The UN Charter obliges States to resolve peacefully their disputes and suggests certain means for such settlement: on the one hand, diplomatic means, like negotiation, mediation, conciliation or the ‘good offices’ of the UN Secretary-General and on the other, legal methods, such as arbitration and recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which are binding. The ICJ exercises its jurisdiction over contentious cases only upon the consent of the parties to the dispute, which may

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Bantekas, Ilias, and Efthymios Papastavridis. "10. Peaceful settlement of disputes." In International Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192895684.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the means and methods relating to the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The UN Charter obliges States to resolve their disputes peacefully and suggests certain means for such settlement: on the one hand, diplomatic means, like negotiation, mediation, conciliation, or the ‘good offices’ of the UN Secretary General and, on the other, legal methods, such as arbitration and recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which are binding. The ICJ exercises its jurisdiction over contentious cases only upon the consent of the parties to the dispute, which ma

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Havana charter for an International Trade Organization"

Ardıl, Cemal. "Turkey - Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization: Foreign Trade Relations during the 1996-2012 Period." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00661.

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This paper presents the regional economic relations between Turkey and Black See Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). The Heads of State and Government of eleven countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine signed the Summit Declaration and the Bosphorus Statement giving birth to the Black Sea Economic Cooperation on 25 June 1992, in Istanbul. On 5 June 1998, the Heads of State or Government signed the BSEC Charter, came into force on 1 May 1999 BSEC has evolved into an international regional organization for economic coo

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