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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Havana charter for an International Trade Organization »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 28 juillet 2025

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1

Sychenko, Elena V. "The relationship between labour and international trade: the ghost of the Havana Charter." Russian Journal of Labour & Law 15 (2025): 270–78. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu32.2025.119.

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The author examines the idea of creating the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948 and the charter of this organization (the Havana Charter). In this document, we are interested in the role assigned to labour conditions in the regulation of international trade in the post-war vision of this process. The ITO Charter was signed by 53 countries, but the organization was never established due to the lack of ratification by the United States. Nevertheless, the study of this charter is of significant interest to determine that labour standards were meant to play a role in regulating trade a

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Minkova, K. V. "Ratification of the ITO Charter in the U.S. domestic political discourse, 1948–1950." Lomonosov World Politics Journal 17, no. 1 (2025): 14–53. https://doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2025-17-1-14-53.

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After World War II, the United States contributed largely to the formulation of the basic principles of the international trade regime, which determine its overall shape up to the present day. At the same time, it is the United States, represented by Donald Trump, that perhaps poses the main threat to these principles, seeking to gain unilateral advantages through protectionist measures and the revision of trade agreements. In order to provide a better understanding of this transformation of the U.S. foreign economic priorities, this paper examines the domestic political debates that unfolded

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SANTOS, NORMA BREDA DOS. "Latin American countries and the establishment of the multilateral trading system: the Havana Conference (1947-1948)." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (2016): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v36n02a04.

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ABSTRACT This article proposes to study the participation of Latin American delegations during the Havana Conference, which negotiated and approved the Charter of International Trade Organization (ITO), including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), in 1947-1948. It shows that the prevalent understanding of Latin American countries was that the Havana negotiations would be the outcome of their existing political and material power asymmetries in relation to the industrialized countries. They believed that their fragile economies should face the strong economies of the industriali

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Toye, Richard. "Developing Multilateralism: The Havana Charter and the Fight for the International Trade Organization, 1947–1948." International History Review 25, no. 2 (2003): 282–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2003.9640997.

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Dr., Md. Habib Alam. "Survival of the World Trade Organization through Efficient Reforms." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE, INNOVATION AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (ONLINE) - ISSN: 2717-7130 1, no. 3 (2020): 156–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3972439.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) plays a vital role in the international trade community. As of 30 May 2020, 164 states signed the WTO agreement, i.e. USA, China, India, Japan, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Newzealand. WTO holds 98% of world trade within the international trade sector. The birth of the World Trade Organization may be traced back to the end of the Second World War. During the Second World War, for economic growth, International Trade Organization (ITO) was formed with the other two intergovernmental organizations (i.e. the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank).

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Choi, Yo Sop, and Andreas Heinemann. "Competition and Trade: The Rise of Competition Law in Trade Agreements and Its Implications for the World Trading System." World Competition 43, Issue 4 (2020): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2020026.

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Since the failure of the Havana Charter in 1950, it has not been possible to agree upon a binding competition law at the global level. However, following the fiasco of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference in Cancún in 2003, the number of bilateral and regional trade agreements containing competition law chapters, or at least competition-related rules, has increased noteworthy. This reflects that trade and competition are closely intertwined. In an ever more integrated, globalized, and digitized economy, the competition law framework needs to be internationalized. If a bind

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CHASE, KERRY. "Multilateralism compromised: the mysterious origins of GATT Article XXIV." World Trade Review 5, no. 1 (2006): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605002624.

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The GATT treaty's loophole for free trade areas in Article XXIV has puzzled and deceived prominent scholars, who trace its postwar origins to US aspirations to promote European integration and efforts to persuade developing countries to endorse the Havana Charter. Drawing from archival records, this article shows that in fact US policymakers crafted the controversial provisions of Article XXIV to accommodate a trade treaty they had secretly reached with Canada. As a result, the free trade area exemption was embedded in the GATT–WTO regime, even though neither the Havana Charter nor the US–Cana

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Ciampi, Annalisa. "The Divide Between Human Rights, International Trade, Investment and Development Law." Volume 61 · 2018 61, no. 1 (2019): 251–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/gyil.61.1.251.

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This article comprehensively reconstructs the historical developments that have led to the particular evolution of human rights law as distinct from international trade and investment law as well as international development law. It submits that one of the causes of the current crisis of the international human rights regime lies in its relative isolation from these other domains of global governance. It thus argues for the desirability to overcome such a separation and examines prospects of feasibility. China’s new international human rights diplomacy is critically assessed amongst current ef

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Minju, Kim. "Convergence or Divergence in Future? Comparative Analysis between the WTO SCM Agreement and the Agreement on Agriculture." Global Politics Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1238592.

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Abstract: The World Trade Organization (WTO) has treated agricultural subsidies as exceptional. Under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, subsidies are in general regulated under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (the SCM Agreement) while agricultural subsidies are regulated under the Agreement on Agriculture (the AoA). This paper delves into the historical backgrounds of diverging regulatory patterns of the two by referring to the legal documents from the ITO Havana Charter in 1948 to the GATT 1994. Along with the historical review, rationales for just

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrick. "How to Reform the UN System? Constitutionalism, International Law, and International Organizations." Leiden Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (1997): 421–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156597000332.

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The UN system requires far-reaching changes so as to achieve the objectives of the UN Charter (e.g. with regard to human rights and maintenance of peace) more effectively. European integration law suggests that ‘international constitutionalism’ offers the most effective approach for strengthening the rule of law and peaceful cooperation among democracies. Section 2 outlines basic principles for a constitutional theory of international law. Section 3 discusses the difficulties of ‘constitutionalizing’ the state-centered and power-oriented concepts of the UN Charter. Section 4 explains why the s

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Yakovleva, Svetlana. "Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 6 (2020): 881–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340189.

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Abstract Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. European Union (EU) law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s World Trade Organization commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be con

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Koesrianti, Koesrianti. "Rule-based Dispute Settlement Mechanism for ASEAN Economic Community: Does ASEAN Have It?" Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 2 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1i2.303.

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ASEAN Charter 2007 as ‘constitution’ of ASEAN aims to establish ASEAN Community (AC) in 2015 that ASEAN constitutes as a rule-based organization. ASEAN Community consists of three pillars, namely, ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC), ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and ASEAN Socio Cultural Community (ASCC). AEC will posses as the lead for the Communities. The objective of AEC is to form a single market and production base with some priority sectors. Accordingly, many economic regional organizations provide Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) to resolve disputes that may arise among the me

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Koesrianti, Koesrianti. "Rule-based Dispute Settlement Mechanism for ASEAN Economic Community: Does ASEAN Have It?" Hasanuddin Law Review 1, no. 2 (2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v1n2.303.

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ASEAN Charter 2007 as ‘constitution’ of ASEAN aims to establish ASEAN Community (AC) in 2015 that ASEAN constitutes as a rule-based organization. ASEAN Community consists of three pillars, namely, ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC), ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), and ASEAN Socio Cultural Community (ASCC). AEC will posses as the lead for the Communities. The objective of AEC is to form a single market and production base with some priority sectors. Accordingly, many economic regional organizations provide Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) to resolve disputes that may arise among the me

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Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Forty-seventh Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 87, no. 2 (1993): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203826.

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At the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly, the Sixth Committee1reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Charter Committee), and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country. The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for new legal instruments relating to some aspects of sovereign immunity, consular functions, the diplomatic courier and bag, and environmental prote

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Sukmana, Sobar, and Tuti Susilawati. "PERJANJIAN ASEAN DAN CHINA DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KAWASAN PERDAGANGAN BEBAS ASEAN-CHINA ASEAN-CHINA FREE TRADE AREA (ACFTA) (Tinjauan terhadap Pasal 2 ayat 1 (a) Konvensi Wina 1986)." PALAR | PAKUAN LAW REVIEW 8, no. 1 (2022): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/palar.v8i1.4775.

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ABSTRAK Subjek hukum internasional adalah pihak-pihak pembawa hak dan kewajiban hukum dalam pergaulan internasional. Menurut Martin Dixon ”a body or entity which is capable of possessing and exercising rights and duties under international law. Negara adalah subjek hukum yang paling utama, terpenting dan memiliki kewenangan terbesar sebagai subjek hukum internasional dan memiliki apa yang tidak dimiliki subjek lainnya yaitu sovereignty (kedaulatan). Organisasi internasional sebagai subjek hukum internasional adalah suatu organisasi yang dibentuk dengan perjanjian internasional oleh dua negara

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Van der Borght, Kim. "Accession of the Russian Federation to the World Trade Organization: A New Player Joins the Trade Game." Review of Central and East European Law 40, no. 3-4 (2015): 321–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04003006.

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To date, no country has taken longer to join the World Trade Organization than the Russian Federation despite the fact that the ussr (of which the Russian Federation is the legal successor) participated in the drafting conference of the Charter to the International Trade Organization, i.e., the original source of the rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the later wto. While the ussr never joined the ito, Russia finally joined the wto in 2012, eighteen years after its first application had been made. The reasons for the lengthy accession process were partially economic, as th

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Balcerzak, Filip. "International Investment Law and Arbitration in the Renewable Energy Sector – Quo Vadis?" Global Energy Law and Sustainability 5, no. 1 (2024): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2024.0111.

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In autumn 2023, the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge (‘LCIL’) hosted a seminar on ‘ International Investment Law and Arbitration in the Renewable Energy Sector – Quo Vadis?’. 1 The main objective was to identify and discuss challenges faced by international investment law and arbitration in the renewable energy sector by, among others, studying historical patterns in this area and analysing the impact of relevant arbitral awards on future proceedings. The debate included issues relating to the viability of the Energy Charter Treaty (‘ECT’), the impact of

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Mahaseth, Harsh, and Sabrina Hilali. "The Role and Influence of Malaysia in ASEAN and the Regional Impact of the Organization on the Nation." Asian Journal of International Affairs 1, no. 1 (2021): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajia.v1i1.44763.

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ASEAN and Malaysia, have successfully wielded each other’s existence to accomplish success in various aspects. Malaysia has played a crucial role in facilitating and molding the overall development and progress of ASEAN and played a vital part in establishing the foundation of the ASEAN Charter which presents the lawful character of ASEAN. On the other hand, Malaysia is a trading country that strongly relies on its associates at the international stage and ASEAN comes on the way of uplifting the process. Malaysia has received various advantages of trade incentives, international relations, and

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Jaeger, Markus. "The Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints." Leiden Journal of International Law 10, no. 1 (1997): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156597000058.

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The European Social Charter (ESC) was signed in 1961 and has been in force since 1965. Protecting 19 fundamental rights, it was conceived as the counterpart, in the field of social and economic rights, to the European Convention on Human Rights. However, it was considered to have several shortcomings as a human right instrument, namely a slow, confusing and government-controlled monitoring mechanism as well as a list of protected rights that was incomplete. This last criticism was partly met by the Additional Protocol to the Charter of 1988, which guaranteed four additional rights. However, an

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Sairambaeva, Zh T., and Zhang Ju. "Legal aspects of investment facilitation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states." Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Law Series” 11429, no. 2 (2024): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2024l2/41-47.

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One of the main goals of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is to implement economic and trade cooperation on the basis of equal partnership. Frequent events on economic and trade cooperation between the SCO member states not only contribute to the process of trade and investment facilitation, but also put forward higher requirements for the simplification of investment procedures in the economy and trade. The “Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization proposed to start negotiations on the simplification of investment procedures, the “Charter of the Sha

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Cui, Zhecheng. "The Justice of International Treaties and International Organizations." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 17, no. 1 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/17/20231201.

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Nowadays, the international situation is constantly changing. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, intense competition between China and the United States had been taking place in various important fields such as economics, culture, technology, military, and politics. Such vicious competition is highly unfavorable for the World Trade Organization, as it goes against the purpose and treaties of the organization. However, in this event, these so-called purposes and conventions have become ineffective due to the pressure from the United States, the world's largest country. During the pandemic, many c

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Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis-Vrailas. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-First Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 91, no. 3 (1997): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954191.

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At the fifty-first session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee) and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for two new legal instruments relating to (1) the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, and (2) th

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Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis-Vrailas. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Forty-eighth Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 88, no. 2 (1994): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2204106.

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At the forty-eighth session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee), and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for two new legal instruments relating to (1) the jurisdictional immunities of states and their property, and (2) the

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Morris, Virginia, and M. Christiane Bourloyannis-Vrailas. "The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-Second Session of the UN General Assembly." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 3 (1998): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997932.

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At the fifty-second session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee) and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for three new legal instruments relating to (1) the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, (2) int

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Abdullaev, N. V. "Противодействие недобросовестной конкуренции в глобальной экономике". Konfliktologia 13, № 3 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31312/2310-6085-2018-13-3-61-70.

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In article author represents a wide range of unfair competition acts initiated by producers and sellers and addressed to competitors and consumers. Unfair competition practice has a long history and became widespread during the period of classic economic theory domination when traders has been given maximum rights in the conditions of free competition. This fact led states to necessity of regulation and prevention of unfair competition practice. First international law aimed to combat unfair competition was Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property adopted in1883. Subsequently

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Acconci, Pia. "The Reaction to the Ebola Epidemic within the United Nations Framework: What Next for the World Health Organization?" Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 18, no. 1 (2014): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-00180014.

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The World Health Organization (who) was established in 1946 as a specialized agency of the United Nations (un). Since its establishment, the who has managed outbreaks of infectious diseases from a regulatory, as well as an operational perspective. The adoption of the International Health Regulations (ihrs) has been an important achievement from the former perspective. When the Ebola epidemic intensified in 2014, the who Director General issued temporary recommendations under the ihrs in order to reduce the spread of the disease and minimize cross-border barriers to international trade. The un

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Chukreyev, Andrey A. "REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION WITHIN THE SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION: FORMATION OF LEGAL BASIS." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, no. 2 (2021): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-2-89-105.

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This year marks the 20th anniversary of the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. From the first years of its existence, this international organization has set the sustainable development of the national economies of its members as one of its goals. Such development requires an appropriate legal basis. Economic interaction in the analyzed international organization covers such spheres as trade and investment, transport, energy, agriculture and many others. The subject of this study is the legal basis for economic interaction within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

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Yakub, A. V. "International relations, the state and public organizations in the field of philately in the USSR in the first half of the 1920s." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical studies 9, no. 2 (34) (2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2022.9(2).179-185.

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The end of the Civil War in Russia and the subsequent severe socio-economic crisis of 1921-1922, aggravated by mass famine in a number of regions of Soviet Russia, turned philately into a very serious help in overcoming it. This was due to the fact that due to the prevailing market conditions in the foreign market of philatelic products, favorable opportunities opened up for replenishing food stocks in Soviet Russia due to the intensification of foreign trade in philatelic materials. As a result, philately in the first half of the 1920s. it turned out to be a kind of testing ground, where vari

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Pinchis-Paulsen, Mona. "Trade Multilateralism and U.S. National Security: The Making of the GATT Security Exceptions." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 41.1 (2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.1.trade.

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Today, there are an unprecedented number of disputes at the World Trade Organization (“WTO”) involving national security. The dramatic rise in trade disputes involving national security has resuscitated debate over the degree of discretion afforded to WTO Members as to when and how to invoke Article XXI, the Security Exception, of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”), with binding effect. The goal of this article is to shed light on contemporary questions and concerns involving national security and international trade, particularly questions involving the appropriate invocation

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Scalia, Roberto. "A Tax Law Perspective of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (the GCC)." Intertax 45, Issue 1 (2017): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2017006.

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For quite a long time, tax scholars have been deserving little attention to the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC) as an International Organization. Due to many factors, the discussion concerning taxation within the GCC has been increasing in recent times, so that the following question arises: what role, if any, the ‘GCC’ is ought to play in tax issues? The author addresses, in a comprehensive manner, the impact of GCC principles and rules on Tax issues, stemming from the founding instrument, the GCC Charter and the sc. Economic Agreement. An analysis through the foundi

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Sharma, Avinash. "The Entry into Force of the Lisbon Treaty: The European Union in Retrospect and Prospect." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 49 (2012): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800010377.

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SummaryThe history of European integration unmistakably shows that it has progressed step by step and is indeed an ongoing and irreversible process. One such step is the conclusion of the Lisbon Treaty, which came into force on 1 December 2009, following negotiations spanning nearly a decade. The treaty aims, inter alia, at improving the functioning of the European Union (EU) and significantly amends the treaty basis of the EU as a supranational organization. It formally establishes the EU as a legal entity under public international law, strengthens the role of the European Parliament, and si

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Shitov, V. N. "ILO is One Hundred Years." Journal of Law and Administration, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2018-3-48-80-89.

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Introduction. The article analyzes ILO’s history, specifc features of its structural organization, main activities of ILO, which is one hundred years in 2019, as well as USSR and Russia’s participation in the work of ILO.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research includes general scientifc and special methods of analysis i.e. historical methods, formal methods, comparative method. The theoretical background of the research consists of works of specialists in international labour law, ILO-s Charter, other offcial documents of International Labour Organization.Results. Inter

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Wijaya, Endra, Ricca Anggraeni, and Andi Ardillah Albar. "PERAN ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS DALAM PEMBENTUKAN HUKUM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DI KAWASAN ASIA TENGGARA." Mimbar Keadilan 13, no. 2 (2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/mk.v13i2.3498.

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AbstractThis article focuses on how Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plays its role in forming the international trade law in South-East Asia, and the readiness of Indonesia in response to such developing ASEAN’s role. This article uses doctrinal legal research method, also with legal and conceptual approach. ASEAN has significant role in international trade law development, especially in this era of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). AEC has been running effectively since 2015, and it focuses in regulating several main issues, namely, establishment of free flow of goods, services,

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Gavrilenko, V., and V. Shenshin. "BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries." BRICS Law Journal 11, no. 3 (2024): 9–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-9-53.

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The BRICS organization is making significant and consistent progress in its development. The 15th BRICS Summit was held in Johannesburg from 22 to 24 August 2023. This summit is a global event that sets the trends and guiding principles for future economic policies. Four of the five BRICS member countries are among the ten largest countries in the world in terms of GDP, territory and population. According to open sources, the total area of the BRICS countries is 39.7 million square kilometers (26.7% of the world’s land surface), and the population is estimated at3.2 billion people (41.5% of th

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Soomro, Naureen Nazar, Ronaque Ali Behan, and Sohni Siddiqui. "ASEAN(‘S) WAY OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: ACTIVE AND EFFECTIVE ROLE." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 58, no. 1 (2019): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i1.134.

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ASEAN is widely praised for its establishing regional cooperation among countries of Southeast Asia and attracting countries from rest of the world too because of its core objective of bringing peace and stability in the region. Promotion of regional trade and investment followed by unprecedented economic growth is the major credit of ASEAN which is widely appreciated. Nevertheless, despite 50 years of its age, it hasn’t been fully successful in managing internal conflicts among its member states and conflicts with external states. Its ineffectiveness to manage conflicts have raised concerns o

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Ramankulov, Kubanychbek S., and Larisa V. Zaytseva. "Main trends in the development of contractual labor regulation in the SCO countries." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 9, no. 4 (2023): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2023-9-4-138-151.

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The Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization proclaims the promotion of effective cooperation between the participating States in the trade, economic, scientific, technical, educational, energy, transport, environmental fields, as well as joint efforts to build a new democratic, just and rational political and economic international order. The authors explore the foundations and potential of the convergence of the labor legislation of the SCO countries as a necessary element of the new international order. Taking into account the existing differences based on t

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Troyan, S. S., and I. O. Panasiuk. "The format of strategic partnership in the modern foreign policy of Ukraine and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: a comparative aspect." Modern Studies in German History, no. 48 (December 29, 2022): 137–49. https://doi.org/10.15421/312021-2214.

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The scientific relevance and novelty of the study are determined by the significant influence of strategic interstate relations on modern world politics and the prospects for the transformation of the international system in the first quarter of the 21st century. The purpose of the study is to characterize and compare the strategic partnership between Ukraine and Vietnam and its impact on the complex of post-bipolar international relations, including bilateral ones. Results and conclusions of the study. A strategic partnership should be understood as the highest degree of longterm cooperation

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Studinski, Volodymyr. "Global reorientation of the world economic space in the modern dimension against the background of the russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2022." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-78-84.

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Formulation of the problem. In modern conditions, in particular after the beginning of full-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, it poses a number of serious problems to the world in various dimensions. The economic space of world civilization is one of them. First of all, this is due to the fact that in conditions of war, especially full-scale, important factors in victory are not only the quantitative military advantage of one of the warring parties, but also economic advantages based on modern production technologies. At the same time, there are questions of consol

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Göker, Mustafa. "THE ISSUES OF SCOPE AND LEGAL STATUS IN WTO – IMF CONSULTATIONS." Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, May 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54704/akdhfd.1439203.

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In designing the international economic governance system after the Second World War, trade and finance, due to the close connection between them, were addressed as parts of a whole. A predictable and stable international monetary system was recognized as prerequisite for healthy and sustainable trade. However, these two issues were regulated under different institutional structures, by envisaging close cooperation and coordination. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), designed to be responsible for international finance and monetary issues, was established in 1944. The International Trade O

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Chatterjee, Aneek. "THE UN AT SIXTY THREE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF REFORMING A VETERAN." IBT Journal of Business Studies 5, no. 1 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2009.05.01.03.

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The United Nations Organization has completed more than sixty-three years of existence. In these six decades, the world has moved far ahead, and power calculations have changed. The days of bi-polarity ended with the demise of the Cold War. International politics, though unipolar in nature at present, is showing tendencies of multi polarity. Globalization has introduced a new economy of free trade in the world. In this altered international political and economic milieu, demands for restructuring the United Nations, which is guided by an old, mostly outdated charter, have been gaining ground,

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"European Commission v. Hungary." International Law Reports 208 (2024): 143–235. https://doi.org/10.1017/ilr.2024.33.

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143Economics, trade and finance — The law of the World Trade Organization — Trade in services — General Agreement on Trade in Services, 1995 — Article XVI — Article XVII — Higher education service providers — Whether measures adopted by Hungary contravened obligation on national treatment — Whether measures justified to prevent deceptive practices — Whether measures justified to maintain public orderHuman rights — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000 — Article 13 — Article 14 — Article 16 — Freedom to provide services — Freedom to found educational establishments — Freedom

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Lopes Andrade, Camila, and Carla Piffer. "O ESVAZIAMENTO DOS DIREITOS DOS TRABALHADORES MIGRANTES COMO CONFIGURAÇÃO DA PRÁTICA DE DUMPING SOCIAL." Revista Visão: Gestão Organizacional, April 6, 2023, 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/visao.v12i1.3102.

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Os estudos acerca do Liberalismo de Adam Smith arraigaram o conceito de Estado mínimo e livre comércio. Simultaneamente ao processo de abertura de mercados, exsurge a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do ordenamento normativo do comércio internacional, sobretudo após o término das Guerras Mundiais. Partindo desse cenário de conflitos internacionais do comércio, em 1948, criou-se a General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade como documento complementar da Carta de Havanna, que por meio das Rodadas de negociação regulamentou a prática do Dumping, ao qual foi inserida doutrinariamente a modalidade do Dum

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"The Right to Strike, Labor Market Liberalization and the New Labor Code in Pre-Accession Lithuania." Review of Central and East European Law 28, no. 1 (2002): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303502124667701.

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AbstractThis article examines legal inhibitions on the right to strike which have emerged in the new market economy of Lithuania. It illustrates how legal impediments impact on the right to strike by analyzing a specific episode of industrial conflict. Further to this, the complaint by the employees' trade union to the International Labor Organization is examined together with the legislative responses of Lithuanian authorities to concerns arising from this dispute. The paper suggests that a broader political imperative of labor market liberalization may be compromising the spirit, if not the

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Apostolou, Tamara, Ioannis N. Lagoudis, and Ioannis N. Theotokas. "Capesize time charter equivalent optimization based on speed and environmental regulations." Maritime Business Review, December 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mabr-05-2023-0037.

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PurposeThis paper aims to identify the interplay of standard Capesize optimal speeds for time charter equivalent (TCE) maximization in the Australia–China iron ore route and the optimal speeds as an operational tool for compliance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) carbon intensity indicator (CII).Design/methodology/approachThe TCE at different speeds have been calculated for four standard Capesize specifications: (1) standard Capesize with ecoelectronic engine; (2) standard Capesize with non-eco engine (3) Standard Capesize vessel with an eco-electronic engine fitted with scru

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Havadzyn, Nataliia, Nataliia Hryhorska, and Andrii Tykhoniuk. "EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO VETERAN REINTEGRATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS." Black Sea Economic Studies, no. 88 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/bses.88-12.

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The issue of approaches to veteran reintegration in the management of public organizations has been brought about by the increasing number of war veterans. After the start of the fullscale invasion of Ukraine, the goal of public organizations, in addition to volunteer activities related to humanitarian assistance to the military, has become helping veterans reintegrate into civilian life. In search of ways to do this, many relevant approaches to veteran reintegration have emerged. The article defines the essence of the concept of “reintegration” and “public organization” and characterizes thei

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Khmyz, Mariana. "REQUIREMENTS FOR INCOMPATIBILITY OF A JUDGE POSITION WITH OTHER TYPES OF ACTIVITY: COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT." International scientific journal "Internauka". Series: "Juridical Sciences", no. 8(42) (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.25313/2520-2308-2021-8-7429.

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The article reveals the requirements for the incompatibility of the position of a judge with other activities in the comparative constitutional and legal aspect. It is determined that the requirements for incompatibility of a judge's position with other activities in Ukraine are regulated by the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges», the Law of Ukraine «On Purification of Power», the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rules of Court adopted by the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, the

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