Thèses sur le sujet « History of Radioactivity »

What could it mean to be a physicist specialized in radioactivity in the early 20th century Vienna? More specifically, what could it mean to be a woman experimenter in radioactivity during that time? This dissertation focuses on the lived experiences of the women experimenters of the Institut für Radiumforschung in Vienna between 1910 and 1938. As one of three leading European Institutes specializing in radioactivity, the Institute had a very strong staff. At a time when there were few women in physics, one third of the Institute's researchers were women. Furthermore, they were not just technicians but were independent researchers who published at about the same rate as their male colleagues. This study accounts for the exceptional constellation of factors that contributed to the unique position of women in Vienna as active experimenters. Three main threads structure this study. One is the role of the civic culture of Vienna and the spatial arrangements specific to the Mediziner-Viertel in establishing the context of the intellectual work of the physicists. A second concerns the ways the Institute's architecture helped to define the scientific activity in its laboratories and to establish the gendered identities of the physicists it housed. The third examines how the social conditions of the Institute influenced the deployment of instrumentation and experimental procedures especially during the Cambridge-Vienna controversy of the 1920s. These threads are unified by their relation to the changing political context during the three contrasting periods in which the story unfolds: a) from the end of the 19th century to the end of the First World War, when new movements, including feminism, Social Democracy, and Christian Socialism, shaped the Viennese political scene, b) the period of Red Vienna, 1919 to 1934, when Social Democrats had control of the City of Vienna, and c) the period from 1934 to the Anschluss in 1938, during which fascists and Nazis seized power in Austria. As I show, the careers of the Institute's women were shaped in good part by the shifting meanings, and the politics, that attached to being a "woman experimenter" in Vienna from 1910 to the beginning of the Second World War.
Ph. D.

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The objective of this work was to recover the legacy that Marie Curie raised in her scientific and personal life, seeking to highlight the greatest difficulties and perspectives faced by women in the period when they were based, to be part of the sciences in a masculine universe. We do not intend to construct a biography of the scientist, we try to analyze her legacy more vehemently so as to lead us to understand how, despite the difficulties, Marie Curie went beyond socially established limits and became a reference in research with radioactive elements. For this, we chose to approach our problematic through a qualitative research with a historiographic approach, because we understand that, in this way, we will have greater possibilities to understand the emphasis of our objectives and to have a more meaningful answer to what we propose as problematic. We sought to surround ourselves with the most relevant sources of research for the subject, from some originals to secondary sources of good quality and to be faithful to the events of the life of this scientist who lived from 1867 to 1934 (the period we took as a basis for our analysis). We propose a work loyal to the documents researched, without romanticizing or policing the obtained data evidencing a Marie Curie who was not a born genius, nor did she have super abilities that made her the differential in what she intended to accomplish. It is not based on being different with respect to knowing that Marie comes to stand out in the scientific world. She faced the same, or even more, difficulties that any woman faced in this period to be part of the masculinized universe of the sciences. However, we believe that Marie Curie was a woman who took advantage of the opportunities that have arisen in her life, and was able to deal with the difficulties in a way that every obstacle that arises she has turned into the potentiality to achieve its objectives.
Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, resgatar o legado que Marie Curie ergueu em sua vida científica e pessoal, buscando evidenciar quais as maiores dificuldades e perspectivas que as mulheres enfrentavam, no período tomado como base, para fazer parte das ciências num universo masculinizado. Não pretendemos construir uma biografia da cientista, procuramos analisar com mais veemência o seu legado de modo que nos leve a entender como, apesar das dificuldades, Marie Curie ultrapassou limites estabelecidos socialmente e tornou-se referencia na pesquisa com elementos radioativos. Para isso, optamos por abordar nossa problemática através de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo com abordagem historiográfica, por entendermos que, assim, teremos maiores possibilidades de compreender a ênfase dos nossos objetivos e termos uma mais significativa resposta para o que propomos como problemática. Procuramos nos cercar de fontes de pesquisa mais relevantes possível para a temática, desde algumas originais até fontes secundárias de boa qualidade e ser fiel aos acontecimentos da vida dessa cientista que viveu de 1867 a 1934 (período que tomamos como base para a nossa análise). Propomos um trabalho leal aos documentos pesquisados, sem romancear ou policiar os dados obtidos evidenciando uma Marie Curie que não foi um gênio nato, nem detinha super habilidades que fizesse com que ela fosse o diferencial dentro do que pretendia realizar. Não é baseado em ser diferente com relação a saberes que Marie vem se destacar no mundo científico. Ela enfrentou as mesmas, ou até mais dificuldades que qualquer mulher enfrentava nesse período para fazer parte do universo masculinizado das ciências. Contudo, acreditamos que Marie Curie foi uma mulher que aproveitou as oportunidades que surgiram em sua vida, e soube lidar com as dificuldades de uma maneira que cada empecilho que viesse surgir ela transformou em potencialidade para conseguir seus objetivos.

Nas últimas décadas cresceu o número de pesquisas que defendem os benefícios do uso da História da Ciência na educação científica, entretanto, surgiram também estudos apontando diversas dificuldades para tal fim, inclusive quanto à carência de propostas efetivas para a sala de aula. A partir deste impasse, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa que elabora e analisa o processo de construção de uma abordagem didática da história da radioatividade para o Ensino Médio para ser utilizada por professores de química e de física. Selecionamos aspectos da pesquisa sobre radioatividade, desde seu inicio -- entre as décadas de 1890 e de 1900 -- às suas aplicações, durante o século XX, como tema para a construção de uma proposta didático-metodológica para ensino de física e de química. Além de conceitos científicos, tais episódios permitem discussões metacientíficas, por exemplo, diferenciando a descoberta de um fenômeno natural da construção de explicações sobre ele e a compreensão da ciência enquanto fazer coletivo. Utilizamos como apoio metodológico uma proposta que se propõe a lidar com obstáculos apontados pela literatura, fundamentando a seleção e adaptação de conteúdos históricos na proposição de atividades didáticas, a partir de cada contexto educacional e dos objetivos epistemológicos estabelecidos pelo autor/pesquisador. Oferecemos como resultados desta pesquisa o planejamentos para as aulas, os textos para os alunos (material didático) e para o professor e a análise sobre a construção da proposta, que pode auxiliar outras pesquisas na área.
In recent decades has grown the number of research defending the benefits of using the History of Science in science education, however, there were also studies pointing out the difficulties for that purpose, including proposals for the classroom. From this impasse, we developed a survey that establishes and analyzes the process of building a didactic approach of radioactivity history for the high school for be used by teachers of chemical and physical. We selected aspects of research on radioactivity, since its beginning -- between the 1890s and 1900s -- to their applications, during the twentieth century, as the theme for the construction of a didactic-methodological proposal for physics and chemistry teaching. In addition to scientific concepts such episodes allow metascientific discussions, for example, differentiating the discovery of a natural phenomenon of building explanations about it and understanding of science while making collective. The methodology used, which proposes to deal with obstacles mentioned by the literature, supporting the selection and adaptation of historical contents in proposing educational activities, from every educational context and epistemological objectives set by the author / researcher. We offer as a result of this research the plans for classes, the texts for students (teaching materials) and for the teacher and the analysis on the construction of proposal, that can assist other research in the area.

Trata-se de um estudo do Caso Marie Curie sob o signo do acontecimento: como a luta desigual de Marie Curie em favor da radioatividade foi suscitada pela possibilidade de afirmar isso é científico. Essa pesquisa se debruça sobre as controvérsias em torno da radioatividade entre os anos 1898 e 1911, que envolveram toda uma política sexual (e depois nacionalista). Em meio a esse conjunto de relações de poder que tornou indissociáveis os assuntos humanos e a gestão-produção das coisas, exploro como esse acontecimento criou uma problematização para os contemporâneos, desabrochando em uma política singular. Recolocar e extrair o caráter auto-evidente da produção de Marie Curie e da radioatividade é um dos objetivos dessa dissertação. Enfim, desejo fazer aparecer uma aclimatação que corrompeu tanto o gênero quanto a ciência, produzindo de modo singular Marie Curie como um ícone da história da ciência, bem como a radioatividade com um fenômeno universal.
It is about a study of Marie Curie Case under the sign of the : how an unequal conflict of Marie Curie in favor of the radioactivity was raised by the possibility of affirming this is scientific. This search focuses on the controversies surrounding the radioactivity between the years 1898 and 1911, which involved a sexual (and after nationalist) politics. In the midst of this set of power relations that made the human affairs and the production-management of things inseparable, I explore how these created a problematization to the contemporaries, unclasping a singular politics. This dissertation aims at replacing and extracting the selfevident character of the production of Marie Curie and radioactivity. Finally, I desire to display an acclimatization that corrupted both gender and science, producing Marie Curie as an icon of science history, and the radioactivity as an universal phenomenon.

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Much research argues that the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) can help students to learn about the process of science. To reach this goal, some aspects of the scientific knowledge must be emphasized or to be explored explicitly to show how science is a complex activity. In this sense, scientific controversies present many aspects to be explored. In this work, we choose a historical episode about X-ray and radioactivity to teach students about the process of scientific inquiry. This episode presents a controversy about the nature of the X-ray and about the priority of the discovery of the radioactivity. We used three steps to introduce the ideas about the episode and about the science in classroom: a hands-on activity and two classes exploring the historical episode by texts. The results show that the use historical material must be carefully prepared to reach the goal of explicit the process of scientific inquiry or the historical episode can be misunderstood.
Pesquisas na área de Ensino de Ciências argumentam que a História e a Filosofia da Ciência (HFC) podem ajudar os estudantes a entenderem como se dá o processo de aquisição do conhecimento científico. Para atingir este objetivo, o processo do conhecimento científico deve ser enfatizado ou explorado explicitamente de forma a mostrar como a ciência é uma atividade complexa. Neste sentido, controvérsias científicas apresentam muitos aspectos a serem explorados. Neste trabalho, escolhemos um episódio histórico sobre raios-X e radioatividade para ensinar os estudantes sobre o processo de aquisição do conhecimento científico. O episódio escolhido apresenta tanto uma controvérsia do ponto de vista conceitual, já que discute os problemas sobre a natureza dos raios-X; quanto sobre o processo científico, já que também discute sobre a prioridade na descoberta da radioatividade. A intervenção constou de três passos para a introdução das ideias sobre o episódio histórico e sobre a ciência: uma dinâmica que simulava o processo da ciência e duas aulas em que foram discutidos textos sobre os episódios históricos. Os resultados mostraram que a elaboração de textos sobre episódios históricos é um processo desafiador e deve ser tomado com extremo cuidado ao explicitar a ciência, caso contrário pode levar a uma distorção tanto da história quanto da complexidade do conhecimento científico.

La vitesse à laquelle les séquences d’ADN évoluent varie selon les espèces. Ces différences peuvent venir de caractéristiques intrinsèques de l’espèce (taux métabolique, traits d’histoire de vie) ou de son environnement (rayonnements ionisants). L’objectif de cette thèse est de tester les principales hypothèses expliquant les variations de taux d’évolution moléculaire entre les espèces. Pour cela, les particularités des Asellidae souterrains ont été couplées avec des données de séquençage nouvelle génération dans le génome nucléaire et le génome mitochondrial. L’utilisation des Asellidae comme modèle biologique nous permet d’avoir, au sein du même groupe, des espèces ayant indépendamment effectuées une transition vers le milieu souterrain. Cette transition étant accompagnée de nombreux changements, tant biologiques (longévité, taux métabolique, temps de génération) qu’environnementaux, elle nous permet, au sein du même groupe, de pouvoir comparer des espèces contrastées en termes de longévité, de taille de populations, de rayonnements ionisants ou encore de productivité et de température. De plus, parce que ces organismes dispersent peu, ils persistent dans le même environnement durant de nombreuses générations, permettant de préciser et de quantifier les facteurs responsables de variations du taux d’évolution moléculaire entre les espèces.Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en évidence un effet du temps de génération sur le taux d’évolution du génome nucléaire mais pas sur le génome mitochondrial. Un effet de la radioactivité naturelle, d’une ampleur analogue à celle du temps de génération a également été mis en évidence. Enfin, l’étude des variations des taux d’évolution moléculaire à une échelle globale a révélée des biais dans les calculs des taux de substitutions qui devront être pris en compte dans les études cherchant a établir le lien entre le taux de mutations et la diversification
The rate at which DNA accumulates substitutions varies widely among species. Rate variations have been imputed to species intrinsic features (metabolic rate, life history traits) or to the environment characteristics (ionizing radiations, selection pressure). The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the main hypotheses explaining variations in the rate of molecular evolution between species. To achieve that, we combined the unique properties of subterranean isopods from the Asellidae family and high-throughput sequencing data from the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Asellidae species have made multiple independent transitions to subterranean environments where subterranean species have repeatedly evolved a lower metabolic rate, a longer lifespan and a longer generation time. Moreover, because they are poor dispersers, they are exposed to the same environment across many generations, allowing us to compare species with long-term contrasted features in term of life history traits and environmental characteristics. We found that generation time negatively impact the rate of molecular evolution in the nuclear genome whereas the mitochondrial rate remained unchanged. We also found an increase of the mutation rate for species living in naturally highly radioactive environments. Finally, the study of the rate of molecular evolution variation at a global scale brought forward a systematic bias which needs to be taken into account in studying the link between the mutation rate and diversification

Nach der Entdeckung der Radioaktivität und der ersten radioaktiven Elemente durch Henry Becquerel, Marie und Pierre Curie begannen deutsche Wissenschaftler mit Untersuchungen, die zur Entdeckungen weiterer radioaktiven Elemente und der Wirkung und des Charakters der Radioaktivität führten. Dabei war in den ersten Jahren ein Freundeskreis um Justus Elster, Hans Geitel in Wolfenbüttel und Friedrich Giesel in Braunschweig, die ihre wissenschaftliche Arbeit meist neben ihren beruflichen Verpflichtungen durchführten, äußerst produktiv. Dieses interdisziplinäre Zentrum war bereits sehr erfolgreich bevor entsprechende Radiuminstitute in Wien, Paris und an anderen Orten gegründet worden waren. Neben ihrer Forschungen wurden viele andere Wissenschaftler mit radioaktiven Präparaten und wissenschaftlichen Geräten versorgt.
After discovery of radioactivity and radio-active elements by Henry Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie German scientists started with investigations, which resulted in the discovery of new radioactive elements and the character and the effects of radioactivity. Very productive have been a circle of friends with Justus Elster, Hans Geitel and Friedrich Giesel in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, who have mostly done the scientific work beside their professional duties. This interdisciplinary center was successful working before institutional governmental radium institutes in Vienna, Paris, and other places are founded. Besides their research, other researchers all over the world were delivered with radioactive preparations as well as instruments and glassware that they could start their research about radioactivity.

Nesta dissertação estuda-se a atuação de Branca Edmée Marques enquanto bolseira da Junta de Educação Nacional (1931-35) no Laboratório Curie, em particular a sua atividade científica, recorrendo à sua correspondência com esta instituição (conservada no Instituto Camões). Para compreender, em linhas gerais, o contexto da Química em Portugal no primeiro quartel do século XX, especialmente na radioatividade, analisa-se o conteúdo da RCPA, referenciando também os trabalhos publicados noutras revistas científicas editadas em Portugal nesse período. Aborda-se a história da radioatividade e o papel assumido por Mme Curie, para melhor se compreender a atividade científica do Institut du Radium (Paris) e enquadrar a investigação desenvolvida por Branca Edmée naquele Laboratório. Verificou-se que Branca Edmée investigou a lei da repartição do rádio entre as fases sólida e líquida na cristalização e precipitação fracionadas dos sais de bário radífero, tendo publicado sobre o assunto várias comunicações e defendido uma tese no Doctorat d’Etat; ABSTRACT: This dissertation concerns the performance of Branca Edmée Marques as a scholarship of Junta de Educação Nacional (1931-35) in Curie.Lab, particularly her scientific activity, studying her correspondence with this institution (filed in Instituto Camões). The content analysis of RCPA is made to understand, in general terms, the context of Chemistry in Portugal in the first quarter of the twentieth century, especially on radioactivity, also referring to papers published in other scientific journals published in Portugal, in this period. The history of radioactivity and Mme Curie´s role are mentioned for a better understanding of the scientific activity of Institut du Radium (Paris) and to fit her investigation in the Curie.Lab where she studied the law of the distribution of radio between the solid phase and the liquid phase in the fractionated crystallization and precipitation of radifer barium salts, having several publications on the subject and defended a thesis for Doctorat d’Etat.

Cette thèse traite des scientifiques face au risque professionnel de la radioactivité en France, sur une période longue, du début du XXè siècle à l’avènement d’une réglementation de la protection des travailleurs, en 1967. Ce travail s’inscrit d’une part, dans une histoire des pratiques scientifiques et de la production de savoir sur le danger des radiations ionisantes, et d’autre part, dans une histoire de la santé au travail. Il examine comment les scientifiques de la radioactivité, issus de disciplines distinctes, identifient le danger et y répondent, par l’élaboration de dispositifs de protection, mais aussi par la mise en place de réglementations et par l’établissement de normes. Cette thèse retrace la mise en place d’un cadre législatif au risque professionnel et montre les similitudes et les spécificités de ce cas par rapport à d’autres risques toxiques. Cette étude attache enfin une attention particulière à la dimension de genre présente dans la construction des savoirs scientifiques sur les radiations comme dans l’encadrement législatif du risque
This thesis deals with scientists facing occupational risks due to radioactivity in France, from 1901 to 1967. Scientists are indeed at the same time victims of the dangers of radiations, experts on the hazardous substances and in charge of the organisation of protection. My study explores their role in the process of risks management and regulation and confronts it to the daily scientific practices in laboratories, through the examples of several laboratories in distinct scientific disciplines: the Laboratoire Curie, at the Radium Institute of Paris during the interwar period and the Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, the Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and the Laboratory of Biophysics of Strasbourg, after 1945. This history is thus part of an History of Sciences and Medicine, but is also closed to central topics of an History of Environmental Hazards, especially when it comes to risks in the workplace due to toxic substances. It also takes into account gender issue in the setting of regulation and protection against radiations

This research aimed to analyze the development of a Teaching-Learning Sequence (TLS) elaborated from the perspective of History and Philosophy of the Science, verifying how its contributions to the students' perception about the Nature of Science and conceptual elaboration around the theme radioactivity. The research was developed with 26 students from the 2o year of the High School of the College of Application, located in the municipality of São Cristovão, Sergipe. It presents a qualitative approach and It started from the hypothesis that a TLS constructed from a Contextual Approach can contribute to students' understanding of the Nature of Science. Data were collected through questionnaires and video recordings. The data from the video recordings were mapped originating episodes of the classroom, according to the methodology presented in Mortimer et al. (2007) and in Silva (2008) and together with the data obtained through the questionnaires were submitted to a Discursive Textual Analysis (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2006). The discursive sequences that compound the episodes and the answers presented to the questionnaires were characterized considering emergent categories that reveal the students' understanding about aspects related to the Nature of Science and the concepts involved in the theme radioactivity. An analysis of the interactions developed throughout the TLS, as well as the data from the questionnaires, were fundamental to evidence the variety of meanings, for example, scientific methods. The teacher / researcher's investment in fostering classroom discussions, as well as the mediating tools used by her, favored the advancement of students' conceptions towards a rupture of stereotypes about the Nature of Science. Thus, it was observed that, in parallel to the conceptual advance regarding the subject of radioactivity, the TLS contributed positively to destabilize the empiric, linear, neutral and masculine conceptions of science, enabling the perception of this as a result of a community of historical practice and socially situated.
Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar o desenvolvimento de uma Sequência de Ensino-Aprendizagem (SEA) elaborada na perspectiva da História e Filosofia da Ciência, verificando as suas contribuições para a percepção dos alunos sobre a Natureza da Ciência e elaboração conceitual em torno do tema radioatividade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com 26 alunos do 2o ano do Ensino Médio do Colégio de Aplicação, localizado no município de São Cristóvão, em Sergipe. Ela apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa e partiu da hipótese de que uma SEA construída a partir de uma Abordagem Contextual pode contribuir para a compreensão dos alunos acerca da Natureza da Ciência. Os dados foram coletados através de questionários e gravações em vídeo. Os dados oriundos das gravações em vídeos foram mapeados originando episódios da sala de aula, de acordo com a metodologia apresentada em Mortimer et al. (2007) e em Silva (2008) e juntamente aos dados obtidos por meio dos questionários foram submetidos a uma Análise Textual Discursiva (MORAES; GALIAZZI, 2006). As sequências discursivas que compõem os episódios e as respostas apresentadas aos questionários foram caracterizadas considerando-se categorias emergentes que revelam a compreensão dos alunos acerca de aspectos relativos à Natureza da Ciência e aos conceitos envolvidos no tema radioatividade. A análise das interações desenvolvidas ao longo da SEA, bem como dos dados oriundos dos questionários, foram fundamentais para evidenciar a variedade de sentidos atribuídos pelos alunos aos termos descoberta, método científico e ciência. O investimento da professora/pesquisadora em fomentar as discussões em sala de aula, bem como as ferramentas mediadoras por ela empregadas favoreceram o avanço das concepções dos alunos rumo à ruptura de estereótipos sobre a Natureza da Ciência. Assim, percebeu-se que, em paralelo ao avanço conceitual relativo ao tema radioatividade, a SEA contribuiu positivamente para desestabilizar as concepções empirista, linear, neutra e masculina de ciência, possibilitando a percepção desta como resultado de uma comunidade de prática histórico e socialmente situada.
São Cristóvão, SE

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs)mediate the transfer of methyl groups to arginine residues in histone and non-histone proteins. PRMT5 is an important member of PRMTs which symmetrically dimethylates arginine 8 in histone H3 (H3R8) and arginine 3 in histone H4 (H4R3). PRMT5 was reported to inhibit some tumor suppressors in leukemia and lymphoma cells and regulate p53 gene, through affecting the promoter of p53. Through methylation of H4R3, PRMT5 can recruit DNA-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) which regulates gene transcription. All the above suggest that PRMT5 has an important function of suppressing cell apoptosis and is a potential anticancer target. Currently, the enzymatic activities of PRMT5 are not clearly understood. In our study, we improved the protein expression methodology and greatly enhanced the yield and quality of the recombinant PRMT5. In addition, mutagenesis and enzymatic studies implicate an interesting mechanism of PRMT5 activity regulation.

Le XIXe siècle engendre en France une lignée de scientifiques formée de quatre physiciens, César, Edmond, Henri et Jean Becquerel, qui se suivent de père en fils à l'École polytechnique, au Museum d'histoire naturelle, à l'Académie des sciences. C'est une lignée bourgeoise qui se définit par son mode de vie et son patrimoine, mais plus encore par la notoriété scientifique qui place ces savants sur l'échelle sociale. Elle réalise une transmission intellectuelle qui aboutit en 1896 à la découverte par Henri Becquerel de la radioactivité. Cette reproduction sociale et intellectuelle qui s'effectue du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle est possible grâce à la permanence d'un milieu aux conditions familiales, sociales, culturelles et économiques favorables. Elle est également effective grâce à l'adaptation de chaque Becquerel à l'évolution des conditions de la réussite. César, le fondateur de la lignée, assure l'ancrage intellectuel et professionnel de sa descendance ; ses successeurs réassurent le capital social, intellectuel et économique. Cependant, au-delà de ce déterminisme du milieu, hérité et construit, un aspect majeur de la transmission reste l'adhésion individuelle à l'idée de la supériorité de la science, particulièrement de la science physique, et la volonté impérative de transmettre le patrimoine familial. Ce désir de se projeter dans l'avenir représente la motivation et l'objectif essentiels des Becquerel jusqu'à Jean, faits de données favorables à la reproduction sociale, mais aussi d'éléments psychologiques individuels.

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
The object of analysis of this study is the first biography of Madame Curie, written by her daughter Eve Curie. This book portrays the historical period, family life and the rise of the professional scientist. The first chapter reviews the author's intent in building the image of the biographied. The expressions used, the chosen facts to be portrayed. The selected correspondence is also analyzed as part of building of this image. In the second chapter, the works of Eulália Sedeño Peres and Margaret W. Rossiter are used as reference to analyze both, the path followed by the scientist and her strategies. The attitudes and reactions of Mme. Curie, facing different situations and in different periods are analyzed in the scientist's correspondence with family and friends and other events in the life of the scientist that don t appear in the biography written by her daughter. The third chapter discusses the work of the scientist in the laboratory. The working conditions, the equipment developed by Pierre Curie, some factors that led the scientist to focus her studies on radioactive materials and the consequences of that choice. Moreover, facts reported are discussed in biography written by Eve Curie and others that were missing and could blacken her image. Thus, the analysis of the biography written by Eve Curie, other biographies and subsequent studies carried on the work of Mme Curie, show the importance of the biography for the History of the Science and the intent of the biographer to write about the history of a scientist
O objeto de análise deste estudo é a primeira biografia sobre Mme Curie, escrita por sua filha Eve Curie. Esta obra retrata o período histórico, a vida familiar e a ascensão profissional da cientista. No primeiro capítulo é analisada a intencionalidade da autora na construção da imagem da biografada. As expressões utilizadas, os fatos escolhidos para serem retratados. A correspondência selecionada também é analisada como parte da construção dessa imagem. No segundo capítulo as obras de Eulália Peres Sedeño e Margaret W. Rossiter são utilizadas como referência para analisar tanto o caminho seguido pela cientista quanto suas estratégias. As atitudes e reações de Mme. Curie, diante de diferentes situações e em diversos períodos, são analisados nas correspondências da cientista com familiares e amigos, além de outros fatos ocorridos na vida da cientista e que não aparecem na biografia escrita por sua filha. O terceiro capítulo aborda o trabalho da cientista no laboratório. As condições de trabalho, os equipamentos desenvolvidos por Pierre Curie. Alguns fatores que levaram a cientista a focalizar seus estudos nos materiais radioativos e as conseqüências dessa escolha. Além disso, são discutidos fatos relatados na biografia escrita por Eve Curie e outros que foram omitidos e poderiam denegrir sua imagem. Dessa forma, a análise da biografia escrita por Eve Curie, de outras biografias posteriores e dos estudos desenvolvidos sobre o trabalho de Mme Curie, mostrará a importância da biografia para a História da Ciência, além de pontuar a intencionalidade do biógrafo ao escrever sobre a história de um cientista

Au lendemain du séisme et du tsunami qui ont frappé le Japon le 11 mars 2011, la situation catastrophique qui s’est déroulée à la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima Daiichi a amené son lot de confusions, de peurs et d’angoisses. Face à une gestion gouvernementale du désastre hésitante et à une couverture médiatique peu appropriée à l’échelle de l’évènement nucléaire – une catastrophe dont les effets sont invisibles et s’étendent dans le temps – la création artistique japonaise s’est mobilisée. Hantés par ces évènements traumatiques et par une radiophobie ambiante, les artistes se sont autant questionnés sur le devoir de l’art en temps d’indicible désastre que sur sa possibilité et sa figurabilité. Consacrée à la mise en visibilité de la radioactivité, cette thèse met en lumière l’émergence d’une nouvelle impulsion artistique souhaitant composer avec la catastrophe nucléaire et compléter son iconographie, que nous nommons l’ « art post-Fukushima ». Nous nous intéressons au travail photographique de trois artistes japonais, Arai Takashi, Kagaya Masamichi et Takeda Shimpei, qui utilisent des techniques photographiques analogiques – daguerréotype, autoradiographie et radiogramme – visant à documenter et à exposer la trace de l’irradiation. Le sujet est ainsi approché sous l’angle des (in)visibilités de l’évènement nucléaire, de ses médiations et de ses expositions : exposition du support photosensible à la lumière (qu’elle soit naturelle ou radioactive) et à l’évènement nucléaire, exposition au sens plus large de promotion et de diffusion au Japon et en Occident, puis exposition du spectateur à ce type de photographie. À la veille du dixième anniversaire de la triple catastrophe, cette thèse de doctorat se destine à rendre visibles les enjeux de l’art post-Fukushima et à participer, à son tour, à replacer « Fukushima » et la contamination radioactive au centre de l’attention collective et à réactualiser sa mémoire.
On the 11th March 2011 an earthquake and tsunami struck Japan triggering a catastrophic chain of events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant that seeded fear and confusion in the population. In the face of the government’s hesitant handling of the crisis and of inadequate media coverage regarding the scale of the disaster, Japanese artists mobilized to create their own responses relating to the ongoing and invisible effects of the calamity. In the shadow of the catastrophe, haunted by traumatic events and by an encompassing radiophobia, these artists have come to question the limits of figurability and also to ask what art is capable of and what its role can be. This thesis examines the emergence of “post-Fukushima art,” a term coined to describe a new, more politicized impulse in Japanese art, one that strives to provide an iconography adequate to the nuclear disaster and to render radiation visible. The thesis explores the photographic works of three artists in particular, Arai Takashi, Kagaya Masamichi and Takeda Shimpei. The trio employ analogue photographic techniques – daguerreotype, autoradiography and radiography – as a means to document and expose traces of irradiation. Their art is viewed through the prism of varied (in)visibilities linked to the nuclear catastrophe and addresses issues such as mediation and exposure. Exposure is understood in multiple senses, including exposure of a photosensitive support to light (such as radioluminescence), exposure to radioactive material generated by the disaster and, drawing on the French term exposé, exposure in the sense of exhibition. Exhibitions involve exposing viewers to photographs that relate to the catastrophe. On the eve of the tenth anniversary of the triple disaster, the thesis outlines the continuing stakes involved in post-Fukushima art as an effort to remember the event. It contributes to broader efforts aimed at refocussing attention on the aftermath of the disaster, including the radioactive contamination it caused.