Thèses : « Human trafficking – South Africa – Prevention »

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Ngwira, Callings Major. « Human trafficking in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/364.

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Human trafficking has been reported to be on the increase in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa with girls as young as ten years old being trafficked from and within the Province for sexual and labour purposes, and marriage. Human traffickers operate in rural areas, small towns and cities such as Port Elizabeth and East London. However, research on the role of the law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations in the fight against trafficking in Eastern Cape Province is largely unknown. Situated within the Security Governance Theory, and using the intensive research design, this research reports on the role of the law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations in the fight against human trafficking in Eastern Cape Province with emphasis on rural-urban differentiation. The challenges which law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations faced are also discussed. The study, among other things, found that both the law enforcement sector and civil society organisations in the Province ensured that security, criminal justice, physical, emotional, psychological, health and spiritual needs of rescued victims of trafficking were met. The study further established that there was little progress in the fight against human trafficking, more especially in the rural areas of the Province, due to inadequate cooperation among anti-trafficking organisations and the lack of resources.

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Shepherd, Robyn. « Meeting the minimum standards of the Palermo Protocol : The case of South Africa ». University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6823.

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Magister Legum - LLM
This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive overview of the punishment, prevention of human trafficking in South Africa was looked into as well as victim protection. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa has adopted specific legislation, namely the Trafficking Act. The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties, protocols, declarations and resolutions, which focus specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus, obliges States to prosecute traffickers, protect those who are vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and establish measures for prevention. This research further highlighted the importance of preventing human trafficking which starts with government but non- governmental organisations play a vital role in this element as well.

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Nabo, Sandisiwe Sifanelwe. « Human Trafficking : narratives of non-governmental organisation caregivers in the Eastern Cape ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005987.

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Human trafficking is a social problem that has left no state or country immune to its effects. Literature indicates that human trafficking causes economic social and physical disruptions. Families are left broken and communities divided and children left homeless. Its victims are mostly women and children who come from low socio-economic status. Studies have been conducted on the roles of Non-Governmental Organisation`s across the globe but reports on the roles of NGOs in the Eastern Cape are unknown. This study reports on the roles of Non-Governmental Organisation`s (caregivers) in the Eastern Cape. This investigation is an exploratory qualitative study. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to recruit the Non-governmental organization (caregivers). In depth open ended interviews were conducted. The theories of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and socio-ecological theory were used to discuss the findings of the study. The findings of the study were categorized into four main themes including; knowledge of human trafficking, causes of human trafficking, roles of non-governmental organization (caregivers) in the Eastern Cape and strategies available in the Eastern Cape Province. The findings showed that human trafficking is present in the Eastern Cape. Abused and neglected children are more likely to become potential victims of human trafficking. The caregivers play a huge vital role in the fight against human trafficking. Lastly, the strategies implemented are not as effective as they would have been if adequate legislation was passed against human trafficking.

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Sigfridsson, Tove. « Trafficking of children : the case of South Africa ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19930.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The trafficking of children, with the purpose of sexual exploitation, has attained significant attention in the international realm. At present, children‟s human rights are protected by a number of international treaties adopted by the United Nations, which are also ratified by many states. These treaties have a norm setting function which influences domestic laws in the countries that have ratified them. The „1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child‟, the „Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime‟ together with the „2002 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography‟ are important treaties with norm setting functions. These treaties influence international attitudes and policy measures concerning child trafficking. South Africa, the focus of this study, is in the process of creating a comprehensive legislative framework with the aim to protect children and combat child trafficking. Thus, this thesis examines how international treaties have impacted on South Africa‟s domestic legislation with regards to child trafficking. The influence of international treaties and norms on domestic policy and norms regarding child trafficking is illuminated in this study. This analysis builds on a model put forward by Sikkink and Finnemore (1998) of how norms are created by norm entrepreneurs. The assumption is that norms develop in phases through different platforms of organizations and states and these norms eventually become the status quo. This study provides an overview of international and domestic law pertaining to child trafficking as well as a theoretical discussion on the evolution of these norms. A theoretical framework of constructivism and to a lesser extent institutionalism is applied as an analytical tool in order to critically analyse the influence of international treaties on domestic policies in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Handel in kinders, met die doel van seksuele uitbuiting, het aansienlike aandag gekry in die internasionale arena. Op die oomblik word die menseregte van kinders beskerm deur 'n aantal internasionale ooreenkomste wat deur die Verenigde Nasies gesluit is, wat ook deur baie state bekragtig is. Hierdie verdrae het 'n standaard normstelllingsfunksie wat binnelandse wette beïnvloed in die lande wat hierdie verdrae bekragtig. Die "1989 Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind", Die Protokol ter Voorkoming, Onderdrukking en Straf van Mensehandel, veral Vroue en Kinders, ter aanvulling van die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie teen Transnasionale Georganiseerde Misdaad saam met die 2002 Opsionele Protokol tot die Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind op die Verkoop van Kinders, Kinderprostitusie en Kinderpornografie is belangrike verdrae met standaard normstellingsfunksies. Hierdie internasionale verdrae beïnvloed houdings en beleidsmaatreëls oor kinderhandel. Suid Suid-Afrika die fokus van hierdie studie, is in die proses om van 'n omvattende wetgewende raamwerk te ontwikkel wat daarop gemik is om kinders te beskerm en kinderhandel te bestry. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die impak van internasionale verdrae op die Suid-Afrika se plaaslike wetgewing met betrekking tot kinderhandel. Die invloed van internasionale verdrae en normes op binnelandse beleid en normes ten opsigte van kinderhandel word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Hierdie ontleding is gebaseer op 'n model van Sikkink en Finnemore (1998) oor hoe norme deur norm-entrepreneurs geskep word. Die aanname is dat normes in fases ontwikkel deur middel van verskillende platforms van organisasies en state en dat hierdie norme uiteindelik die status quo word. Hierdie studie gee 'n oorsig van internasionale en plaaslike wetgewing met betrekking tot kinderhandel, sowel as 'n teoretiese ontleding van die evolusie van hierdie standaarde. 'n Teoretiese raamwerk van konstruktivisme en tot 'n mindere mate institutionalisme word toegepas as 'n analitiese instrument om die invloed van internasionale verdrae op die binnelandse beleid van Suid-Afrika krities te analiseer. Sleutelterme: kinderhandel, internasionale reg, norme, konstruktivisme, beleid, Suid-Afrika.

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Mashiyi, Tandeka. « The effectiveness of human child trafficking legislation in South Africa ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1289.

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Trafficking in human beings is a major problem worldwide. Human trafficking is as a result of a complex set of interrelated push and pull factors. Push factors includeinter alia poverty, a lack of opportunities, dislocation of families, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities and the break-up of families. Research shows that pull factors include the promise of a better life, consumer aspirations and lack of information on the risks involved, established patterns of migration, porous borders and fewer constraints on travel. It is as a result of the global epidemic of this trafficking in persons that certain instruments on an international level as well as legislation on a national level have been enacted. The question which arises is: are these pieces of legislation effective in dealing with the scourge of human trafficking? Every legislation passed will have its strengths, as well as weaknesses but the main objective of such legislation should always be to combat, criminalise and prosecute the specific criminal act. Furthermore, the enacted legislation should be designed to effectively combat the challenges which threaten to exacerbate the criminal act. Failing to fulfil this intention will render such legislation nugatory. This treatise will be looking at various international instruments that have been passed abd v adopted by various countries, which specifically deal with trafficking in humans generally and specifically in relation to the children. International instruments that will be discussed include inter alia, slavery Convention, Convention on the Rights of the child, Worst forms or Child Labour Convention, Parlemo Protocol, United Nations Transnational Organised Crime Protocol to mention but a few. All these instruments have in a way dealt with and made provisions for the criminalisation of the act of trafficking in humans and a the scrounge of trafficking escalates the international governments strive to enact instruments that are going to be able to curtail this pandemic of trafficking. As more focus will be on the South African legislation this treatise is also going to examine all the relevant piece of legislation that have been passed by the South African government in order to deal with human trafficking. These will include the discussion of the Constitution, Child Care Act, Children’s Act, Children’s Amendment Act, Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) and Related matters. Amendment Act Prevention of Organised Crime Act as well as the Prevention and combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill. The treatise will listen critically discuss the Bill in so far as its strengths and weaknesses are concerned.

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Portellas, Laverne Fleur. « A critical analysis of child trafficking laws and policies in South Africa ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12665.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The trafficking of children has been recognised by the international community as a transnational organised crime that affects children globally. As the child rights movement has grown in momentum over the last few decades, so has the concern regarding the exploitation of children. Child trafficking is certainly one of the gravest forms of abuse currently perpetuated against a child and his/her rights. Despite the numerous policy documents, international treaties and various other legal documents prohibiting the sale of children for any purpose; these documents have not resulted in the decrease or elimination of child trafficking. This paper will engage with child trafficking through a human rights lens in order to highlight the full extent of child abuse perpetuated by child trafficking. It is due to the very nature of child trafficking that resulted in the international and regional community enacting legal instruments to deal with different aspects of this crime. These instruments require states to prevent and punish the trafficking of children. This paper will examine South Africa s child trafficking laws and policies having regard to its international and regional obligations.

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Sambo, Juliet. « The role of the social worker in the prevention of child trafficking in South Africa ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27072.

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Child trafficking is a global problem which affects every country. It is a serious crime that many governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs) around the world are trying to address. Child trafficking involves multiple forms of exploitation, therefore it has been described as a form of modern slavery. South Africa, like most countries, is a place of origin, transit and destination. Children are increasingly being trafficked for purposes of sexual and labour exploitation. However, child trafficking has traumatic and devastating effects on the victims, affected families, communities as well as countries as a whole. The effects suffered by victims range from psychological, physical, emotional, social and economical in nature. The particular psychological, physical, emotional and social harm suffered by the trafficked children and their increased vulnerability to exploitation require that the governments and NGOs deal with them separately from adult trafficked victims in terms of laws, policies, programs and interventions. The best interest of the child must be the primary consideration in all actions concerning trafficked children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies. Research has confirmed that the population of children vulnerable to trafficking is growing worldwide with potentially disastrous effects. The number of orphans in many developing countries, including South Africa, is also rising dramatically due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The rapid rise of child-headed households is also creating fertile ground for traffickers. Literature also indicated that children have fewer control decisions about their lives, and that the national systems of child justice and child welfare often have inadequate means of protecting them against trafficking and, as a result, children remain vulnerable to the possible exposure of child trafficking. A great deal of internal trafficking of children occurs within South Africa for reasons of labour and sexual exploitation. It is confirmed in existent literature that South Africa is a major destination for regional and extra-regional trafficking activities. In this study, the researcher explored through a qualitative, applied study the role of the social worker in the prevention of child trafficking. The empirical study confirms that the information gathered from this study will benefit not only vulnerable children, families and victims of child trafficking, but also empower the social workers and other role players to render a more effective service to children vulnerable to possible child trafficking. Through an empirical study, it was concluded that the government in collaboration with NGOs, need to empower social workers in order for them to successfully execute their role in preventing child trafficking in South Africa. Prevention of child trafficking requires a short- and long-term strategy which should target tracking down the perpetrators and providing protection for vulnerable children who end up being victims of trafficking. Prevention of child trafficking focuses on three levels, namely primary, secondary and tertiary strategies. AFRIKAANS : Kinderhandel is ŉ globale probleem wat alle lande raak. Dit is ŉ ernstige probleem wat deur baie regerings sowel as nie-regeringsorganisasies aangespreek word. Kinderhandel is ŉ vorm van hedendaagse slawerny en sluit baie vorme van blootstelling in. Kinders word in toenemende mate verkoop vir kinderarbeid, asook vir seksuele blootstelling. Kinderhandel het traumatiese en vernietigende gevolge vir die slagoffers, hulle families, die gemeenskap asook die betrokke lande. Die letsels wat gelaat word wissel van sielkundig, fisies, emosioneel, sosiaal tot ekonomies van aard. Die spesifieke sielkundige, fisiese, emosionele en sosiale skade wat deur slagoffers van kinderhandel gely word, asook hulle toenemende weerloosheid vir blootstelling vereis dat regerings en nie-regeringsorganisasies ŉ ander aanslag moet gebruik as in die geval van volwasse slagoffers in terme van beleid, programme, die wet en terapeutiese intervensies. Kinders se behoeftes moet sentraal gestel word in alle aksies rakende kinderhandel – deur regerings-of deur nie-regeringsorganisasies, die hof, administratiewe of wetgewende liggame. Navorsing het bevestig dat die aantal kinders wat kwesbaar is tot kinderhandel wêreldwys kommerwekkend toeneem, met potensieel vernietigende gevolge. Die aantal weeskinders in ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika, styg kommerwekkend as gevolg van die MIV-pandemie. Die voorkoms van huishoudings wat deur kinders gelei word, is vrugbare grond vir kinderhandelaars. In die literatuur word dit ook duidelik getoon dat kinders minder beheer het om oor hulle eie lewens te besluit, en dat nasionale sisteme van kinderreg en kinderwelsyn nie genoegsame kapasiteit het om kinders teen kinderhandel te beskerm nie. Die gevolg is dat kinders steeds blootgestel word aan kinderhandel. Kinderhandel binne die grense van Suid-Afrika sluit kinderarbeid en seksuele blootstelling in. Dit word bevestig in die bestudeerde literatuur dat Suid-Afrika ŉ eindbestemming vir streeks- en wyer mensehandelpraktyke is. In hierdie studie poog die navorser om deur middel van ŉ kwalitatiewe studie, die rol van die maatskaplike werker in die voorkoming van kinderhandel te ontdek. Die empiriese studie bevestig dat die inligting wat van hierdie studie verkry is, nie net weerlose kinders, families en slagoffers kan bevoordeel nie, maar dat dit ook maatskaplike werkers en ander rolspelers kan bemagtig om meer effektiewe diens aan kinders wat blootgestel is aan kinderhandel diens te lewer. Deur middel van die empiriese studie, is daar gevind dat regerings- sowel as nie-regeringsorganisasies in samewerking met mekaar maatskaplike werkers behoort te bemagtig, om hulle rol in die voorkoming van kinderhandel in Suid-Afrika meer suksesvol te kan vervul. Voorkoming van kinderhandel vereis ŉ kort- sowel as langtermynstrategieë wat daarop gemik moet wees om kinderhandelaars te identifiseer, en beskerming te bied aan weerlose kinders wat moontlike slagoffers van kinderhandel kan word. Voorkoming van kinderhandel fokus op drie vlakke, naamlik: primêre, sekondêre en tersiêre strategieë. Copyright
Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Social Work and Criminology
unrestricted

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Kamidi, Rino. « A legal response to child trafficking in Africa : A case study of South Africa and Benin ». Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2928_1210843608.

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Human trafficking has emerged over the past three decades as an issue of considerable concern for the international community, and governments around the world have committed themselves to enacting legislation to combat the trade in humans. This has resulted in the adoption of international standards and important obligations of governments, to address the trafficking in persons (TIP) and in particular child trafficking which appears as a worldwide form of modern-day slavery, and a facet of transnational organized crime. This study investigated the potential causes of this state of affairs, which could be the inadequacy of legal texts and absence of implementation mechanisms, lack of co-ordination amongst the actors implicated, the insufficiency of political will to respond to the problem, the permeability of borders, or the lack of information in the accounts of victims and their parents. The principle objective aimed to address and ensure safety, special protection and security to child victims of trafficking. In so doing this study identified the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment.

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Iroanya, Richard Obinna. « Human trafficking as a security issue : selected case studies ». Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46066.

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This study examined and analysed human trafficking as a security issue using South Africa and Mozambique as country case studies. Information gathered through documentary analysis methodology is relied upon to develop a conceptual framework of human trafficking and security. The link between trafficking and security is evaluated based on the conceptualisation of trafficking in the Palermo Protocol as well as the criteria for declaring social phenomena security threats, as articulated by the UN and several scholars. Through global and national overviews of human trafficking, its patterns, extent and enabling conditions are identified and analysed. In South Africa and Mozambique, human trafficking has domestic and international dimensions and is facilitated by several factors. However, factors facilitating domestic trafficking do not necessarily facilitate international trafficking in South Africa. The opposite is however, the case in the Mozambican context. An analysis of global, regional, and national counter trafficking measures, shows that the national security implications of human trafficking are not explicitly addressed. Trafficking involves national border violations; organised crime; corruption, and physical violence which have implications for security at all levels. Consequently, recommendations are made for the explicit securitisation of trafficking as well as the demonstration of sufficient political will to combat it. Regional and international co-operation is also considered necessary to combat trafficking, as well as prosecution of offenders and the introduction of poverty alleviating measures.
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Political Sciences
DPhil
Unrestricted

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Van, der Westhuizen Amanda. « Co-mapping the maze : a complex systems view of human trafficking in the Eastern Cape ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/23305.

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Researchers have described human trafficking as a complex, multi-layered crime. South Africa, including the Eastern Cape Province, is a source, transit, and destination country for trafficked people. However, a dearth of research on human trafficking exists in the province. Furthermore, traditional, modernist research using reductionist methods to investigate complex phenomena has proven unable to capture the complex interrelationships between the myriad of interrelated elements inherent in complex phenomena. In this qualitative study, I explore and describe the human trafficking system in the Eastern Cape via participants’ perspectives through a complex systems approach that consists of two complementary theories, namely Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development and complexity theory. The participants, who were knowledgeable about human trafficking in the province, were obtained through purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection took place through open-ended interviews with individual participants. I analysed the data according to Miles and Huberman’s data analysis process and Braun and Clarke’s thematic data analysis process. The findings demonstrate that the complex systems approach successfully facilitated the mapping and conceptualisation of an in-depth, multi-level picture of the complex interrelationships within and between multiple system components in the human trafficking system and its environment in relation to the Eastern Cape Province. Participants’ perspectives revealed two main themes, namely, the prominence of the nonlinear interactions between traffickers and trafficked persons in the holistic human trafficking system and the major obstacle regarding the lack of witness credibility for human trafficking prosecutions to be successful. Utilising complex systems theory to conduct further human trafficking research could assist counter-trafficking stakeholders with an alternative approach to generating effective planning and executing counter human trafficking strategies in a rapidly changing and increasing complex interconnected world.

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Rino, Kamidi. « A legal response to child trafficking in Africa : a case study of South Africa and Benin ». Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5447.

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Examines the situation of child victims through a human rights perspective and identifies the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment. Furthermore, this study seeks to raise awareness about the illegality and harmful consequences of all forms of child trafficking. Also discusses the necessity to take appropriate criminal as well as administrative action, at all levels, to effectively prohibit and penalise child trafficking.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Professor Julia Sloth-Nielsen of the faculty of Law, of the University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

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De, Souza Monica. « Analysis of the possibility of, and challenges associated with, the qualification for refugee status of victims of human trafficking in South Africa ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12688.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The aim of the enquiry is to establish whether trafficking victims could find protection within a particular human rights framework - that of refugee law - and to assess any factors that may hinder qualification for such protection.

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Burford, Eva-Maria. « The analysis of the strain level and the predicted human error probability for critical hospital tasks ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005182.

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South African hospitals, as a result of numerous factors, have the problem of an increasing workload for nursing staff, which in turn may affect patient treatment quality. This project aimed at addressing patient treatment quality specifically from the perspective of worker capabilities by investigating the strain level and predicted human error probability associated with specific patient-centered tasks in the South African health care sector. This was achieved through two independent yet interlinked studies which focused on seven patient-centred tasks. The tasks analysed were the tasks of setting up and changing intravenous medication, administering injection and pill medication, measuring blood glucose, temperature and heart rate and blood pressure. In the first study, work environment and task characteristics, task structure and execution were analysed. In addition to the task execution, the resulting strain levels, in the form of heart rate measures and subjective ratings of workload, were studied. The second study determined the error protocols and predictive error probability within the healthcare environment for the seven pre-defined tasks. The results for the first study established that different organizational and environment factors could affect task complexity and workload. The individual task components and information processing requirements for each task was also established. For the strain analysis, significant results for the tasks were determined for heart rate frequency and the heart rate variability measures, but some of these were contradictory. For the second study, specific error protocols and error reporting data were determined for the hospital where this research was conducted. Additionally the predictive error probability for the pre-defined tasks was determined. This combined approach and collective results indicate that strain and predictive error probability as a result of task workload can be determined in the field as well as being able to identify which factors have an effect on task strain and error probability. The value of this research lies in the foundation that the gathered information provides and the numerous potential applications of this data. These applications include providing recommendations aimed at improving nursing work environment with regards to workload, improving patient treatment as a result of a reduction in errors and the potential foundation these results provide for future research

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Schreiner, Jennifer Ann. « Rape as a human security issue, with specific reference to South Africa ». Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02182005-145343.

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Kroon, Deborah Louise. « The human rights implications of adopting male circumcision as a prevention stratergy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9410.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study considers the human rights implications of adopting male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy in South Africa. Consistent findings from three randomised controlled trials in sub-Saharan Africa reflect a protective effect of male circumcision on HIV infection. Given the attention bestowed on the topic by popular media and the international HIV / AIDS community alike, it is justifiable for countries with high HIV prevalence to consider adopting a policy for male circumcision in HIV prevention. However, male circumcision involves many human rights challenges and therefore it is justifiable to consider the human rights issues at stake during policy development.

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Fana, Thanduxolo. « Assessment of drug resistant Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome : knowledge levels among community members in Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016076.

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The aim of this study was to assess community members’ knowledge levels regarding Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS. The study was conducted at ward 40 in Green bushes area in Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM). A quantitative research method was used in this study. Random sampling is the type of probability sampling method that was used in this study. The sample consisted of 100 respondents above 18 years who were randomly selected from the beneficiary list of for the RDP houses in Green bushes area in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. Data for this study were collected using close ended questions which were administered by the researcher to the selected participants. Data was analysed using bivariate and descriptive statistics according to the identified themes. The study revealed that community members had high knowledge levels regarding Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS prevention, transmission modes and diagnosis and treatment methods. The findings revealed that community members were highly knowledgeable and aware of the fact that abstaining and practising safe sex were means of preventing the spread of HIV and AIDS as it was spread through unprotected sex, while opening of windows and minimisation of close contact with HIV positive people and children with people infected with Drug Resistant TB are infection control measures or methods of preventing the spread of the disease. Additionally, the study indicated that female respondents were more aware and knowledgeable about prevention, transmission modes and diagnosis and treatment of Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS than male respondents. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the respondents were highly knowledgeable and aware about transmission of Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS; knowledgeable about prevention and less knowledgeable about diagnosis and treatment. A high percentage of female respondents knew that there was no vaccine to neither prevent nor cure HIV and AIDS and that antiretroviral drug were used to manage it. The study also showed that female respondents knew that all people irrespective of race and economic class can be infected with Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS. It is important to note that the respondents between 41-60 years possessed more knowledge regarding Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS than the respondents who were between 18-40 years. Lastly, the study showed that there were significant differences in gender and knowledge and no significant differences in age and knowledge of the respondents regarding Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS. It is recommended that in future, research regarding knowledge levels about Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS be extended to other wards in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM). Accurate knowledge should be provided by ensuring that educational materials that are developed, are appropriate for the various levels of literacy, and that more appropriate and relevant information regarding these diseases is made more accessible to community members in their home languages. The researcher further recommends that during training interventions and educational campaigns more emphasis should be put on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Drug Resistant TB and HIV and AIDS.

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Bjornberg, Karin. « Rethinking human security : taking into consideration gender based violence ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71706.

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Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human security concept challenges the traditional view of state security. The very essence of human security means to respect human rights. The Commission on Human Security did not focus on women as a special area of concern in the 1994 Human Development Report. The report does not recognise that being subject to gender hierarchies increases women’s insecurity and that women experience human security differently from men and shows that the human security concept does not include gender based violence (GBV) because there is no specific attention paid to issues that predominantly pertain to women. This study is conducted from a feminist perspective. It is reflexive research and based on standpoint theory. The data is gathered through analysis of secondary data and primary data, collected through interviews. GBV in South Africa tends to be continuous and the perpetrator is most likely to be a spouse or partner. Studies show that women are seen as being dependent on and weaker than men. Many men view women’s rights legislation as a challenge to the legitimacy of men’s authority over women. Women who try to be more independent in their relationships are regarded as threats and violence against them becomes a way for men to show control. The criminal justice system in South Africa has made progress in protecting women from GBV but myths, stereotypes and social conventions still prevent women from receiving justice. Traditionally, the state regards what happens in the private sphere as outside its responsibility. The public/private dichotomy challenges state regulations and norms which is evident in the case of domestic violence. It is often argued that GBV has remained imperceptible because it takes place in the private sphere. However, this research indicates that due to the socio-economic situation in South Africa, the abuse is often publicly known by those in the immediate environment as people live in informal housing. This research shows that a human security framework that targets GBV has to be developed for those who bear its consequences. When women are not viewed as subjects, issues that mainly affect them remain invisible. It is necessary that analysis of human insecurity starts from the conditions of women’s lives. Many women in South Africa live highly traumatic lives. Fighting GBV requires that we know the victims of GBV and let them decide what they need to feel secure. Creating human security requires that other threats which contribute to GBV, such as poverty, gender stereotypes and prejudice are also addressed. GBV has become an epidemic in South Africa and is a permanent constraint in women’s lives and impacts society as a whole. The security of the state rest on the security of women and as long as the state fails to treat GBV as a serious crime and protect women the state is more likely to use violence on a larger scale against its citizens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Menslike Veiligheidskonsept daag die tradisionele siening van staatsveiligheid uit: die kerbetekenis van Menslike Veiligheid is om menseregte te respekteer. Die Kommissie op Menslike Veiligheid het nie op vroue as ‘n spesiale area van kommer gefokus in die Menslike Ontwikkelingsverslag van 1994 nie. Die verslag het daarin gefaal om te erken dat die realiteit van geslags-hiërargieë vroue se insekuriteit verhoog, en dat die ervaring van menslike sekuriteit van mans en vroue verskil. Hierdie navorsing sal toon dat die menslike veiligheidsbegrip nie in staat is om geslags-gebaseerde geweld (GGG) in ag te neem nie, aangesien daar geen spesifieke aandag verleen is aan vraagstukke wat hoofsaaklik op vroue betrekking het nie. Hierdie studie is vanuit 'n feministiese perspektief gedoen. Die navorsing is reflektief en op standpunt-teorie gebaseer. Die data is deur die analise van sekondêre data, asook die gebruik van primêre data i deur middel van onderhoude ingesamel . GGG in Suid-Afrika is geneig om oor ‘n uitgerekte tydperk plaas te vind en die mees waarskynlike oortreders is ‘n eggenoot of lewensmaat. Navorsing toon dat gemeenskappe geneig is om vroue as swakker en afhanlik van mans te sien. Wetgewing op die regte van vroue word deur vele mans as ‘n uidaging van hul legitieme superioriteit, ten op sigte van vroue, gesien. Vroue wat dus onafhanklikheid in hul verhoudings probeer uitoefen, word as bedreigings gesien en geweld word gebruik om hulle “in hul plek te hou”. Die Suid-Afrikaanse kriminele regstelsel het al vordering gemaak in terme van die beskerming van vroue teen GGG, maar mites, stereotipes en sosiale konvensies belemmer steeds die volle gang van die gereg. Die staat het in die verlede die private sfeer as buite sy jurisdiksie gesien. Die openbare/private sfeer digotomie bied uitdagings vir staatsregulering en vir die implementering van regulasies , en dit word veral duidelik in die geval van huishoudelike geweld. Daar word aangevoer dat aangesien GGG in die private sfeer plaasvind, dit onsigbaar bly. Hierdie navorsing het egter bevind dat GGG in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks dikwels in die openbare gemeenskapsfeer (deur diegene in die onmiddelike omgewing) opgemerk word, omdat baie mense in Suid-Afrika informele nedersettings woon.Hierdie navorsing het verder bevind dat ‘n GGG raamwerk vir menslike veiligheid ontwikkel moet word wat diegene wat die gevolge van GGG dra insluit. Indien vroue nie spesifiek as navorsingssubjekte geag word nie, bly faktore wat hulle spesifiek beïnvloed onsigbaar. Dit is belangrik dat analise van menslike insekuriteit begin om die omstandighede van vrouens se lewens in ag te neem. Vroue in Suid-Afrika leef in hoogs traumatiese omstandighede. In die bestryding van GGG is dit belangrik dat die slagoffers van GGG in ag geneem word en dat dit hulle toelaat om dit duidelik te maak wat hulle onveilig laat voel. Die skep van menslike veiligheid vereis dat bedreigings wat bydra tot GGG, naamlik armoede, geslagstereotipes en vooroordeel , ook aangespreek word. GGG in Suid-Afrika het ‘n epidemie geword, en plaas ‘n permanente beperking op vroue se lewens. Dit het ook ‘n blywende impak op die samelewing as ‘n geheel. Die veiligheid van die staat rus op die veiligheid van vroue. Solank as wat die staat versuim om GGG te bekamp en as ‘n ernstigge misdaad te erken, en vroue nie die beskerming van die staat geniet nie, is daar ‘n hoër moontlikheid vir die gebruik van geweld deur die staat teen sy eie burgers op ‘n groter skaal.

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Sachikonye, Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice. « Natural resource use as a coping and adaptation strategy to floods of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018194.

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Many of the anticipated increased occurances of natural hazards are not only a consequence of climate change, but rather of rapid and widespread land cover change and the subsequent loss of the buffering capacity provided by healthy ecosystems against natural hazards. Unplanned and unmanaged developments in informal settlements limit government’s ability to mitigate and manage, pointing towards natural resources as being integral for vulnerable communities in developing countries to cope with and mitigate flood disasters. There is a lack of understanding on how natural resources contribute to resilience of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape and how they are impacted by these populations before, during and after a flood shock. There also exists a gap in knowledge on how natural resources can mitigate the physical impacts of flooding in South Africa, more so in the Eastern Cape province. Using household questionnaires and GIS techniques, the strategies that households used to recover from the October 2012-February 2013 flood shocks were investigated in informal settlements of three towns (Grahamstown, Port Alfred and Port St Johns). Within the vulnerability paradigm and the sustainable livelihood framework, the study also quantified and evaluated the relative contribution of natural resources to recovery strategies, and lastly, the study investigated how patterns of land use, state of natural vegetation and household topographical location exacerbated or diminished the physical impacts of flooding. This study found that natural resources contributed up to 70 percent to recovery of households from the flood shock, most of this being to reconstruction of housing structures after the flood, less so to economic recovery. It was also found that at a settlement scale the buffering effect of vegetation, although variable amongst settlements, was significant. Settlements that were dominated by dense bush and small trees experienced up to 46 percent less impacts on their property than those surrounded by bare gravel and impervious roofs with degraded environments. The main findings of the research show that natural resources reduce the vulnerability of households in informal settlements to flooding in two significant ways; by physically mitigating against damage to shelters and by also providing an emergency-net function that substitutes financial capital in households. Their inclusion in disaster management has the potential to encourage the sustainable livelihoods of the urban poor in the Eastern Cape

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Chiringa, Kudakwashe E. M. « Human rights implications of the compulsory HIV/AIDS testing policy : a critical appraisal of the law and practice in South Africa, Uganda and Canada ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017298.

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HIV/AIDS has been an obstacle to socio-economic development and a major cause of loss of human life. It has also caused vast inequities and frustration to the public health sector. One of the significant efforts made by the public health sector to combat the epidemic is the implementation of a mandatory HIV/AIDS testing policy to scale-up HIV treatment. This dissertation examines the impact of this policy on the human rights of people infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Coercive government policies aimed at controlling the AIDS pandemic often infringe on the rights of individuals known to be or suspected of living with HIV/AIDS and this decreases the effectiveness of public health measures. The research methodology involved the study of written literature and a comparative literature study of the law and practice obtaining in South Africa, Uganda and Canada. It revealed that voluntary testing is effective and suitable in South Africa. This dissertation aimed to show that any public health approach that aims to achieve a comprehensive prevention strategy must be consistent with respect for human rights as enshrined in regional and international human rights law. Public health and human rights should, therefore, not be regarded as opposing forces; rather they should be seen as a unified system of protection of human welfare under the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. The solution to the crisis lies not only in testing every single person but also requires a shift of focus to more pressing issues that include gender equality, stigma and discrimination; prioritizing human rights, institutional capacity and resources; and an end to extreme poverty. A human rights-based approach to HIV/AIDS testing, such as the Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is recommended. Therefore, failure to adhere to the core principles of testing - which are informed consent, counselling and confidentiality of the test result - will only hinder the global fight against HIV/AIDS. The rights of those affected by HIV/AIDS need to be protected in order to address public health imperatives. This can be done through the use of the law as an instrument of social change as well as education and awareness. Key words, HIV/AIDS, mandatory testing, Voluntary Counselling and Testing, public health, human rights-based approach.

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20

Ramoshaba, Refilwe. « Barriers influencing the use of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus follow-up services at Mankweng Clinics ». Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2009.

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21

Elliott, Andrew Brent. « Risk assessment and the effects of overhead work - an automotive industry example ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005211.

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The focus of this investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African automotive industry workers as there is a recognised problem with regard to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Preliminary work was conducted to highlight the dominant risks and areas which elicited higher numbers of MSDs within the chosen automotive plant. An area of concern was highlighted through medical record analysis and the use of risk assessment tools, thereby prioritising the need for ergonomic intervention. In particular, the effects of varying restricted and overhead work heights on the biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical responses of an individual were investigated. Twenty-eight subjects were required to complete sixteen conditions. The conditions consisted of the adoption of restricted and upright overhead static postures, with half requiring the holding of four kilograms of weight in the hands and the remaining eight conditions having no weight. Testing was carried out using an electromyography unit, ergospirometer and a perceptual Body Discomfort Map and Scale. This involved a habituation and testing session. The results of the testing revealed the biomechanical and physiological responses were dependant on the change in height. Body discomfort was also shown to be variable over the changing height conditions. This indicates that there is a significant effect of height on an individual’s responses during overhead work. The extreme restricted (-200mm and -100mm) and upright (+300mm and +400mm) overhead conditions within this study were limiting, as they elicited the highest muscle activation, physiological responses and body discomfort ratings. Positions that are preferable to adopt, which were identified from the results in this study, indicate conditions closer to head height (0mm and +100mm) were favourable. The results therefore illustrate how awkward working postures during work are likely to elicit higher demands from an individual, which could lead to an increased risk for the development of a musculoskeletal disorder. The added factor of weight elicited significant results over all variables, excluding a respiratory The focus of this investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African automotive industry workers as there is a recognised problem with regard to the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Preliminary work was conducted to highlight the dominant risks and areas which elicited higher numbers of MSDs within the chosen automotive plant. An area of concern was highlighted through medical record analysis and the use of risk assessment tools, thereby prioritising the need for ergonomic intervention. In particular, the effects of varying restricted and overhead work heights on the biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical responses of an individual were investigated. Twenty-eight subjects were required to complete sixteen conditions. The conditions consisted of the adoption of restricted and upright overhead static postures, with half requiring the holding of four kilograms of weight in the hands and the remaining eight conditions having no weight. Testing was carried out using an electromyography unit, ergospirometer and a perceptual Body Discomfort Map and Scale. This involved a habituation and testing session. The results of the testing revealed the biomechanical and physiological responses were dependant on the change in height. Body discomfort was also shown to be variable over the changing height conditions. This indicates that there is a significant effect of height on an individual’s responses during overhead work. The extreme restricted (-200mm and -100mm) and upright (+300mm and +400mm) overhead conditions within this study were limiting, as they elicited the highest muscle activation, physiological responses and body discomfort ratings. Positions that are preferable to adopt, which were identified from the results in this study, indicate conditions closer to head height (0mm and +100mm) were favourable. The results therefore illustrate how awkward working postures during work are likely to elicit higher demands from an individual, which could lead to an increased risk for the development of a musculoskeletal disorder. The added factor of weight elicited significant results over all variables, excluding a respiratory individual.

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22

Dafel, Michael. « The constitutional rebuilding of the South African private law : a choice between judicial and legislative law-making ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285563.

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A tension arises whenever the South African private law fails to meet constitutional right norms. To remedy a deficiency, two law-making options are available. The first is for the judiciary to develop or change private law principles and rules in order to provide protection for the implicated constitutional norm. The second is for the judiciary to enforce an obligation upon Parliament to enact legislation to amend or replace existing private law rights and obligations so as to safeguard the norm against interference from a private individual or entity. The former is the more conventional option, but, in recent years, the law reports record an increasing reliance on the legislative duty to protect constitutional right norms in private legal relationships. The thesis investigates the extent to which the latter phenomenon - which will be described as a 'pivot towards legislative remedies' - exists, and the circumstances in which the courts pivot towards legislative remedies rather than developing private law of their own accord. The thesis finds that legislative schemes that give effect to constitutional rights are likely to contain an array of benefits that are absent from or reduced in the judicial law-making process. The judicial pivot towards legislative remedies is thus a strategy to enhance the process through which conflicting rights are resolved, as it allows for the constitutional rebuilding of private law in a way that the judiciary is unable to do on its own. Importantly, however, theories of judicial deference do not explain the pivot. On the contrary, the courts have exercised a strict level of control over the legislative law-making pathway. Through either statutory interpretation or the review of legislation, the courts require legislation to contain the essentials of the judicial law-making framework. From this perspective, the judicial law-making process produces the floor of the rebuilding project and the legislative law-making process enhances that framework.

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23

De, Wet Martie. « The effect of colonic propionate and the acetate : propionate ratio on risk markers for cardiovascular disease in westernised African men ». Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/30.

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24

Mollema, Nina. « Combating human trafficking in South Africa : a comparative legal study ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10189.

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This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking. The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified. iv The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research.
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.D.

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25

Pardhoothman, Swastika. « An analysis of the modus operandi of perpetrators in human trafficking ». Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21167.

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Text in English
This research attempts to analyse the modus operandi (MO) of perpetrators used in cases of trafficking in persons for sexual purposes, and trafficking in children. The Trafficking in Persons Bill was passed in South Africa, but not gazetted; therefore, alternate charges are used to prosecute perpetrators. The purpose, value and elements of MO allow an investigator to link a perpetrator to a specific crime scene. The research provides an examination of case dockets and the MO of perpetrators in human trafficking – inter alia, looking at such issues as time, location, transport routes used, criminal motive, recruitment styles, and the number of offenders. The MO of perpetrators identified during docket analysis indicates many similarities, when compared to the international MO of traffickers. The gathering of MO information forms a critical part of any investigation to link a perpetrator to a crime. This research therefore presents a comprehensive examination of the MO of perpetrators, and delivers practical recommendations to monitor and combat trafficking.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

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26

Geldenhuys, Irma Cornell Haupt. « A critical understanding of the policing of trafficking in persons ». Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23126.

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The aim of conducting this research was to obtain a critical understanding of how the South African Police Service (SAPS), law enforcement (LE) and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) understand the concept, policing of Trafficking in Persons (TIP). The study indicates different role players in the policing of TIP. The researcher explored the present and possible future cooperation between SAPS and NGOs in the Cape Town area. The development of policing and legal aspects concerning TIP was explored globally. Research indicates the necessity of a professional partnership approach between SAPS, LE and NGOs, in the policing of TIP. The researcher identified factors that inhibit the effectiveness of policing of TIP. These factors include among others the lack of training in the identification of TIP and lack of trust between role players. Recommendations to this effect and the implementation of the policing of TIP are made to all concerned, especially SAPS management.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Policing)

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27

Anthony, Inge. « Understanding the experiences of adolescents trafficked for sexual exploitation : informing social work services ». Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/14355.

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The impact of adolescent human trafficking for sexual exploitation is of such a nature that it interferes with the attainment of adolescent developmental tasks that would lead to the ability to become independent adults. This interference offers specific challenges to service providers. The goal of this study was therefore to develop an in-depth understanding of service providers’ perceptions of the experiences of adolescents trafficked for sexual exploitation with a view to inform social work services. The research methodology entailed the use of the contextual, explorative and descriptive research designs within a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis led to the identification of themes, sub-themes and categories that addressed the goal of the study. A literature control was conducted to verify the data and to draw conclusions and make recommendations for social work service delivery.
Social Work
M. A. (Social Science)

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28

Botha, Maria Susanna. « Investigating social service assistance provision to adult victims of human trafficking : perspectives of social workers in Gauteng and Western Cape provinces ». Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24585.

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Thesis (M.A. (Social Development))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Human and Community Development, 2017.
Human trafficking has been called modern day slavery, and is affecting numerous countries worldwide. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) (2012), there are approximately more than 20 million people classified as victims of human trafficking. Thus, it is evident to see that this is a global social problem that needs a collective inter-sectoral response involving social workers as well. This research aimed to investigate social service provision to adult victims of human trafficking. The research approach of the study was qualitative. The research design applied was a case study. Non probability purposive sampling was used to select eight participants for the study. Data was collected using one-on-one in depth interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that social workers, employed at shelters that provide services to adult human trafficking victims, have a good understanding of what human trafficking entails. The services at the shelter addresses basic needs like safe accommodation, food and clothing, and also access to health services. Court support to the victims of human trafficking, and skills development to empower victims with a skill to facilitate economic empowerment, are also provided. The social worker further provides therapeutic support to victims, as well as facilitates reintegration back into society. The research identified the following challenges: security concerns for the victim as well as the shelter, complicated trauma symptoms presented by the rescued human trafficking victim and lastly the lengthy court case subsequently impacting on service delivery. Social development at its core refers to the well-being of the most vulnerable in our communities, by addressing both social and economic development (Midgley, 1995). The research study attempted to understand how social workers, as part of the social service professions, assist vulnerable adult victims of trafficking in their journey to restoration and healing.
XL2018

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29

Yaso, Masibulele. « Hidden transcripts, moral and policy entrepreneurs, and human trafficking legislation in South Africa ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18338.

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Master’s Thesis submitted to the African Centre for Migration and Society. Faculty of Humanities University of the Witwatersrand Date: 06 February 2015
In 2013 South Africa signed the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill into law. During the run-up to 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup in South Africa, early drafts of this bill were almost steamrolled through parliament. The proposed anti-human trafficking bill generated huge public interest. The soccer event provided a perfect opportunity for moral and policy entrepreneurs to manufacture and stage moral panic about the problem of human trafficking in the country. These moral or policy entrepreneurs – the anti-prostitution and human trafficking organisations – employed a victimhood approach to justify the intensification of ‘urgent law enforcement’ to deal with human trafficking. The exploitation of women and children in the sex industry became a rallying point for moral and policy entrepreneurs. Hence, government awareness campaigns, during the run up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup, were characterised by desperate language such as trafficking of women and children for sexual purposes. The South African government hastily responded by announcing a proposed anti-human trafficking bill. The bill was introduced in parliament for discussion two months before the kick-off of the sporting event. This happened; despite the fact government did not provide empirical evidence showing a rise in, or alarming statistics about, human trafficking. Parliament refused to debate the bill. The decision by parliament - to put on hold the discussion and the passing of the bill - was in fact an act of legislative sovereignty. However, both the actions of government, NGOs and parliament must be understood in the context of playing out what Scott (1990) refers to as ‘dominance and the art of resistance’. The sovereign practise by legislators was a particular form of political disguise. South Africa did not want to openly rebel against the dominant agenda behind anti-human trafficking bill.

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Chembe, Phyllis Kedibone. « Human trafficking in Southern Africa : the need for an effective regional response ». Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23739.

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Human trafficking is an old practice that has become a matter of global concern irrespective whether a country is a country of origin where people are trafficked from; a country of transit where people are trafficked through and a country of destination where people are trafficked to. In 2009, the UN Office on Crime and Drugs stated that 66% females, 22% of children and 12% of men are trafficked. In Africa, human trafficking is identified as a problem in roughly one in three of the countries. According to the Salvation Army, at least 2,000,000 people are trafficked each year and of the estimated number, Africa accounts for 450,000. Furthermore, statistics reveal that 30% of cases handled by the Southern Africa Counter-Trafficking Assistance Programme (SACTAP) involved SADC nationals. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine whether there is a need for an effective legislative response to human trafficking in SADC. This was established by tracing the evolvement of trafficking from its conceptualization as slavery to its evolvement to human trafficking. Further, by investigating the measures taken within the SADC region to address human trafficking both at the national and regional levels and a comparative study between different regions and between selected SADC countries was conducted. In the summary of key findings, it was found that the definition of human trafficking as laid out in the Palermo Protocol cannot sufficiently and adequately combat human trafficking in SADC countries in its current form due to a number of reasons. Furthermore, at the institutional level it was found that the Protocols adopted by SADC do not afford all victims of trafficking protection and the Plan of Action is non-binding and faces implementation problems. At SADC country levels it was found that although twelve of the fifteen countries adopted anti-trafficking legislation, these countries struggle with compliance and implementation mechanisms, which show, that mere passing of legislation does not automatically translate to compliance. This study therefore concluded by proposing a number of options that can be explored in order to effectively prevent, and combat human trafficking in SADC. Even though this study does not offer a blueprint solution, it contributes towards the development of a model that will better be suited to address human trafficking problems at the SADC level.
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. M.

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Moodley, Rene Puzzo. « The influence of US hegemony on the South African anti-trafficking in persons movement ». Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21860.

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A dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts Degree in Political Studies, Faculty of the Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016
The contemporary movement to end human trafficking rose to prominence in the early to mid 1990s. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the US found itself in need of new tools to extend its global reach. This report argues that the modern day movement to abolish human trafficking is one of the new tools used to advance US hegemony. South Africa provides a unique context for the study of how US hegemony has been employed through this movement. The rise of this movement coincided with the rise of democracy in the rainbow nation. Under Apartheid, US policy toward South Africa was linked with the fight against communism. The US would channel money to black liberation movements in order to shape their views in a pro-western direction. South Africa was considered important to US economic interests and prosperity. With the communist enemy gone, the US has employed new tools to influence ideology, policy and legislation. Through studying the Anti-Trafficking in Persons (TIP) movement in the South African context, this report analyzes how the movement is a tool of hegemony. Tactics used to gain public consent and legitimize the cause are uncovered, as are coercive measures used to stronghold the South African government to comply with the US.
MT2017

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« 'n Handves van menseregte vir Suid-Afrika as instrument ter bekamping van geweld ». Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/14907.

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33

Mafoko, Baatseba. « Expression of Hsp70 and survival of human peripheral blood monocytes in response to in vitro exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6646.

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M.Sc.
The induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in human monocytes during a pathogen challenge is a sophisticated selective response and plays an important role in cytoprotection from inflammation-related stress, including oxidative injury. We investigated the accumulation of the inducible isoform of the 70 kDa HSP, Hsp70, in peripheral blood monocytes from 12 healthy donors in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) using flow cytometry, biometabolic labeling or Western blot analysis. Cells from each donor, prepared on two different occasions, were exposed to virulent (H37Rv) and attenuated (H37Ra) strains of M.tb at two bacterium : monocyte ratios (1:1 and 10:1) for 3 h and allowed to recover for an additional 2 h or 24 h. In spite of a prominent inter-individual variation, H37Ra (1:1, 2 h) significantly induced the mean Hsp70 accumulation (p<0.05) compared to normal cells, while H37Rv (10:1, 24 h) significantly suppressed the mean Hsp70 levels (p<0.001) in monocyte compared to normal monocytes or monocytes exposed to H37Ra. Survival of H37Rv-infected monocytes showed a significant correlation with Hsp70 levels. These results suggest a protective role of Hsp70 in host defense against mycobacterial infection. Cell death due to insufficient endogenous levels of Hsp70 implies a novel pathogenic strategy for virulence of M. tuberculosis.

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Ngambi, Doris. « Knowledge and practices of women regarding cervical cancer prevention at Thulamela Municipality of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province ». Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/621.

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MCur
Department of Advanced Nursing Science
Cervical cancer remains one of the major public health problems globally, despite the fact that it is preventable and curable if identified at an early stage. Currently, cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among women in Sub-Saharan Africa where the knowledge about the disease is scarce among the affected population. Methods A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in Thulamela Municipality of Limpopo Province. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of cervical cancer prevention among women in four villages in Thulamela Municipality. The population of the study was composed of all women aged above 30 in the villages Malamulele, Mhinga, Muledane and Phiphidi. A sample of one thousand five hundred and forty-six (1546) was drawn using random sampling. Quantitative data were collected using a twenty-six-item questionnaire. The data were coded and then processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences to produce frequency tables and descriptive statistics such as chi-square and correlation. Results A number of findings were made in this study. The majority of the women in this study had little or no knowledge about cervical cancer, human papilloma virus and vaccines. The majority of the women had little or no knowledge on cervical cancer risk factors and how the disease is spread. These findings were confirmed by chi-squared values at p<0.05 and showed significant association between variables: that young women were likely to be aware of cervical cancer compared to elderly women, educated women were more likely to be knowledgeable about cervical cancer than those with low education attainment, elderly women were more likely to be not worried about cervical cancer compared to young women. Correlation, Pearson rho scores at p<0.05 showed significant correlations knowledge of cervical cancer and age (negative), knowledge and education (positive). The findings signified the need for cervical cancer prevention education in Vhembe District, and the need for primary health care nurses to promote access to such services through robust health education. vi Recommendations The study made a number of practical recommendations likely to educate women about cervical cancer, human papilloma virus and its prevention. These include: The possibility of large hospitals having their own small broadcasting stations that will frequently disseminate information throughout the local municipalities, road shows and use of informal sector like politicians and traditional healers in disseminating information.

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Mpaka, M. « The prevention of HIV transmission from mother-to-child : the obligations of the South African government in terms of national and international laws ». Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4342.

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Women and children are often the most affected by pandemics which have swept through the world, and in this regard the HIV/AIDS pandemics is not an exception. The most common route of HIV infection in HIV positive children under 5 years of age is through Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT). In spite of the seriousness of this pandemic, the Constitutional Court has found that the measures taken by the South African government with regard to the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) has fallen short of what the Constitution requires. This dissertation critically reviews the management of the South African PMTCT programme, and discusses the relevant Court decisions. The study finally clarifies the obligations of the South Africa government in the context of PMTCT under the 1996 Constitution and in terms of international law.
Constitutional,International & Indigenous Law
LL.M. (Legal aspects of HIV/AIDS)

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36

Ngobeni, Marlence Freda. « Attitudes of community members towards the human rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa ». Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25401.

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This study explored the attitudes of community members toward the Human Rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was underpinned by interpretative phenomenological analysis design. Data were collected using individual interviews of 20 participants and 6 focus groups consisting of six community members each. Both sets of interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three super-ordinate themes emerged from data analysis: attitudes toward the Human Rabies, factors influencing attitudes toward the Human Rabies and tackling the Human Rabies. Results indicate that attitudes toward the Human Rabies has a direct influence on adherence to prevention and care approaches. Attitudes can be influenced by addressing training and educational needs and perceptions of prevention and care approaches. Recommendations are made to enhance adherence to prevention and care approaches for management of the Human Rabies.
Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)

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Radzilani, Tshilidzi Anna. « Inmates' perception of the factors contributing to human immunodeficiency virus transmission in Thohoyandou Correctional services in Limpopo Province ». Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1010.

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Damon, Peter-John. « Prevention of Organized Crime Act 121 of 1998 : a constitutional analysis of section 2,4,5,6, chapter 5 and chapter 6 ». Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21517.

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Since the advent of the new democratic order established under the 1996 Constitution, South Africa has been plagued with many new challenges .One of the facts that our new democratic state could not ignore was the rapid increase in both national and international, organized criminal activity .The South African Legislature realizing the desire to combat serious criminal activities, introduced into South African Law, the Prevention of Organized Crime Act 121 of 1998. The Act recognizes that conventional criminal penalties are inadequate as measures of deterrence when organized crime leaders are able to retain the considerable gains derived from organized crime, even on those occasions when they are brought to justice. It strives to strip sophisticated criminals of the proceeds of their criminal conduct. The Courts, in applying this legislation, has also created a new field of law that had until the advent of the Act, not existed in South African Law, namely organized crime law. A field, distinct from the ordinary principles of criminal law. The bulk of jurisprudence created over the past decade or more, however seems to be threatened to be undone by the recent judgment concerning the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Act. The confirmation of this judgment is being considered by the Constitutional Court and the purpose of this thesis is to argue against the confirmation of this judgment
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. M.

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39

Rakubu, Motlalepula. « The practice of virginity testing in South Africa : a constitutional and comparative analysis ». Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2940.

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Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
In South Africa, the concept of virginity testing has been under the spotlight because of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 partially legalising it. Section 12 thereof, provides for the testing to be performed on both male and female children over the age of sixteen with their informed consent. It has also been revived as a Zulu custom which gained momentum in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This custom is, however, in contrast to the approach highlighted in the Act, since it targets only the girl child and mostly without her informed consent. Although a girl’s virginity is said to bring honour to her family, it also comes with inherent risks, since, in African societies, the myth that sex with a virgin, or a girl-child can cure AIDS, is prevalent. This dissertation examines, from a human rights perspective, the concept of virginity testing and related procedures/ provisions, the role and function of the virginity testers, as well as expectations/experience of the participants (the girls tested). The study asserts that the practice of virginity testing is a violation of human rights, strips the girl of her dignity, represents an invasion of bodily privacy and leads to degradation and humiliation. Virginity testing, according to this study, leads to limitation of rights and unfairly discriminates against the girls tested and cannot be justified in terms of the limitation clause, as provided by section 36 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. As part of the comparative study, the analysis of the position in Senegal, regarding the successful abolishment of a similar discriminatory cultural practice, provides lessons on how both the South African government and NGO’s can work towards law reform in order to address the problem of virginity testing.

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Pillay, Diantha. « Racial differences in willingness to participate in HIV prevention clinical trials amongst university students in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11073.

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Introduction Willingness to participate in clinical trials is a crucial element in recruitment of suitable participants for intervention trials. Measurement of willingness to participate assists in determining community preparedness for clinical trials, such as HIV vaccine trials. Therefore, researchers have developed a Clinical Research Involvement Scale (CRIS) to assess willingness to participate modelled on the Theory of Reasoned Action. The CRIS was tested in the USA and was noted that it would benefit from additional testing in other populations. Aim The purpose of this study is to determine whether racial differences exist in willingness to participate and explore potential factors associated with willingness to participate in HIV prevention research. Methods A cross sectional analytic study was conducted. The CRIS was administered to university students aged 18-45 at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The CRIS was administered online with a demographic questionnaire to facilitate evaluation of possible associations between willingness to participate and age, gender, relationship status, parity, religion, education status, student status, employment status and access to private health care. Participation was once-off at the time of completing the scale. Results The study enrolled 636 participants, two thirds being female. An effective sample size of 509 was considered for analysis after data was cleaned for accuracy and completeness. The results indicated that all students across all race groups were willing to participate in HIV prevention research. However, when considering factors that affected willingness to participate, statistically significant differences were noted. Based on the differences amongst these factors, Black students expressed greater intention to participate compared to White and Indian students. The CRIS was deemed a reliable instrument in this population; however in its current structure it did not show strong validity. Validity improved if the factors of motivation to comply and outcome evaluations were removed in this population. Discussion The study findings are specific to students of the University of KwaZulu-Natal and cannot be generalized to other populations. The racial differences in factors that affect willingness to participate indicate differences in risk perception and seeking access to better quality healthcare. Recommendations The CRIS should be used in other student populations to assess its validity. (350 words)
Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

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Qhogwana, Sibulelo Agatha. « “We are human too” : a narrative analysis of rehabilitation experiences by women classified as maximum security offenders in the Johannesburg Correctional Centre ». Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22597.

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Text in English
While correctional centres are often associated with men, there is an increasing number of incarcerated women who have rehabilitation needs that are specific to their gender. Historically correctional centres have responded through offering rehabilitative programmes that stereotyped women offenders into socially constructed gender roles. Using a feminist criminology framework, the current study aimed to explore the subjective inner experience and meaning given by women classified as maximum security offenders to the rehabilitation processes in the Johannesburg Correctional Centre. Data was collected from 18 incarcerated women who are and were once classified as maximum offenders. A narrative analysis was used in understanding the data from the interviews. Women’s narratives in the current study reflect unique and common experiences with rehabilitation in the correctional centre. Being a maximum security offender presents a challenge of further perceived discrimination, alienation and isolation amongst women who describe limited involvement in rehabilitation as a result of this identity. Also highlighted in the study are challenges in implementing gender sensitive programming in a penal system infused with power dynamics; a discipline and punish narrative; patriarchy; binary view of gender and ethnocentrism. A continued reinforcement of traditional structures, systems and practices that seek to perpetuate gendered form of existence is also evident in the current study. Therefore, a need for the reformation of the correctional centre context and culture is suggested so as to respond in a manner that is not only gender sensitive, but also inclusive enough in recognising both in theory and in practice, the various locations of inequality in society that influence female criminality. The principle of Ubuntu demonstrated through caring, compassion and hospitability which empowers and edifies the other person through interrelatedness is one of the promising initiatives that can guide correctional centres and society in the implementation of gender sensitive programmes, while paying attention to the socio-cultural dynamics that influence women’s pathways to crime.
Psychology
D. Phil. (Psychology)

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42

Rapakwana, Ngwako Johannah. « The effect of a provincial communcation strategy to address HIV, AIDS, STIs and TB (HAST) in the Limpopo Province ». Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23605.

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The lack of a contextualised, relevant communication strategy focusing specifically on HAST diseases in the Limpopo Province was the impetus for this research. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to explore the knowledge, perceptions and utilisation of health facilities for HAST in order to develop an acceptable and effective communication strategy for the Province to address the high rate of HAST diseases. The study followed a qualitative approach guided by the major tenets of the Health Belief Model, namely, to determine modifying factors, individual beliefs and cues for action. An in-depth literature review was followed by focus group interviews with the community members and personal interviews with District and Provincial Deputy Directors. Based on these findings, a communication strategy was drafted and piloted for three months in one of the districts in Limpopo. Further refinement of the communication strategy followed after member-checking and further interviews with directors HAST. The final strategy specifically focused on risk groups with each of the diseases in terms of their beliefs and perceptions. It further resulted in guidelines for health providers in terms of the content and implementation of effective communication strategies within the context of educational, cultural, social and economic factors relevant to Limpopo
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

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Muthaphuli, Phumudzo. « Offenders' rights with regard to rehabilitation in South Africa ». Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1309.

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Every human being deserves to have their rights respected all the times. Not only does the correctional system have the responsibility to rehabilitate offenders before they are released to the community but also to respect their rights throughout the rehabilitation process.. In this research the extent in which human rights affect the process of rehabilitation was outlined. This was achieved by analyzing the provisions of major human rights instruments, both internationally and nationally as well as standards required for the treatment of offenders. In addition various rehabilitation programmes were also discussed. The findings of the research indicated that South Africa has achieved a lot when it comes to the recognition of human rights. From the research it was discovered that indeed offenders' rights have an impact on the rehabilitation process. Based on these and other findings recommendations were made.
Criminal Justice
M. Tech. (Correctional Services Managemnent)

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44

Moodley, Rajmoney. « An evaluation of the training of South African police service officials on the use of lethal force after the amendment to section 49 of the criminal procedure act (No. 51 of 1977) ». Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3126.

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45

Mokwatlo, Elizabeth Maboakae. « The evaluation of the implementation of HIV-AIDS policies at school level with particular focus on discrimination and stigma amongst educators ». Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2085.

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Against the background of evidence that HIV-AIDS has had and continues to have an enormous impact on all South African schools, a need has arisen for HIV -AIDS policies and programmes to be effectively implemented in all schools. In this study, a qualitative methodology was used to evaluate policy implementation in the North West province. Data was gathered by means of field notes, observation and interviews with management and educators. The study found that although principals and educators are knowledgeable about HIV -AIDS, there is a tendency to discriminate against infected educators, particularly in terms of educator workload. This study also revealed that educators fear being accidentally exposed to HIV -AIDS infected blood, despite the guidelines given in the National HIV -AIDS policy and the availability of emergency first aid kits. The key thought emerging from this study is that not all schools are able to deal effectively with HIV -AIDS and that schools urgently need to plan or implement their own policies in this regard. School-based HIV-AIDS policies can only be successful if they take cognisance of local contextual issues and involve the three spheres of influence in the lives of educators and learners, namely, the sphere of the school, the sphere of family life and the sphere of the community.
Sociology
M.A.(Social and Behavioural Studies in HIV-AIDS)

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Ezike-Dennis, Uchechukwu Nneka. « The spatial distribution of HIV and AIDS in Gauteng, South Africa ». Diss., 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1594.

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Since the earliest reported cases of HIV/AIDS probably in 1959 in Africa, there has been a consistent progression in the new HIV/AIDS infection cases. In South Africa, Gauteng, records one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in the country. The Department of Health (DOH) South Africa conducts ongoing studies on HIV/AIDS at provincial levels; these studies monitor the prevalence of HIV/AIDS amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, as a tool for determining and monitoring the prevalence, trends, patterns and spread of the disease in the general population. This study analyses sentinel and spatial data collected from the (DOH) and Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) respectively, and depicts them in the form of spatial maps, and then critically analyses the spatial patterns that occur. The research findings would hopefully contribute to the overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS and provide framework and relevant literature for further investigation.
Geography
M.Sc. (Geography)

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47

Agyepong, Adelaide Owusu. « The possible contribution of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Leaves to dietary quality in two Bapedi communities in Mokopane, Limpopo Province ». Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2599.

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A high rate of micronutrient deficiencies persists in Africa with the most vulnerable groups being women and children. The Moringa oleifera tree has been identified to help alleviate malnutrition at household level because of its rich content of vitamin A in its plant form - beta-carotene, iron and vitamin C. The objectives of this study was to identify households that consumed Moringa, to identify households that required diet diversification through the use of a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and to determine the acceptability of various dishes prepared from Moringa leaves as a possible contribution to the alleviation of malnutrition in resource poor communities. The dietary diversity score of the traditional Bapedi community is 4.7 and the results of the acceptability test of dishes prepared with Moringa indicated that Moringa could be recommended as an additional food ingredient to add micronutrient to the diet of Bapedi communities.
Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Human Ecology)

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48

Motopi, Lineo Mamphi. « Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine immunisation as an intervention programme for the prevention of cervical cancer and other similar HPV genotype-related diseases in South Africa : Some ethical and legal matters for consideration ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15219.

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A new opportunity to reduce cervical cancer deaths as well as other HPV associated diseases arises from recently developed prophylactic vaccines. A large body of scientific literature concludes that the vaccines provide 100% protection against the oncogenic (high-risk) HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers in women. The vaccines also protect against infections with HPV 6 and 11, the cause of about 90% of genital warts (condylomataacuminata) in both males and females. South Africa is faced with uncertainties about how to implement a HPV vaccine immunisation programme aimed at the improvement of health in relation to the burden of disease caused by cervical cancer and related HPV-implicated diseases whilst struggling to provide the most basic of healthcare services in the midst of a HIV pandemic and a diminished base of key healthcare professionals. In such a context and relative to other priorities and the comparative benefits of different interventions, should, and if so why should South Africa invest in a HPV vaccine immunisation programme; likewise, if not, why not? In this research, report I will provide the main ethical and legal issues related to the implementation of a National HPV vaccine immunisation intervention programme. The research method used is a literature review of some ethical & legal issues in HPV vaccine immunisation analysing findings by way of critical thinking and moral reasoning. The outcomes of my research report suggest that South Africa is bound ethically and legally to provide HPV vaccine immunisation as an intervention to reduce the scourge of HPV infections, especially cervical cancer-based on the outcomes, I make recommendations concerning policy changes at the National level. These changes include interventions targeting the youth with an HPV vaccine immunisation programme included as one type of intervention.

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Ndlazi, Bandile Ernest. « Acceptance, accessibility and utilisation of VCT services by women using contraceptives at City of Johannesburg Municipal clinics ». Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19208.

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Background: The South Africa’s reproductive health policy put more emphasis on dual methods in preventing unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission. Regardless of such policies, the uptake of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services remains a personal choice. Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the accessibility, acceptance and utilisation of VCT services by women on hormonal contraceptives. Methods: About 134 women obtaining hormonal contraceptives were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was applied to analyse the study data. Results: Respondents displayed positive attitudes towards Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing. Unavailability and poor access to in-house VCT services was found to be a barrier for use of these services. Conclusion: There’s a need for provider initiated counselling and testing (PICT) strengthening and integration of VCT services into family planning.
Public Health
M.P.H. (Public Health)

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Ndlazi, Bandile Ernerst. « Acceptance, accessibility and utilisation of VCT services by women using contraceptives at city of Johannesburg Municipal clinics ». Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19208.

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Background: The South Africa’s reproductive health policy put more emphasis on dual methods in preventing unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission. Regardless of such policies, the uptake of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services remains a personal choice. Aim: The purpose of the study was to determine the accessibility, acceptance and utilisation of VCT services by women on hormonal contraceptives. Methods: About 134 women obtaining hormonal contraceptives were interviewed in a cross-sectional study. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis was applied to analyse the study data. Results: Respondents displayed positive attitudes towards Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) testing. Unavailability and poor access to in-house VCT services was found to be a barrier for use of these services. Conclusion: There’s a need for provider initiated counselling and testing (PICT) strengthening and integration of VCT services into family planning.
Health Studies
M (Public Health)
362.104256

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