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Articles de revues sur le sujet « II. Filtering »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 19 juillet 2025

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Ersoy, Okan K. "Nonlinear matched filtering II." Optical Engineering 29, no. 9 (1990): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.55697.

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Banik, N. C., I. Lerche, J. R. Resnick, and R. T. Shuey. "Stratigraphic filtering, Part II: Model spectra." GEOPHYSICS 50, no. 12 (1985): 2775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1441898.

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We describe filtering by short‐period multiples in one dimension using a combination of the O’Doherty‐Anstey (1971) formula with a stochastic model in which the autocorrelation of acoustic impedance decreases exponentially with lag [Formula: see text] while the spectrum of reflection coefficients rises with frequency up to a corner, then is approximately constant, [Formula: see text] An impedance log with these statistics is a generalization of the classic random telegraph wave. The parameter [Formula: see text], the mean‐square fractional fluctuation of impedance, is typically less than 1 percent, although we show an example where it is as high as 13 percent. The corner frequency [Formula: see text] is inversely related to average bed thickness. Typical values are 50–100 Hz, at the upper end of the normal seismic band. The cyclic stratification discussed by O’Doherty and Anstey (1971) and others corresponds to [Formula: see text] above the seismic band. Some logs have more reflection power at low frequencies than predicted from high frequencies by this model. We describe in both frequency and time domains the filtering of a seismic wavelet by multiples in such a stratigraphic sequence. The impulse response has a direct arrival, followed by a long tail of multiply scattered energy. The greater the impedance fluctuations or the longer the traveltime, the more amplitude is transferred from the primary to the multiples. We discuss in less detail several other models, including periodic and nearly periodic bedding. We also include two numerical applications of the O’Doherty‐Anstey formula; we show on a specific logged interval the formula’s remarkable accuracy for both attenuation and time delay; and we describe the reduction in computed time delay due to coarser sampling of the log.

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Li, Shaozhong, and Jacob B. Khurgin. "Carrier filtering in type II superlattices." Solid State Communications 85, no. 6 (1993): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90014-e.

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Belavkin, V. P. "Measurement and Filtering of Quantum Diffusion II." Theory of Probability & Its Applications 39, no. 3 (1995): 363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1139026.

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Politsch, Collin A., Jessi Cisewski-Kehe, Rupert A. C. Croft, and Larry Wasserman. "Trend filtering – II. Denoising astronomical signals with varying degrees of smoothness." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 3 (2020): 4019–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa110.

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ABSTRACT Trend filtering – first introduced into the astronomical literature in Paper I of this series – is a state-of-the-art statistical tool for denoising 1D signals that possess varying degrees of smoothness. In this work, we demonstrate the broad utility of trend filtering to observational astronomy by discussing how it can contribute to a variety of spectroscopic and time-domain studies. The observations we discuss are (1) the Lyman-α (Lyα) forest of quasar spectra; (2) more general spectroscopy of quasars, galaxies, and stars; (3) stellar light curves with planetary transits; (4) eclipsing binary light curves; and (5) supernova light curves. We study the Lyα forest in the greatest detail – using trend filtering to map the large-scale structure of the intergalactic medium along quasar-observer lines of sight. The remaining studies share broad themes of: (1) estimating observable parameters of light curves and spectra; and (2) constructing observational spectral/light-curve templates. We also briefly discuss the utility of trend filtering as a tool for 1D data reduction and compression.

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Hansen, C. "Digital image processing for clinicians, part II: Filtering." Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 9, no. 4 (2002): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mnc.2002.122898.

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Nelson, Daniel B., and Dean P. Foster. "Filtering and forecasting with misspecified ARCH models II." Journal of Econometrics 67, no. 2 (1995): 303–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01635-d.

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Bujjibabu P. "Optimizing Integrated Circuit Applications with Digital IIR Filtering Architectures." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 31, no. 8s (2024): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.1442.

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In this research, a high-performance IIR filter for low-power DSP applications is implemented and realized using a MATLAB system generator. There are numerous ways to implement IIR filters, including the Direct Form-I(DF-I), Direct Form-II(DF-II), Cascade, and Parallel Forms. All of these structures offer a selection area for a suitable realization that will decrease power consumption and increase the speed of digital filters. This particular work uses a Xilinx FPGA device to implement a 5th order Low pass IIR filter in DF-I, DF-II, and Cascade Form (DF-I/DF-II). Cascade (Direct Form-I) realization is the best way to build higher order IIR filters where power is a primary limitation, while cascade (Direct form-II), corresponding power analysis is also conducted, the technique is optimal if the area is a main constraint.

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Ruano-Ordás, David. "Model for optimising the execution of anti-spam filters." Inteligencia Artificial 19, no. 58 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4114/intartif.vol19iss58pp45-48.

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During last years, the combination of several filtering techniques for the development of anti-spam systems has gained a enormous popularity. However, although the accuracy achieved by these models has increased considerably, its use has entailed the emergence of new challenges such as the need to reduce the excessive use of computational resources, the increase of filtering speed and the adjustment of the weights used for the combination of several filtering techniques. In order to achieve this goal we have been refined several aspects including: (i) the design and development of small technical improvements to increase the overall performance of the filter, (ii) application of genetic algorithms to increase filtering accuracy and (iii) the use of scheduling algorithms to improve filtering throughput.

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Perko, R., H. Raggam, K. H. Gutjahr, and M. Schardt. "ADVANCED DTM GENERATION FROM VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE STEREO IMAGES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W4 (March 11, 2015): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w4-165-2015.

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This work proposes a simple filtering approach that can be applied to digital surface models in order to extract digital terrain models. The method focusses on robustness and computational efficiency and is in particular tailored to filter DSMs that are extracted from satellite stereo images. It represents an evolution of an existing DTM generation method and includes distinct advancement through the integration of multi-directional processing as well as slope dependent filtering, thus denoted “MSD filtering”. The DTM generation workflow is fully automatic and requires no user interaction. Exemplary results are presented for a DSM generated from a Pléiades tri-stereo image data set. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations with respect to highly accurate reference LiDAR data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Lu, Yang, and Xiaoli Wang. "EFFECT OF METABOLIC ENZYMES ON ACCELERATION ABILITY IN EXERCISE FATIGUE." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 3 (2021): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127032021_0128.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Study the relationship between the metabolic enzyme and the biological image, filtered by an adaptive filtering algorithm. Objective The research aims to In this study, human metabolic enzymes were evaluated by electrocardiogram and electromyogram images, and an adaptive filtering algorithm removed the noises in the images. Methods The electrocardiogram and electromyogram images at different periods were obtained, and the calculation method and application scope of the adaptive filtering algorithm were analysed. Results Adaptive filter was designed by the combination of adaptive filtering algorithm and dynamic information. Therefore, the artefact of the image was removed. Conclusions The adaptive filtering algorithm can effectively remove the noise or artefact in electrocardiogram and electromyogram signals. The optimal image information can be obtained. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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K. Alkhafaji, Mohammed, and Mohammed Al-Momin. "Design of Dual-Passband Microstrip Filtering Antenna Using Dual-Mode Closed Loop Resonators and Defected Ground Structure." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 21, no. 1 (2024): 162–67. https://doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.21.1.16.

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This paper presents a new microstrip dual-mode closed-loop resonator (DMCLR) that is used to design lower insertion loss and better transmission dual-passband filtering antenna. The dual passband center frequencies of the presented filtering antenna are located at f_o^I=5.52 GHz and f_o^II= 6.65 GHz. The presented dual-mode, dual-passband microstrip filtering antenna results are simulated and optimized by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software and defected ground structure technique. Three modes of dual-mode resonators have been utilized to design the dual-passband microstrip filtering antenna and compare their results. The presented dual-mode, dual-passband microstrip filtering antenna is established on FR-4 epoxy dielectric material which has a relative permittivity ɛr= 4.3 which has height thickness h = 1.6 mm and loss tangent tan δ=0.002. Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technique has been utilized to improve the performance of the presented dual-mode, dual-passband microstrip filtering antenna.

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DOI, Shigeki, Haruo TAKAHASHI, Eiji SHIMIZU, and Minoru MATSUDA. "Scale-space filtering on the underwater information transmission part II." Journal of the Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 17, no. 4 (1990): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3135/jmasj.17.238.

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TRIANA, ARJUNA NENI, and MEGA ARIANA. "Perancangan Biosand Filtration untuk Kualitas Air Berdasarkan Tekanan Pompa dari Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 24, no. 2 (2023): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/jtl.2023.991.

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ABSTRACT The Noman River, the main river that crosses Muaraenim Regency, South Sumatra Province, has been polluted by the liquid waste from the palm oil industry. This study aimed to create a filter device for treating the polluted water waste. This was achieved by designing a pump pressure setting on the filter device with various filter media arrangements. The method used was descriptive, presenting data in graphs and tables. The research and tool design to create a filter device for treating the polluted water waste process involved several stages: tool planning, manufacture and assembly, testing, observation, calculation, and laboratory analysis. The observed parameters included pump pressure, regulated using a pressure gauge to determine water quality before and after filtering. The parameters observed were turbidity, color, pH, suspended solids (TSS), BOD, COD, oil, and grease. The study results indicate that biosand filtration, using different pressures, can treat river water contaminated with waste from the palm oil industry and produce clean water. The initial color of the water before filtering was measured at 230 TCU. After filtering, the color value decreased at each pressure level. Pressure I had a color value of 164 TCU, higher than the 153 TCU obtained at pressure II. The BOD analysis showed a decrease from 2.43 mg/L to 1.86 mg/L at pressure I before filtering. After filtering, the initial total suspended solids (TSS) level was 39.7 mg/L, which decreased to 26.79 mg/L at pressure I and 26.40 mg/L at pressure II. The oil and fat content analysis before filtering showed a concentration of 700 µg/L, which decreased to 501 µg/L at pressure I and 516 µg/L at pressure II after filtering. ABSTRAK Sungai Noman, sebagai sungai utama, melewati Kabupaten Muaraenim, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan, telah mengalami pencemaran dari limbah cair industri kelapa sawit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membuat alat penyaring dari limbah air tercemar dengan desain pengaturan tekanan pompa pada alat penyaring dengan berbagai susunan media filter. Metode deskriptif digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilengkapi dengan data tabel dan grafik. Tahap analisis serta penyediaan alat melewati beragam tahap seperti perencanaan alat, pembuatan dan perakitan alat, pengujian alat, pengamatan, perhitungan, dan analisis laboratorium. Parameter yang diamati yaitu tekanan pompa yang diatur melalui pressure gauge, untuk mendapatkan kualitas air sebelum dan sesudah penyaringan. Parameter yang diamati nilai kekeruhan, warna, pH, total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), minyak, serta lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biosand filtration dengan mengunakan tekanan yang berbeda mampu untuk mengolah air sungai dari limbah industri kelapa sawit menjadi air bersih. Warna air sebelum penyaringan sebesar 230 TCU dan setelah dilakukan penyaringan mengalami penurunan nilai warna pada masing-masing tekanan, tekanan I yaitu 164 TCU memiliki nilai warna yang lebih besar dari tekanan II yaitu 153 TCU. Analisis BOD sebelum penyaringan 2,43 mg/l menjadi 1,86 mg/l pada tekanan I. Total suspended solid sebelum penyaringan sebesar 39,7 mg/L mengalami penurunan kadar TSS pada tekanan I sebesar 26,79 mg/L dan tekanan II sebesar 26,40 mg/L. Hasil analisis Minyak dan lemak nilai sebelum penyaringan sebesar 700 µg/L mengalami penurunan setelah dilakukan penyaringan pada tekanan I sebesar 501 µg/L dan tekanan II sebesar 516 µg/L.

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Mohammad, Sohana Parveen1 Poonam Swami2 &. C.Deepika3. "AN FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF PARALLEL 2-D MRI IMAGE FILTERING ALGORITHM USING QUARTUS-II." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES 5, no. 6 (2018): 258–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1309261.

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In implementing parallel multi-dimensional image filtering algorithms, field programmable gate array (FPGA) provide beyond the low-level line-by-line hardware description language programming. High level abstract hardware-oriented parallel programming method can structurally bridge this gap. Currently, power is a major factor for implementing any algorithm. In this paper, image filtering algorithm is implemented on cyclone-IV FPGA device. By this, lower power consumption of 0.97W down to 0.39W respectively at maximum sampling frequency of up to 230 MHZ .the functional implementation of all processes using verilog HDL code of FPGA has been compiled on Quartus-II software tool.

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Guo, Jinsong, Aditya Jami, Markus Kröll, et al. "When Automatic Filtering Comes to the Rescue: Pre-Computing Company Competitor Pairs in Owler." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 1, no. 2 (2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3589787.

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Competitor data constitutes information significantly valuable for many business applications. Meltwater provides users with access to a large Company Information System (CIS), Owler, which contains competitor pairs and other useful information about companies. Meltwater has been seeking a practical solution to discover more competitor pairs in Owler. The first attempt, a fully-manual workflow (called MW_Manual) for finding more competitor pairs in Owler consisted of two manual steps: a filtering step that excludes obvious non-competitor company pairs, and a further inspection process that inspects each left company pair after the filtering step. MW_Manual was cost prohibitive because the results of the filtering step contained too many non-competitor pairs. Inspecting such non-competitor pairs caused an overhead to the overall workload. To reduce the manual workload, especially the required human effort in the manual inspection process, Meltwater has transformed MW_Manual into a semi-automatic workflow (called MW_CPFilter) by replacing the manual filtering with an automatic yet more precise process that adopts a system called CPFilter. This paper presents CPFilter, a system used in the filtering process of MW_CPFilter. CPFilter automatically pre-computes likely competitor pairs from existing competitor pairs in Owler. CPFilter combines (i) the generation of new competitor candidate pairs by inference from existing competitors and other company-specific knowledge, with (ii) the validation of each candidate competitor pair of two companies by checking whether or not empirical evidence that indicates the competitor relationships of these two companies can be found. CPFilter has three key advantages compared with the manual filtering process and previous works: (i) it resulted in a high workload reduction rate of 0.81, (ii) it is domain-independent so that it can be applied to different sectors in Owler, and (iii) its results are explainable so that humans can easily understand its results.

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Kabius, B., V. Seybold, S. Hiller, A. Rilk, E. Zellmann, and W. Probst. "Energy-Filtering Techniques for Thick Samples." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (2000): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600033328.

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Imaging of sample regions with a thickness significantly larger than the extinction length and strong thickness variations introduces two major problems for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) : (i) inelastic scattering increases the energy width of the transmitted electrons and therefore the resolution decreases (ii) the contrast differences caused by thickness variations can be higher than the dynamic range of the detector system.Both problems can be solved by using energy filtering techniques. The advantage here is that for energy filtered imaging the resolution limit is not determined by the sample thickness but by the width of the energy selection aperture. Fig. 1 shows three envelope functions of the temporal coherence calculated for different values of the energy width. The functions were plotted for an acceleration voltage of 200 kV and a high voltage stability of 2 ppm.

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Leroux, C., H. Jones, A. Clenet, B. Dreux, M. Becu, and B. Tisseyre. "Simulating yield datasets: an opportunity to improve data filtering algorithms." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (2017): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000899.

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Yield maps are a powerful tool with regard to managing upcoming crop productions but can contain a large amount of defective data that might result in misleading decisions. The objective of this work is to help improve and compare yield data filtering algorithms by generating simulated datasets as if they had been acquired directly in the field. Two stages were implemented during the simulation process (i) the creation of spatially correlated datasets and (ii) the addition of known yield sources of errors to these datasets. A previously published yield filtering algorithm was applied on these simulated datasets to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. These simulated datasets allow results of yield data filtering methods to be compared and improved.

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Kleinert, M., and U. Stilla. "INFORMATION FILTERING WITH SUBMAPS FOR INERTIAL AIDED VISUAL ODOMETRY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W4 (March 11, 2015): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w4-87-2015.

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This work is concerned with the fusion of inertial measurements (accelerations and angular velocities) with imagery data (feature points extracted in a video stream) in a recursive bundle adjustment framework for indoor position and attitude estimation. Recursive processing is achieved by a combination of local submaps and the Schur complement. The Schur complement is used to reduce the problem size at regular intervals while retaining the information provided by past measurements. Local submaps provide a way to propagate the gauge constraints and thereby to alleviate the detrimental effects of linearization errors in the prior. Though the presented technique is not real-time capable in its current implementation, it can be employed to process arbitrarily long trajectories. The presented system is evaluated by comparing the estimated trajectory of the system with a reference trajectory of a prism attached to the system, which was recorded by a total station.

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Zheng, Zhen, Bingting Zha, Yu Zhou, Jinbo Huang, Youshi Xuchen, and He Zhang. "Single-Stage Adaptive Multi-Scale Point Cloud Noise Filtering Algorithm Based on Feature Information." Remote Sensing 14, no. 2 (2022): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020367.

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This paper proposes a single-stage adaptive multi-scale noise filtering algorithm for point clouds, based on feature information, which aims to mitigate the fact that the current laser point cloud noise filtering algorithm has difficulty quickly completing the single-stage adaptive filtering of multi-scale noise. The feature information from each point of the point cloud is obtained based on the efficient k-dimensional (k-d) tree data structure and amended normal vector estimation methods, and the adaptive threshold is used to divide the point cloud into large-scale noise, a feature-rich region, and a flat region to reduce the computational time. The large-scale noise is removed directly, the feature-rich and flat regions are filtered via improved bilateral filtering algorithm and weighted average filtering algorithm based on grey relational analysis, respectively. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the state-of-art comparison algorithms. It was, thus, verified that the algorithm proposed in this paper can quickly and adaptively (i) filter out large-scale noise, (ii) smooth small-scale noise, and (iii) effectively maintain the geometric features of the point cloud. The developed algorithm provides research thought for filtering pre-processing methods applicable in 3D measurements, remote sensing, and target recognition based on point clouds.

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Smirnova, Ekaterina, Snehalata Huzurbazar, and Farhad Jafari. "PERFect: PERmutation Filtering test for microbiome data." Biostatistics 20, no. 4 (2018): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxy020.

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Summary The human microbiota composition is associated with a number of diseases including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and bacterial vaginosis. Thus, microbiome research has the potential to reshape clinical and therapeutic approaches. However, raw microbiome count data require careful pre-processing steps that take into account both the sparsity of counts and the large number of taxa that are being measured. Filtering is defined as removing taxa that are present in a small number of samples and have small counts in the samples where they are observed. Despite progress in the number and quality of filtering approaches, there is no consensus on filtering standards and quality assessment. This can adversely affect downstream analyses and reproducibility of results across platforms and software. We introduce PERFect, a novel permutation filtering approach designed to address two unsolved problems in microbiome data processing: (i) define and quantify loss due to filtering by implementing thresholds and (ii) introduce and evaluate a permutation test for filtering loss to provide a measure of excessive filtering. Methods are assessed on three “mock experiment” data sets, where the true taxa compositions are known, and are applied to two publicly available real microbiome data sets. The method correctly removes contaminant taxa in “mock” data sets, quantifies and visualizes the corresponding filtering loss, providing a uniform data-driven filtering criteria for real microbiome data sets. In real data analyses PERFect tends to remove more taxa than existing approaches; this likely happens because the method is based on an explicit loss function, uses statistically principled testing, and takes into account correlation between taxa. The PERFect software is freely available at https://github.com/katiasmirn/PERFect.

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Toma, Cristian. "Filtering Method Based on Symmetrical Second Order Systems." Symmetry 11, no. 6 (2019): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11060813.

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This study presents a filtering and sampling structure based on symmetrical second order systems working on half-period. It is shown that undamped second order oscillating systems working on half-period could provide: (i) a large attenuation coefficient for an alternating signal (due to the filtering second order system), and (ii) a robust sampling procedure (the slope of the generated output being zero at the sampling time moment). Unlike previous studies on the same topics, these results are achieved without the use of an additional integrator.

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Pérez Hernández, F., and J. Christensen-Dalsgaard. "The phase function for stellar acoustic oscillations – II. Effects of filtering." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 267, no. 1 (1994): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/267.1.111.

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Braun, Nils, and Thomas Kuhr. "Software for online reconstruction and filtering at the Belle II experiment." International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, no. 33 (2020): 2043001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20430010.

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The Belle II experiment is designed to collect 50 times more data than its predecessor. For a smooth collection of high-quality data, a robust and automated data transport and processing pipeline has been established. We describe the basic software components employed by the high level trigger. It performs a reconstruction of all events using the same algorithms as offline, classifies the events according to physics criteria, and provides monitoring information. The improved system described in this paper has been deployed successfully since 2019.

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Urteaga, Inigo, and Petar M. Djuric. "Sequential Estimation of Hidden ARMA Processes by Particle Filtering—Part II." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 65, no. 2 (2017): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2598324.

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Yau, Shing-Tung, and Stephen S. T. Yau. "Real Time Solution of the Nonlinear Filtering Problem without Memory II." SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 47, no. 1 (2008): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/050648353.

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Hubbert, J. C., M. Dixon, and S. M. Ellis. "Weather Radar Ground Clutter. Part II: Real-Time Identification and Filtering." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 26, no. 7 (2009): 1181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1160.1.

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Abstract The identification and mitigation of anomalous propagation (AP) and normal propagation (NP) ground clutter is an ongoing problem in radar meteorology. Scatter from ground-clutter targets routinely contaminates radar data and masks weather returns causing poor data quality. The problem is typically mitigated by applying a clutter filter to all radar data, but this also biases weather data at near-zero velocity. Modern radar processors make possible the real-time identification and filtering of AP clutter. A fuzzy logic algorithm is used to distinguish between clutter echoes and precipitation echoes and, subsequently, a clutter filter is applied to those radar resolution volumes where clutter is present. In this way, zero-velocity weather echoes are preserved while clutter echoes are mitigated. Since the radar moments are recalculated from clutter-filtered echoes, the underlying weather echo signatures are revealed, thereby significantly increasing the visibility of weather echo. This paper describes the fuzzy logic algorithm, clutter mitigation decision (CMD), for clutter echo identification. A new feature field, clutter phase alignment (CPA), is introduced and described. A detailed discussion of CPA is given in Part I of this paper. The CMD algorithm is illustrated with experimental data from the Denver Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) at the Denver, Colorado, Front Range Airport (KFTG); and NCAR’s S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol).

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Burratti, Luca, Marco Zannotti, Valentin Maranges, et al. "Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogel with Silver Nanoclusters for Water Pb(II) Ions Filtering." Gels 9, no. 2 (2023): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020133.

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Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels modified with luminescent silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) are synthesized by a photo-crosslinking process. The hybrid material thus obtained is employed to filter Pb(II) polluted water. Under the best conditions, the nanocomposite is able to remove up to 80–90% of lead contaminant, depending on the filter composition. The experimental results indicate that the adsorption process of Pb(II) onto the modified filter can be well modeled using the Freundlich isotherm, thus revealing that the chemisorption is the driving process of Pb(II) adsorption. In addition, the parameter n in the Freundlich model suggests that the adsorption process of Pb(II) ions in the modified hydrogel is favored. Based on the obtained remarkable contaminant uptake capacity and the overall low cost, this hybrid system appears to be a promising sorbent material for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous media.

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Amalia, Vina, Tety Sudiarti, Rafa Mufidah, Yuliarti Yuliarti, Yusrina Nisrin, and Yusuf Rohmatulloh. "Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate Composite Membranes (Ca/Cs, Ca/Pva, Ca/Peg) As Cu(Ii) Metal Ion Filtration Membranes." al Kimiya 11, no. 1 (2024): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ak.v11i1.34722.

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Industrial development in Indonesia has caused increased pollution, including water pollution by heavy metals, one of which is the metal ion Cu(II). Cellulose acetate composite membranes have been widely used to overcome the problem of Cu(II) metal ion content in water, however, studies on the performance of cellulose acetate membranes with various types of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) composites have not been widely reported. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of cellulose acetate composite membranes with chitosan, PEG, and PVA using FTIR and SEM and to determine the performance of these cellulose acetate composite membranes in filtering Cu(II) metal from the resulting rejection values. The membrane was made using the phase inversion method and the composite membrane was made using the dip-coating method. The results of characterization using FTIR showed that there were no new peaks in all cellulose acetate composites, so there were only physical interactions in the composites. SEM analysis shows that the surface of the composite membrane is more irregular and the porosity increases. The performance of the composite membrane in filtering Cu(II) metal is better than the pure cellulose acetate membrane.

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Samsudin, Nooraisyah N., Dr Suhaila Isaak, and Dr Norlina Paraman. "Implementation of Optimized Low Pass Filter for ECG filtering using Verilog." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312, no. 1 (2022): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012049.

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Abstract Electrocardiogram is a standard method used for the diagnosis of heart related disease. QRS complex plays an important role in Electrocardiogram signal processing since it is the prominent feature of Electrocardiogram signal. One of the important modules in the QRS detection algorithm is filtering. Electrocardiogram signal is processed to filter out unwanted signal through digital filtering. The main objective of this paper is to compare the resource utilization of hardware realization consumed between Direct Form I structure and Direct Form II structure. In this work, Infinite Impulse Response low pass filter to remove high frequency noise is designed with a passband frequency and stopband frequency of 5 and 25 Hz respectively. The designed filter is verified using Matlab Filter Design Analysis tool and realized in hardware using Verilog. Both the results show that the unwanted signals in the raw ECG signal are attenuated through the designed filter. The resource utilization result shows improvement with optimized Direct Form II implementation. The amount of look up tables, flip flop and digital signal processing used with Direct Form II structure shows a reduction to 0.26%, 0.12% and 2.50% respectively compared to 1.17%, 0.20%, 2.92% of utilization with Direct Form I structure.

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Yanushevskaya, E. I., V. I. Suprunchuk, and E. V. Ivanyuk. "Impact of polyhexamethylene guanidine on filtering of Pb(II) and Cd(II) hydroxides from aqueous solutions." Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 38, no. 5 (2016): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x16050052.

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Lee, Byong-Ju, Deg-Hyo Bae, and Eylon Shamir. "Stochastic Continuous Storage Function Model with Ensemble Kalman Filtering (II) : Application and Verification." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 42, no. 11 (2009): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2009.42.11.963.

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Maltezos, E., and C. Ioannidis. "AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF BUILDING POINTS FROM LIDAR AND DENSE IMAGE MATCHING POINT CLOUDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W5 (August 19, 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-w5-33-2015.

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This study aims to detect automatically building points: (a) from LIDAR point cloud using simple techniques of filtering that enhance the geometric properties of each point, and (b) from a point cloud which is extracted applying dense image matching at high resolution colour-infrared (CIR) digital aerial imagery using the stereo method semi-global matching (SGM). At first step, the removal of the vegetation is carried out. At the LIDAR point cloud, two different methods are implemented and evaluated using initially the normals and the roughness values afterwards: (1) the proposed scan line smooth filtering and a thresholding process, and (2) a bilateral filtering and a thresholding process. For the case of the CIR point cloud, a variation of the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) is computed for the same purpose. Afterwards, the bare-earth is extracted using a morphological operator and removed from the rest scene so as to maintain the buildings points. The results of the extracted buildings applying each approach at an urban area in northern Greece are evaluated using an existing orthoimage as reference; also, the results are compared with the corresponding classified buildings extracted from two commercial software. Finally, in order to verify the utility and functionality of the extracted buildings points that achieved the best accuracy, the 3D models in terms of Level of Detail 1 (LoD 1) and a 3D building change detection process are indicatively performed on a sub-region of the overall scene.

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Cepec, Jaka, and Peter Grajzl. "Measuring the effectiveness of bankruptcy institutions: filtering failures in Slovenian financial reorganizations." Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 3 (2019): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137418000437.

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AbstractWe examine the effectiveness of bankruptcy institutions at promoting socially efficient allocation of resources. Under the Slovenian simplified reorganization procedure, firms with rejected reorganization proposals are not automatically liquidated. This unique institutional feature facilitates an estimation of the extent of different types of filtering failures. Based on an ex-post conceptualization of firm viability, Type I errors (the acceptance of plans by non-viable firms) are more likely than Type II errors (the rejection of plans by viable firms) and the overall incidence of filtering failure is 27%. Based on an ex-ante conceptualization of firm viability, any given reduction in Type II errors would give rise to three times as many Type I errors. We contextualize our findings in the light of prior results in the literature, alternative mechanisms for insolvency resolution, and related bankruptcy reorganization schemes internationally where courts are awarded a comparatively more prominent role.

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Hu, Grace X., David R. Kuipers, and Yong Zeng. "Bayesian Inference via Filtering Equations for Ultrahigh Frequency Data (II): Model Selection." SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification 6, no. 1 (2018): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/16m1094774.

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Chu, Dongsheng, Meng Liang, Xin Shi, and Ling Zhang. "Optimal filtering algorithm for stochastic 2-D FMM II with multiplicative noise." Journal of Ocean University of China 3, no. 1 (2004): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-004-0018-7.

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GHOSH, N., R. S. WADHWA, B. S. SHROTRI, and D. PATELLA. "LOW-PASS FILTERING OF NOISY FIELD SCHLUMBERGER SOUNDING CURVES PART II: APPLICATION*." Geophysical Prospecting 34, no. 1 (1986): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1986.tb00457.x.

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Majda, George. "Filtering Techniques for Systems of Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations II. Error estimates." SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 22, no. 6 (1985): 1116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0722067.

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Hespel, Laurent, André Delfour, and Bernard Guillame. "Mie light-scattering granulometer with an adaptive numerical filtering method II Experiments." Applied Optics 40, no. 6 (2001): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.40.000974.

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Kolokoltsov, Vassili. "CTRW modeling of quantum measurement and fractional equations of quantum stochastic filtering and control." Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis 25, no. 1 (2022): 128–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13540-021-00002-2.

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AbstractInitially developed in the framework of quantum stochastic calculus, the main equations of quantum stochastic filtering were later on derived as the limits of Markov models of discrete measurements under appropriate scaling. In many branches of modern physics it became popular to extend random walk modeling to the continuous time random walk (CTRW) modeling, where the time between discrete events is taken to be non-exponential. In the present paper we apply the CTRW modeling to the continuous quantum measurements yielding the new fractional in time evolution equations of quantum filtering and thus new fractional equations of quantum mechanics of open systems. The related quantum control problems and games turn out to be described by the fractional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations on Riemannian manifolds. By-passing we provide a full derivation of the standard quantum filtering equations, in a modified way as compared with existing texts, which (i) provides explicit rates of convergence (that are not available via the tightness of martingales approach developed previously) and (ii) allows for the direct applications of the basic results of CTRWs to deduce the final fractional filtering equations.

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Lv, Jun-Yi, Jun-Ming Zhang, Peng-Fei Lv, and Li-Xin Xu. "A Dual-Band Patch Antenna with Combined Self-Decoupling and Filtering Properties and Its Application in Dual/Squad-Band Two-Element MIMO Array." Sensors 24, no. 21 (2024): 6833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24216833.

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This paper proposes a dual-band patch antenna with combined self-decoupling and filtering properties, designed to suppress mutual coupling between two antenna elements both within the same dual-band and across different dual-bands. Initially, a dual-band aperture-coupled filtering patch antenna is designed, featuring a forked short-circuited SIR feedline with a quarter-wavelength open-ended stub and a U-shaped patch with two U-slots, which generate three controllable radiation nulls while introducing two additional resonant modes. The design steps are also provided in detail. Subsequently, the low mutual coupling phenomenon of two vertically placed aperture-coupled patch antennas is investigated, successfully developing a high-isolated dual-band two-element MIMO array I. Furthermore, the other quad-band two-element MIMO array II is designed, which utilizes the filtering response to significantly reduce mutual coupling across four bands. Finally, a dual-band filtering patch antenna element and two two-element MIMO arrays are fabricated and measured. The measurements and simulations validate the antenna’s low mutual coupling performance in multi-band MIMO arrays and demonstrate its strong potential for future wireless communication applications.

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Ménétrier, Benjamin, Thibaut Montmerle, Yann Michel, and Loïk Berre. "Linear Filtering of Sample Covariances for Ensemble-Based Data Assimilation. Part II: Application to a Convective-Scale NWP Model." Monthly Weather Review 143, no. 5 (2015): 1644–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00156.1.

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Abstract In Part I of this two-part study, a new theory for optimal linear filtering of covariances sampled from an ensemble of forecasts was detailed. This method, especially designed for data assimilation (DA) schemes in numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems, has the advantage of using optimality criteria that involve sample estimated quantities and filter output only. In this second part, the theory is tested with real background error covariances computed using a large ensemble data assimilation (EDA) at the convective scale coupled with a large EDA at the global scale, based respectively on the Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME) and ARPEGE operational NWP systems. Background error variances estimated with a subset of this ensemble are filtered and evaluated against values obtained with the remaining members, which are considered as an independent reference. Algorithms presented in Part I show relevant results, with the homogeneous filtering being quasi optimal. Heterogeneous filtering is also successfully tested with different local criteria, yet at a higher computational cost, showing the full generality of the method. As a second application, horizontal and vertical localization functions are diagnosed from the ensemble, providing pertinent localization length scales that consistently depend on the number of members, on the meteorological variables, and on the vertical levels.

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Brédif, M. "Projective Texturing Uncertain Geometry: silhouette-aware box-filtered blending using integral radial images." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-3 (August 7, 2014): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-3-17-2014.

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Projective texturing is a commonly used image based rendering technique that enables the synthesis of novel views from the blended reprojection of nearby views on a coarse geometry proxy approximating the scene. When scene geometry is inexact, aliasing artefacts occur. This introduces disturbing artefacts in applications such as street-level immersive navigation in mobile mapping imagery, since a pixel-accurate modelling of the scene geometry and all its details is most of the time out of question. The filtered blending approach applies the necessary 1D low-pass filtering on the projective texture to trade out the aliasing artefacts at the cost of some radial blurring. This paper proposes extensions of the filtered blending approach. Firstly, we introduce Integral Radial Images that enable constant time radial box filtering and show how they can be used to apply box-filtered blending in constant time independently of the amount of depth uncertainty. Secondly, we show a very efficient application of filtered blending where the scene geometry is only given by a loose depth interval prior rather than an actual geometry proxy. Thirdly, we propose a silhouette-aware extension of the box-filtered blending that not only account for uncertain depth along the viewing ray but also for uncertain silhouettes that have to be blurred as well.

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DOUGHERTY, EDWARD R., and ROBERT P. LOCE. "ROBUST MORPHOLOGICALLY CONTINUOUS FOURIER DESCRIPTORS II: CONTINUITY AND OCCLUSION ANALYSIS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 06, no. 05 (1992): 893–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800149200045x.

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Fourier descriptors based upon the waveform induced by a pattern's projection overcome a number of classic difficulties with Fourier-descriptor methodology. Not only are the descriptors invariant with respect to scale, translation, and rotation (as is usually the case), they are also continuous in the Hausdorff metric and robust with respect to both point noise and occlusion; insensitivity with respect to minimum occlusions is perhaps their most significant advantage. Continuity in the Hausdorff metric allows prediction of the effect on the descriptors when morphologically filtering a pattern. The effect of occlusion is also predictable.

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Rennie, K. J., A. J. Ricci, and M. J. Correia. "Electrical filtering in gerbil isolated type I semicircular canal hair cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 5 (1996): 2117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2117.

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1. Membrane potential responses of dissociated gerbil type I semicircular canal hair cells to current injections in whole cell current-clamp have been measured. The input resistance of type I cells was 21.4 +/- 14.3 (SD) M omega, (n = 25). Around the zero-current potential (Vz = -66.6 +/- 9.3 mV, n = 25), pulsed current injections (from approximately -200 to 750 pA) produced only small-amplitude, pulse-like changes in membrane potential. 2. Injecting constant current to hyperpolarize the membrane to around -100 mV resulted in a approximately 10-fold increase in membrane resistance. Current pulses superimposed on this constant hyperpolarization produced larger and more complex membrane potential changes. Depolarizing currents > or = 200 pA caused a rapid transient peak voltage before a plateau. 3. Membrane voltage was able to faithfully follow sine-wave current injections around Vz over the range 1-1,000 Hz with < 25% attenuation at 1 kHz. A previously described K conductance, IKI, which is active at Vz, produces the low input resistance and frequency response. This was confirmed by pharmacologically blocking IKI. This conductance, present in type I cells but not type II hair cells, would appear to confer on type I cells a lower gain, but a much broader bandwidth at Vz, than seen in type II cells.

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Hirpara, Ravish H. "Filtering theory for an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process driven power system dynamics." Control and Cybernetics 53, no. 2 (2024): 355–70. https://doi.org/10.2478/candc-2024-0015.

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Abstract This paper revisits the non-Markovian state vector of an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process-driven power system dynamics in non-linear filtering framework. The Fokker-Planck setting accounts for the process noise correction term and ignores the observation noise correction term in the analysis of stochastic systems. This paper introduces the notion of the ‘Kushner-Stratonovich setting’, which accounts for the process noise as well as observation noise correction terms in the conditional moment evolution equation. The Kushner-Stratonovich setting is the cornerstone formalism of nonlinear filtering problems of stochastic control systems. We wish to estimate the rotor angle from given observations using two non-linear filters: (i) a Gaussian non-linear filter, and (ii) the extended Kalman filter. This paper develops two non-linear filters for a filtering model for the machine rotor angle, in which the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process is the process noise and the Brownian noise process is the observation noise. The filter efficacy is examined by utilizing quite extensive numerical experimentations with two sets of data.

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Kemao, Qian, and Seah Hock Soon. "A Simple Phase Unwrapping Approach Based on Filtering by Windowed Fourier Transform (II)." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.67.

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Phase unwrapping is an important and challenging process in optical interferometry. Difficulties in phase unwrapping are usually caused by either noise (“bad” pixels) or invalid areas (“bad” regions). If the “bad” pixels can be removed, the problems due to the noise are solved. Further, if the “bad” regions can be identified, they can be avoided in phase unwrapping. In our previous work the noise can be successfully removed using a windowed Fourier transform [Optics and Lasers Technology, 37:458-462 (2005)]. In this paper we will show that the invalid areas can be identified by the same windowed Fourier transform. Thus a single windowed Fourier transform is able to process both “bad” pixels and “bad” regions simultaneously, which makes the phase unwrapping simple and effective.

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Sacher, William, and Peter Bartello. "Sampling Errors in Ensemble Kalman Filtering. Part II: Application to a Barotropic Model." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 5 (2009): 1640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2685.1.

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Abstract In the current study, the authors are concerned with the comparison of the average performance of stochastic versions of the ensemble Kalman filter with and without covariance inflation, as well as the double ensemble Kalman filter. The theoretical results obtained in Part I of this study are confronted with idealized simulations performed with a perfect barotropic quasigeostrophic model. Results obtained are very consistent with the analytic expressions found in Part I. It is also shown that both the double ensemble Kalman filter and covariance inflation techniques can avoid filter divergence. Nevertheless, covariance inflation gives efficient results in terms of accuracy and reliability for a much lower computational cost than the double ensemble Kalman filter and for smaller ensemble sizes.

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Prasad, S., and S. D. Joshi. "A new recursive pseudo least squares algorithm for ARMA filtering and modeling. II." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 40, no. 11 (1992): 2775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.165664.

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Sadeghi, Roksana, Arathy Kartha, Michael P. Barry, et al. "Thermal and Distance image filtering improve independent mobility in Argus II retinal implant." Journal of Vision 19, no. 15 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.15.23.

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