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1

Gose, John C., and Paul Schweizer. "Iliotibial Band Tightness." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 10, no. 10 (1989): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1989.10.10.399.

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Humayun, Khushboo, Daniyal Siddiqi, Irtasam Ahmad, et al. "Frequency of Iliotibial Band Tightness and Its Association with Anterior Knee Pain in Healthcare Workers." American Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing Practice 9, no. 2 (2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajhmn.1599.

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Purpose: Iliotibial band tightness can raise the risk of injury by altering biomechanics. ITB tightness leads to abnormal patellar alignment and tracking and causes pain and several other problems. To assess the frequency of iliotibial band tightness and its relation with anterior knee pain in health-care workers
 Methodology: It was a cross-sectional research conducted from September 2021 to February 2022. Sample size of the study was 210. Study settings included the government and private hospitals of Faisalabad. In order to recruit healthcare providers, a convenient sampling technique
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Deshmukh, Aishwarya, Archana Nagargoje, and Abhijit Diwate. "PREVALENCE OF HAMSTRING AND ILIOTIBIAL BAND TIGHTNESS IN NONSPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN PATIENTS." VIMS JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY 2, no. 1 (2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46858/vimsjpt.2106.

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Background- An observational study was conducted on 60 college going students experiencing nonspecific low back pain of mild to moderate range[ on VAS 2-5]. METHOD- Assessment of hamstring and IT band tightness was done by using 90-90 hamstring test and Ober’s test respectively. Participant were checked for tightness and marked whether tightness present or not RESULT- Analysis of outcomes was done by the mean and standard deviation. The result showed that, 58.33% male and 95.85% has female has hamstring muscle tightness. 16.66% Male and 22.91% female has of IT band tightness. 85% population [b
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Rahman, Hamna, Zirwa Afzal, Osama Ramzan, et al. "Effects of Iliotibial Band Myofascial Release with/without Stretching with Iliotibial Band Tightness Secondary to Knee Osteoarthritis." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 2 (2023): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs202317273.

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Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA), also referred to as degenerative joint disease of the knee, is brought on by wear-and-tear and the slow loss of articular cartilage. The term "iliotibial band" (IT band) also refers to the iliotibial tract or Maissiat's band. Methodology: This study was conducted using randomized clinical trial, quasi experimental research design as we need to make 2 groups and evaluate the effects of Iliotibial band myofascial release and stretching on the patients of knee OA. Study population was 36 individuals of ages 50-70 having knee osteoarthritis grade II or III cha
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International, Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR). "The effect of myofascial release in hamstring versus iliotibial band tightness in knee osteoarthritis patients having functional disability - A comparative study." International Journal of Medical Science and Innovative Research (IJMSIR) 9, no. 1 (2024): 154–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15369548.

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<strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Background: </strong>Knee osteoarthritis is common degenerative joint disease brought on by wear and tear and progressive loss of articular cartilage. Hamstring muscles have tendency to shorten and tighten in knee osteoarthritis. Decrease in hamstring flexibility in patient with OA causes functional limitation. Therestrictions in fascia are responsible for myofascial trigger point formation which increases the tension in the IT band which results in spot tenderness, muscle and fascial tightness.MFR is a soft tissue mobilization technique. By MFR there is a cha
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Ferber, Reed, Karen D. Kendall, and Lindsay McElroy. "Normative and Critical Criteria for Iliotibial Band and Iliopsoas Muscle Flexibility." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 4 (2010): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.344.

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Abstract Context: The Ober and Thomas tests are subjective and involve a “negative” or “positive” assessment, making them difficult to apply within the paradigm of evidence-based medicine. No authors have combined the subjective clinical assessment with an objective measurement for these special tests. Objective: To compare the subjective assessment of iliotibial band and iliopsoas flexibility with the objective measurement of a digital inclinometer, to establish normative values, and to provide an evidence-based critical criterion for determining tissue tightness. Design: Cross-sectional stud
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Mubashar, Humera, Danish Hassan, Mehak Bushra, Abdul Rahman, Zaryyab ., and Aqsa Manahil. "Effects of Instrumented Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) Technique Versus Stretching on Ililotibal Band in Patients with Anterior Knee Pain." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (2022): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611353.

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Background: Anterior knee pain is caused by many factors iliotibial band tightness is one of cause of knee pain. The repeated hip abduction or postural imbalance usually results in contracture and tightness of the iliotibial band. Soft tissue mobilization is hypothesized as one of effective treatment. Instrumented assisted soft tissue (IASTM) technique is a soft tissue mobilizing technique and have remarked effects. Objective: This study's objective was to assess how well IASTM improved hip adduction range of motion (ROM). Methodology: This study was quasi experimental trial. And duration for
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Bhura, Paras A., and Camy A. Bhagat. "A Study on Iliotibial Band Tightness in Postural Low Back Pain." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 8, no. 2 (2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-5674.8.2.063.

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Hudson, Zoe, and Emma Darthuy. "Iliotibial band tightness and patellofemoral pain syndrome: A case-control study." Manual Therapy 14, no. 2 (2009): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.12.009.

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Hudson, Z. L., and E. Darthuy. "Iliotibial band tightness and patellofemoral pain syndrome a case-control study." Physical Therapy in Sport 7, no. 4 (2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2006.09.006.

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Radić, Teo, Jelena Paušić, and Mario Rak. "Effectiveness of EMMETT technique on Iliotibial band tightness in football players." Exercise and Quality of Life 16, no. 1 (2024): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31382/eqol.240606.

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The EMMETT technique, developed in Australia, is a manual therapy method gaining recognition for its non-invasive approach and reported effectiveness. This study aims to determine the impact of the EMMETT technique on iliotibial band (ITB) flexibility in young male football athletes. A total of 43 athletes (age 17.21 ± 1.99 years) were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=22) or an experimental group (n=21). The experimental group received the EMMETT technique, while the control group remained in a side-lying position for one minute. ITB flexibility was measured using the EasyAngle®
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Hasan, Syed A., Fatemah H. AlKhamis, Hebah H. Taher, et al. "Pathophysiology and classification of iliotibial friction injuries." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 11 (2021): 5535. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214052.

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As a result of the frequent endurance sports that are being practiced nowadays, many techniques have been introduced to this field with favorable outcomes regarding to the management approaches of the different injuries. However, no previous investigations have adequately discussed the pathophysiology of iliotibial band friction syndrome (ITBS) based on recent evidence from the current studies in the literature. In the present investigation, we have discussed the pathophysiology and related classification of iliotibial band friction injuries based on the current studies in the literature. The
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Alqahtani, Bijad. "Effectiveness of Foam Rolling with Hip Strengthening versus Conventional Treatment in Iliotibial Band Tightness Among Osteoarthritis Patients." Journal of Pioneering Medical Science 13, no. 2 (2024): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.61091/jpms202413211.

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Background: The iliotibial band (ITB) tightness contributes to pain and functional limitations in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. The effectiveness of foam rolling (FR) combined with ITB stretching exercises versus conventional treatment methods targeting ITB tightness has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of these modalities on passive range of motion (PROM) during hip adduction in OA patients. Methods: Three groups of OA patients (Foam Rolling alone-Group A, Conventional Exercises + Foam Rolling-Group B, and Hip strengthening + Foam Rolling-Group C) were
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Puniello, Michael S. "Iliotibial Band Tightness and Medial Patellar Glide in Patients with Patellofemoral Dysfunction." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 17, no. 3 (1993): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1993.17.3.144.

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Ahmad, Naveed, Sana Shabbir, Sadia Raheem, Kainat Latif, Muneeba Liaqat, and Muhammad Junaid Akram. "Association of Iliotibial Band Tightness with Lumbopelvic Pain and Hip Joint Outcome." Journal Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences 11, no. 01 (2023): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53389/jrcrs2023110106.

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Lamba, Dheeraj, and Ishita Arora. "Relationship between Iliotibial Band Tightness and Occurance of Low Back Pain and Sciatica." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 8, no. 2 (2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-5674.8.2.052.

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Hani, Umme, Bazal Bukhari, and Arooj Fatima. "Association of Prolonged Cross-Legged Sitting with Iliotibial Band Tightness Among University Students." Journal Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences 12, no. 04 (2024): 219–22. https://doi.org/10.53389/jrcrs.2024120410.

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Vora, Keni, Urmi Bhatt, and Reji K Samuel. "Relationship Between Strength of Hip Abductors, Pain Intensity, Duration of Symptoms, and Tightness of Iliotibial (IT) Band in Participants with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 15, no. 2 (2025): 216–23. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20250229.

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Background and Objective: Osteoarthritis of knee is very common rheumatological problem with prevalence of 22% to 39% in India. Lower limb strengthening exercises are an important component of the treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Evidence suggests that, strengthening the hip abductor muscles may influence joint loading and/or OA-related symptoms as well as the length of IT band but no study has actually investigated the relationship of the strength of hip abductor muscles with pain, duration of symptoms and the length of Iliotibial (IT) band and the relationship of the length of IT band with
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Winslow, John, and Evangeline Yoder. "Patellofemoral Pain in Female Ballet Dancers: Correlation With Iliotibial Band Tightness and Tibial External Rotation." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 22, no. 1 (1995): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.22.1.18.

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Nurfadhilah, Muhammad Iqbal, and Jaka Fitria Yudhistira. "Correlation between Leg Length Discrepancies (LLD) with ITB Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 11, no. 2_suppl (2023): 2325967121S0086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00865.

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Backgrounds: Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is one of the many different causes of lateral knee pain. The iliotibial band (ITB) is the distal fascial continuation of the tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius, and gluteal maximus. It traverses superficial to the vastus lateralis and inserts on the Gerdy tubercle of the lateral tibial plateau and partially to the supracondylar ridge of the lateral femur. The etiology of ITBS is controversial and likely multifactorial. One theory advocates that repetitive friction of the ITB and the lateral epicondyle during flexion and extension lead to inflammati
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Unuvar, Bayram Sonmez, Ertugrul Demirdel, and Hasan Gercek. "The Effects of Different Myofascial Release Techniques on Pain, Range of Motion, and Muscle Strength in Athletes With Iliotibial Band Tightness: A Randomized Controlled Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 33, no. 7 (2024): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2023-0375.

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Context: We designed this study to investigate the effects of 2 myofascial release techniques, Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) and Foam Roller (FR), on pain, joint range of motion, and muscle strength in athletes suffering from iliotibial band (ITB) tightness. Design: A total of 39 male soccer players were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial, aged between 18 and 23 years who were divided into 3 groups: Only Exercise, IASTM, and FR. Methods: All participants performed daily strengthening and stretching exercises, while 1 group added IASTM, and the other added FR to
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Fanlo-Mazas, Pablo, Elena Bueno-Gracia, Alazne Ruiz de Escudero-Zapico, José Miguel Tricás-Moreno, and María Orosia Lucha-López. "The Effect of Diacutaneous Fibrolysis on Patellar Position Measured Using Ultrasound Scanning in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 6 (2019): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0272.

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Context: Tightness or lack of flexibility of several muscles of the thigh has been associated with patellofemoral joint pain. A tight iliotibial band can lead to laterally located patella and an abnormal patellar tracking pattern. Diacutaneous fibrolysis (DF) is commonly used to reduce muscle tightness, but no studies have evaluated the effects of this technique in the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Objective: To assess the effect of DF on patellar position in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Design: A single-group, pretest–posttest clinical trial. Setting:
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Hidalgo-García, César, Alberto Carcasona-Otal, Mar Hernández-Secorún, et al. "Effects of Contralateral Hip Flexion Angle on the Ober Test." BioMed Research International 2022 (December 6, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3349940.

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The Ober test is an orthopedic evaluation procedure used to assess for tightness of the tensor fascia latae (TFL) and iliotibial band (ITB). Multiple versions of this test have been described using different degrees of contralateral hip joint flexion to stabilize the pelvis. The aim of this study was to analyze the hip range of motion (ROM) in the frontal plane and perceived tension produced during the Ober test using four different angles of contralateral hip flexion prepositioning. The secondary objective was to analyze the differences in the Ober test with different contralateral hip flexio
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Yerra, Sandeep, Tahereh Naeimi, Alan D. Kaye, et al. "Iliotibial-Band and Gluteus Medius Percutaneous Ultrasound Tenotomy for Refractory Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: A Longitudinal Observational Study with One-Year Durability Results." Pain Physician Journal 27, no. 7 (2024): 435–40. https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2024.27.435.

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BACKGROUND: Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) is a common cause of lateral hip pain that affects patients’ quality of life and functioning. The condition is often associated with tightness of the iliotibial band (ITB) and tendinopathy of the gluteus medius (GMed) tendon, which are subjected to excessive stress and inflammation. A traditional treatment for GTPS is conservative medical management (CMM), which includes but is not limited to physiotherapy, oral anti-inflammatory medication, and/or local steroid injections. Surgery is performed when these treatments fail. The failure of the
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Bahk, Ji Hoon, Woo-Lam Jo, Kee-Haeng Lee, Joo-Hyoun Song, Seung-Chan Kim, and Young Wook Lim. "Short-Term Outcomes of Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a 3D-Printed Acetabular Cup Manufactured by Directed Energy Deposition: A Prospective Observational Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 13 (2025): 4527. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134527.

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Background/Objectives: Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of cementless acetabular cups with porous surfaces that facilitate early osseointegration. Directed energy deposition (DED), a form of AM, allows the direct welding of porous structures onto metal substrates without requiring a vacuum environment, offering advantages over conventional powder bed fusion methods. Despite growing interest in DED, no prospective clinical studies evaluating DED-based acetabular components have been published to date. This study assessed short-term outcomes of a DED-based 3D-printed acetabular
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Deshpande, Sagar, Prerna Ghodke, Sachin Kale, and Ashok Shyam. "Rehabilitation in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 15, no. 3 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2025.v15.i03.5312.

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Knee ligament injuries are common in sports players, military training, and high-demand professionals. In young, active patients, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) restoration is usually recommended for regaining anterior-posterior and rotatory knee stability [1]. Due to the high incidence of ACL injury, it is important to design a rehabilitation program that targets a return to high-impact activities. The rehabilitation differs as per the graft used as well as the guidelines given by the arthroscopic surgeon; the functional demands of the patient should be considered while designing the rehabi
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Amna Abubakar, Mehzaib Anwar, Huda Sameen, et al. "Prevalence and Association of Iliotibial Band Tightness with Daily Sitting Hours and Type of Sitting Surface Among Tailors of Sahiwal, Pakistan." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1016.

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Background: The IT band is a thick band of connective tissues along the outside of the thigh, that stabilizes the knee during movement. Tailors spend long hours sitting in fixed positions while working leading to tightness in the IT band. It causes pain mostly around the lateral thigh, mobility, and flexibility issues. Ober’s test was used to evaluate tightness in the band. Objective of study: To determine the Prevalence and Association of Iliotibial Band Tightness with daily sitting hours and type of sitting surface among tailors of Sahiwal, Pakistan. Materials &amp; Methods: A descriptive cr
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Shori, Gaurav, and Ajay Joshi. "Effect of right sidelying respiratory left adductor pull back exercise in subjects with iliotibial band tightness." Physiotherapy 25, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/physio-2016-0014.

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AbstractMany of the impairments associated with lumbo-pelvic-femoral conditions, like tightness of the iliotibial band, may be bound with postural asymmetry, abnormal chain pattern, and restriction of the range of motion. Although physical therapists currently utilize the right sidelying respiratory left adductor pull back (RSRLAPB) technique for numerous musculoskeletal conditions, there is little research published on the efficacy of the technique. Therefore, this study explored the effect of RSRLAPB exercise on hip adduction angle in subjects with iliotibial band tightness.The total of 30 p
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"Prevalence of Iliotibial Band Tightness in Prolonged Sitting Subjects." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 24, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37506/ijphrd.v11i5.9288.

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Ünüvar, Bayram Sönmez, Hasan Gerçek, and Ertuğrul Demirdel. "The Concurrent Validity and Reliability of the Smartphone Measurement Application to Evaluate Iliotibial Band Tightness: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, January 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1298818.

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Purpose: In recent years, the medical use of smartphones has increased with the development of hardware. The study aims to evaluate the reliability and concurrent validity of iPhone® measurement application to measure ITB tightness. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Thirty athletes with ITB tightness (17 males, 13 females) between 20 and 45 years old were included and assessed in this study. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of each smartphone measurement, and Bland–Altman analysis was used to examine measurement errors. The ITB tightnes
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Bhakaney, Pallavi R., Sandhya N. Towar, Tushar J. Palekar, Ishan Shevate, and Mrudula Sangaonkar. "The Immediate Effect of Percussive Massage Therapy on Iliotibial Band Tightness in Field Athletes." Cureus, January 12, 2025. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77348.

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Arab, Amir M., and Mohammad R. Nourbakhsh. "The relationship between hip abductor muscle strength and iliotibial band tightness in individuals with low back pain." Chiropractic & Osteopathy 18, no. 1 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-1340-18-1.

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Singh, Amrinder, Utkarsh Bhagat, and Monika Sharma. "Effectiveness of dry needling on pain & disability in athletes with iliotibial band tightness- a clinical trial." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.048.

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Unuvar, Bayram Sonmez, Osman Tufekci, Hasan Gercek, Mustafa Savas Torlak, and Onur Erbas. "Comparison of muscle tightness between knees in individuals with unilateral osteoarthritis and its relationship with pain and function." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, February 29, 2024, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-230373.

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BACKGROUND: Unilateral osteoarthritis (OA) affects single knees and presents a unique scenario where individuals experience varying degrees of symptoms between their affected and unaffected knees. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate differences in muscle tightness between symptomatic and asymptomatic knees in individuals with unilateral knee OA while exploring the interplay among pain, functionality, and muscle tightness. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, thirty knee OA patients underwent assessments for hamstring (Active Knee Extension, Straight Leg Raise), iliotibial band (Ober T
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Sharma, Pankaj, Vivek Kumar Shrivastava, Prachi Sathe, and Karan Soni. "Myofascial Release of Iliotibial Band and Eccentric Quadriceps Exercises for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in Recreational Cyclists." Journal of Society of Indian Physiotherapists, April 16, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4103/jsip.jsip_26_24.

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Abstract Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common overuse injuries among cyclists. It is widely seen in sports medicine and clinical practice, primarily presenting as pain in the anterior compartment of the knee. Iliotibial (IT) band tightness plays a crucial role in the development of PFPS, as it is clinically associated with patellar misalignment during knee flexion and extension. Aim: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of myofascial release and eccentric quadriceps exercises in recreational cyclists suffering from PFPS. Method: A total of 30 recre
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Šarčević, Zoran, and Andreja Tepavčević. "Iliotibial band tightness and internal rotation of the tibia in the stance phase of running associated with patella instability." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B Publish Ahead of Print (February 24, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bpb.0000000000001068.

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Kannekanti, Divya, Indira Pavani K., Madhavi K., Venkat Laxman E., Bhargava shanker K., and Rameshwar K. "The Effect of Foam Roller with Exercise Vs Conventional Therapy in Iliotibial Band Extensibility and Hip Abduction Strength - A Comparative Study." June 28, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8088855.

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Many musculoskeletal patients, members of the active population, runners, and cyclists have clinical iliotibial band tightness, which predisposes them to ITB- related diseases such ITB friction syndrome and Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Most treatment programmes call for stretching to improve ITB flexibility. A therapeutic technique for relaxing soft tissue from areas of abnormally tight fascia is myofascial release using a foam roller. For subjects with ITB, it has been suggested that strengthening their hip abductors will help with their symptoms.12 Only a few research have been done to asse
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Thompson, Zane, Joseph G. Wasser, Kevin R. Vincent, and Heather K. Vincent. "Dynamic Functional Ability in Lacrosse Players in Relation to Development of Sport-Related Onset of Musculoskeletal Pain." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 19, no. 9 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.26603/001c.122323.

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Background Unlike other sports, the relationship between performance deficits and pain/injury in lacrosse players has not been well-investigated. Purpose The purposes of this study were to: 1) determine whether age and sex differences exist in dynamic physical function tests and drop jump performance among lacrosse players, and 2) determine whether pre-seasonal physical function scores predict onset of either lower extremity or low back pain over time. Study Design Prospective observational study. Methods Lacrosse players (N=128) were stratified into three groups: 12-14.9 yrs, 15-18 yrs and &g
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Christopher, Shefali M., Alessandra N. Garcia, Suzanne J. Snodgrass, and Chad Cook. "Common musculoskeletal impairments in postpartum runners: an international Delphi study." Archives of Physiotherapy 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40945-020-00090-y.

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Abstract Background Postpartum runners report musculoskeletal pain with running. Because of inadequate research, little is known about the origin and pain-related classification. Through expert consensus, this study is the first attempt to understand the musculoskeletal impairments that these runners present with. The objective of this survey was to gather expert consensus on characteristics of reported impairments in postpartum runners that have musculoskeletal pain. Methods A web-based Delphi survey was conducted and was composed of five categories: strength, range of motion, alignment and f
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