Thèses sur le sujet « Imagerie micro-ondes »
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VIGNAUD, LUC. « Imagerie micro-ondes des scenes instationnaires ». Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066431.
Texte intégralHeleine, Jérémy. « Identification de paramètres électromagnétiques par imagerie micro-ondes ». Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0013.
Texte intégralIn this thesis, we study, from a theoretical and numerical point of view, the microwave imaging. Mathematically, it is about solving an inverse problem: reconstruct the dielectric coefficients (permittivity and conductivity) inside a material or tissue from boundary measurements of the electric field. This problem is modeled by time-harmonic Maxwell's equations for the electric field for which we prove the existence and uniqueness of a solution in the case of mix boundary conditions. We are particularly interested in the reconstruction of perturbations in the refractive index of the medium. The index of the healthy medium is assumed to be known and, with the help of boundary measurements on the studied object, we define the perturbed field and try to find the perturbations. In order to understand their influence on the electric field, we lead a sensitivity analysis of Maxwell's equations. The numerical study of this sensitivity analysis led to results used to develop a reconstruction algorithm of the perturbations supports. We then study the Cauchy problem, to solve a uniqueness result with partial data. We are also interested in the numerical resolution of this problem to answer the question of the boundary data completion: from partial measurements, we deduce the total data. The inverse problem is finally studied as the minimization of a functional to reconstruct the amplitude of the searched inhomogeneities
Tondo, Yoya Ariel Christopher. « Imagerie computationnelle active et passive à l’aide d’une cavité chaotique micro-ondes ». Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S130/document.
Texte intégralThe broad topic of the presented Ph.D focuses on active and passive microwave computational imaging. The use of a chaotic cavity as a compressive component is studied both theoretically (mathematical model, algorithmic resolution of the inverse problem) and experimentally. The underlying idea is to replace an array of antennas with a single reverberant cavity with an array of openings on the front panel that encodes the spatial information of a scene in the temporal response of the cavity. The reverberation of electromagnetic waves inside the cavity provides the degrees of freedom necessary to reconstruct an image of the scene. Thus it is possible to create a high-resolution image of a scene in real time from a single impulse response. Applications include security or imaging through walls. In this work, the design and characterization of an open chaotic cavity is performed. Using this device, active computational imaging is demonstrated to produce images of targets of various shapes. The number of degrees of freedom is further improved by changing the boundary conditions with the addition of commercial fluorescent lamps. The interaction of the waves with these plasma elements allows new cavity configurations to be created, thus improving image resolution. Compressive imaging is next applied to the passive detection and localization of natural thermal radiation from noise sources, based on the correlation of signals received over two channels. Finally, an innovative method of interferometric target imaging is presented. It is based on the reconstruction of the impulse response between two antennas from the microwave thermal noise emitted by a network of neon lamps. This work constitutes a step towards for future imaging systems
Laloy-Borgna, Gabrielle. « Micro-élastographie : caractérisation mécanique de la cellule par ondes élastiques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10058.
Texte intégralDyanmic elastography is an imaging method to measure the elasticity of biological tissues in a non-invasive and quantitative way. Recently, the transposition of the technique to a small scale has been called dynamic micro-elastography and has allowed the first measurements of cellular elasticity by shear waves using an optical microscope. This thesis aims to undetstand the limits of this technique and to develop new micro-elastography methods, to test new wave sources but also potential applications of the technique. In a first step, the dispersion of shear waves was studied on gelatin phantoms. Two distinct regimes of guided elastic waves and shear waves were identified. The high-frequency limit of wave propagation was also explored, establishing the existence of a cutoff frequency which explains the absence of ultrasonic shear imaging. The same approach was then applied to visco-elastic fluids, revealing two cutoff frequencies and revisiting previous studies on rheology and wave propagation in this type of medium. Then, the initial objective being to carry out micro-elastography on single cells and the experiments previously carried out with micro-pipettes presenting certain defects, an original method of cellular micro-elastography was developed. An oscillating microbubble is used as a contactless shear wave source at 15 kHz to perform experiments on blood cells whose diameter is about 15 µm. These are the smallest objects ever explored by elastography. Larger objects, cell clusters of a few tens of thousands of cells have also been studied. Indeed, since ultrasound elastography of these tumour models of about 800 µm in diameter is impossible, optical micro-elastography is a suitable technique. These samples contain magnetic nanoparticles, so a magnetic pulse could be used as a wave source. Previously, proofs of concept on both macroscopic (in ultrasonic elastography) and microscopic (in optical micro-elastography) phantoms were conducted to validate the use of this diffuse field source. Finally, pulse wave measurements were performed on retinal arteries of about 50 µm in diameter using laser Doppler holography acquisitions performed in vivo. The application of monochromatic correlation algorithms allowed the measurement of guided wave velocities, finally revealing the existence of a second pulse wave, an antisymmetric bending wave. This guided wave, much slower than the axisymmetric pulse wave studied so far, was also observed on the carotid artery thanks to ultrafast ultrasound acquisitions
Gharsalli, Leila. « Approches bayésiennes en tomographie micro-ondes : applications à l'imagerie du cancer du sein ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112048/document.
Texte intégralThis work concerns the problem of microwave tomography for application to biomedical imaging. The aim is to retreive both permittivity and conductivity of an unknown object from measurements of the scattered field that results from its interaction with a known interrogating wave. Such a problem is said to be inverse opposed to the associated forward problem that consists in calculating the scattered field while the interrogating wave and the object are known. The resolution of the inverse problem requires the prior construction of the associated forward model. This latter is based on an integral representation of the electric field resulting in two coupled integral equations whose discrete counterparts are obtained by means of the method of moments.Regarding the inverse problem, in addition to the fact that the physical equations involved in the forward modeling make it nonlinear, it is also mathematically ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard, which means that the conditions of existence, uniqueness and stability of the solution are not simultaneously guaranteed. Hence, solving this problem requires its prior regularization which usually involves the introduction of a priori information on the sought solution. This resolution is done here in a Bayesian probabilistic framework where we introduced a priori knowledge appropriate to the sought object by considering it to be composed of a finite number of homogeneous materials distributed in compact and homogeneous regions. This information is introduced through a "Gauss-Markov-Potts" model. In addition, the Bayesian computation gives the posterior distribution of all the unknowns, knowing the a priori and the object. We proceed then to identify the posterior estimators via variational approximation methods and thereby to reconstruct the image of the desired object.The main contributions of this work are methodological and algorithmic. They are illustrated by an application of microwave imaging to breast cancer detection. The latter is in itself a very important and original aspect of the thesis. Indeed, the detection of breast cancer using microwave imaging is a very interesting alternative to X-ray mammography, but it is still at an exploratory stage
Davy, Matthieu. « Application du retournement en micro-ondes à l'amplification d'impulsions et l'imagerie ». Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077219.
Texte intégralTime Reversal (TR) methods are applied in microwaves to pulse amplification and imaging. First, we use a reverberation chamber with an aperture on the front face and we take advantage of the pulse compression property of time reversal. High amplitude peaks are generated outside the chamber thanks to the long spreading time of the signals inside. Our device is auto-adaptive in position and in polarization. The second part of the manuscript deals theoretically and experimentally with the DORT method (decomposition of the TR operator). The method is first applied to characterize a dielectric cylinder and work out its parameters. Imaging of two close scatterers separated by a subwavelength distance is then considered. A criterion is especially extracted to deduce the noise level above which the resolution fails. Furthermore, we use thé DORT method to track experimentally people behind a wall. The wave propagation inside the wall is taken into account to localize a human being. This last part leads to the study of the invariants of the TR operator when a pointlike target is moving during the acquisition of the transfer matrix. Eventually, we introduce thé first wideband ambient noise cross-correlation experiment in microwaves. The cross-correlation yields the Green's function between two antennas and allows the passive detection and localization of targets. The analogy with a TR process is developed. Passive people localization is also achieved with the narrow bandwidth signals emitted by a WIFI router
Henry, Dominique. « Imagerie radar en ondes millimétriques appliquée à la viticulture ». Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/23535/1/HENRY_Dominique.pdf.
Texte intégralAntunes, Neves Ana Luisa. « Application au domaine biomédical des moyens de caractérisation électromagnétique de matériaux dans le spectre des micro-ondes ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0320/document.
Texte intégralThe penetration capacity of the electromagnetic (EM) waves in matter or biological tissues allows exploring media non-destructively. Concerning the public health sector, improving the quality of life has become one of the greatest concerns of nowadays society. EM wave research on different media and biological tissues shows a great potential for diagnostic applications and eventually for therapeutically applications. In this doctoral thesis, we focus on the vast domain of the biomedical applications of wave-matter interactions, based on the knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of matter, the complex permittivity and the conductivity. On a first instance, we address the emerging domain of ultra-high field MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), which nowadays puts effort into the clinical implementation of 7T devices. Firstly our purpose is to produce an anthropomorphic head model, composed of the brain’s different layers, and taking into account the electromagnetic properties and the proton relaxation times inherent to each tissue. These realistic head models allow to evaluate the newly developed protocols for these ultra-high field devices. Secondly, we have studied and developed field homogenization devices, which allow brightening the shadow areas displayed in some MRI images, such as the cerebellum and the temporal lobes in brain imaging at 7T. This procedure, named Passive Shimming, is based on the use of high permittivity dielectric pads composed of Barium Titanate, which focalize the field to the areas where normally the wavelength in insufficient to generate a homogeneous signal distribution
Benzaim, Oussama. « Techniques multi-port pour la conception et la réalisation de systèmes micro-ondes dédiés à l'évaluation non destructive de matériaux ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10031.
Texte intégralNon Destructive microwave Testing (NDT) consists in examining a material so that after testing, its future use is not affected. Such characterization is usually achieved through the measurement of reflection and/or transmission properties of the material under test by a vector network analyzer. However, this type of equipment is oversized in terms of measurements abilities and cost for a use outside the laboratory. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed, with a view to low cost, systems based on the six-port technique. In particular, a dual four-port reflectometer is developed for the measurement of reflection and transmission parameters of passive devices in the frequency range of 55 - 65 GHz. In addition, we have proposed complete solution which integrates hardware and software resources allowing the development of specialized systems in the field of microwave characterization. The added software solutions, based on artificial neural networks contribute to satisfy the needs of a non-destructive, quantitative evaluation. Finally, in order to perform characterization of defects whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength, a mm-wave microscope formed by the mm-wave system and associated with an evanescent wave probe has been proposed. This ensemble reveals changes in magnitude and phase reflection coefficients of the material under test, allowing non-contact measurements. ___________________________________________________________________________
Benzaim, Oussama. « Techniques multi-port pour la conception et la réalisation de systèmes micro-ondes dédiés à l'évaluation non destructive de matériaux ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10031/document.
Texte intégralNon Destructive microwave Testing (NDT) consists in examining a material so that after testing, its future use is not affected. Such characterization is usually achieved through the measurement of reflection and/or transmission properties of the material under test by a vector network analyzer. However, this type of equipment is oversized in terms of measurements abilities and cost for a use outside the laboratory. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed, with a view to low cost, systems based on the six-port technique. In particular, a dual four-port reflectometer is developed for the measurement of reflection and transmission parameters of passive devices in the frequency range of 55 - 65 GHz. In addition, we have proposed complete solution which integrates hardware and software resources allowing the development of specialized systems in the field of microwave characterization. The added software solutions, based on artificial neural networks contribute to satisfy the needs of a non-destructive, quantitative evaluation. Finally, in order to perform characterization of defects whose dimensions are smaller than the wavelength, a mm-wave microscope formed by the mm-wave system and associated with an evanescent wave probe has been proposed. This ensemble reveals changes in magnitude and phase reflection coefficients of the material under test, allowing non-contact measurements. ___________________________________________________________________________
Barrière, Paul-André. « DÉVELOPPEMENT D'ALGORITHMES D'INVERSION RAPIDES ET PROPOSITIONS RELATIVES À LA CONFIGURATION DU MONTAGE DE MESURES DANS UN CONTEXTE DE TOMOGRAPHIE MICRO-ONDES APPLIQUÉE À LA DÉTECTION DU CANCER DU SEIN ». Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00390344.
Texte intégralLe temps nécessaire à la reconstruction d'une image étant critique pour d'éventuelles applications cliniques de la tomographie micro-ondes, nous proposons, en première partie, une série d'algorithmes qui offrent un coût de calcul diminué par rapport aux méthodes concurrentes. La méthode « current source inversion » (CSI) est utilisée comme point de départ de la réflexion. On identifie certaines faiblesses de cet algorithme et on en propose deux généralisations, plus rapides et plus robustes. Deux nouvelles familles de méthodes, s'attaquant à différents goulots d'étranglement des méthodes CSI généralisées, sont aussi proposées. Elles sont basées sur deux nouvelles formulations du problème direct. La première est mathématiquement équivalente à celle d'origine alors que la seconde est basée sur des approximations.
En ce qui a trait à la configuration du montage de mesures, on montre que la résolution des images reconstruites peut être significativement améliorée en ayant recours à la compression du sein. On propose aussi un montage qui exploite les propriétés des guides d'ondes diélectriques. Celui-ci permet de mesurer le champ dans l'air plutôt que dans un liquide d'adaptation, ce qui ouvre la porte au développement de montages plus compacts.
Gu, Sijia. « Contribution to broadband local characterization of materials by near-field microwave microscopy ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10175/document.
Texte intégralNear-field microwave microscopes are emerging instruments for materials characterization. In this work, a home-made near-field microwave microscope is first described and analyzed in terms of resolution performance and frequency band of operation. Then, it is applied to the characterization of a large variety of materials such as metals, semiconductors, dielectrics, liquids and 2D nanomaterials. The system is based on an interferometric technique to improve the measurement sensitivity in the entire frequency range of operation spanning from 2 to 18 GHz. The sensitivity and the different operating modes available (contact, non-contact, liquid environment) allow addressing a large variety of application fields. The instrument allows a sub-wavelength lateral resolution which is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the operating wavelength, opening the way to a local characterization. The cavity perturbation and transmission line approaches have been used to extract the electromagnetic properties of materials. In particular dielectric properties of saline aqueous solutions and complex impedance of graphene have been investigated in a broad frequency band. It provides a quantitative analysis of material properties in a non-destructive manner to address numerous applications in many scientific fields. Finally, all the results together show that the interferometer-based near-field microwave microscope has the potential to become an important metrology tool for characterizations in micro- and nano-electronics
Darwish, Ali. « Contrôle non destructif de produits alimentaires par imagerie microonde et millimétrique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ4004.
Texte intégralEnsuring food safety and quality is a major concern in the food industry, as physical contamination can pose significant health risks to consumers, damage brand reputation, and lead to legal consequences. Common detection methods, such as X-ray inspection, have limitations, particularly in identifying contaminants like plastic, wood, and glass, which have low density and can be difficult to detect. This work explores an alternative solution based on microwave sensing, introducing a novel approach to contamination detection. The proposed system leverages low-power, non-ionizing microwave signals to identify foreign bodies without compromising food integrity or requiring extensive modifications to existing production lines. It offers a cost-effective and real-time inspection method, capable of operating in-line without interrupting the manufacturing process. The detection principle relies on analyzing how microwave signals interact with different materials, taking advantage of the dielectric contrast between contaminants and food products. A set of antennas surrounding the target captures signal variations, which are then processed to determine the presence of foreign objects. The system is designed to acquire data efficiently while maintaining compatibility with the speed and constraints of industrial food processing environments. Detecting contaminants in food and beverage products using scattering parameters involves solving an inverse problem, which is nonlinear and ill-posed. This process is computationally expensive and may not be suitable for real-time, in-line detection. In this research, we integrate Machine Learning (ML) techniques to overcome the challenges of the inverse problem and to automate the classification process. We investigate the robustness and effectiveness of different classifiers, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) networks, by training them on large-scale datasets collected from experimental trials. These models learn to distinguish between uncontaminated and contaminated food items. The classifiers successfully identifies a variety of foreign materials, including different types of plastics, glass, and wood, demonstrating high accuracy across thousands of test cases.Furthermore, we extend our research to millimeter-Wave (mmW) imaging, investigating the integration of mmW systems with ML tools for nut inspection. The promising results achieved using mmW imaging and ML classification in agrifood applications, particularly for soft fruits like apples and peaches, inspire us to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for more challenging cases—specifically, in-shell seeds such as almonds and walnuts. The results obtained in this thesis highlight the potential of the microwave/mmW-based system as a robust, scalable, and efficient solution for real-time food contamination detection and agrifood inspection. By integrating microwave sensing with machine learning, this approach offers a powerful alternative to traditional inspection methods, improving food safety and quality in industrial settings
Garantire la sicurezza e la qualita degli alimenti e una delle principali preoccupazioni dell’industriaalimentare, poiche la contaminazione fisica puo comportare rischi significativi per la salute dei consumatori, danneggiare la reputazione del marchio e portare a conseguenze legali. I comuni metodi dirilevamento, come l’ispezione a raggi X, hanno dei limiti, in particolare nell’identificazione di contaminanticome plastica, legno e vetro, che hanno una bassa densita e possono essere difficili da rilevare. Questolavoro esplora una soluzione alternativa basata sul rilevamento a microonde, introducendo un nuovoapproccio al rilevamento della contaminazione. Il sistema proposto sfrutta segnali a microonde a bassapotenza e non ionizzanti per identificare i corpi estranei senza compromettere l’integrita degli alimentio richiedere modifiche alle linee di produzione esistenti. Offre un metodo di ispezione economico e intempo reale, in grado di operare in linea senza interrompere il processo di produzione. Il principio di rilevamento si basa sull’analisi del modo in cui i segnali a microonde interagiscono con i diversi materiali, sfruttando il contrasto dielettrico tra contaminanti e prodotti alimentari. Una schiera di antenne, che circondano il prodotto sotto analisi, cattura le variazioni di segnale, che vengono poi elaborate per determinare la presenza di oggetti estranei. Il sistema e progettato per acquisire dati in modo efficiente, mantenendo la compatibilita con la velocita e i vincoli degli ambienti industriali di lavorazione degli alimenti. Il rilevamento di contaminanti nei prodotti alimentari e nelle bevande utilizzando i parametri di diffusione comporta la risoluzione di un problema inverso, non lineare e malposto. Questo processo e computazionalmente costoso e potrebbe non essere adatto per il rilevamento in linea in tempo reale. In questa ricerca, integriamo tecniche di apprendimento automatico (ML) al problema inverso per automatizzare il processo di classificazione. Analizziamo la robustezza e l’efficacia di diversi classificatori, come le macchine a vettori di supporto (SVM) e le reti di percettori multistrato (MLP), addestrandoli su serie di dati su larga scala raccolti da prove sperimentali. Questi modelli imparano a distinguere tra alimenti non contaminati e contaminati. I classificatori identificano con successo una varieta di materiali estranei, tra cui diversi tipi di plastica, vetro e legno, dimostrando un’elevata precisione su migliaia di casi di test. Inoltre, estendiamo la nostra ricerca all’imaging a onde millimetriche (mmW), studiando l’integrazione di sistemi mmW con strumenti di ML per l’ispezione delle noci. I risultati promettenti ottenuti con l’imaging mmW e la classificazione ML in applicazioni agroalimentari, in particolare per frutti rossi come mele e pesche, ci hanno stimolato a valutare l’efficacia di questo approccio per casi piu impegnativi, in particolare per semi in guscio come mandorle e noci. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi evidenziano il potenziale del sistema basato sulle microonde/mmW come soluzione robusta, scalabile ed efficiente per il rilevamento della contaminazione alimentare e l’ispezione agroalimentare in tempo reale. Integrazione del rilevamento a microonde con l’apprendimento automatico offre una potente alternativa ai metodi di ispezione tradizionali, migliorando la sicurezza e la qualita degli alimenti in ambito industriale
Bastard, Cécile Morgane. « Elastographie impulsionnelle quantitative : caractérisation des propriétés viscoélastiques des tissus et application à la mesure de contact ». Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3130.
Texte intégralTranscient elastography is a tissue characterization technique used to measure non-invasively the viscoelastic properties of human tissues. In hepatology, this new technique is now a common diagnostic toll to assess liver fibrosis. However, it could still benefit from technological and algorithmic improvements to extend its use to order clinical applications. In this thesis, a numerical tool to simulate shear wave propagation in viscoelastic soft tissues was developed. Its results were validated by comparison with those provided by an analytical model and compared to experimental data. This tool was then used to test several inverse methods to compute the shear modulus and the shear viscosity of a medium from the displacements measured using ultrasound. These techniques were applied in vivo to measure the viscoelastic properties of liver. Finally, a novel micro-elastography device dedicated to the measurement of the elasticity of small organs or tissues was introduced and tested to quantify the elasticity of the liver in two murine mdols in vivo : a model of amyloidosis and a model of experimental fibrosis
Haenssler, Olaf Christian. « Multimodal sensing and imaging technology by integrated scanning electron, force, and near-field microwave microscopy and its application to submicrometer studies ». Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I006.
Texte intégralVarious disciplines of micro- and nanotechnology requires combinatorial tools for the investigation, manipulation and transport of materials in the submicrometer range. The coupling of multiple sensing and imaging techniques allows for obtaining complementary and often unique datasets of samples under test. By means of an integrated microscopy technique with different modalities, it is possible to gain multiple information about nanoscale samples by recording at the same time. The expansion with nanorobotics and an open-source software framework, leads to a technology approach for semiconductor research and material science. This work shows the potential of such a multimodal technology approach by focusing on a demonstrator setup. It operates under high-vacuum conditions inside the chamber of a Scanning Electron Microscope and serves as a technology platform by fusing various microscopy modalities, techniques and processes. An Atomic Force Microscope based on a compact, optical interferometer performs imaging of surface topography, and a Scanning Microwave Microscope records electromagnetic properties in the microwave frequency domain, both operating inside an SEM. A software framework controls the instrument. The setup allows for observing with SEM, while imaging and characterizing with interacting evanescent microwaves and intermolecular forces simultaneously. In addition, a multimodal test standard is introduced and subsequently confirms the functionality of the demonstrator. Within this context, the work also includes an electrical analysis of micro-scale MOS capacitors, including an approximation for use in the calibration
Métais, Samuel. « Façonnage des ondes : de la superdirectivité à la superrésolution ». Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC008.
Texte intégralDuring this PhD, we have taken interest in general wave physics. From d’Alembert’s wave equation, one can find three ways of controlling the waves : tuning the source distribution, for one part, altering the boundary conditions, for another part, and finally, modeling the propagation medium itself. Those three tools have been demonstrated during three different projects. Firstly, we have used an electronically reconfigurable binary métasurface to control the wave field inside a micro-wave cavity. Extending this concept to an open cavity, we have demonstrated that we can actually control the farfield emission of this system. This has allowed us to design a compact reconfigurable directive antenna from an open micro-wave cavity. Secondly, we have used the metamaterial approach to overcome the directivity limit of antenna that has been considered by the community since its prediction in the 40s. Using a wire medium, which is known for its sub-wavelength control of the nearfield, we have extended this to the farfield emission of a singular source inside. Using only four passive resonant scatterers, we have been able to make a single source superdirective. Lastly, we have designed and performed an acoustic experiment to create a new non-linear imaging technique. Ever since the contributions of structured illumination and non-linear fluorescent imaging, breaking the diffraction limit has been shown to be possible. We design here a new method, based on the Doppler effect, to get rid of contrast agents. Using rotating sources and receivers, we have shown that this system performs, in homodyne detection, as well as a structured illumination microscope. However, the spectral richness of the signal allows us to further hence the resolving power of our system, and hence, achieve true super-resolution
Lehujeur, Maximilien. « Étude d'un réservoir géothermique profond par corrélation de bruit sismique ambiant ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH013/document.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the application of the ambient seismic noise correlation technique for the imaging and monitoring of deep geothermal reservoirs near Rittershoffen (ECOGI) and Soultz-sous-Forêts (GEIE-EMC). The strong spatial and temporal variability of the noise sources in the period range 0.2-7s limits the reconstruction of the Green’s functions. This results in significant errors in the velocity models. Two approaches are proposed to overcome the spatial non-uniformity of the noise and to improve the quality of the velocity models. Besides that, the temporal variability of the noise sources is a limiting factor for monitoring purposes. We estimate that the speed variations should be larger than 0.1% to 1% to be detected by the available networks. This threshold was not reached at Rittershoffen during the drillings or the stimulations. However, a probable change of the diffracting properties of the medium was observed following a hydraulic stimulation
Bahette, Emilie. « Réalisation et caractérisation de CMUT basse température pour applications d'imagerie médicale ». Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4011.
Texte intégralCMUTs are innovating microsystems for ultrasonic medical imaging. To develop new array architectures, monolithic integration of integrated circuits is required. In this context, microsystems must be achieved using process temperature limited to 400°C. The main objective of this PhD thesis is the development of alternative processes and materials to replace usual ones done at high temperature. We have developed a nickel silicide bottom electrode at 400°C, a metallic sacrificial layer and a silicon nitride membrane deposited at 200°C. The devices, fabricated on silicon substrates, are functional with a high resonance frequency (16.4MHz), a mastered collapse voltage (65V) and an efficient electromechanical coupling coefficient (0.6). Moreover, this low temperature process was successfully applied on other substrates such as glass
Moreno, Villavicencio Maiglid Andreina. « Development of 3D high-resolution imaging of complex devices by the correlation of ToF-SIMS and AFM ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI122.
Texte intégralThe continuous miniaturization and complexity of devices have pushed existing nano-characterization techniques to their limits. The correlation of techniques has then become an attractive solution to keep providing precise and accurate characterization. With the aim of overcoming the existing barriers for the 3D high-resolution imaging at the nanoscale, we have focused our research on creating a protocol to combine time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with atomic force microscopy (AFM). This combination permits the correlation of the composition in 3-dimensions with the maps of topography and other local properties provided by the AFM. Three main results are achieved through this methodology: a topography-corrected 3D ToF-SIMS data set, maps of local sputter rate where the effect of roughness and vertical interfaces are seen and overlays of the ToF-SIMS and AFM advanced information. The application fields of the ToF-SIMS and AFM combined methodology can be larger than expected. Indeed, four different applications are discussed in this thesis. The procedure to obtain the topography-corrected 3D data sets was applied on a GaAs / SiO2 patterned structure whose initial topography and composition with materials of different sputter rates create a distortion in the classical 3D chemical visualization. The protocol to generate sputter rate maps was used on samples with structured and non-structured nano-areas in order to study the possible ToF-SIMS sputtering artefacts, especially the geometric shadowing effect. Finally, we have explored the combination of ToF-SIMS analysis with three AFM advanced modes: piezoresponse force microcopy (PFM), scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). Specifically, two main applications were studied: the chemical modification during electrical stress of a piezoelectic thin film and the recovery of initial electrical characteristics of a sample subjected to Ga implantation during FIB preparation. Technical aspects of the methodology will be discussed for each application and the perspectives of this combination will be given
Omarouayache, Rachid. « Imagerie et injection électromagnétique en champ proche micro-onde et millimétrique ». Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS032/document.
Texte intégralNear-field microwave microscopy is developped in two frequency bands. The first experiment involves very high frequencies at 60 GHz. Near-field electric probes were designed, made and tested. We have shown a sensitivity to topography and to the local dielectric constant with a very sub-wavelength resolution of lambda/250.The second experiment was conducted in the 1 MHz - 1 GHz band. Specific magnetic ferrite probes were designed and optimized with aim of integrated circuit coupling applications. We have explained the coupling by a mutual inductance which allowed to derive an electrical circuit model. Experimental applications on dedicated circuits validate the approach
Liu, Yuan. « Analyse de sensibilité et estimation de l'humidité du sol à partir de données radar ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD032/document.
Texte intégralElectromagnetic waves scattering from a randomly rough surface is of palpable importance in many fields of disciplines and bears itself in various applications spanned from surface treatment to remote sensing of terrain and sea. By knowing the backscattering patterns, one may detect the presence of the undesired random roughness of the reflection surface such as antenna reflector and accordingly devise a means to correct or compensate the phase errors. Therefore, it has been both theoretically and practically necessary to study the electromagnetic wave scattering from the random surfaces. This dissertation focuses on the retrieval of surface soil moisture from radar measurements. The description of the randomly rough surface is presented, followed by the electromagnetic wave interactions with the media. In particular, an advanced integral equation model (AIEM) is introduced. The validity of the AIEM model, which is adopted as a working model, is made by extensive comparison with numerical simulations and experimental data. Also analyzes the characteristics of the bistatic radar configurations and dissects the sensitivity of bistatic scattering to soil moisture and surface roughness of soil surfaces. Meanwhile presents a framework of soil moisture retrieval from radar measurements using a recurrent Kalman filter-based neural network. The network training and data inversion are described in detail
Borzooei, Sahar. « Solution numérique pour un scanner médical portable ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5040.
Texte intégralRotator cuff tears (RCTs) represent one of the most frequent shoulder injuries and often progress to more severe conditions over time. Although MRI is the standard imaging modality for detecting RCTs, it is limited to use in imaging centers, and it is not always accurate in depicting the presence and extent of the tears. A portable, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for on-site diagnosis of RCTs is in demand. This thesis presents the contributions made to the development of a numerical model for this medical scanner which relies on repeated solves of Maxwell's equations. The finite element discretization of this problem results in a large-scale, ill-conditioned linear system that is challenging to solve. Our first contribution is the development of a PML-based Schwarz-type preconditioner that improves the efficiency of the solution method, in terms of convergence rate and computing time. Next, we utilize state-of-the-art numerical modeling to design a wearable imaging system for three-dimensional image reconstruction of the shoulder. This task is challenging due to the electrically large size of the shoulder, its complex anatomy, and the heterogeneous nature of the tissues, which are characterized by high losses. The feasibility study shows promising results in the detection of RCTs. However, this method can be limited by high noise levels or the patient's body habits. To address this, we generate a large dataset, using an optimized version of the numerical imaging system and employ a machine learning algorithm, for automatic and real-time detection of RCTs
Goldfarb, Fabienne. « Microscopie de photodétachement de Si ̄et OH ̄ : spectroscopie micro-eV par imagerie de fonction d'onde pour un test de validité du modèle de l'électron libre ». Paris 11, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004059.
Texte intégralThe photodetachment microscope was built in the middle of the nineties at Laboratory Aimé Cotton. It enables one to record interference patterns due to electrons detached from negative ions by a laser into a uniform electric field. In a first approximation, the previously linked electron and neutral species don't interact any more after detachment : we have a free electron source. According to the classical equations of movement, a free electron placed in a uniform electric field with a given kinetic energy has two different trajectories for going to a given point. In a quantum point of view, the electronic matter wave is divided into two parts, which follow both possible ways. As the electronic wave emitted by photodetachment is coherent, these two half-waves interfere. The recorded interference patterns are highly sensitive to the electron kinetic energy, which can thus be measured by comparison between the experimental data and the free electron model predictions. These high resolutlon spectroscopy measurements were used for testing the free electron model validity for the Si ̄and OH ̄anions, looking for possible interaction effects between the detached electron and the neutral species. The Si ̄anion enables us to show the validity of the method for an atom heavier than those previously studied. The OH ̄molecular anion was chosen for examining the dipolar potential effect on the interference images. We didn't see any modification of the images, and the obtained results validated this method for the measurements of diatomic anion detachment energies. These researches provided new values for the electron affinities of Si and OH, with an improved accuracy
Qin, Yingying. « Early breast anomalies detection with microwave and ultrasound modalities ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG058.
Texte intégralImaging of the breast for early detec-tion of tumors is studied by associating microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) data. No registration is enforced since a free pending breast is tackled. A 1st approach uses prior information on tissue boundaries yielded from US reflection data. Regularization incorporates that two neighboring pixels should exhibit similar MW properties when not on a boundary while a jump allowed otherwise. This is enforced in the distorted Born iterative and the contrast source inversion methods. A 2nd approach involves deterministic edge preserving regularization via auxiliary variables indicating if a pixel is on an edge or not, edge markers being shared by MW and US parameters. Those are jointly optimized from the last parameter profiles and guide the next optimization as regularization term coefficients. Alternate minimization is to update US contrast, edge markers and MW contrast. A 3rd approach involves convolutional neural networks. Estimated contrast current and scattered field are the inputs. A multi-stream structure is employed to feed MW and US data. The network outputs the maps of MW and US parameters to perform real-time. Apart from the regression task, a multi-task learning strategy is used with a classifier that associates each pixel to a tissue type to yield a segmentation image. Weighted loss assigns a higher penalty to pixels in tumors when wrongly classified. A 4th approach involves a Bayesian formalism where the joint posterior distribution is obtained via Bayes’ rule; this true distribution is then approximated by a free-form separable law for each set of unknowns to get the estimate sought. All those solution methods are illustrated and compared from a wealth of simulated data on simple synthetic models and on 2D cross-sections of anatomically-realistic MRI-derived numerical breast phantoms in which small artificial tumors are inserted
Henriksson, Tommy. « CONTRIBUTION TO QUANTITATIVE MICROWAVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS ». Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-5882.
Texte intégralA dissertation prepared through an international convention for a joint supervision thesis with Université Paris-SUD 11, France
Microwaves in biomedicine
Hubans, Fabien. « Utilisation des corrélations de bruit micro-sismique pour l'analyse des propriétés du champ d'onde et l'imagerie crustale ». Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564324.
Texte intégralRenaud, Guillaume. « Mesure de non-linéarités élastiques et dissipatives par interaction d'ondes acoustiques : application à la quatification du micro-endommagement de l'os trabéculaire ». Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4012/document.
Texte intégralMicro-cracks are normally generated in bone tissue and resorpted by permanent bone remodeling. A high crack density could a?ect bone strength. But the causes and consequences on bone strength of a microdamage accumulation are badly understood. Moreover no technique is available for noninvasive assessment of the level of bone damage in vivo. In that context, an acoustical method was developed for localized and non-contact measurement of elastic and dissipative nonlinearities, based on the interaction between a low-frequency acoustic pump wave and ultrasound probing pulses. The ultrasound pulses are emitted with a repetition frequency 10 times higher than the low frequency of the pump wave. The medium is thus probed in di?erent states of triaxial stress, successively in tension and in compression. The ultrasound time of ?ight and amplitude (or energy) modulations give access to nonlinear elasticity and dissipation, respectively. The amplitude of acoustic nonlinearities generally increases with the level of damage in materials. After validation in water and undamaged solids, measurements were conducted in cracked and granular media and showed a good sensitivity of the method to the presence of cracks and contacts between grains. Finally its application to calcaneus trabecular bone showed that the low-porosity region can exhibit high acoustic nonlinearities. Furthermore, for mechanically damaged samples, either in compressive fatigue or in quasi-static compression, the amplitude of acoustic nonlinearities were well correlated with the level of damage observed by histology
Diong, Mouhamadou. « Développement d'outils statistiques pour l'amélioration de dispositifs d'imagerie acoustique et micro-onde ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4771/document.
Texte intégralImproving the performance of diffraction based imaging systems constitutes a major issue in both acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. To solve this problem, two main approaches can be explored. The first one consists in improving the inversion algorithms used in diffraction based imaging. However, while this approach generally leads to a significant improvement of the performance of the imaging system, it remains limited by the initial amount of information available within the measurements. The second one consists in improving the measurement system in order to maximize the amount of information within the experimental data. This approach does require a quantitative mean of measuring the amount of information available. In estimation problems, the {appraisal of the} performance of the system is often used for that purpose. In this Ph.D. thesis, we use the Cramer Rao bound to assess the performance of the imaging system. In fact, this quantity has the advantage of providing an assessment which is independent from the inversion algorithm used. Two main analysis are discussed in this thesis. The first analysis explores the influence on the system's performance, of several experimental conditions such as the antennas positions, the radiation pattern of the source, the properties of the background medium, etc. Two classes of objects are considered: 2D homogeneous circular cylindrical objects and 2D cylindrical objects with defect. The second analysis studies the performance of an estimator based on Born approximation with the Cramer Rao Bound as reference. The aim of this second analysis is to showcase other possible applications for the Cramer Rao Bound