Thèses sur le sujet « Imaging a onde millimetriche »
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Darwish, Ali. « Contrôle non destructif de produits alimentaires par imagerie microonde et millimétrique ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025COAZ4004.
Texte intégralEnsuring food safety and quality is a major concern in the food industry, as physical contamination can pose significant health risks to consumers, damage brand reputation, and lead to legal consequences. Common detection methods, such as X-ray inspection, have limitations, particularly in identifying contaminants like plastic, wood, and glass, which have low density and can be difficult to detect. This work explores an alternative solution based on microwave sensing, introducing a novel approach to contamination detection. The proposed system leverages low-power, non-ionizing microwave signals to identify foreign bodies without compromising food integrity or requiring extensive modifications to existing production lines. It offers a cost-effective and real-time inspection method, capable of operating in-line without interrupting the manufacturing process. The detection principle relies on analyzing how microwave signals interact with different materials, taking advantage of the dielectric contrast between contaminants and food products. A set of antennas surrounding the target captures signal variations, which are then processed to determine the presence of foreign objects. The system is designed to acquire data efficiently while maintaining compatibility with the speed and constraints of industrial food processing environments. Detecting contaminants in food and beverage products using scattering parameters involves solving an inverse problem, which is nonlinear and ill-posed. This process is computationally expensive and may not be suitable for real-time, in-line detection. In this research, we integrate Machine Learning (ML) techniques to overcome the challenges of the inverse problem and to automate the classification process. We investigate the robustness and effectiveness of different classifiers, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) networks, by training them on large-scale datasets collected from experimental trials. These models learn to distinguish between uncontaminated and contaminated food items. The classifiers successfully identifies a variety of foreign materials, including different types of plastics, glass, and wood, demonstrating high accuracy across thousands of test cases.Furthermore, we extend our research to millimeter-Wave (mmW) imaging, investigating the integration of mmW systems with ML tools for nut inspection. The promising results achieved using mmW imaging and ML classification in agrifood applications, particularly for soft fruits like apples and peaches, inspire us to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach for more challenging cases—specifically, in-shell seeds such as almonds and walnuts. The results obtained in this thesis highlight the potential of the microwave/mmW-based system as a robust, scalable, and efficient solution for real-time food contamination detection and agrifood inspection. By integrating microwave sensing with machine learning, this approach offers a powerful alternative to traditional inspection methods, improving food safety and quality in industrial settings
Garantire la sicurezza e la qualita degli alimenti e una delle principali preoccupazioni dell’industriaalimentare, poiche la contaminazione fisica puo comportare rischi significativi per la salute dei consumatori, danneggiare la reputazione del marchio e portare a conseguenze legali. I comuni metodi dirilevamento, come l’ispezione a raggi X, hanno dei limiti, in particolare nell’identificazione di contaminanticome plastica, legno e vetro, che hanno una bassa densita e possono essere difficili da rilevare. Questolavoro esplora una soluzione alternativa basata sul rilevamento a microonde, introducendo un nuovoapproccio al rilevamento della contaminazione. Il sistema proposto sfrutta segnali a microonde a bassapotenza e non ionizzanti per identificare i corpi estranei senza compromettere l’integrita degli alimentio richiedere modifiche alle linee di produzione esistenti. Offre un metodo di ispezione economico e intempo reale, in grado di operare in linea senza interrompere il processo di produzione. Il principio di rilevamento si basa sull’analisi del modo in cui i segnali a microonde interagiscono con i diversi materiali, sfruttando il contrasto dielettrico tra contaminanti e prodotti alimentari. Una schiera di antenne, che circondano il prodotto sotto analisi, cattura le variazioni di segnale, che vengono poi elaborate per determinare la presenza di oggetti estranei. Il sistema e progettato per acquisire dati in modo efficiente, mantenendo la compatibilita con la velocita e i vincoli degli ambienti industriali di lavorazione degli alimenti. Il rilevamento di contaminanti nei prodotti alimentari e nelle bevande utilizzando i parametri di diffusione comporta la risoluzione di un problema inverso, non lineare e malposto. Questo processo e computazionalmente costoso e potrebbe non essere adatto per il rilevamento in linea in tempo reale. In questa ricerca, integriamo tecniche di apprendimento automatico (ML) al problema inverso per automatizzare il processo di classificazione. Analizziamo la robustezza e l’efficacia di diversi classificatori, come le macchine a vettori di supporto (SVM) e le reti di percettori multistrato (MLP), addestrandoli su serie di dati su larga scala raccolti da prove sperimentali. Questi modelli imparano a distinguere tra alimenti non contaminati e contaminati. I classificatori identificano con successo una varieta di materiali estranei, tra cui diversi tipi di plastica, vetro e legno, dimostrando un’elevata precisione su migliaia di casi di test. Inoltre, estendiamo la nostra ricerca all’imaging a onde millimetriche (mmW), studiando l’integrazione di sistemi mmW con strumenti di ML per l’ispezione delle noci. I risultati promettenti ottenuti con l’imaging mmW e la classificazione ML in applicazioni agroalimentari, in particolare per frutti rossi come mele e pesche, ci hanno stimolato a valutare l’efficacia di questo approccio per casi piu impegnativi, in particolare per semi in guscio come mandorle e noci. I risultati ottenuti in questa tesi evidenziano il potenziale del sistema basato sulle microonde/mmW come soluzione robusta, scalabile ed efficiente per il rilevamento della contaminazione alimentare e l’ispezione agroalimentare in tempo reale. Integrazione del rilevamento a microonde con l’apprendimento automatico offre una potente alternativa ai metodi di ispezione tradizionali, migliorando la sicurezza e la qualita degli alimenti in ambito industriale
Ceccomarini, Nicolò. « Comunicazioni basate su onde millimetriche per sistemi 5G ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10880/.
Texte intégralGentili, Mirco. « Modelli teorici per antenne a lente ad onde millimetriche ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14251/.
Texte intégralBuccioli, Marco. « Misure di scattering a onde millimetriche in ambiente indoor ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21816/.
Texte intégralRabiti, Alessandro. « Caratterizzazione direzionale del canale radio a onde millimetriche e terahertz ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18998/.
Texte intégralCardinale, Simona. « Studio delle prestazioni di tecniche di beamforming a onde millimetriche ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8628/.
Texte intégralFERRARI, MAURO. « Circuiti di commutazione e condizionamento del segnale a microonde ed onde millimetriche ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1286.
Texte intégralIn a complex microwave integrated subsystem, there are several functional blocks such as switches, attenuators, phase shifters and finally isolators and circulators that can coexist in addition to the classical functions of low noise, small-signal and power amplification, whose performance is increasingly being pushed to the limit of the selected technology. Such functions can be classified under the name of switching and signal conditioning circuits. These functional blocks are often coincident with the passive part of the complex subsystem. In recent years, especially if T/R modules for radar and telecommunications application are considered, a continuous increase in integration of such switching and signal conditioning building blocks with the amplifying ones can be noticed. This is the reason why a critical review of these functions is necessary to find innovative solutions, ensuring an easier integration while maintaining or, if possible, improving their performance. The goal of this work is exactly in such direction. In its first part, direct modulation elements have been studied. These circuits can replace both signal conditioning circuits, e.g. the classical attenuators and digital phase shifters. Two monolithic test vehicles in 70nm GaAs technology are presented for direct modulators: a biphase and a vector modulator, both operating in the V-band (in particular 45 to 65 GHz). Both circuits have been realized and measured. In the second part of this work, a class of switching elements have been studied: SPST (Single Pole - Single Through) switches and SPDT (Single Pole - Double Through) switches. More precisely, attention was focused on the inductive and resistive-inductive compensation technique used to improve the isolation performance of a FET in a series switch configuration. Two 0.25 μm GaN technology monolithic SPDT switches are presented as test vehicles: the first operates at X-band and the second in the 2-18GHz band. Both circuits have been realized and measured. At the end of this work, a study on the state-of-the-art of passive isolators and circulators is carried out, and then the same study is performed on active isolators, circulators and quasi-circulators. A quasi-circulator, based on an innovative element, also developed in parallel to this thesis, which implements a non-reciprocal active phase shifter has been designed. Both circuits are designed to operate at X-band and by using a 0.18 μm GaAs pHEMT technology.
LONGHI, PATRICK ETTORE. « Circuiti e sottosistemi a microonde e onde millimetriche per ricevitori a basso rumore e antenne intelligenti ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/917.
Texte intégralThis work deals with aspects relating to analysis and design methodologies and techniques for some circuits in high sensitivity and reconfigurable front-end RF receivers. These circuits are: low noise amplifier and RF attenuators. Finally, further investigation has focused aspects and issues of multi-function high integration circuits. A methodology for designing microwave low noise amplifiers is reported. The latter has led to define the I/O matching relationships simultaneously achievable in an LNA. The main result of this investigation is the identification of a chart that allows to synoptically evaluating the achievable gain and I/O matching of a 2-port amplifier, once the source impedance is fixed and consequently the LNA noise factor. A set of analytical and synthetic methods on millimetre wave low noise amplifiers has been proposed, covering topics from the active device technology selection to test the realized LNA. The meaning of the noise measure parameter is reprised for designing millimetre wave low-noise. The issues of and 3D planar EM millimetre wave simulation is also investigated. The parasitic phase shift in digital attenuators has been investigated in depth. Such parasitic effect is related to the change of state in digital switched attenuators. A technique has been suggested and circuit equations were derived that allow to compensate such unwanted phase shift, providing design relations that allows to estimate the value of the reactive element that compensates for this undesirable effect. Finally, in the field of multi-function high-integration circuits design, the feasibility of a module containing several functionalities has been investigated. The latter are: control of the signal amplitude, amplification, selection of Tx/Rx mode, control the phase of the signal and serial to parallel control data conversion. The design procedures of some sub-modules, together with the criteria and the steps followed in the process of integration, have been reported.
Di, Paola Francesco <1973>. « Aumento della risoluzione spaziale per il sondaggio di temperatura e umidità da satellite geostazionario mediante radiometria ad onde millimetriche e submillimetriche ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/862/1/Tesi_Di_Paola_Francesco.pdf.
Texte intégralDi, Paola Francesco <1973>. « Aumento della risoluzione spaziale per il sondaggio di temperatura e umidità da satellite geostazionario mediante radiometria ad onde millimetriche e submillimetriche ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/862/.
Texte intégralLeoni, Elia. « Initial Access Techniques for 5G systems ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17708/.
Texte intégralNanni, Lorenzo. « Un metodo di misura di canale radio “Air-to-Ground” ». Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19377/.
Texte intégralMazza, Isabella. « Sviluppo e sperimentazione metodi innovativi di imaging e caratterizzazione ad alta risoluzione basati su onde di Rayleigh ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/10922.
Texte intégralQuesta tesi di Dottorato rappresenta la prosecuzione e l'approfondimento delle ricerche che ho iniziato nell'ambito della tesi di Laurea Specialistica in Fisica, nella quale ho studiato a livello numerico e sperimentale le modalità di propagazione di onde di Rayleigh ultrasoniche su superfici metalliche e in mezzi stratificati. Nel presente lavoro di tesi ho approfondito le tecniche di deconvoluzione basate su filtri di Wiener con l'obiettivo di estenderne l'applicazione al trattamento degli ecogrammi ultrasonici caratteristici dei controlli non distruttivi. In questo contesto, ho elaborato una versione ottimizzata dell'algoritmo di spiking deconvolution, che si è dimostrata efficace nelle riduzione del riverbero degli ecogrammi sperimentali. Il lavoro di ricerca relativo al trattamento del segnale è stato complementato da uno studio sperimentale che mi ha consentito di approfondire alcuni aspetti fondamentali della fisica e della tecnologia degli ultrasuoni. In particolare, ho dedicato una parte consistente del lavoro di ricerca alla costruzione e all'ottimizzazione di sonde a ultrasuoni per la generazione di onde longitudinali e di Rayleigh; ho potuto selezionare i materiali ottimali nel corso di uno studio dedicato, condotto in collaborazione con il gruppo di ricerca del Prof. Cesàro, attivo presso il Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita dell'Università degli Studi di Trieste: lo studio ha permesso di analizzare le proprietà termiche dei diversi materiali costituenti le sonde tramite misure di calorimetria differenziale a flusso di calore (DSC). Dopo la fase di costruzione, caratterizzazione e ottimizzazione, ho utilizzato le sonde ultrasoniche per studiare sperimentalmente le modalità di generazione, propagazione e ricezione degli ultrasuoni in sistemi stratificati multifase, costituiti da domini solidi e liquidi. In particolare, ho approfondito il meccanismo di interazione delle onde di volume e di Rayleigh ultrasoniche con una lega bassofondente allo stato liquido. Lo studio sperimentale mi ha permesso di acquisire la sensibilità operativa e critica necessaria per una corretta interpretazione dei segnali misurati, creando la premessa per la successiva analisi dedicata al trattamento del segnale e all'elaborazione di un algoritmo per la riduzione del riverbero. L'algoritmo è stato implementato in Matlab e validato su segnali sintetici e sperimentali, dimostrandone l'efficacia nella riduzione del riverbero e nell'aumento della risoluzione temporale del segnale. I risultati ottenuti potranno essere sviluppati ulteriormente in uno studio successivo, nel quale potranno essere applicati alla ricostruzione tomografica di interfacce complesse di interesse nell'ambito dei controlli non distruttivi.
XXVII Ciclo
1985
Salazar, Cardozo Ruben Emilio. « Multiplexeur planaire : pour la mesure du champ diffracté en imagerie micro-onde ». Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0011.
Texte intégralBou, Sleiman Joyce. « Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy : application to defense and security ». Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0077/document.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is to demonstrate the potential and capabilities of terahertz technology for parcels screening and inspection to detect threats such as weapons and explosives, without the need to open the parcel.In this study, we first present terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and spectral imaging for explosives detection. Two types of explosives as well as their binary mixture is analyzed. Due to the complexity of extracting information when facing such mixtures of samples, three chemometric tools are used: principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square analysis (PLS) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The analyses are applied to terahertz spectral data and to spectral-images in order to: (i) describe a set of unknown data and identify similarities between samples by PCA; (ii) create a classification model and predict the belonging of unknown samples to each of the classes, by PLS-DA; (iii) create a model able to quantify and predict the explosive concentrations in a pure state or in mixtures, by PLS.The second part of this work focuses on millimeter wave imaging for weapon detection in parcels. Three different imaging techniques are studied: passive imaging, continuous wave (CW) active imaging and frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) active imaging. The performances, the advantages and the limitations of each of the three techniques, for parcel inspection, are exhibited. Moreover, computed tomography is applied to each of the three techniques to visualize data in 3D and inspect parcels in volume. Thus, a special tomography algorithm is developed by taking in consideration the Gaussian propagation of the wave
Salles, Sébastien. « Estimation du mouvement de la paroi carotidienne en imagerie ultrasonore par une approche de marquage ultrasonore ». Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0092/document.
Texte intégralThis work focuses on the processing of biomedical images. The aim of our study is to estimate the mechanical properties of the carotid artery in vivo using ultrasound imaging, in order to detect cardiovascular diseases at an early stage. Over the last decade, researchers have shown interest in studying artery wall motion, especially the motion of the carotid intima-media complex in order to demonstrate its significance as a marker of Atherosclerosis. However, despite recent progress, motion estimation of the carotid wall is still difficult, particularly in the longitudinal direction (direction parallel to the probe). The development of an innovative method for studying the movement of the carotid artery wall is the main motivation of this thesis. The three main contributions proposed in this work are i) the development, the validation, and the clinical evaluation of a novel method for 2D motion estimation of the carotid wall, ii) the development, the simulation and the experimental validation of the 3D extension of the estimation method proposed, and iii) the experimental evaluation of the 2D proposed method in ultra-fast imaging, for the estimation of the local pulse wave velocity. We propose a motion estimation method combining tagging of the ultrasound images, and a motion estimator based on the phase of the ultrasound images. The ultrasonic tagging is produced by means of transverse oscillations. We present two different approaches to introduce these transverses oscillations, a classic approach using a specific apodization function and a new approach based on filtering. The proposed motion estimator uses the 2D analytical phase of RF images using the Hahn approach. This thesis work shows that, compared with conventional methods, the proposed approach provides more accurate motion estimation in the longitudinal direction, and more generally in directions perpendicular to the beam axis. Also, the experimental evaluation of our method on ultra-fast images sequences from carotid phantom was used to validate our method regarding the estimation of the pulse wave velocity, the Young’s modulus of the vessels wall, and the propagation of a longitudinal movement
Zemzemi, Chadi. « Élastographie par retournement temporel : mesure des propriétés mécaniques des tissus biologiques par réseau de sources d’onde de cisaillement ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1217/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis is in line with shear-wave elastography research. After, a bibliographic review, an experimental study shows that the resolution on ultrasound elastography is of the same order of magnitude of the echography resolution and its limit exceeds the shear-wavelength. The original aspect of this work is the use of a phased array of mechanical sources to generate and control shear waves. A time reversal mirror of six shakers is set up. This device shows a space-time control of shear-wave field in gelatin-graphite phantom. Compared to the use of a single source, this phased array of shear-wave improves by 10dB the signal to noise ratio. Using this method on human skull model shows the possibility to deliver and control shear waves in brain using bone conduction. Finally, the application of this method on shear-wave elastography of abdominal layers is shown by a study on synthetic model and in vivo on a healthy volunteer
Gharsalli, Leila. « Approches bayésiennes en tomographie micro-ondes : applications à l'imagerie du cancer du sein ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112048/document.
Texte intégralThis work concerns the problem of microwave tomography for application to biomedical imaging. The aim is to retreive both permittivity and conductivity of an unknown object from measurements of the scattered field that results from its interaction with a known interrogating wave. Such a problem is said to be inverse opposed to the associated forward problem that consists in calculating the scattered field while the interrogating wave and the object are known. The resolution of the inverse problem requires the prior construction of the associated forward model. This latter is based on an integral representation of the electric field resulting in two coupled integral equations whose discrete counterparts are obtained by means of the method of moments.Regarding the inverse problem, in addition to the fact that the physical equations involved in the forward modeling make it nonlinear, it is also mathematically ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard, which means that the conditions of existence, uniqueness and stability of the solution are not simultaneously guaranteed. Hence, solving this problem requires its prior regularization which usually involves the introduction of a priori information on the sought solution. This resolution is done here in a Bayesian probabilistic framework where we introduced a priori knowledge appropriate to the sought object by considering it to be composed of a finite number of homogeneous materials distributed in compact and homogeneous regions. This information is introduced through a "Gauss-Markov-Potts" model. In addition, the Bayesian computation gives the posterior distribution of all the unknowns, knowing the a priori and the object. We proceed then to identify the posterior estimators via variational approximation methods and thereby to reconstruct the image of the desired object.The main contributions of this work are methodological and algorithmic. They are illustrated by an application of microwave imaging to breast cancer detection. The latter is in itself a very important and original aspect of the thesis. Indeed, the detection of breast cancer using microwave imaging is a very interesting alternative to X-ray mammography, but it is still at an exploratory stage
Laloy-Borgna, Gabrielle. « Micro-élastographie : caractérisation mécanique de la cellule par ondes élastiques ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10058.
Texte intégralDyanmic elastography is an imaging method to measure the elasticity of biological tissues in a non-invasive and quantitative way. Recently, the transposition of the technique to a small scale has been called dynamic micro-elastography and has allowed the first measurements of cellular elasticity by shear waves using an optical microscope. This thesis aims to undetstand the limits of this technique and to develop new micro-elastography methods, to test new wave sources but also potential applications of the technique. In a first step, the dispersion of shear waves was studied on gelatin phantoms. Two distinct regimes of guided elastic waves and shear waves were identified. The high-frequency limit of wave propagation was also explored, establishing the existence of a cutoff frequency which explains the absence of ultrasonic shear imaging. The same approach was then applied to visco-elastic fluids, revealing two cutoff frequencies and revisiting previous studies on rheology and wave propagation in this type of medium. Then, the initial objective being to carry out micro-elastography on single cells and the experiments previously carried out with micro-pipettes presenting certain defects, an original method of cellular micro-elastography was developed. An oscillating microbubble is used as a contactless shear wave source at 15 kHz to perform experiments on blood cells whose diameter is about 15 µm. These are the smallest objects ever explored by elastography. Larger objects, cell clusters of a few tens of thousands of cells have also been studied. Indeed, since ultrasound elastography of these tumour models of about 800 µm in diameter is impossible, optical micro-elastography is a suitable technique. These samples contain magnetic nanoparticles, so a magnetic pulse could be used as a wave source. Previously, proofs of concept on both macroscopic (in ultrasonic elastography) and microscopic (in optical micro-elastography) phantoms were conducted to validate the use of this diffuse field source. Finally, pulse wave measurements were performed on retinal arteries of about 50 µm in diameter using laser Doppler holography acquisitions performed in vivo. The application of monochromatic correlation algorithms allowed the measurement of guided wave velocities, finally revealing the existence of a second pulse wave, an antisymmetric bending wave. This guided wave, much slower than the axisymmetric pulse wave studied so far, was also observed on the carotid artery thanks to ultrafast ultrasound acquisitions
Zemzemi, Chadi. « Élastographie par retournement temporel : mesure des propriétés mécaniques des tissus biologiques par réseau de sources d’onde de cisaillement ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1217.
Texte intégralThis thesis is in line with shear-wave elastography research. After, a bibliographic review, an experimental study shows that the resolution on ultrasound elastography is of the same order of magnitude of the echography resolution and its limit exceeds the shear-wavelength. The original aspect of this work is the use of a phased array of mechanical sources to generate and control shear waves. A time reversal mirror of six shakers is set up. This device shows a space-time control of shear-wave field in gelatin-graphite phantom. Compared to the use of a single source, this phased array of shear-wave improves by 10dB the signal to noise ratio. Using this method on human skull model shows the possibility to deliver and control shear waves in brain using bone conduction. Finally, the application of this method on shear-wave elastography of abdominal layers is shown by a study on synthetic model and in vivo on a healthy volunteer
Grandclaude, Virgile. « Synthèse de sondes chémiluminescentes et profluorescentes pour des applications en imagerie in vivo ». Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAM0009.
Texte intégralOptical molecular imaging is now playing a pivotal role both in pre-clinical diagnosis and drug development. Indeed, this is a valuable tool for the real time detection and monitoring of living cells either through the use of structurally simple labels or more recently by means of sophisticated fluorescent probes, called “smart” probes and only activatable upon specific interaction with the targeted bio-analyte. The aim of this PhD work was the design of new synthetic tools aimed at optimizing physico-chemical and optical properties of fluorescent probes intended for challenging in vivo imaging applications. We have focused on the pro-fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches. New phenol-based pro-fluorophores have been developed by using an original bis-coumarinic scaffold. In the context of the chemistry of fluorophores, we have also investigated a general method for the water-solubilisation of phenol-based fluorophore belonging to the coumarin and xanthene families. Our research in chemiluminescence has led the synthesis of new chemiluminophores covalently linked to fluorescent organic dyes aimed at increasing the emission efficiency in the red region of such chemiluminophores. Thus, the first chemiluminescent “energy transfer cassettes” based on a 1,2-dioxetane scaffold have been obtained
Nounouh, Soufiane. « Protocoles de mesure et de calibrage de champs électromagnétiques en vue de l'imagerie par diffraction d'objets faiblement enfouis ». Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4750/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis is devoted to the development of a microwave system dedicated to subsurface imaging applications. The analysis of the measured wave after the interaction with the medium allows to retrieve the electromagnetic properties of the probed structure. Here, we choose a single frequency operating mode combined with a multistatic configuration in order to improve the information diversity.Quantitative imaging requires a high-precision calibration of the measured data even after a careful correction of experimental errors. Thus, a calibration method is proposed, exploiting the measurement in free-space of the radiation pattern of each antenna. These patterns are quantitatively modeled thanks to an optimized linear combination of elementary sources positioned on the antenna's aperture. This simple and efficient calibration avoids additional measurements with calibration objects. This method provides successful results in a 2D free space scattering problem, as well as in the shallowly buried targets case.The calibrated data serve as inputs to inversion algorithms. As localization is concerned, very satisfactory detection results are obtained. Regarding the characterization aspects, the results indicate that the stratified configuration is less suitable than the free space configuration, due to its lack of spatial information. In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, some amendments are made to the experimental configuration (different antennas with or without orientation). Although the permittivity reconstructions are perfectible, the first results are promising especially since no a-priori on the targets has been inserted in the inversion algorithm so far
Balleyguier, Corinne. « Elastographie-IRM pour le diagnostic et la caractérisation des lésions du sein ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824882.
Texte intégralStéphane, Audière. « Traitement du signal et simulations pour l'élastographie ultrasonore impulsionnelle appliquée au foie ». Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00670487.
Texte intégralDo, Le Duy. « Relation entre l’annexine A6 et la phospholipase D1 pendant le processus d’exocytose dans les cellules PC12 ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10160/document.
Texte intégralThe regulated exocytosis is a key process allowing cell-cell communication through the release of hormone and neurotransmitters. In neurons and neuroendocrine cells, it is strictly controlled by extracellular signal such as transmembrane potential and ligand bindings to receptors. Substantial progress has been made to understand the molecular mechanism of exocytosis. Major components of secretory machinery have been brought to light. Now the emergent question concerns the role of scaffolding proteins that are thought to coordinate the action of each other. In the case of annexin family well known to be involved in exocytosis, their modes of –sequential or concerted- interactions with other proteins, and their regulatory effects on exocytosis are not very well established. Previous findings indicated that Annexin A6 (AnxA6) affected calcium homeostasis and dopamine secretion from PC12 cells, used as cellular model of neurosecretion (Podszywalow-Bartnicka et al., 2010). To determine the inhibitory effect of AnxA6 on exocytosis of dopamine, we were looking for molecular partners of AnxA6 in PC12 cells. We hypothesized that AnxA6 interacts with phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme involved in the fusion step. By using confocal microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we found that isoform 1 of AnxA6 and Phospholipase D1 are both recruited on the surface of vesicles upon stimulation of PC12 cells. AnxA6 inhibited phospholipase D activity as revealed by our enzymatic assay based on infrared spectroscopy. To conclude, we propose that AnxA6 is not only implicated in membrane organization by its capacity to bind to negative charged phospholipids and to cholesterol, but AnxA6 is also affecting PLD1 activity, changing membrane lipids composition
Biasiori-Poulanges, Luc. « Fragmentation aérodynamique d’une goutte liquide induite par une onde de choc plane High-magnification shadowgraphy for the study of dropbreakup in a high-speed gas flow On the formation and recurrent shedding of ligaments in droplet aerobreakup Data on eosin y solutions for laser-induced fluorescence in water flows Multimodal imaging for intra-droplet gas-cavity observation during droplet fragmentation ». Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ESMA0002.
Texte intégralThis thesis proposed a groundbreaking description of the shock-induced aerodynamic fragmentation of a water droplet at the transition of the Rayleigh-Taylor Piercing and the Shear-Induced Entrainment regimes. An experimental facility consisting of a shock tube and high-speed imaging diagnostics is used to investigate the fragmentation processes. Experimental results are supported with numerical simulations performed with the open-source code ECOGEN dedicated to multiphase compressible flows. The shock wave effect on the droplet is assessed by a theoretical modelling based on geometrical acoustics which allows for the description of the wave spatio-temporal dynamics and enables to predict the time-dependent location of the highest energy density. Pressure fields are determined using numerical simulations. It appears that the water tensile rupture is reached for a shock wave Mach number of 1.7 from which bubble cloud cavitation may occur by causing signification changes in the fragmentation dynamics. As regards to the interfacial dynamics, both experiments and numerical simulations show the development of a transverse azimutal modulation resulting in the periodic ligament structure at the droplet surface. Contrary to the modulation growth, its initiation seems to be independent of the capillary effects as revealed by a Fourier analysis of the 3-D numerical results. The ligament dynamics is a cyclic process driven by the vortex shedding process in the wake of the droplet. Four cycles have been observed before the residual droplet core breaks up owing to the growth of an air cavity inside the droplet that acts as weak spot, and thus facilitating the droplet split-off
Kardous, Faten. « Etude des interactions vibro-acoustiques avec les gouttes Application à un micromélangeur pour le greffage moléculaire ». Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062544.
Texte intégralAichele, Johannes. « Elastic waves in complex conditions : from the onset of rupture to viscous dispersion in foams ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1217.
Texte intégralThis thesis is part of the research at Labtau (Laboratory of therapeutic applications of ultrasound) and ISTerre (Institut des sciences de la terre - earth science institute) at the interface of medical imaging and seismology, two research disciplines that are based on the propagation of elastic waves. It investigates the nature of elastic wave propagation in complex conditions by ultrafast ultrasound imaging, also known as transient elastography or shear wave imaging. This medical imaging technique allows for retrieval of the dynamic shear wave field inside a soft elastic material and is commonly applied in hospitals for elasticity mapping in, e.g., the liver and breast. In the present manuscript, two research questions of interest for bio- and geophysics are tackled. The first part treats elastic wave propagation in porous materials. The dispersion of the shear and secondary compression wave in lung-mimicking materials is analyzed experimentally and compared to Biot's theory of poro-elasticity. The results show a good agreement for the shear wave and qualitative agreement for the secondary compression wave. This has direct implications for elasticity imaging: the properties of the viscous fluid govern the shear wave dispersion in highly porous soft elastic materials. The thesis thus contributes to the emerging branch of lung elasticity imaging. The results could have clinical implications for other organs as well. The liver and spleen contain a high percentage of blood, a non-Newtonian fluid which exposes a highly varying viscosity. The conclusions drawn from the comparison of the experimental results and poro-elastic theory imply, that the role of the pore-filling fluid should be investigated in liver elastography: The clinically observed dispersion of shear waves in the liver remains partly unexplained by purely visco-elastic models. Furthermore, the experimental proof of the secondary compression wave is of general interest for poroelasticity. Originally, this wave has been the object of geophysical studies and has scarcely been shown experimentally. In the second part, the ultrafast ultrasound shear wave imaging technique is applied to a geophysical research question. What does the elastic wavefield, which is emitted by a frictional instability, reveal about the nature of dynamic rupture propagation? How does rupture, the process behind earthquakes, nucleate? By mapping the shear wave-field during rupture of a granular asperity at the source point and in the medium, unique insights into rupture nucleation are gained. The experimental setup, which relies on soft elastic phantoms, is shown to reproduce many characteristics of sliding friction that have been show for real rocks in the earth and the laboratory. These include supershear and sub-Rayleigh rupture propagation, a nucleation phase and stick-slip friction. Neither a singular-force nor a double-couple source mechanism explain the entirety of observed rupture modes. Finally, in order to statistically analyze the complex spatio-temporal evolution of the presented experiment, a semi-automated data analysis workflow, taking advantage of image segmentation and computer vision, is suggested
Ye, Wenfeng. « Numerical methods for the simulation of shear wave propagation in nearly incompressible medium - Application in elastography ». Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI046.
Texte intégralTransient elastography is a medical characterization technology that estimates the stiffness of biological soft tissues. By imaging the transient propagation of shear wave in tissues, one can deduce the shear modulus µ. In the last decade, this technique has been used successfully to study various pathologies, particularly fibrosis and cancers. However, numerous factors such as wave reflection, boundary conditions and pre-stress disturb elastography measurements, and the quality of the mechanical characterization of the tissue can be altered. Moreover, the tissues exhibit more complex mechanical properties, including viscosity, nonlinearity and anisotropy, the characterization of which can improve the diagnostic value of elastography. Simulations of wave propagation by finite element (FE) appear promising since they make it possible to study the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical parameters on the propagation speeds and thus to allow the identification of complex mechanical properties in the real measurement cases. In this work, we develop a FE model for the propagation of nonlinear waves in soft tissues. The numerical models are validated from elastographic experiments taken from the literature, and then used to evaluate the identifiability of the parameters of a nonlinear model in elastography, \emph{i.e.}, Landau's law. By measuring finite amplitude waves and low amplitude waves in pre-deformed states, a practical and robust method is proposed to identify the nonlinearity of homogeneous tissues using elastography experiment. The problem of the cost of computation is also studied in this work. In fact, the quasi-incompressibility of biological tissues makes the compressional wave speed extremely high, which limits the time step of a simulation formulated in explicit dynamics. To deal with this difficulty, different numerical methods are presented, in which the time step is controlled by the shear wave speed instead of the compressional wave speed. Various numerical examples are tested in the context of dynamic elastography, it has been shown that the methods are precise for these problems and a significant reduction of the CPU time is obtained
Bonazzoli, Marcella. « Méthodes d'ordre élevé et méthodes de décomposition de domaine efficaces pour les équations de Maxwell en régime harmonique ». Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4067/document.
Texte intégralThe time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations present several difficulties when the frequency is large, such as the sign-indefiniteness of the variational formulation, the pollution effect and the problematic construction of iterative solvers. We propose a precise and efficient solution strategy that couples high order finite element (FE) discretizations with domain decomposition (DD) preconditioners. High order FE methods make it possible for a given precision to reduce significantly the number of unknowns of the linear system to be solved. DD methods are then used as preconditioners for the iterative solver: the problem defined on the global domain is decomposed into smaller problems on subdomains, which can be solved concurrently and using robust direct solvers. The design, implementation and analysis of both these methods are particularly challenging for Maxwell’s equations. FEs suited for the approximation of the electric field are the curl-conforming or edge finite elements. Here, we revisit the classical degrees of freedom (dofs) defined by Nédélec to obtain a new more friendly expression in terms of the chosen high order basis functions. Moreover, we propose a general technique to restore duality between dofs and basis functions. We explicitly describe an implementation strategy, which we embedded in the open source language FreeFem++. Then we focus on the preconditioning of the linear system, starting with a numerical validation of a one-level overlapping Schwarz preconditioner, with impedance transmission conditions between subdomains. Finally, we investigate how two-level preconditioners recently analyzed for the Helmholtz equation work in the Maxwell case, both from the theoretical and numerical points of view. We apply these methods to the large scale problem arising from the modeling of a microwave imaging system, for the detection and monitoring of brain strokes. In this application accuracy and computing speed are indeed of paramount importance
FREZZA, Fabrizio. « Componenti passivi per onde millimetriche ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/217602.
Texte intégralDort, Sarah. « Vector flow mapping using plane wave ultrasound imaging ». Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10859.
Texte intégralClinical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is dominated by colour-Doppler ultrasound despite its limitations: angle-dependent velocity measurements and low frame-rate from conventional focusing. Two studies, varying in their approach, address these limitations using plane-wave imaging, post-processed with the delay-and-sum and autocorrelation methods. The aim of this study is to re-implement these methods, investigating some parameters which affect blood velocity estimation accuracy using 2D vector-Doppler. Through in vitro experimentation on stationary parabolic flow, using a Verasonics system, four parameters were tested on mapping accuracy: number of tilts per orientation, ensemble length for single titled images, cycles per transmit pulse, and orientation angle at various flow-rates. The optimal estimates were found for 7 compounded tilts per image, oriented at ±15° with 6 cycles per pulse. Reconstruction accuracies were comparable to conventional Doppler; however, maintaining frame-rates more than 10 to 20 times faster, allowing better characterization of fast transient events requiring higher temporal resolution.
Ouared, Abderrahmane. « Développement d'une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation tissulaire basée sur l'élastographie ultrasonore : application pour le dépistage précoce du cancer du sein ». Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13548.
Texte intégralBreast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and the leading cause of death for women between 35 and 55 years old. In Canada, more than 20,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Most of the previous works have shown that life expectancy is closely related to the precocity of diagnosis. Current diagnostic imaging methods such as mammography, sonography, MRI present limitations such as irradiation (mammography), low specificity and low resolution (sonography) and high cost (MRI). For example, about 95% of abnormalities detected by mammography are proven to be benign lesions after complementary examinations (biopsy). Sonography is useful as a complementary examination but the low resolution of its images, its low specificity (54% for women less than 50 years) and its operator dependent interpretation seriously limit the use of this modality alone. MRI is a non-invasive technique with a relatively high sensitivity (86% for women below 50 years), but its limitations are the high cost and the waiting time for medical examination, which dedicate it as a monitoring technique in high-risk patients. It is therefore necessary to examine new noninvasive and cost effective methods. In this context, dynamic elastography is a promising approach. It is an emerging quantitative medical imaging technique inspired from palpation and based on the determination of elastic properties (stiffness) of tissues. This thesis aims the development of a novel dynamic ultrasound elastography method for early detection of breast lesions. One of the main problems of dynamic elastography techniques using remote palpation (acoustic radiation force) is the strong attenuation of shear waves. After few wavelengths of propagation, displacement amplitudes considerably decrease and their tracking becomes difficult even impossible. This problem greatly affects biological tissue characterization. Moreover, these techniques give only the information about elasticity while recent studies show that some benign lesions have the same elasticity as malignant lesions which affect the specificity of these techniques and motivate investigation of other physical parameters (e.g. viscosity). The first objective of this thesis is to optimize the acoustic radiation force using frequency adaptation to enhance the amplitude of displacements. An analytical model has been developed to predict the optimal frequency for the generation of the radiation force. Once validated on phantoms (in vitro), this model was used for the prediction of the optimal frequencies for the generation of the radiation force in tissue mimicking phantoms and ex vivo human breast cancer samples obtained after total mastectomy. Gains in magnitude were between 20% to158% for in vitro measurements on agar-gelatin phantoms, and 170% to 336% for ex vivo measurements on a human breast sample, depending on focus depths and attenuations of tested samples. The signal-to-noise ratio was also improved by more than four folds with adapted sequences. We conclude that frequency adaptation is a complementary technique that is efficient for the optimization of displacement amplitudes. This technique can be used safely to optimize the deposited local acoustic energy, without increasing the risk of damaging tissues and transducer elements. In the second part of this thesis, a prototype of an ultrasound probe for the generation of a specific type of adaptive shear waves called ''adaptive torsional shear waves'' has been developed. The goal was to use the optimized radiation force (developed in the first part) to generate adaptive torsional shear wave, and prove their utility in improving the amplitude of displacement. During their inward propagation, the amplitude of displacement generated by torsional shear waves was enhanced and the signal to noise ratio improved due to the constructive interferences. Torsional shear waves can also resonate heterogeneities which further enhance the displacement contrast between suspicious masses and its surrounding medium. Finally, in the context of assessment of mechanical proprieties of tissue, the last step of this thesis is to develop an inverse problem based on the propagation of adaptive torsional shear waves to estimate the viscoelastic parameters. A finite element method (FEM) model was developed to solve the inverse wave propagation problem and obtain viscoelastic properties of interrogated media. The inverse problem was formulated and solved in the frequency domain and its robustness was evaluated. The proposed model was validated in vitro with two independent rheology methods on several homogeneous and heterogeneous breast tissue mimicking phantoms over a broad range of frequencies (up to 400Hz). The obtained results were in good agreement with reference rheology methods with discrepancies between 8% and 38% for shear modulus and from 9% to 67% for loss modulus. The robustness study showed that the proposed inverse problem solution yielded a good estimation of the storage (19%) and loss moduli (32%) even with very noisy signals.