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1
Benedict, Michael Scott. « Heterogeneous nucleation of Sn in Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints ». Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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2
Yassin, Amal M. « Creep microstructure relationships in Sn-Sb and Sn-Sb-Cu alloys ». Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1182.
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Lowe, Geoffrey T. « The columnar to equiaxed transition in Pb-Sn and Sn-Pb alloys ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29658.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The columnar to equiaxed transition has been studied experimentally using accurate temperature measurements and with a heat transfer mathematical model in Pb-1.5%Sn and Sn-10%Pb alloys. The behaviour of the two alloys was markedly different. In the Pb-1.5%Sn alloy, the transition did not occur until a large portion of the liquid thermally supercooled. At this point the temperature gradient in the liquid is very low, approximately O℃/mm. For Sn-10%Pb, the transition occurred at a positive temperature gradient of approximately 0.12℃/mm which confirms earlier work by Mahapatra and Weinberg. Supercooling was also found to occur in this alloy but it is not certain whether the supercooling is constitutional or thermal. The difference in the behaviour of the two alloys is related to the density of nuclei prior to directional solidification. Altering the method to release latent heat by using the Scheil equation or the Lever rule instead of the traditional linear assumption in the mathematical model did not have a significant effect on the predicted temperatures or temperature gradients in the Pb-1.5%Sn alloy. The effect was seen when the Sn-10%Pb alloy was considered. The difference is attributed to the total amount of latent heat to be released by a particular alloy.Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
4
Gruner, Thomas. « Neuartige RET2(Sn,In)-Systeme ». Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-205468.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Die vorliegenden Dissertation berichtet von der Entdeckung ungewöhnlicher magnetischer, elektronischer und struktureller Eigenschaften in einer Reihe von neuen intermetallischen Verbindungen auf Selten-Erd-Basis. Die untersuchten Systeme vom Typ RET2X bestehen aus den Selten-Erd-Elementen (RE) Yb oder Lu, den Übergangsmetallen (T) Pt oder Pd sowie den weiteren Liganden (X) Sn oder In. Die Synthese der verwendeten Proben, deren kristallografische Analyse und die Untersuchung ihrer physikalischen Eigenschaften werden im Detail vorgestellt. Diese Arbeit liefert Resultate, die sowohl für die Grundlagenforschung als auch für technische Anwendungen eine große Relevanz besitzen.
Die Untersuchungen der neuen Verbindungen YbPt2Sn und YbPt2In zeigen, dass die magnetische Kopplung zwischen benachbarten Yb-Ionen extrem schwach ist. Dies führt zu einem riesigen magnetokalorischen Effekt im Bereich von 0.05 K bis 2 K. Damit besitzen beide metallischen Materialien optimale Eigenschaften, um als Kühlkörper in Entmagnetisierungskryostaten Verwendung zu finden. Zwei zu Testzwecken aufgebaute Kühleinsätze auf YbPt2Sn-Basis bestätigen die Eignung dieser Verbindung als metallisches Kühlmaterial.
Die Untersuchungen der Substitutionsreihe Lu(Pt1-xPdx)2In offenbaren einen Ladungsdichtewelle (CDW)-Phasenübergang mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften. Im Gegensatz zu Beobachtungen in den meisten anderen bekannten CDW-Systemen ist der Übergang in LuPt2In kontinuierlich, d. h. zweiter Ordnung. Durch Ersetzen von Pt mit isovalenten Pd kann die Übergangstemperatur T_CDW kontinuierlich zum absoluten Temperaturnullpunkt geführt werden. Die beobachteten Eigenschaften zeigen, dass der Phasenübergang dabei zweiter Ordnung bleibt. Damit wird experimentell bewiesen, dass Lu(Pt1-xPdx)2In eines der seltenen Systeme ist, in denen ein CDW quantenkritischer Punkt in Erscheinung tritt. Noch außergewöhnlicher ist die Beobachtung von Supraleitung mit einem ausgeprägten Maximum in der Sprungtemperatur T_c genau am quantenkritischen Punkt. Das deutet auf eine neuartige Kopplung zwischen quantenkritischer CDW und Supraleitung hin.
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Fischer, David S. Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. « Novel approaches to low temperature transient liquid phase bonding in the In-Sn/Cu and In-Sn-Bi/Cu systems ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44424.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2008.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-113).
A fluxless low temperature transient liquid phase (LTTLP) bonding process was studied as a method of producing Cu/Cu joints below 125°C and 75°C using interlayer alloys from the In-Sn and In-Sn-Bi systems. Using thermodynamic models, three different compositions (wt. %) of base alloys were chosen to accomplish this task: 50In-43.6Sn-6.4Bi (Tm = 110°C) and eutectic 50.9In-49.1Sn (Tm = 120°C) alloys were used for bonding at 125°C and a eutectic 48.3In-15.6Sn-36.1Bi (Tm = 60°C) alloy was used for bonding at 75°C. In addition, novel approaches to TLP bonding, including the addition of base material to the interlayer alloy and application of an electroless Ni diffusion barrier layer, were employed in an attempt to optimize this joining method. The LTTLP processes were assessed based on their abilities to produce joints with minimal thickness, high reflow temperatures, and good mechanical properties at room/elevated temperatures. It was found that interlayer alloys containing higher Bi contents produced the thinnest joints, with the 48.3In-15.6Sn-36.1Bi alloy producing joints on the order of 10 gm. Increases in nominal Cu composition of the interlayer alloy tended to form larger joints. Application of the Ni layer was observed to decrease the growth rate of the eutectic In-Sn joints made with 5 wt % Cu additions. Shear tests were performed on the joints at room (25°C) and operating (service) temperatures (100°C). Most of the TLP joints had room temperature shear strengths around 13,000 - 17,000 psi (= 90 - 120 MPa), although increases in strength were observed for eutectic In-Sn joints with 2.5 and 5 wt% Cu additions. At operating temperature, TLP joints made within the In-Sn-Cu system were found to have strengths an order of magnitude higher than those made in the In-Sn-Bi-Cu system.
(cont.) Poor mechanical response of the Bicontaining joints was due to the presence of low melting In-Bi IPs present in the reaction zone. Eutectic In-Sn TLP joints made with 2.5 and 5 wt% Cu additions were found to have operational temperature shear strengths of 6,000 - 7,500 psi ( 40 - 50 MPa) and 7,500 - 9,500 psi (= 50 65 MPa), respectively.
by David S. Fischer.
S.M.
6
Monterrubio, Martínez Carles. « Delivery of SN-38 in pediatric solid tumors ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399596.
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A new combined microdialysis – tumor homogenate method for the determination of compartmental (vascular, extra- and intracellular) SN-38 distribution in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) generated from pediatric solid tumors from fresh tumor samples from patients of Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Hospital was developed. SN-38 in late-stage (chemoresistant) tumors presented limited distribution into the intracellular compartment while drug distribution into this compartment was significantly higher in early-stage (sensitive) models when SN-38 was administered as its prodrug irinotecan. Furthermore, two polymeric drug delivery systems were developed for the local and systemic administration of SN-38. Poly(lactic) acid electrospun nanofiber matrices with microcrystals of SN-38 were developed for the local administration of SN-38. Matrices showed maintained release of SN-38 over 48 h with local distribution and efficacy delaying tumor growth over PDX models. Dialysates showed limited SN-38 diffusion from the matrices through the tumor tissue, suggesting this therapy could only be useful for the local tumor control after successful surgery of the tumor or where only microscopic tumor seeds are left. Systemic administration of SN-38 was possible by encapsulating the drug into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid with polyethylene glycol nanoparticles, which were decorated with 3F8 monoclonal antibody, an anti-GD2 antibody that recognizes the ganglioside GD2 overexpressed on the surface of neuroblastoma cells surface for active targeting. Nanoparticles released SN-38 over 2 days and tumor exposition to SN-38 was increased when compared with the administration of an equimolar dose of irinotecan, and that was correlated with improved efficacy over the conventional irinotecan where 10 administrations of the drug had reduced efficacy compared to the direct administration of SN-38 in the targeted nanoparticles. Both nanofiber matrices and nanoparticles showed to be good platforms for SN-38 administration reducing systemic exposition by localizing SN-38 at the tumor microenvironment and significantly delaying tumor growth as shown in the efficacy studies. Thus, polymeric local drug delivery systems strategy should be of high interest for the potential future treatment of chemoresistant tumors.
7
Ma, Xiang. « Willmore surfaces in Sn : transforms and vanishing theorems ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://edocs.tu-berlin.de/diss/2005/ma_xiang.pdf.
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Imaz, Inigo. « The search for CC SN in unobscured AGN ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Observationell astrofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297458.
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Belyakov, Sergey Aleksandrovich. « Microstructure formation and soldering in Sn-Ni alloys ». Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/17998.
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This thesis develops the understanding of microstructure formation in binary Sn-Ni alloys during solidification and during soldering. Where past research has found metastable NixSny phases after solid-state ageing of Ni-Sn couples, it has been shown for the first time in this work that metastable NiSn4 forms in the Sn-Ni system during (i) solidification of Sn-rich Sn-Ni alloys as both a primary and a eutectic phase, (ii) soldering of Sn-Ni alloys to Ni-containing substrates as the βSn-NiSn4 eutectic and (iii) during storage of Sn-Ni electroplated couples as the interfacial intermetallic layer. It has been shown that NiSn4 is an orthorhombic phase with a superstructure closely related to oC20-NiSn4 and that NiSn4 is a metastable compound at all temperatures relevant to soldering. Furthermore, it has been shown that a second metastable phase, Ni3Sn7, forms occasionally during solidification. The research has concluded on the following reasons for NiSn4 formation: (i) NiSn4 has growth advantages over equilibrium Ni3Sn4 due to easier interface attachment kinetics; (ii) the existence of a low planar lattice disregistry (~5%) between NiSn4 and Sn results in highly reproducible low energy NiSn4/Sn orientation relationships; and (iii) Fe impurity levels typical for commercial purity solders result in FeSn2 crystals that act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for NiSn4. Investigation of Sn-Ni electroplated couples showed that the interfacial layer is metastable NiSn4 initially and that Ni3Sn4 nucleates and grows to consume the NiSn4 layer with time at temperature. A similar study on Sn-Ni solder joints showed that the interfacial layer is always Ni3Sn4. The results suggest that, in electroplated couples, metastable NiSn4 nucleates on βSn due to the low planar disregistry between the phases. In contrast, during soldering the interfacial intermetallic nucleates on the Ni substrate when the solder is liquid and the metastable NiSn4 has no nucleation advantages over equilibrium Ni3Sn4.
10
Linnen, Robert L. « Contrasting origins of Sn-W mineralization in western Thailand ». Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70272.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Investigations of pegmatite, stockwork and replacement deposits, using geological, whole-rock and mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope data, were undertaken to establish some of the controls of mineralization in the western Thai Sn-W belt.Cassiterite was saturated in the late-stage melt in the Nong Sua granitic pegmatite and subsequently with wolframite in orthomagmatic fluids. The latter mixed with external aqueous and aqueous-carbonic fluids of evolved meteoric or metamorphic origin at $ le$650$ sp circ$C and $ le$3.8 kbar. Hydrothermal cassiterite and wolframite crystallized as a result of increasing $fO sb2,$ fluid mixing, and cooling. At the Pilok stockwork deposits tourmalinization was followed by successive wolframite-K-feldspar deposition and cassiterite-sulphide greisen mineralization. Tin was remobilized by reduced metamorphic or evolved magmatic-meteoric aqueous-carbonic fluids. Cassiterite was deposited at 300-450$ sp circ$C in response to increasing $fO sb2,$ pH, or decreasing temperature. Limited data on the Takua Pit Thong replacement suggest that cassiterite was deposited from aqueous fluids at $ ge$500$ sp circ$C, but metamorphic aqueous-carbonic fluids were also involved.
The depth of emplacement was one of the major controls on mineralization style. Aqueous-carbonic fluids in the western Thai, and other Sn-W belts, are a consequence of a moderately deep level of emplacement; hypersaline orthomagmatic fluids are associated with sub-volcanic Sn-W mineralization.
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Yasensky, David. « Solute-driven melting kinetics in the Sn-Bi system ». [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015847.
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Oh, Minseok. « Growth kinetics of intermetallic phases in the Cu-Sn binary and the Cu-Ni-Sn ternary systems at low temperatures ». access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 1994. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9513132.
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Petzel, V. « Vein and replacement type Sn and Sn-W mineralization in the Southern Kaoko Zone, Damara Province, South West Africa/Namibia ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007633.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The ENE trending Brandberg West - Goantagab Sn-W belt is located in the Southern Kaoko Zone of the northern coastal branch of the Damara Orogen. The lithologies in this area are turbiditic and consist of three schist units separated by two marble horizons, all of which are correlated with the Swakop Group. The formations are intensely folded by at least three episodes of which the first two are coaxial and resulted in prominent, approximately N-S trending, structures. Sn and Sn-W mineralization predominantly occurs as vein and replacement type mineralization. Vein type mineralization occurs as Brandberg West, Frans Prospect, Gamigab Prospect and the Goantagab Mining Area. The vein type mineralization is accompanied by intense alteration, consisting of greisenization, sericitization, hematitization and carbonatization. Replacement-type, hematite-cassiterite mineralization, occurs in the Goantagab Mining area in the marble close to, or at the schist marble contact. Intense ferruginous alteration of the marbles in this area, is associated with veins, which terminate against, or cross cut the marble. A regional metal zonation, ranging from Sn-W mineralization with minor sulphides at Brandberg West to Sn-sulphide mineralization at Goantagab can be detected. This metal zonation is attributed to the distance of the mineral locality from the source area, with Goantagab representing a distal and Brandberg West a proximal position relative to the source area. Structural, mineralogical and geological features of the mineralization in this area suggest that processes of ore genesis may be related to anorogenic magmatism of Karoo age.
14
Xu, Yi. « Microstructural configuration influence on electromigration in Sn/Cu thin films ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31039.
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Sengupta, Surajit. « Comparative study of Bi-In-Sn ternary eutectic cast wires ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/MQ45600.pdf.
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He, Hui. « Phase transitions in Sn-modified lead zirconate titanate antiferroelectric ceramics ». [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Quincey, Paul. « Production of Nb3̲Sn superconductors by the in situ technique ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379838.
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Porter, Amber L., Mark D. Leising, G. Grant Williams, Peter Milne, Paul Smith, Nathan Smith, Christopher Bilinski, Jennifer L. Hoffman, Leah Huk et Douglas C. Leonard. « ASYMMETRIES IN SN 2014J NEAR MAXIMUM LIGHT REVEALED THROUGH SPECTROPOLARIMETRY ». IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622057.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We present spectropolarimetric observations of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2014J in M82 over six epochs: +0, +7, +23, +51, +77, +109, and +111 days with respect to B-band maximum. The strong continuum polarization, which is constant with time, shows a wavelength dependence unlike that produced by linear dichroism in Milky Way dust. The observed polarization may be due entirely to interstellar dust or include a circumstellar scattering component. We find that the polarization angle aligns with the magnetic field of the host galaxy, arguing for an interstellar origin. Additionally, we confirm a peak in polarization at short wavelengths that would imply R-V < 2 along the light of sight, in agreement with earlier polarization measurements. For illustrative purposes, we include a two-component fit to the continuum polarization of our +51-day epoch that combines a circumstellar scattering component with interstellar dust where scattering can account for over half of the polarization at 4000 angstrom. Upon removal of the interstellar polarization signal, SN 2014J exhibits very low levels of continuum polarization. Asymmetries in the distribution of elements within the ejecta are visible through moderate levels of time-variable polarization in accordance with the Si II lambda 6355 absorption line. At maximum light, the line polarization reaches similar to 0.6% and decreases to similar to 0.4% 1 week later. This feature also forms a loop on theqRSP-uRSP plane, illustrating that the ion does not have an axisymmetric distribution. The observed polarization properties suggest that the explosion geometry of SN 2014J is generally spheroidal with a clumpy distribution of silicon.
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Zhao, E. « Role and production of secretoneurin (SN) in the goldfish pituitary ». Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26551.
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Secretoneurin (SN) is a 33--34 amino acid neuropeptide derived from secretogranin II (SgII), a protein belonging to the chromogranin family. In static incubation studies, SN (10--500 nM) had a direct effect on pituitary fragments to increase luteinizing hormone (LH) release after 3-hour treatment. SN also induced a specific 2.6-fold increment of LHbeta subunit messenger RNA levels after 6-hour treatment. Using a western blot analysis with a polyclonal rabbit anti-SN antibody, two intermediate proteins (∼57 kDa and ∼30 kDa) likely processed from the 69.6-kDa SgII precursor were detected in the goldfish pituitary. Levels of the ∼57-kDa SN-immunoreactive protein were ∼5-fold higher in the pars distalis than the neurointermediate lobe. In summary, SN has a direct stimulatory action on LH release and synthesis. High production of SN-containing proteins in the pars distalis of the pituitary suggests the existence of a local SN-mediated mechanism to regulate LH in goldfish.
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Stein, Jendrik Verfasser], et Eric J. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Mittemeijer. « Stress relaxation mechanisms in thin Sn films and its alloys : Sn whisker formation and its mitigation / Jendrik Stein. Betreuer : Jan Eric Mittemeijer ». Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070219037/34.
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Stein, Jendrik [Verfasser], et Eric J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Mittemeijer. « Stress relaxation mechanisms in thin Sn films and its alloys : Sn whisker formation and its mitigation / Jendrik Stein. Betreuer : Jan Eric Mittemeijer ». Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070219037/34.
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Jahel, Ali. « Étude de l'ajout d'un promoteur au système Pt-Sn supporté sur alumine chlorée utilisé en reformage catalytique ». Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20233.
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L'objectif de ce travail était d'étudier de manière approfondie l'effet de l'indium dans des catalyseurs trimétalliques de reformage catalytique à base de platine, étain et indium. Des catalyseurs ont ainsi été synthétisés selon différents protocoles de préparation et de multiples caractérisations (spectroscopies Mössbauer d'étain, XANES, EXAFS, IR-CO, MEBT, chimisportion du CO, TPR et TPD) ont été mises en oeuvre afin d'élucider l'impact de l'indium sur la nature des phases métalliques présentes au sein du catalyseur. Il a ainsi été montré que la nature des sites métalliques dépend de la méthode d'introduction de l'indium. Quand l'indium est précipité avec la source d'alumine des alliages de type PtxSn sont obtenus alors que lorsque les métaux sont imprégnés sur la surface de l'alumine des espèces subsitutionnelles Pt-Sn sont formées. Il a aussi été montré que l'augmentation de la teneur en indium entraine une augmentation de la concentration atomique d'étain dans les alliage PtxSn et un remplacement de l'étain par l'indium dans les espèces substitutionnelles. Nous avons également réussi à préparer des catalyseurs avec des quantités élevées d'alliage Pt3Sn sur la base des connaissances acquises sur l'impact de l'indium et en déposant l'étain par une réaction organométallique contrôlée de surface. D'un point de vue catalytique, les tests de reformage du n-heptane mettent en évidence l'impact positif de l'indium puisque les catalyseurs à base de Pt-Sn-In sont moins sélectifs pour les réactions parasites d'hydrogénolyse et d'hydrocraquage et plus sélectifs pour l'isomérisation que les catalyseurs à base de Pt-SnThis work consists of a detailed study on the effect of indium in alumina supported trimetallic PtSnIn-based naphtha reforming catalysts. These catalysts were reproduced using different preparation protocols and the indium effect was investigated using 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, XANES, EXAFS spectroscopies, IR-CO, STEM, CO chemisorption, TPR and TPD. It appears that the nature of the metallic active centres depends on the method with which indium was introduced. When co-precipitating the indium precursor with the Al source, PtxSn alloys were formed, whereas when metals were impregnated on the surface, substitutional Pt-Sn alloys were observed. Increasing the In content in the frst type of catalysts leads to an increase in the Sn concentration in PtxSn alloys, whereas a gradual replacement of Sn by indium in susbstitutinal alloys is observed in the second type of catalysts. These results allowed preparing catalysts with high Pt3Sn alloy contents using the effect of indium in catalysts prepared by Sn organometallic controlled surface reactions (CSR). From a catalytic point of view, n-heptane reforming tests show that trimetallic PtSnIn-based catalysts are less selective to hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking reactions, and highly selective to isomerisation, compared to the bimetallic PtSn-based catalyst
23
Woodmansee, Michael W. « Observation and modeling of heterogeneous microstructural evolution in Sn-Pb solder ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17259.
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Perry, Laura Katherine. « Anisotropic contributions to the transferred hyperfine field in magnetic Sn compounds ». Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98767.
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The RMn6T6-xXx family of compounds (R = rare earth; T = Ge, Sn; X = Ga, In) has seen a lasting and intensive series of studies over the past several years. In these systems, a spin reorientation process, which is a pure rotation of the magnetic structure relative to the crystal axes, can be used to determine the anisotropic contributions to the transferred hyperfine fields at the Sn sites. The anisotropic contribution has been shown to be substantial in the MnSn2 and FeSn2 compounds, and is an important fraction of the overall transferred hyperfine field. A spin reorientation transition can be either temperature-induced, or field-induced (spin-flop). The temperature-induced spin reorientation generally results from a competition between the magnetocrystalline anisotropies of the rare earth and Mn sublattices. The substitution of Sn with Ga strongly affects the anisotropy, shown here to decrease the spin reorientation temperature with increasing x by 255 +/- 18 K/Ga in TbMn6Sn 6-xGax. However, the sublattice anisotropies seem unaffected by In substitution, and the spin reorientation temperature is nearly constant throughout a large range of In concentration. A field-induced spin-flop can be achieved by applying a large enough field perpendicular to the direction of the moments.In this study, we show how both the temperature-induced SR and field-induced SF allow for the anisotropic field to be isolated from the isotropic contribution. The consistency between the two measurements of the anisotropic field indicates that the magnitude of the anisotropic contribution is independent of the driving force of the reorientation. We show that a complete 90° spin reorientation occurs in the ErMn6Sn5.89Ga0.11 and TbMn 6Sn6-xGax compounds (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8), as well as in TbMn 6Sn5.46In0.54 at room temperature for an applied field of 0.57(3) T. The site preference for Ga substitution is investigated and compared with former results. Finally, the anisotropic contribution at one of the Sn sites is shown to exceed 40% in all of the compounds investigated, and this site assignment is confirmed.
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Tätte, Tanel. « High viscosity sn(OBu)₄ oligomeric concentrates and their applications in technology / ». Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/812/5/tattetanel.pdf.
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Cornejo, Orlando A. « Aging effects on microstructure and creep in Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder ». Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FCornejo.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Dutta, Indranath. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 22, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78). Also available in print.
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Plummer, C. J. G. « The critical current density and inhomogeneity in Nb3̲Sn superconducting composites ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383875.
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Ren, Zhensong. « Combined neutron, transport and material based investigation in Ca₃Ir₄Sn₁₃ ». Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104538.
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Thesis advisor: Stephen D. WilsonThis dissertation investigates the cubic type II superconductor, Ca₃Ir₄Sn₁₃, discovered by Remeika and the coauthors more than 30 years ago. It was originally discovered be to a superconductor and later suggested to host ferromagnetic spin fluctuations, which lead to a peak-like anomaly in thermodynamic and transport measurements. Later detailed x-ray single crystal structural refinement associated the peak-like anomaly in transport and magnetization measurements with a charge density wave phase transition at the same temperature. The potential charge density wave phase transition T* can be suppressed either by pressure or chemical potential through substitution on the Ca and Ir site such that a temperature-pressure/composition phase diagram can be constructed. Upon investigating magnetism in this compound, polarized neutron scattering and μSR data from our group and other researchers did not reveal any magnetic order or magnetic spin fluctuations at the time scale of μSR . However, through the partial substitution of Ir by Rh, we realized a structural quantum critical point at ambient pressure with 30% of Ir substituted by Rh--providing the research community a valuable material's platform for studying the interplay between 3D charge density wave order and superconductivity. On the other hand, our surprising discovery of the weak HHL (L=odd) type of super-lattice peaks from neutron scattering led us to a tentative model of a distorted Ca sublattice in this material. The similarity of the lattice instabilites of the Remeika compound and A15 superconductors are discussed, which may give us more insight into its role in the formation of the superconducting phase
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Physics
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David, Nicolas. « Modélisation thermodynamique du système (Al, Cu, Fe, In, Pb, Sn, Zn) ». Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10120.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La modélisation thermodynamique du système (Al, Cu, Fe, In, Pb, Sn, Zn) permet la prévision du partage des éléments minoritaires entre les deux liquides issus de la démixtion du liquide (Pb, Zn) ainsi que dans les mattes intermétalliques cuivreuses ou ferro-alumineuses pouvant précipiter. La modélisation est basée uniquement sur une caractérisation des sous-systèmes binaires et ternaires engendrés par le système heptnaire. Les outils nécessaires à la modélisation tels que le logiciel Thermo-Calc, les formalismes mathématiques utilisés ainsi que les techniques expérimentales de potentiométrie et calorimétrie sont présentés. Un modèle original a été développé pour obtenir des estimations de grandeurs thermodynamiques des liquides ternaires à partir des informations binaires. Le résultat de la confrontation avec l'expérience des différents modèles proposés dans la littérature montre un avantage de cette nouvelle méthode dans le cas des systèmes dissymétriques. Dans l'étude des systèmes binaires, une réoptimisation a été réalisée pour les systèmes (Cu, Zn) et (Fe, Zn) permettant d'améliorer leurs descriptions des alliages riches en zinc. Concernant les systèmes ternaires, l'effort a été porté sur la description des phases liquides. La précipitation des intermétalliques ferro-alumineux a été rendue possible par une modélisation de la coupe isotherme à 450 ʿC du système (Al, Fe, Zn). Le premier essai de validation de la banque sur le système quinaire (Cu, In, Pb, Sn, Zn) a induit une modification du terme entropique des coefficients ternaires du liquide (Pb, Sn, Zn). L'essai de validation réalisé sur le système heptnaire a montré une bonne restitution des observations expérimentales concernant le partage des différents éléments entre les mattes et les deux liquides. Pour des raisons de confidentialité, cette dernière partie est distincte du corpus.
30
Park, Joochun (Jason). « Decay spectroscopy of N ~ Z nuclei in the vicinity of ¹⁰⁰Sn ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61074.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The nuclear shell model (SM) has been very successful in describing the properties and the structure of near-stable and stable isotopes near the magic nuclei. Today, the advent of powerful facilities capable of producing radioactive isotopes far from stability has enabled the test of the SM on very proton-rich or neutron-rich magic nuclei. 100/50Sn50 is a proton-rich doubly-magic nucleus, but is nearly unstable against proton emission. Key topics of nuclear structure in this region include the location of the proton dripline, the effect of proton-neutron interactions in N ~ Z nuclei, single-particle energies of orbitals above and below the N = Z = 50 shell gaps, and the properties of the superallowed Gamow-Teller decay of ¹⁰⁰Sn. A decay spectroscopy experiment was performed on ¹⁰⁰Sn and nuclei in its vicinity at the RIKEN Nishina Center in June 2013. The isotopes of interest were produced from fragmentation reactions of 124/54Xe on a 9/4Be target, and were separated and identified on an event-by-event basis. Decay spectroscopy was performed by implanting the radioactive isotopes in the Si detector array (WAS3ABi) and observing their subsequent decay radiations. β⁺ particles and protons were detected by WAS3ABi, and γ rays were detected by a Ge detector array (EURICA). Of the proton-rich isotopes produced in this experiment, over 20 isotopes as light as ⁸⁸Zr and as heavy as ¹⁰¹Sn were individually studied. New and improved measurements of isotope/isomer half-lives, β-decay endpoint energies, β-delayed proton emission branching ratios, and γ-ray transitions were analyzed. In general the new results were well reproduced by the SM, highlighting a relatively robust ¹⁰⁰Sn core. However, the level scheme of ¹⁰⁰Sn's β-decay daughter nucleus ¹⁰⁰In was not conclusively determined because of several missing observations which were expected from various SM predictions. Significantly higher β-decay and γ-ray statistics are required on several nuclei, including ¹⁰⁰Sn, to evaluate the limit of the current understanding of their structure.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
31
Mosimann, Roger. « Photorefractive effects in Sn₂P₂S₆ at near bandgap and telecommunication wavelengths / ». Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18140.
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Niklas, Mårtensson. « Evaluation of charge carrier concentration in particle assisted, Sn doped GaAs nanowires ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Halvledarmaterial, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105934.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The doping concentration and resistivity of tin doped Gallium arsenide nanowires (GaAs NWs) have been investigated using Hall effect-, 4-probe-, transmission line-, and field effect measurements. Single nanowires were contacted using electron beam lithography followed by thermal evaporation of Au/Ti (900/100 Å). The Sn precursor (TESn) molar ratios of the investigated nanowires were 8.5·10-7, 1.7·10-6, 3.4·10-6 and 6.8·10-6 resulting in doping concentrations ranging from 4.64·1013 to 2.11·1017 cm-3 and resistivities from ~0.01 to ~1 Ωcm. The yield of the device fabrication was 2.4-7.1 % and evaluation of additional samples should be done in order to establish the validity of the results. The contact material was proved to work well with the higher doped samples but non-ohmic, highly resistive behavior was seen in the lower doped devices. A resistivity gradient along the length of the nanowires was found to be present, most likely the result of a doping gradient. The sample series with TESn molar ratio 1.7·10-6 showed more tapering than the other series possibly leading to a highly doped shell, which was indicated by 4-probe measurements.
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BORGES, RENATO MARÇULLO. « DETERMINATION OF SN IN HUMAN MILK BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=14735@1.
Texte intégralRésumé :
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROO estanho é um metal de ocorrência natural que é extraído do minério de cassiterita na forma de SnO2. É lançado na natureza através de fontes naturais e antrópicas e ocorre na natureza tanto na forma inorgânica, quanto orgânica. Quanto menor a cadeia orgânica associada ao metal, maior a toxicidade do composto. Compostos orgânicos podem penetrar na membrana celular e interromper a fosforilação oxidativa e danificar as mitocôndrias. Podem ser ainda genotóxicos e imunotóxicos. O leite humano é a principal fonte de alimentação e nutrição para recém-nascidos, e é encorajada até os 2 anos de idade. Entretanto, é também a principal fonte de exposição de substâncias exógenas para bebês, incluindo o estanho e seus compostos, já que pode ser a rota de excreção de poluentes ambientais oriundos da mãe. A determinação direta do leite por EAA-FG é interessante do ponto de vista analítico pois reduz o tempo de preparação e a possibilidade de contaminação da amostra. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado um forno de grafite com aquecimento transversal. Curvas de pirólise e atomização levaram a temperaturas de pirólise e atomização de 1300 e 2200ºC, respectivamente, usando um volume de amostra de 20 µL. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a diluição 1+1 em HNO(3) 0,2% v/v e com a massa de 10+5 μg de paládio+magnésio, para um volume de 10 μL. Em todos os casos, a atenuação de fundo foi adequada para o corretor baseado no efeito Zeeman. A curva analítica foi linear até 300 µg.L-1, tanto no meio aquoso quanto na presença da matriz, entretanto a calibração teve que ser realizada com a adição de soluções de calibração à matriz. O limite de detecção (n=10, k=3) foi de 0,6 μg Sn.L(-1) na amostra original. Foi verificado que a presença de Cl(-1) e Ca(+2) em concentrações acima de 100 e 40 mg.L(-1), respectivamente, depreciam fortemente o sinal de estanho. Por outro lado, o aumento do sinal de estanho ocorre devido a presença de P em concentrações que variam entre 5 e 150 mg.L(-1). Recuperações maiores que 95% de iSn no leite humano foram obtidas como parte do estudo de calibração. A metodologia desenvolvida provou ser adequada para a determinação de Sn, quando na forma de MMT, através da calibração de iSn como analito de calibração.
Tin is a metal of natural occurrence which is mainly extracted from the mineral cassiterite, SnO2. Tin may be released to the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In nature, it occurs in both inorganic and organic forms, and the shorter the organic chain associated to the metal, the higher the toxicity of the compound. Organotin compounds can penetrate cell membranes and cause damage to cell, interrupt oxidative phosphorylation and damage mitochondria. They can be immunotoxic and genotoxic. Human milk is the ideal food for newborns due to its composition and availability. Human milk is the fundamental food for infants, thus breast feeding is greatly encouraged up to 2 years. However, it is also the major source of exposition to exogenous substances for newborns, including tin and its compounds, since breast milk can also be a route of maternal excretion of undesired environmental pollutants. The direct GF AAS analysis of products such as milk is very attractive, due to the inherent simplicity, and decrease in the sample preparation time and contamination chances. In the present work, a transversally heated graphite atomizer was used. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures curves led to pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of 1300 and 2200ºC, respectively, using a sample volume of 20 µL. The use of a 1+1 dilution factor using 0.2% v/v HNO(3) as diluent showed to be the best choice, as well as a modifier mass of 10+5 µg of palladium+magnesium, respectively. The modifier solution volume was 10µL. In all cases, the background attenuation was well within the limits of the Zeeman effect based background corrector. The analytical curve was linear up to 300 µg L(-1), in both aqueous medium as well as in the presence of the matrix. Calibration had to be performed with matrix matched calibration solutions, using a blank level sample. The limit of detection (n=10, k=3) in the original sample was 0.6 µg L(-1). It was verified that Cl(-1) and Ca(2) + influence on tin absorbance signal is markedly depreciated at concentrations above 100 and 40 mgL(-1), respectively. On the other hand, the increase of tin signal is caused by the presence of P in concentrations between 5 and 150 mg.L(-1). In a calibration study, recovery was higher than 95% in human milk. The methodology was able in determine Sn, as MMT, when iSn is used for the calibration.
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Sahu, Sucharita. « Thermal state of Sn-Pb droplets in the droplet-based manufacturing process ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34081.
Texte intégral
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Kao, Ching-ya, et 高靖雅. « Interfacial reactions in Sn/V、Sn-Ag/V、Sn/(Ni,V) and Sn-Ag/ (Ni,V) systems ». Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/623wm5.
Texte intégral
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Yeh, Chien-Hsuan, et 葉建弦. « Grain Boundary Wetting Phase Transition in Sn-Rich Region of Sn-In and Sn-Bi Phase Diagram ». Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06608780868312084617.
Texte intégralRésumé :
博士國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
98
When alloy and ceramic materials are applied in high-temperature environment, the grain structure of materials appears the liquid phase and the solid/liquid phase boundary. The appearance of the grain boundary and solid/liquid phase boundary in alloys or ceramics will affect their properties drastically, such as brittleness, plasticity, sintering rate and electrical performance, etc. Therefore, the wetting phase transition of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials is an important phenomenon in (liquid+ solid) two phase region of bulk phase diagram. Sn–In and Sn–Bi alloys were melted and annealed at different temperatures in the solid–liquid two phase region of alloy phase diagrams in order to study the behavior of grain boundary wetting transition. The results of Sn-In alloy reveal the liquid phase first appeared at the triple junction and then penetrated into partial grain boundaries and continued until the solid grains could be separated from each other by the liquid phase at boundaries. The fraction of completely wetted GBs depended on the temperature of heat treatment. The average compositions in grains of Sn70In30, Sn75In25, Sn80In20, and Sn85In15 specimens correspond to the solidus concentrations, and the solidus line and (b–In3Sn+ g–InSn4)/g–InSn4 phase boundary can be determined as a fit to these temperature composition points. The electric conductivity of Sn75In25 alloy increased because the connected eutectic lamellar g–InSn4 phase structure formed and the Sn content increased. Besides, the electrical conductivity of Sn-rich In alloys annealed at 125°C reduced because the granular g-InSn4 phase structure existed in the matrix of b-In3Sn phase and the amount of solid g-InSn4 grains decreased after quenching. Three Sn–Bi alloys with 20, 14.5 and 6 at.% Bi were annealed between 139 and 215°C for 24 h. The micrographs of Sn–Bi alloys reveal that the small amount of liquid phase prevented the grain boundary wetting transition to occur during the heat treatment close to the solidus line. With the temperature increasing, the liquid layers among solid grains promoted the diffusion of Bi atoms and the fraction of completely wetted boundaries increased drastically. When the amount of liquid phase exceeded 34 wt.% during heat treatment, increasing temperature has not affected the wetting behavior of grain boundaries noticeably and led only to the increase of the amount of liquid phase among solid grains in the microstructure. The XRD results show that the phase structure and crystallinity remained unchanged after quenching from various the temperatures of heat treatment. The microstructure evolution of annealed Sn85.5Bi14.5 alloy affected the electric conductivity.
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Hsiao, Wen-Chu, et 蕭文助. « On the Electrochemical Polishing of In, Sn, In-Sn Alloy and Their Oxides ». Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80590625674142810542.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立中央大學
機械工程研究所
90
In this thesis, electrochemical polishing of In, Sn and 90.5In-9.5Sn alloy was explored. Anodic potentiodynamic polarization was used to screen the adequate conditions for various polishing systems. Anodic potentiostatic method was applied to confirm the electropolishing results. The concept of electrochemical polishing on metals and alloys was applied to metal oxide systems, such as ITO (indium-tin oxide) system to estimate the feasibility of electrochemical polishing. Results from electropolishing of metallic indium showed that, the solution containing component G2 and S2 is a suitable electrolyte. The component G is for adjusting the viscosity of electrolyte and the component S acts either as a passive reagent or a contaminant reagent. Passive reagent provides a passive film but contaminate reagent breaks-down the oxide film. The compromise of passivation and oxide-broken down gives rise to electropoishing thereby leading to a smooth and bright surface. The application of electropolishing to indium tin oxide (ITO) film in the solution containing a series of GS1010 is successfully. The maximum roughness for the ITO film prior to electropolishing is 16 nm, but diminished to 9 nm after electropolishing.
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Yen, Yee-wen, et 顏怡文. « Phase Equilibria of the ternary Ag-Sn-Cu and Ag-Sn-Au systems, and interfacial reactions in Ag-Sn/Cu and Ag-Sn/Au couples ». Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08127430255592728429.
Texte intégralRésumé :
博士國立清華大學
化學工程學系
91
Sn-Ag alloys are the most promising lead-free solders. Cu and Au are popular substrate materials. Experimental and CALPHAD methods have been carried out to investigate the phase equilibria of the Ag-Sn-Cu ternary system. Various Ag-Sn-Cu alloys were prepared to determine the isothermal sections of the Ag-Sn-Cu ternary system at 240 and 450℃. The results indicate that the e1 phase is a very stable phase in the Ag-Sn-Cu ternary system. Based on literature data, phase diagrams of three binary systems, Ag-Cu, Ag-Sn, Cu-Sn, Au-Sn, and Ag-Au, have been calculated by using CALPHAD methods. According to these binary thermodynamic models, the ternary thermodynamic models of the Ag-Sn-Cu and Ag-Au-Sn systems have been established. Owing to these ternary thermodynamic model, isothermal sections of the Ag-Sn-Cu system and stability diagrams about Cu and Sn elements at 240 and 450℃, and the Ag-Au-Sn system at 200 and 150 ℃ can been calculated. The stability diagrams of Au and Sn elements at 200 ℃ also can be calculated. The calculated results are reasonable and accepted when compared to experimental results. The e1 phase has the lowest value of Gibbs formation energy; this can explain why e1 phase is a very stable phase in the Ag-Sn-Cu ternary system. Several Ag-Sn alloys reacting with Cu or Au substrates have been examined by using reaction couples. The thickness of the reaction layers increased with higher temperature and longer reaction time. Their growth rates in all the couples followed the parabolic law. Based on the interfacial morphology in the reaction couples, the phase formation relationship and the concept of Kirkendall effect, it is concluded the Sn is the fastest diffusion species in these couples.
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Yang, Wen-Chung, et 楊文忠. « High-temperature Mechanical Behavior of Eutectic Sn-In and Sn-In-Ag Lead-free solders ». Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80511588874574344800.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士中華大學
機械與航太工程研究所
89
Soldering is widely used for electronic packaging, wherein the traditional Pb-Sn solders have been most commonly used. However, since Pb toxicity will induce environmental and health issues in the Pb-containing solders. The development of lead-free solders should be of vital importance for the electronic industry in the future. In this study, the mechanical properties of eutectic lead-free solders (Sn-52In and Sn-20In-2.8Ag)were investigated. Tensile tests were carried out on a mechanical testing machine at strain rates of 10-3 s-1 and 10-4 s-1 at various temperatures. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of Sn-52In alloy were 7.6MPa and above 600% at a strain rate of 10-3 s-1 at room temperature, respectively. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of Sn-20In-2.8Ag alloy were strong function of test strain rates and temperatures. The flow stress level of this alloy at high strain rates (or low temperatures) was higher than that at low strain rates (or high temperatures). It was also found that the intergranular creep was the dominant fracture mode in the Sn-20In-2.8Ag alloy.
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Chang, Shih-Chang, et 張世璋. « Interfacial Reactions of Sn-Zn, Sn-Zn-Al, and Sn-Zn-Bi Solder Balls with Au/Ni Pad in BGA Package ». Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52115737848689416418.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立中山大學
材料科學研究所
93
The interfacial reactions of Sn-Zn and Sn-Zn-Al solder balls with Au/Ni surface finish under aging at 150℃ were investigated. With microstructure evolution, quantitative analysis, elemental distribution by X-ray color mapping from an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), the reaction procedure of phase transformation was proposed. During the reflow, Au dissolved into the solder balls and reacted with Zn to form γ-Au3Zn7. As aging time increased, γ-Au3Zn7 transformed to γ3-AuZn4. Finally, Zn precipitated near the Au-Zn intermetallic compound. On the other hand, Zn reacted with the Ni layer and formed Ni5Zn21. But the Al-Au-Zn IMC formed at the interface of Sn-Zn-Al solder balls, the reaction of Ni with Zn was inhibited. Even though the aging time increased to 50 days, no Ni5Zn21 was observed. The Joule effect was more apparent than the electromigration in the biased solder balls. First of all, the new phase (Au, Ni)Zn4 was proposed in the biased condition and in 175℃aging. Secondly, the thickness of the Ni5Zn21 IMC were the same between the anode and the cathode. Finally, We directly measure the temperature of the biased solder balls which was up to 173℃.
41
Huang, Yukon C. Y., et 黃清育. « Phase equilibria of the ternary In-Sn-Ni system and interfacial reactions in the In-Sn/Ni couples ». Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58224959926702841671.
Texte intégral
42
Chang, Chia-Ming, et 張家銘. « The Study of Pb/Sn and Au/Sn Solder Joints in a Laser Module Package ». Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41565979917048339126.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立中山大學
光電工程研究所
90
Abstract The influence of thermal aging on joint strength and fracture surface of PbSn and AuSn solders in laser module packages has been studied experimentally and numerically. Al2O3-Solder-Substrate assembled samples were aged at 150oC for one, four, nine, sixteen, twenty-five, thirty-six, and forty-nine days. It was found that the joint strength decreased as the aging time increased. This joint strength decrease is due to the increase of void and crack formations in solder joints. There is a correlation between the intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and the joint strength for PbSn and AuSn solders under aging test. The fracture surface of PbSn specimen is gradually changed from the ductile dominated morphology of as-soldered status to the brittle dominated morphology. The section view indicates Kirkendall voids appeared around the interface of bulk solder and IMC layers after 49 days of aging. However, AuSn specimen still shows a ductile dominated morphology and no Kirkendall voids observed even after 49 days of aging. Through 49 days of aging, the shear force drops of 2μm Au-coated PbSn and AuSn specimens are 9.48kg and 7.65kg, respectively; the shear force drops of 10μm Au-coated PbSn and AuSn specimens are 9.42kg and 5.88kg,respectively. A finite-element method (FEM) analysis was performed on the calculation of joint strength variation of PbSn and AuSn solders in thermal aging tests. Simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental measurements that the solder joint strength decreased as the aging time increased. Another study is based on the well-known result of thermal induced fiber alignment shifts of fiber-solder-ferrule (FSF) joints in laser diode package. It indicates fiber alignment shift under temperature cycling tests can be reduced significantly if the fiber can be located closer to the center of the ferrule. An approach to make an FSF with the minimum eccentric offset is studied, an in-house design machine set is used for this purpose, which includes a hot plate, a fiber fix stage, an image capture camera, and a PC with offset analysis program. A preliminary target is set to achieve a maximum 20μm offset FSF. It was believed that a less than 0.5μm fiber shift could be measured after 500 temperature cycles. After the practical experiment trial, FSF with around 10 and 12μm offset is available. However, the continuous improvement is necessary for process stability.
43
Li, Chia-Ying, et 李佳蔭. « Phase equilibria in the Sn-rich corner of the Sn-Cu-Ni ternary alloy system ». Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49157458433148202389.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立清華大學
材料科學工程學系
92
The interfacial reactions between solders and under bump metallization (UBM) are of highly interests recently in flip chip technology. Intermetallic compounds (IMCs), i.e. (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and (Ni,Cu)3Sn4, formed between solders and UBM. To fully understand the interfacial reactions and phase transformation phenomenon, a suitable phase diagram concerning solder, IMCs and UBM material is required. As a result, Sn-riched phase in Sn-Cu-Ni ternary phase diagram is very critical in determining the concentration tendency of x and y values in (Ni1-x,Cux)3Sn4 and (Cu1-y,Niy)6Sn5 compounds. In this study, ternary Sn-Cu-Ni alloys were prepared and annealed at 240℃. Three equilibrium phases, Sn, Ni3Sn4 and Cu6Sn5, were identified by XRD analysis, and also evidenced in BEI micrograph. Using EPMA quantitave analysis, three acme compositions of the ternary region in the Sn-Cu-Ni isotherm near the Sn-riched corner were determined as 98.5 at.%Sn, (Ni0.80, Cu0.20)3Sn4 and (Cu0.59,Ni0.41)6Sn5. Furthermore, the degree of composition homogeneity and the distribution of the forming phases were evaluated by X-ray color mapping and phase analysis technique. By way of software program to convert the concentration measured with EPMA, the exact compositions could be mapped on the Sn-Cu-Ni ternary isotherm. In addition, the solubility of the Cu and Ni in (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 and (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 compounds was evaluated. Finally, the isothermal section of the ternary Sn-Cu-Ni system at 240℃ was proposed on the basis of experimental results in this study. Furthermore, the related phase transformation was also discussed with respect to the formation of the IMCs around 240℃.
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Jao, Chien-Chung, et 饒建中. « Investigations of Lead free Solders of Sn-Cu and Sn-Zn series in Microelectronic Packaging ». Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60694914777488678198.
Texte intégralRésumé :
博士國立臺灣科技大學
化學工程系
95
The isothermal section of the Sn-Cu-Au ternary and the isoplethal section of the Sn-Ag-Cu-Au quaternary system at 200℃were experimentally established. In the Sn-Cu-Au ternary system, there existed two continuous solid solution phases. One was the Au5xCu6(1-x)Sn5 phase that had a complete solid solubility between AuSn and Cu6Sn5 phases and was marked as χ phase, and the other was the (Au,Cu) phase. Three ternary IMCs A, B, and C were found at 200℃. Cu atoms could dissolve in the ζ phase in considerable quantities. In the Sn-Ag-Cu-Au quaternary system, no quaternary compound was found. In addition, the isothermal section of the Sn-Zn-Ag ternary system at 260℃was experimentally established. The solubility of Sn in Zn or in AgZn3 phases were small. On the other hand, the maximum solubility of Zn in the α-Ag phase was approximately 45 at.% and that of Zn in the Ag4Sn phase was 32 at.%. Three interfacial reaction were investigated in this study. The effect of Cu, Au, and Ag additions on the interfacial reaction between Sn-3ag-0.5Cu Solder and Cu substrate were studied at 240℃. When Cu was added to the Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, two kind of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn phases were formed. If Au was added to the Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, the same Cu-Sn IMCs, Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn, were formed. However, the thickness of IMC between Sn-Ag-Cu + Au / Cu was thinner than that of IMC between Sn-Ag-Cu / Cu. The addition of Au into Sn-Ag-Cu alloy caused the growth rate of IMC to decrease. If Ni was added to the Sn-Ag-Cu alloy, the morphology changed and took the shape of micro-islands on the interface. Three Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds (IMCs), ε-AgZn3, γ-Ag5Zn8, and ζ-AgZn, were formed on the Sn-9Zn/Ag interface at 260℃. While Zn content was decreased in Sn-Zn alloy, microstructures of IMCs changed. If the Zn content was less than 2 wt % in the Sn-Zn alloy, Ag-Sn IMCs were formed on the Ag surface and massive spalling of Ag-Zn IMC layers from the Ag surface. Furthermore, the Effect of Cu added eutectic Sn-9Zn solder reacting with the Ag substrate has been investigated. While Cu was gradually added to the Sn-9Zn alloy, the IMC microstructures became loose and Sn and Cu atoms in the Ag-Zn IMCs increased. If more than 3 wt % of Cu was added to the Sn-9Zn alloy, Ag-Sn IMCs were formed on the Ag surface and massive spalling of Ag-Zn IMC layers from the Ag surface occurred in a short reaction time.
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Chang, Pao-Chang, et 張寶昌. « Interfacial Reactions in Cu/Sn-Co/Ni and Sn-(Fe)-(Mn)/Cu-(Fe)-(Co) Couples ». Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99059994572451674166.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士中原大學
化學工程研究所
104
Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the phase equilibria of the Sn-Cu-Fe ternary system at 250oC near the Sn rich corner and interfacial reactions in Sn/Cu-Fe, Sn-(Fe)-(Mn)/Co and Cu/Sn-0.04wt%Co/Ni couples. Experimental results indicate that the reaction phase in Sn/Cu-xwt%Fe (x=1, 3, 5) couples reacted at 250oC is the Cu6Sn5 phase. The growth rate of the Cu6Sn5 phase is decreased with greater Fe additions. According to the Sn-Cu-Fe ternary phase equilibria experimental results at 250oC, it is a liquid (Sn)-FeSn2-Cu6Sn5 three phase region near the Sn rich corner. The maximum Cu solubility in the FeSn2 phase is 1.6at%, and the maximum Fe solubility in the Cu6Sn5 phase is 7.3at%. The reaction phase in the Sn-0.05wt%Fe/Co and Sn-0.05wt%Mn/Co couples reacted at 250oC is the CoSn3 phase, and their thicknesses of the CoSn3 phase are smaller than that of Sn/Co. Minor Fe and Mn additions in the pure Sn solder can inhibit the reaction rate between the pure Sn solder and the Co substrate. In the Cu/Sn-0.04wt%Co/Ni couple reacted at 180oC, the reaction phases at the Cu side are the Cu3Sn phase and Cu6Sn5phase, and that at the Ni side is the Ni3Sn4 phase. In comparison with Cu/Sn/Ni couples, add 0.04wt%Co in the pure Sn solder can block Cu from the Cu side to the Ni side. Keywords：Sn-Cu-Fe, Sn/Cu-Fe, Sn-(Fe)-(Mn)/Co
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Chen, Tung-kai, et 陳東楷. « Liquidus projection of Sn-Ag-Co-Ni quaternary system at the Sn-rich corner and interfacial reactions in the Sn-Ag/Co couples ». Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14323916497931965815.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立清華大學
化學工程學系
101
Soldering is one of the most important joining technologies in electronic products. During the soldering processes, the molten solders wet the substrates first, and then solidify with lowering temperatures. The phases formed at the joints are critical to the properties of the solder joints. Sn-Ag solders are widely used commercial solders. It has been found that a small amount of cobalt addition can effectively reduce undercooling and improve its mechanical properties. Nickel is the most commonly used diffusion barrier, and (Co,Ni) has also been investigated as possible diffusion barrier material. In the soldering process with Sn-Ag-Co alloys and (Co,Ni) barrier layer, in addition to the formation of intermetallic compounds by interfacial reactions, substrate dissolution occurs, and a Sn-Ag-Co-Ni melt is formed. Understanding of the Sn-Ag-(Co)/(Co,Ni) interfacial reactions and the solidification behaviours of Sn-Ag-Co-Ni melts are important. Liquidus projection is an essential tool for the understanding of solidification behaviours. This study thus investigates the Sn-Ag/Co interfacial reactions and the liquidus projection of Sn-Ag-Co-Ni ternary system at the Sn-rich corner. Since there is no information of the liquidus projection of the Sn-Co-Ni system which is an important constituent ternary system of the Sn-Ag-Co-Ni, this study also studies the liquidus projection of the Sn-Co-Ni system. The results indicate the primary solidification phases of the ternary Sn-Co-Ni system are all terminal solid solution phases and binary compounds which are Sn, CoSn3, CoSn2, CoSn , (Ni,Co)3Sn2, (Ni,Co), Ni3Sn4 and Ni3Sn, respectively. Co3Sn2 and Ni3Sn2 form a solid solution, and no ternary compound is found as the primary solidification phase. At the 90at.%Sn and 95at.%Sn of the Sn-Ag-Co-Ni quaternary system, there are four primary phase regions which are Ag3Sn, CoSn2, CoSn and Ni3Sn4.The Sn-Ag/Co couples reacted at 250oC reveal that the CoSn3 phase is the primary intermetallic compound formed at the interface. The reaction rate is lower with Ag addition. Two reaction layers, CoSn3 and Ag3Sn, are formed in the couples reacted at 200 and 150oC.
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Sluzewski, David Allen. « Oxidation studies of lead-rich (Pb, Sn), (Pb, Sn, Bi), and (Pb, Sn, In) alloys using auger electron spectroscopy and scanning auger microscopy ». 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/25683833.html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1991.Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-183).
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Tsou, Meng-Yu, et 鄒孟妤. « Investigation of Sn Whisker Growth in the Matte Sn/Alloy 42 Substrate Coated Different Metallic Layers ». Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75809384603961882306.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工程技術研究所
98
In this study, the multi-layer structure effect on the Sn whisker growth in the matte Sn/Fe-42 wt% Ni (Alloy 42) systems was investigated. It was expected that the optimal processing parameters to prevent the whisker growth could be found. The Alloy 42 substrates were electroplated with 1.8 ?慆-thick of the Cu layer (CuE), electrolessplated with 0.3 ?慆-thick Cu layer (CuC), and electroplated with 1.8 ?慆-thick Ni layer, respectively. Thus, 4 kinds of multilayer specimens, CuE/Sn/Alloy 42, CuC/Sn/Alloy 42, Ni/Sn/Alloy 42, and Sn/Alloy 42 were prepared. Finally, thermal treatment at 60°C for 500 hours and thermal cycle tests were applied to each specimen. The thermal cycle is one hour from -35 to 85 oC. The results indicate that the Sn layer with the thicker thickness was observed under passing the higher current density. The surface morphology was different at different metallic layers and various current densities. When current density was 5.0ASD, increasing numbers of the thermal cycle produces more thermal stress to induce the Sn whisker formation. The order of the Sn whisker length and density in each specimen is : Sn/Alloy 42 > Sn/CuE/Alloy 42 > Sn/CuC/Alloy 42. The copper layer could eliminate the thermal stress which was generated due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between Sn layer and Alloy 42 during thermal cycling. However, no Sn whiskers were formed in the Ni/Sn/Alloy 42 system. Because tin atoms diffusion to nickel layer. The tension stress built up in the tin layer. This tension stress could mitigate thermal stress. At different current density, current density and Sn whisker length were proportional. But current density and the Sn whisker density were inversely proportional. No Sn whiskers were found in each specimen after 60 oC for 500 hours.
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Gultom, Vina Agustina, et 古亦娜. « Enhanced superconductivity in Ni-doped Sn nanoparticles ». Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ra5u82.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立中央大學
物理學系
107
Herein, this study reports the superconductivity (SC) phenomena of Sn and Ni nanoparticles (NPs) composite systems. We analyzed the influence of the synthesis pressure of Sn-doped Ni in the formation of the tetragonal phase. Sn and Ni nanoparticles have been fabricated by the thermal evaporation method with two decoupled evaporation sources for separate evaporation; and the size of particles with various inert gas pressures was controlled. The heating current is ~50 A for Sn side and ~80 A for Ni side with the respective argon pressure of 0.18 torr and 0.08 torr. The characterization of crystal structure was performed using experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction method, then allied with Rietveld refinement to determine the sample composition and crystallite size. The crystallite size of these samples were achieved 34.6(9) nm, 33.8(9) nm and 30.1(2), respectively for the sample 1, sample 2 and sample 3. The AC susceptibility of these samples was measured at 1.8 K and zero applied magnetic field, thus the superconducting state appeared. Each sample was tested using the Scalapino fitting. Scalapino fitting is a good description to determine the superconducting parameters by relating the magnetic susceptibility and temperature. In addition, when applied magnetic field Ha = 0 Oe, the penetration depth becomes larger as the particle size of the sample decreases and the electron gap δ become larger as well, 0.192(8) nm with δ = 0.00206(4) kBTC, 0.26(1) nm with δ = 0.01(7) kBTC, 1.1(2) nm with δ = 0.08(4) kBTC, respectively, indicating that the applied magnetic field will completely penetrate the nanoparticles, and causing the diamagnetic effect to be completely destroyed. Surprisingly, the critical temperature of 30.1(2) nm is achieve higher 108 times than that of the bulk (the accepted experimental value of the tin boundary temperature is 3.722K) kOe. This interesting sample has SnO2 structure and it made an enhancement on the critical temperature.
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Ahmad et Zainollah. « Superconductivity and Spin Polarization in Sn Nanoparticles ». Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mw5g4r.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立中央大學
物理學系
107
Sn nanoparticles are fabricated by a thermal evaporated method with single source chamber. X-ray diffraction performed the characterization of the crystal structure is utilized to determine the mean particle diameter (sample 1 and sample 2 is 56 nm and 152 nm, respectively) of the Sn nanoparticle as grown. The composition of Sn is an analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) program. In our study, the superconducting diamagnetic screening effect was measured through AC magnetic susceptibility (χ_AC=χ^'+iχ''). The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility χ'(T) can be described by Scalapino’s expression, which allows extracting the superconducting transition temperature. The critical temperature of sample 1 and sample 2 is 3.8 K and 3.6 K, respectively. The spin polarization effects are seen in field dependence of the magnetic susceptibility χ'(H) curve, which can be described by derivative Langevin function, both of sample 1 and sample 2 revealing of superconductivity and spin polarization.