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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Income distribution – Germany »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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Bach, Stefan, Giacomo Corneo et Viktor Steiner. « Effective Taxation of Top Incomes in Germany ». German Economic Review 14, no 2 (1 mai 2013) : 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00570.x.

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Abstract We exploit a dataset that includes the individual tax returns of all taxpayers in the top percentile of the income distribution in Germany to pin down the effective income taxation of households with very high incomes. Taking tax base erosion into account, we find that the top percentile of the income distribution pays an effective average tax rate of 30.5% and contributes more than a quarter of total income tax revenue. Within the top percentile, the effective average tax rate is first increasing, then decreasing, with income. Since the 1990s, effective average tax rates for the German super-rich have fallen by about a third, with major reductions occurring in the wake of the personal income tax reform of 2001-05. As a result, the concentration of net incomes at the very top of the distribution has strongly increased in Germany.
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Späth, Jochen, et Kai Daniel Schmid. « The Distribution of Household Savings in Germany ». Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 238, no 1 (26 mars 2018) : 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2017-0120.

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Abstract Against the ongoing assessment of the root causes of rising economic inequality in industrialized countries, analyses of the distribution of savings along the income and wealth distribution are of high interest. We analyze the concentration of household savings in Germany by estimating saving amounts, saving rates and shares in aggregate savings across income and wealth groups. Our calculations are based on the Sample Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (EVS), containing more than 40,000 households in Germany. We show that the concentration of savings is substantial: while the top income decile’s share in total savings reaches 60 percent, the lower half of the income distribution on average does not save at all. Across wealth groups the concentration of savings is somewhat less pronounced. We also look beyond the top income threshold underlying the EVS (18,000 euros of monthly net household income) and demonstrate that corrected saving rates for the top income groups are considerably higher than those derived from the EVS alone. Hence, the top income groups’ shares in aggregate savings exceed estimated shares solely based on EVS data, revealing a substantially more pronounced concentration of savings along the income distribution.
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Drechsel-Grau, Moritz, Andreas Peichl, Kai D. Schmid, Johannes F. Schmieder, Hannes Walz et Stefanie Wolter. « Inequality and income dynamics in Germany ». Quantitative Economics 13, no 4 (2022) : 1593–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1912.

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We provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality and income dynamics for Germany over the last two decades. Combining personal income tax and social security data allows us—for the first time—to offer a complete picture of the distribution of annual earnings in Germany. We find that cross‐sectional inequality rose until 2009 for men and women. After the Great Recession, inequality continued to rise at a slower rate for men and fell slightly for women due to compression at the lower tail. We further document substantial gender differences in average earnings and inequality over the life cycle. While for men earnings rise and inequality falls as they grow older, many women reduce working hours when starting a family such that average earnings fall and inequality increases. Men's earnings changes are on average smaller than women's but are substantially more affected by the business cycle. During the Great Recession, men's earnings losses become magnified and gains are attenuated. Apart from recession years, earnings changes are significantly right‐skewed reflecting the good overall state of the German labor market and increasing labor supply. In the second part of the paper, we study the distribution of total income including incomes of self‐employed, business owners, and landlords. We find that total inequality increased significantly more than earnings inequality. Regarding income dynamics, entrepreneurs' income changes are more dispersed, less skewed, less leptokurtic, and less dependent on average past income than workers' income changes. Finally, we find that top income earners have become less likely to fall out of the top 1 and 0.1%.
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Flockton, Chris. « Employment, welfare support and income distribution in east Germany ». German Politics 7, no 3 (décembre 1998) : 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644009808404525.

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Biewen, Martin, Martin Ungerer et Max Löffler. « Why Did Income Inequality in Germany Not Increase Further After 2005 ? » German Economic Review 20, no 4 (1 décembre 2019) : 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12153.

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Abstract While income inequality in Germany considerably increased in the years before 2005, this trend stopped after 2005. We address the question of what factors were responsible for the break in the inequality trend after 2005. Our analysis suggests that income inequality in Germany did not continue to rise after 2005 for the following reasons. First, we observe that the general rise in wage inequality that explained a lot of the inequality increase before 2005, became less steep (but did not stop) after 2005. Second, despite further increases in wage inequality after 2005, inequality in annual labour incomes did not increase further after 2005 because increased within-year employment opportunities compensated otherwise rising inequality in annual labour incomes. Third, income inequality did not fall in a more marked way after 2005 because also the middle and the upper part of the distribution benefited from the employment boom after 2006. Finally, we provide evidence that the effect of a wide range of other factors that are often suspected to have influenced the distribution such as capital incomes, household structures, population ageing, changes in the tax and transfer system and the financial crisis of 2008 did not significantly alter the distribution after 2005.
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Detzer, Daniel. « Inequality and the Financial System— The Case of Germany ». Pakistan Development Review 54, no 4I-II (1 décembre 2015) : 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.585-608.

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Income inequality is rising in Germany. This is true for both functional as well as personal income distribution. After reunification in 1990, a general increase in inequality can be observed. This trend becomes particularly pronounced in the 2000s. In the literature on financialisation a link between the developments in the financial sector, the financing behaviour of firms, and income distribution is established. Also, in the varieties of capitalism literature a connection between the prevailing institutions, among them the financial institutions, and the tendency of an economy towards higher or lower inequality is made. This study attempts to investigate if changes in the financial sphere may have caused the higher inequality in Germany. There are different ways in which the financial sector could have contributed to the increased inequality. Growth of the financial sector or large increases in incomes paid in this sector could lead to higher inequality directly. Alternatively, different behaviour of financial institutions and new financial actors could affect distribution in the non-financial sector so that the financial sector indirectly affects inequality.
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Ćwiek, Malgorzata Teresa, et Paweł Ulman. « Income and Poverty in Households in Selected European Countries ». Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 6, no 345 (30 décembre 2019) : 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.345.01.

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Incomes of population and poverty are key elements of the EU cohesion policy which aims at reducing disparities between the levels of development of individual regions. The traditionally appropriate study to evaluate the convergence of the Member States is the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‑SILC). However, this is not the only source of information on income distribution and social inclusion in the European Union. In this article, the basis for calculations are the results of the fourth European Quality of Life Surveys (EQLS), whose purpose is to measure both objective and subjective indicators of the standard of living of citizens and their households. The aim of the paper is to assess the diversity of distributions of household incomes and the level of income poverty due to the selected socio‑demographic characteristics of the respondent or household in selected European countries in two periods: 2007 and 2016. Countries of the Visegrad Group (Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary) were selected for the analysis, along with the Weimar Triangle (Poland, Germany, and France). Such a selection allowed us to compare the financial situation of households in Western Europe with those in Central and Eastern Europe. Poland becomes a natural link between all these countries. The article uses modelling methods of income distribution, indicators of distance (overlapping) of distributions and aggregate indicators of the scope, depth and severity of poverty. Those ratios were determined on the basis of the use of relative. In order to ensure comparability of incomes of households with different demographic compositions, the analysis used equivalent incomes. As a result of the preliminary analysis, differences were noted regarding the measured position, variation and asymmetry of equivalent incomes in the studied households. The applied gap measurements showed a significant disparity between the distributions of income in Western European countries (Germany, France) and the countries of the Visegrad Group, but the size of that differentation de creased significantly in 2016 relative to 2007. Important differentiation was also noted in terms of income poverty risk within the Visegrad Group: the highest proportion of households at risk of poverty exists in Poland and the lowest in the Czech Republic.
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D’Amico, Guglielmo, Biase Di et Raimondo Manca. « Effects on taxation on the forecasting of income inequality : Evidence from Germany, Greece, and Italy ». Panoeconomicus 60, no 6 (2013) : 707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1306707a.

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In this paper, we investigate the impact of the fiscal system on wealth redistribution in Germany, Greece, and Italy. We demonstrate the application of the model to the data of the quoted countries. We obtain the gross income distributions by starting from the net income distributions downloaded from the Eurostat website and by using the individual income tax rates of each country. We evaluate the Dynamic Theil's Entropy that allows us to recover the total inequality between the net and gross income distributions for each of these countries. Such a comparison allowed us to understand how the fiscal systems affect wealth distribution. These results can be used for planning welfare policies.
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Prante, Franz. « Macroeconomic effects of personal and functional income inequality : Theory and empirical evidence for the US and Germany ». Panoeconomicus 65, no 3 (2018) : 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1803289p.

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This paper presents a simple post-Kaleckian model of distribution and growth that incorporates personal income inequality and interdependent social norms. The model shows in an easily accessible manner that macroeconomic effects of changes in personal and functional income distribution can potentially reinforce or dampen each other. The resulting variety of demand and growth regimes is due to different distributional effects on consumption demand. Therefore, the second part of the paper investigates the empirical relevance of the additional demand regimes by estimating aggregate consumption functions with variables for personal and functional income distribution for the United States and Germany. We find similar effects of functional income distribution for both countries. However, for the US, we find positive long-run effects of personal income inequality on consumption. The effect is strongest for the top 10% income share and the Gini index and less strong for the top 5% and 1% income shares. While this is evidence for relative consumption patterns, it also supports the view that the ?super rich? are a relatively distant class for most people - questioning the notion of expenditure cascades from the very top to the very bottom. In contrast, for Germany we fail to find compelling evidence for effects of personal income distribution.
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Nießen, Désirée, Jule Adriaans, Stefan Liebig et Clemens M. Lechner. « Justice Evaluation of the Income Distribution (JEID) : Development and validation of a short scale for the subjective assessment of objective differences in earnings ». PLOS ONE 18, no 1 (26 janvier 2023) : e0281021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281021.

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Justice evaluations are proposed to provide a link between the objective level of inequality and the consequences at the individual and societal level. Available instruments, however, focus on the subjective perception of inequality and income distributions. In light of findings that subjective perceptions of inequality and income levels can be biased and subject to method effects, we present the newly developed Justice Evaluation of the Income Distribution (JEID) Scale, which captures justice evaluations of the actual earnings distribution. JEID comprises five items that provide respondents with earnings information for five groups at different segments along the distribution of earnings in a given country. We provide a German-language and an English-language version of the scale. The German-language version was developed and validated based on three comprehensive heterogeneous quota samples from Germany; the translated English-language version was validated in one comprehensive heterogeneous quota sample from the UK. Using latent profile analysis and k-means clustering, we identified three typical response patterns, which we labeled “inequality averse,” “bottom-inequality averse,” and “status quo justification.” JEID was found to be related to normative orientations in the sense that egalitarian views were associated with stronger injustice evaluations at the bottom and top ends of the earnings distribution. With a completion time of between 1.50 and 2.75 min, the JEID scale can be applied in any self-report survey in the social sciences to investigate the distribution, precursors, and consequences of individuals’ subjective evaluations of objective differences in earnings.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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Rath, Silke [Verfasser]. « Taxation and Income Distribution : Analysis of Income Tax and Value Added Tax : Evidence from Germany / Silke Rath ». Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1069045853/34.

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Wiegand, Johannes. « Four essays on applied welfare measurement and income distribution dynamics, Germany 1985-1995 ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404904.

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Stockhammer, Engelbert, Eckhard Hein et Lucas Grafl. « Globalization and the effects of changes in functional income distribution on aggregate demand in Germany ». Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1104/1/document.pdf.

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Germany has experienced a period of extreme nominal and real wage moderation since the mid 1990s. Contrary to the expectations of liberal economists this has failed to improve Germany's mediocre economic performance. However, Germany is now running substantial current account surpluses. One possible explanation for Germany's disappointing performance is found in Kaleckian theory, which highlights that the domestic demand effect of a decline in the wage share will typically be contractionary, whereas net exports will increase (Blecker 1989). The size of the foreign demand effect will critically depend on the degree of openness of the economy. The paper aims at estimating the demand side of a Bhaduri-Marglin (1990) -type model empirically for Germany. The paper builds on the estimation strategy of Stockhammer, Onaran and Ederer (2007) and Hein and Vogel (2008a, 2008b). The main contribution lies in a careful analysis of the effects of globalization. Since Germany is a large open economy by now it is a particularly interesting case study. (author´s abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Carlin, Wendy. « The development of the factor distribution of income and profitability in West Germany, 1945-1973 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8e58734-be29-474f-9a56-80d906add35d.

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A synthetic hypothesis is constructed to account for the pattern of manufacturing profitability. The explanatory role of labour shortage, growing openness, union bargaining power and exchange rate changes is confirmed. Set in the context of institutional and policy changes, these factors provide a more satisfying description of the determinants of profitability than previous, frequently monocausal, explanations.
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Wacker, Ulrich. « Economic internationalisation and the distribution of income : a comparison of the cases of Germany and the U.S. / ». [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10280489.

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Lakner, Christoph. « The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.

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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.
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« Globalization and the effects of changes in functional income distribution on aggregate demand in Germany ». Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, 2007. http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/dl/wp/epub-wu-01_cc2.

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DALY, Mary E. « The gender division of welfare : the British and German welfare states compared ». Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5160.

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Defence date: 7 March 1996
Examining board: Prof. Colin Crouch, European University Institute, supervisor ; Prof. Adrienne Héritier, European University Institute ; Prof. Jane Lewis, All Souls College, Oxford ; Prof. Ilona Ostner, Georg-August-Universität Götting ; Prof. Yossi Shavit, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Wacker, Ulrich [Verfasser]. « Economic internationalisation and the distribution of income : a comparison of the cases of Germany and the U.S. / vorgelegt von Ulrich Wacker ». 2003. http://d-nb.info/966051270/34.

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Livres sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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Abraham, Katharine G. Earnings inequality in Germany. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. et European Commission, dir. CEIES proceedings of the seventh seminar : Income distribution and different sources of income, Cologne, Germany, 10th-11th May 1999. Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.

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Wunder, Christoph. Income inequality and job satisfaction of full-time employees in Germany. Bonn, Germany : IZA, 2006.

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Frick, Joachim R. Regional income stratification in unified Germany using a GINI decomposition approach. Bonn, Germany : IZA, 2005.

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Steuerreform und Gewinnbeteiligung : Neue Wege aus der Beschäftigungskrise. Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2000.

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Burkhauser, Richard V. Labor earnings mobility and inequality in the United States and Germany during the growth years of the 1980s. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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1969-, Giles Christopher, Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society. et Institute for Fiscal Studies, dir. The Distribution of income and wages in the UK and West Germany, 1984-92. London : Institute for Fiscal Studies, 1998.

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1936-, Hauser Richard, et Becker Irene 1953-, dir. Reporting on income distribution and poverty : Perspectives from a German and a European point of view. New York : Springer, 2003.

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Steiner, Viktor. Introducing family tax splitting in Germany : How would it affect the income distribution and work incentives ? Bonn, Germany : IZA, 2006.

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office, United Nations statistical, dir. National accounts statistics : Compendium of income distribution statistics. New York : United Nations, 1985.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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Balderston, Theo. « Income Expectations and Political Instability in Germany, 1918–39 ». Dans Growth, Distribution and Political Change, 232–55. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14356-6_11.

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Hauser, Richard. « The Development of the Distribution of Income and Wealth in Germany — an Overview ». Dans Reporting on Income Distribution and Poverty, 7–28. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05254-9_2.

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Becker, Irene, Joachim R. Frick, Markus M. Grabka, Richard Hauser, Peter Krause et Gert G. Wagner. « A Comparison of the Main Household Income Surveys for Germany : EVS and SOEP ». Dans Reporting on Income Distribution and Poverty, 55–90. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05254-9_4.

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Fabig, Holger. « Labor Income Mobility — Germany, the USA and Great Britain Compared ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 31–55. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_3.

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Steiner, Viktor, et Thomas Hölzle. « The Development of Wages in Germany in the 1990s — Descriptions and Explanations ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 7–30. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_2.

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Frick, Joachim R., Felix Büchel et Peter Krause. « Public Transfers, Income Distribution, and Poverty in Germany and in the United States ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 176–204. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_9.

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Pfister, Ulrich. « Economic inequality in Germany, 1500-1800 ». Dans Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali : cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies : causes and effect, 301–24. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.20.

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The chapter reviews existing evidence regarding four aspects of economic inequality: relative factor rents, which relate to the factorial distribution of income and also underlie the so-called Williamson index (y/wus), which is correlated with the Gini index of household income; real inequality in terms of opposite movements of the price of consumer baskets consumed by different strata of society; the inequality of pay according to gender and skill, as well as between town and countryside; and wealth inequality, particularly with respect to the access to land. The main result is that, with given technology and agrarian institutions, there is a positive correlation between population and inequality.
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Becker, Irene, et Richard Hauser. « Changes in the Distribution of Pre-Government and Post-Government Income in Germany 1973 – 1993 ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 72–98. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_5.

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Merz, Joachim. « The Distribution of Income of Self-employed, Entrepreneurs and Professions as Revealed from Micro Income Tax Statistics in Germany ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 99–128. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_6.

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Schwarze, Johannes, et Joachim R. Frick. « Old Age Pension Systems and Income Distribution Among the Elderly : Germany and the United States Compared ». Dans The Personal Distribution of Income in an International Perspective, 225–43. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57232-6_11.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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BANU, Constantin, Lile RAMONA, Tiberiu IANCU, Mihaela MOATĂR, Dora ORBOI, Carolina ȘTEFAN et Sorin STANCIU. « COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS ». Dans Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.039.

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In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
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Matevska, Jasminka, Justyna Szostak, Zbigniew Łubniewski, Szymon Krawczuk et Marek Chodnicki. « Engineering and Management of Space Systems (EMSS) - an international joint Master's double-degree program ». Dans Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.130.

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Dynamic development of the space sector of European, and especially of Polish and German economies results in a necessity for suitable Higher Education Institution graduates. The increasing digitization, distribution and networking of technical systems leads to the necessity of a degree programme teaching “the systems view” and “interdisciplinarity” methods and skills. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the entire life cycle of the systems starting with the analysis of the requirements, through design, integration, verification, to operation and maintenance, with supplementation of management, social and intercultural skills. Since interdisciplinarity and internationality are essential for engineering and management of space systems, the international project was launched early last year by two universities – Hochschule Bremen (Bremen City University of Applied Sciences, HSB, Germany) and Politechnika Gdańska (Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk Tech, Poland) establishing an international interdisciplinary joint Master's double-degree program - Engineering and Management of Space Systems (EMSS). It consists of three different fixed three- or four- semester study paths of several mobility schemes, though individual educational pathways adjusted to students' preference are also allowed. Each path includesa joint academic year – first semester is conducted in Gdańsk, the second in Bremen. The remaining semesters can be studied at either of the universities. All of the EMSS curricula meet the highest education standards of both countries. Several mandatory modules and many elective courses are included in the EMSS curricula. Upon graduation, students of the program are awarded two Master’s degrees - in Space and Satellite Technologies, issued by Gdańsk Tech, and, depending on the chosen study path, in Aerospace Technologies, Computer Science, or Electronics Engineering issued by HSB. Work on the establishment of a new, international, joint field of study - Engineering and Management of Space Systems, run by both universities is currently in progress. The curriculum of the new study programme will be based on the recommendations of the International Council On Systems Engineering (INCOSE) and its German Chapter, Gesellschaft für Systems Engineering (GfSE), and will offer the possibility of certification as a Systems Engineering Professional, Associate Level. This paper includes the lecturers’ and students’ perspective on the program and its future development.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Income distribution – Germany"

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Laisney, Francois, Christopher Giles, Amanda Gosling et Thorsten Geib. The distribution of income and wages in the UK and West Germany 1984-1992. Institute for Fiscal Studies, juillet 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.1998.0058.

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