Articles de revues : « Income distribution – Social aspects »

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Quiroga, S., et C. Suárez. « Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean : a case study for Spain ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, n^o 7 (23 juillet 2015) : 4353–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4353-2015.

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Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.

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Quiroga, Sonia, et Cristina Suárez. « Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean : a case study for Spain ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, n^o 6 (15 juin 2016) : 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1369-2016.

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Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural incomes in Spanish rural areas. Present research has focused on the effects of these extreme climatological events through response functions, considering effects on crop productivity and average incomes. Among the impacts of droughts, we focused on potential effects on income distribution. The study of the effects on abnormally dry periods is therefore needed in order to perform an analysis of diverse social aspects in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a measure of the decomposition of inequality to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. Certain adaptation measures may require a better understanding of risks by the public to achieve general acceptance. We provide empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two impacts considered: farms' average income and income distribution. Our estimates consider crop production response to both biophysical and socio-economic aspects to analyse long-term implications on competitiveness and disparities. As for the results, we find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analysed.

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Atkinson, Anthony B. « The Changing Distribution of Income : Evidence and Explanations ». German Economic Review 1, n^o 1 (1 février 2000) : 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00002.

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Abstract This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.

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UHRYN, Volodymyr. « FISCAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION ». WORLD OF FINANCE, n^o 1(66) (2021) : 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.01.163.

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Introduction. Direct taxes are an important financial regulator of socio-economic processes, they are one of the most important sources of budgeting and an essential tool of state regulation. The personal income tax is the main tax through which social policy is implemented in the developed countries of the world. The advantages of this tax include its social justice and fiscal efficiency, as it is able to make the level of taxation directly dependent on the amount of income of taxpayers. In addition, progressive tax rates and benefits can reduce the tax burden on the poor and increase it on high-income earners. The purpose of the article is to considerate the theoretical and practical aspects of administration of the personal income tax in the conditions of reforming of fiscal policy of Ukraine, systematization of directions of improvement of collecting of the personal income tax to local and state budgets. Methods. Methods of dialectical analysis and synthesis, deduction, induction logical generalization, comparison and formalization are used in the article. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and role of personal income tax administration. Peculiarities of citizens’ income formation as an object of taxation are considered. Monitoring and analysis of indicators of personal income tax to local and state budgets was carried out. The growth rates of nominal revenues of personal income tax and military duty, real and nominal wages are studied. It was found that the main factors reducing the level of fiscal efficiency of personal income tax in Ukraine are the shadowing of incomes and the outflow of labor, including skilled personnel. Ukraine’s tax policy for the last five years is fiscally oriented and does not take into account the social aspect of personal income taxation. As a result of the research, the directions of increasing the efficiency of personal income taxation in Ukraine based on foreign experience are systematized. Prospects. The current model of personal income tax does not sufficiently perform a socioeconomic function, does not provide a socially equitable distribution of income between different segments of the population. In recent years, the fiscal significance of the personal income tax has remained, but the system of personal income taxation requires the application of progressive rates. Therefore, promising areas of future research should be the development and improvement of the mechanism of personal income taxation in the context of ensuring their socio-economic interests.

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Garunova, S. M. « HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING DAGESTAN CARPET WEAVING ». History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 13, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2017) : 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch134125-132.

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The author of the article analyzes the state of the indigent (poor) population of the Republic of Dagestan. The problem is very urgent in the modern period of crisis in our society due to the fact that poverty is the reason for intensification of social contradictions in it, degradation of the population, and complication of the demographic situation. The author of the article presents statistical data on average per capita income of the population of the Dagestan Republic in 2002 - 2013. Since the interval distribution of incomes does not allow to characterize accurately the number of the indigent part of the population, the distribution of income according to the minimum subsistence level is considered. A significant poverty reduction in the Republic of Dagestan during the period under consideration is shown. Besides, the article presents the median per capita income, which is used in western countries and in some republics of the former Soviet Union to estimate the level of poverty. Depending on 40%, 50%, 60% of the median, like in these countries, the relative number of the indigent population in the Republic of Dagestan and in other regions of the North Caucasian Federal District is determined, which makes it possible to determine the level of extreme poverty in the Republic of Dagestan in 2013. The author shows the ratio of the average wage of 10% of employees with the highest wage to 10% of employees with the lowest wage in the institutions of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian Federal District and comes to the conclusion that in 2013 the poverty level in the region was lower than in the Republic of Dagestan.

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Härdle, Wolfgang, et Jeffrey D. Hart. « A Bootstrap Test for Positive Definiteness of Income Effect Matrices ». Econometric Theory 8, n^o 2 (juin 1992) : 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600012809.

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Positive definiteness of income effect matrices provides a sufficient condition for the law of demand to hold. Given cross section household expenditure data, empirical evidence for the law of demand can be obtained by estimating such matrices. Härdle, Hildenbrand, and Jerison used the bootstrap method to simulate the distribution of the smallest eigenvalue of random matrices and to test their positive definiteness. Here, theoretical aspects of this bootstrap test of positive definiteness are considered. The asymptotic distribution of the smallest eigenvalue , of the matrix estimate is obtained. This theory applies generally to symmetric, asymptotically normal random matrices. A bootstrap approximation to the distribution of is shown to converge in probability to the asymptotic distribution of . The bootstrap test is illustrated using British family expenditure survey data.

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Nor Fatimah, Che Sulaiman, Mohd Fahmee Ab-Hamid et Abdul Rahim Ridzuan. « Inclusive Growth : Comprehensive Dimension of Income Distribution ». Economy of Region 17, n^o 1 (mars 2021) : 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-1-23.

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The article aims to solve the problem of unequal income distribution in Malaysia. Income inequality did not change significantly since 1990. Inclusive growth is an alternative way that can help the government overcome the unequal distribution of income. However, there are no measurements or detailed studies conducted in Malaysia. Moreover, the country’s distribution policy for the 2016–2030 period focuses on inclusive economic growth. Based on the above gaps, we constructed the Malaysia Inclusive Index and estimated the income distribution using this new composite index. To construct the index, we applied the Z-score method. We obtained data for this study from the World Development Indicator, Economic Planning Unit, Department of Statistics, Malaysia and annual reports from various ministries. The main research findings show yearon-year growth from 1990 to 2016, indicating that economic growth in Malaysia is increasingly inclusive. Therefore, to achieve inclusive and equitable economic growth in distribution, the government is advised to consider not only fiscal aspects, but also holistic components comprised of education, health, housing and employment of the B40 group (lower class). Simultaneously, the M40 group (middle class) should not be left out. Income distribution factors and the Malaysia Inclusive Index (MII) determinants such as investment, inflation, education and national income should be considered when developing national distribution policies, as these factors are crucial for inclusive growth in Malaysia

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ČERMÁKOVÁ, Klára, Eduard HROMADA, Eduardo Aguiar Henrique FILHO et Tomáš KRULICKÝ. « The Effects of Homeownership on Wealth Distribution ». European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 14, n^o 1 (30 juin 2022) : 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.05.

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Within the broader context of new dimensions of poverty such as housing poverty, energy poverty, etc., this article describes dependencies between household income, real estate ownership and socio-economic trends. We argue that income is not the principal determinant for home ownership rate, but rather recent lifestyle changes can better explain the homeownership decreasing trend in developed economies. Job mobility, family formation determinants and demographical trends seem to find well-supported basis in literature and data. Using data for the US states we have proved that the decreasing rate of home ownership may be explained by social aspects of changing lifestyle such as increasing share of population moving from rural areas to cities, age of marriage, divorce rate, career-oriented lifestyle, rather than by the frequently cited price-income ratio. We have also observed a short-term correlation between financing availability and homeownership rate, but we conclude that property prices would adjust to lose monetary policy without any long-term effect on homeownership rate. It results that government or monetary policies aimed to cushion the housing unavailability (recently increasing value of price-income) ratio may distort the housing market. We propose a new insight in the housing availability discussion.

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Gulu-zade, Elmir, Dmitriy Bugayko et Farida Alekperova. « Formation and distribution income of the enterprise ». Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, n^o 15 (octobre 2022) : 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-15-1.

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Regardless of the profile of the enterprise, in the process of activity, the formation of its income always occurs. It is this aspect of the activity that is most important for all stakeholders - the owners of the enterprise, employees, the state, since the successful formation and proper distribution of income allows all participants in production activities to ultimately achieve their financial goals - primarily increasing welfare and quality of life, making a profit. Income is the primary incentive to create new or develop existing enterprises. The opportunity to make a profit encourages people to look for more efficient ways to combine resources, to invent new products that may be in demand, to apply organizational and technical innovations that promise to increase production efficiency. Working profitably, each enterprise contributes to the economic development of society, contributes to the creation and enhancement of social wealth and the growth of the well-being of the people. Regardless of the profile of the enterprise, in the process of activity, the formation of its income always occurs. Income is the primary incentive to create new or develop existing enterprises. The opportunity to make a profit encourages people to look for more efficient ways to combine resources, to invent new products that may be in demand, to apply organizational and technical innovations that promise to increase production efficiency. Working profitably, each enterprise contributes to the economic development of society, contributes to the creation and enhancement of social wealth and the growth of the well-being of the people. An important task of every enterprise is to obtain large incomes, at the lowest cost, by saving in spending money and increasing the efficiency of their use. This means that all expenses are covered by the corresponding income. In this regard, the role of special knowledge in the field of economic analysis and planning increases: income, search for reserves to increase profits and profitability.

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Balan, Aliona. « Income Inequality in the Republic of Moldova : Trends and Ways of Reducing it ». Economica, n^o 4(118) (janvier 2022) : 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2021.118.032.

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Population inequality in terms of well-being is an integral part of any society. Under market conditions, the problem of inequality in income distribution is particularly acute, as income and wealth inequality are closely linked to people’s quality of life and stability in society. As a result, it is necessary to promote active economic and social policies aimed at reducing disparities, inequality in the distribution of wealth and income. The paper analyzes some aspects of income inequality in the Republic of Moldova, the trends that have manifested themselves over the last decade, as well as the factors that have influenced these trends. Based on the identified problems, some ways of reducing this phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova were formulate

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Saiful Anwar. « INSTRUMEN DISTRIBUSI DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM ». At Taajir : Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Keuangan Syariah 1, n^o 1 (1 août 2019) : 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47902/attaajir.v1i1.26.

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Abstract Distribution in the Islamic concept does not only prioritize economic aspects where size is based on the amount of property owned, but also discusses how the use of human potential can be distributed, in the form of appreciation for the right to life in life. Then the distribution is expected to overcome the problem of income distribution between various classes in society. Therefore in Islam Allah SWT implies one form of social virtue, like zakat. If this is used as the concept of income distribution, the economic system will run smoothly and the community will prosper. Gap and hunger will easily be eliminated due to the prevalence of the distribution system. And in Islamic economics a person's wealth does not make the cause of others experiencing economic difficulties, both production and consumption. Therefore Islam provides clear boundaries in living this life, including regulating matters regarding distribution. The whole is to regulate so that there is no social inequality between one party and another party and have an impact on actions or counterproductive. Therefore Islam stipulates the existence of distribution instruments, including the principle of cooperation between mudharabah and musyarakah, the existence of zakat, infaq, alms and endowments as well as other assets or income owned. Keyword: Distribution, Islamic Economics, Economic System

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van Gennip, Jos J. « A Christian social answer to globalisation ». European View 17, n^o 1 (20 mars 2018) : 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685818765094.

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This article discusses whether Christian social thinking is obsolete in the age of globalisation or whether it continues to provide answers to the challenges of the modern world. Some people believe that the heydays of a Christian social alternative to capitalism or to state socialism are over following its successes in the middle of the twentieth century. Social protection and the emancipation of the working class have been achieved, and the distribution of wealth and income has reached a fair level throughout Europe. This article rejects this view and argues that Christian social thinking and its translation into political positions do not belong exclusively to a specific socio-economic phase of history or to a specific socio-economic system. The article also provides Christian social remedies for five aspects of globalisation: financialisation, the distribution of the fruits of globalisation, automation, control mechanisms and environmental protection.

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Stojanović, Aleksandar. « Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Optimization of Relationship between Economic Potential and Sources for Public Needs Settlement ». ECONOMICS 4, n^o 1 (1 juin 2016) : 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eoik-2015-0029.

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Summary The relative level of fiscal revenue in relation to the total aggregate domestic product or national income is a central indicator to be established in the national economy. This indicator is the “tax ratio”. The tendency of almost every economic and especially fiscal policy is that this indicator expresses the optimal ratio between the part of the domestic product or national income, which is intended to be used for the settlement of public needs and the general economic aggregate of the latter economic categories. Its special importance lies in the design concept of medium-term or long-term social and economic development. It is necessary to determine the framework of the global distribution of the domestic product or national income, which is acceptable, on the one hand, from the perspective of a balanced and stable economic growth, and on the other hand, from the standpoint of balancing interests of all social structures of modern mixed societies.

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Artemov, Nikolay M., et Karina A. Ponomareva. « Taxation of personal income in the context of issues of social fairness ». Law Enforcement Review 4, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2020) : 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2020.4(4).46-55.

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The subject. The leading position of the personal income tax in most countries is due to a number of circumstances. First, it is a personal tax, the object of which is the income actually received by the payer, and not the estimated average income that could be received in specific economic conditions. Second, income tax allows to maximize the implementation of the basic principles of taxation - universality and uniformity. In recent decades, national regimes of personal income taxation regimes have been actively developed both in foreign countries and in Russia. Purpose of the study. The article shows the results of analysis of the framework of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation in the context of the principle of the social fairness. Dealing with selected provisions of the national legislation of European countries and Russia the article shows that elements of progressive taxation can be applied only in particular aspects. The proposals of taxation of rich taxpayers are also brought into light. Methodology. The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the research, The main results. After studying the European experience of personal income taxation the authors come to the conclusion that some of the ideas described can be transferred to the Russian tax legislation, but this should be done with caution. It is not necessary to introduce a progressive tax system in its pure form in the Russian Federation, but it is worth considering options for switching to a dualistic system. The authors believe that the elements of borrowing foreign experience should be aimed rather at a fair distribution of benefits, for example, through rules that fix tax benefits. Conclusions. The following proposals can be formulated to improve the legal regulation of personal income taxation in the Russian Federation: the distinction between taxation of taxpayers with ultra-high incomes and those with minimal incomes should be based not on the income criterion, but on the expenditure criterion; to establish a non-taxable minimum in the amount of the minimum wage, which will ensure tax fairness for taxpayers with lower-average incomes; to review the criteria of taxation of luxury vehicles, raising the border separating the mass and premium segments of the Russian car market by at least two times - up to 6 million rubles. The best solution would be to abolish the vehicle tax and impose an increased excise tax on fuel and lubricants for personal transport.

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Włodarczyk, Julia. « Gender differences in income distributions in Poland ». Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, n^o 3 (2020) : 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.10.

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The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.

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Perskaya, V. V. « The World Economic Forum in Davos : Poverty and Inequality of Income Distribution as Evil Phenomena of Modern World Development ». Economics, taxes & ; law 12, n^o 2 (23 avril 2019) : 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-2-49-58.

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The subject of the research is the opinions of the expert community expressed during panel discussions at the World Economic Forum held in Davos in 2019 related to ways of eliminating poverty and disproportionality of income distribution in the world. The purpose of the research was to confirm the permanent commitment of the WEF expert community to the concept of neoliberalism, despite the fact that it was neoliberal values that exacerbated the development of poverty and disproportionality in income distribution as trends in the current global development. The research also proved the utopian nature of their recommendations for overcoming the negative phenomena. The position of the expert community at the World Economic Forum was reduced solely to the concept of the neoliberal mainstream — reducing the role of state regulation, establishment of global governance for a multilateral social contract at the level of an international organization capable of eliminating social inequality and income disproportionality in the world economy. Particular attention was paid to the lack of social elevators in developed and developing countries contributing to the poverty aggravation among the population. The documents of some international organizations indicate the need to intensify national state policies in the field of social support and social security. The paper discusses various aspects of national state policies in a number of countries aiming to gradually smooth out the level of social security of citizens along with supporting the middle class as the basis for stable development. For the first time, the problem of enhancing the role of non-profit public organizations in overcoming the income disproportionality and eliminating extreme poverty and destitution, especially in developing countries, was addressed at the level of interstate discussion. However, involving the poor in the work of these organizations seems to be challenging because the sources for funding their activities are not defined. It is concluded that globalization is the determining trend in the development of the world economy; the basic problems of globalization include poverty and disproportionality of income distribution both at the inter- and intracountry levels; there is a possibility of concluding a public multilateral agreement accumulating measures taken at the supranational level. The living conditions of the middle class are deteriorating, their incomes are decreasing. The USA policy “Make America great again” is aimed at raising the living standards of the middle class, i.e. the idea of the problem solution on the multinational basis is being rejected; the access to education, formation of social elevators, including those for young people, establishment of social protection systems, etc. are still beyond the attention of national governments in developed countries.

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Setiawan, Nashrudin, Emi Wakhyuni et Abdi Setiawan. « Balance Scorecard Analysis of Increasing MSME Income During the Covid 19 Pandemic in Samosir District ». Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 2, n^o 4 (31 octobre 2021) : 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v2i4.357.

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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the lifeblood of the regional and national economy. In general, MSMEs in the national economy have the following roles: (1) as the main actors in economic activities, (2) the largest provider of employment, (3) important players in local economic development and community empowerment, (4) creating new markets and sources of innovation, and (5) its contribution to the balance of payments. In addition, MSMEs also have an important role, especially in the perspective of employment opportunities and sources of income for the poor, income distribution and poverty reduction, and MSMEs also play a role in rural economic development. The existence of the 2019 Coronavirus disease (Covid 19 pandemic) at the end of 2019 became an international problem, including in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic has had economic, social, and and politics in almost all countries, including Indonesia. The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has also been felt by the MSME sector in Samosir Regency. The impact caused by this pandemic includes 5 aspects, namely 1) Sales aspects. The average decline in MSME sales is 61%, 2) Aspects of operating profit. The average decrease in operating profit is 62%, 3) Capital aspect. The number of MSMEs experiencing capital problems increased to 71.4%, 4) Aspects of the number of employees. In this aspect, MSMEs reduced the number of employees by 22%, and 5) Aspects of the ability to pay bank installments. Almost all MSME actors (especially micro-enterprises) experience problems in carrying out their obligations to banks. This study also found that MSME actors in Samosir Regency had implemented an online sales strategy, although not all. The number of MSMEs that carry out online strategies has increased during the Covid 19. The survival ability of MSMEs that sell online is stronger than MSMEs that only sell offline.

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Gripsiou, Argyro, et Christophe Bergouignan. « The internal socio-economic polarization of urban neighborhoods, the case of Marseille ». Investigaciones Geográficas, n^o 77 (26 janvier 2022) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo.19432.

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The socio-economic inequalities of the different metropolitan neighborhoods have been carefully documented and analyzed in the social science literature. Starting from this premise, this article focuses on the less common neighborhoods in which two extremes coexist: very low-income households and high-income households. The objective is to identify the neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization, geolocate them in the urban space, characterize their population and housing stock, and measure their recent evolutionary trends. The empirical analysis focuses on the neighborhoods of Marseille (France), a city characterized by strong socio-spatial segregation between poor neighborhoods in the north and rich neighborhoods on the southern coast, and the presence of neighborhoods in which populations coexist with unequal resources. This empirical study is based on the fiscal and social data (Filosofi file) that allow knowing the income distribution and based on the census data to characterize the socio-demography and the type of housing of the population. In order to identify neighborhoods with intense internal socio-economic polarization and measure their evolution of income distribution, original poverty and wealth indexes have been developed, which synthesize the two extremes of this distribution. These neighborhoods with a high internal socio-economic polarization usually present certain distinctive aspects, such as their geographical location or a more or less rapid and intense gentrification process. However, some of them seem to escape this process, as evidenced by the contrasting trends in the recent evolution of income distribution and structural heterogeneity of the housing stock, in which small apartments and old buildings are very overrepresented.

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Larson, Paul D. « Relationships between Logistics Performance and Aspects of Sustainability : A Cross-Country Analysis ». Sustainability 13, n^o 2 (11 janvier 2021) : 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020623.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate relationships between national logistics performance and dimensions of sustainability. A series of hypotheses are developed and tested using regression analysis of secondary data. The sources of data are the Sustainable Society Index (SSI) and the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Fundamental aspects of social sustainability and well-being—a healthy, educated population, equality, good governance, and reasonable income distribution—are related to higher levels of logistics performance. In addition, while logistics performance is a driver of economic activity and success, it is also a contributor to environmental degradation in the form of harmful emissions. If economic growth is among a nation’s goals, its leaders are advised to support social well-being, along with technologies and practices for greater energy efficiency (and lower emissions) in transportation.

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Larson, Paul D. « Relationships between Logistics Performance and Aspects of Sustainability : A Cross-Country Analysis ». Sustainability 13, n^o 2 (11 janvier 2021) : 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020623.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate relationships between national logistics performance and dimensions of sustainability. A series of hypotheses are developed and tested using regression analysis of secondary data. The sources of data are the Sustainable Society Index (SSI) and the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI). Fundamental aspects of social sustainability and well-being—a healthy, educated population, equality, good governance, and reasonable income distribution—are related to higher levels of logistics performance. In addition, while logistics performance is a driver of economic activity and success, it is also a contributor to environmental degradation in the form of harmful emissions. If economic growth is among a nation’s goals, its leaders are advised to support social well-being, along with technologies and practices for greater energy efficiency (and lower emissions) in transportation.

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Muhamed, Nurul Aini, Muhammad Iqmal Hisham Kamaruddin et Nur Syazwani Nasruddin. « Positioning Islamic social enterprise (ISE) ». Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 6, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2018) : 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v6i3.8785.

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The Islamic Social Enterprise (ISE) is increasingly gaining attention due to its flexibility to perform trading activities for income generation while at the same time offering societal contributions. The roles of ISE is greatly viewed from value-based perspective, where the ISE’s objective is to support the Islamic third economic sector in easing the needs of those unfortunate and middle class citizens. Involving in trading activities is imperative for this institution given that collections from donations are insufficient as the demand for contribution is very high, as well as there is some cost acquired in its management. In this case, ISE’s sustainability should be taking care of to ensure the continuous contributions can be given to society. There are several perspectives on the definition of ISE since it is normally formatted in different forms, receiving initial and continuous source of collections from different Islamic charitable contracts and running different activities. Therefore, this paper attempts to position the definition and the context of ISE by deliberating its definitions and characteristics. Thus, the paper reviews the existing literature from the area of Islamic third economic sector and Islamic transaction law and inter-relating these aspects in the context of ISE. The focus is given on the aspect of the institution’s objectives, source of capital using the Islamic charitable contracts, its activities and; income generation and distribution. Based on the findings, the distinctive yet flexible definition of ISE expands the new and relevant area of Islamic third economic sector using Islamic charitable contracts. The discussion highlights that ISE should be guided by maqasid shariah, and follow the Islamic principles. This paper points out that not all Islamic charitable contracts are applicable for ISE, which should be comprehended for new established ISE.

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Sinclair, Stephen, et Glen Bramley. « Beyond Virtual Inclusion – Communications Inclusion and Digital Divisions ». Social Policy and Society 10, n^o 1 (8 décembre 2010) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746410000345.

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Access to and engagement with information and communications technologies (ICTs) are increasingly important aspects of social inclusion. This paper draws upon analyses of UK survey data and a review of research on communications and social exclusion published in the UK between 2001 and 2006 to examine the social distribution of access to and uptake of ICTs and to explore key factors restricting the digital engagement of young people from lower income households and communities. It argues that effective strategies to bridge digital divisions in the UK must pay more attention to the social rather than technological barriers which inhibit communications inclusion.

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Siebert, Luciano Cavalcante, Alexandre Rasi Aoki, Germano Lambert-Torres, Nelson Lambert-de-Andrade et Nikolaos G. Paterakis. « An Agent-Based Approach for the Planning of Distribution Grids as a Socio-Technical System ». Energies 13, n^o 18 (16 septembre 2020) : 4837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184837.

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Recent developments, such as smart metering, distributed energy resources, microgrids, and energy storage, have led to an exponential increase in system complexity and have emphasized the need to include customer behavior and social and cultural backgrounds in planning activities. This paper analyzes how emergent behavior in electricity consumption can affect the planning of distribution grids with a smart grid vision. For this, an agent-based model that uses insights from the field of behavioral economics to differentiate four consumer categories (high income, low income, middle class, and early adopters) was used. The model was coupled with a real distribution feeder and customer load curve data, and the results showed that heterogeneity of customer’s preferences, values, and behavior led to very distinct load growth patterns. The results emphasize the relevance of modeling customer’s behavioral aspects in planning increasingly complex power systems.

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FRENKEL, ROBERTO. « Argentina : A decade of the Convertibility Regime ». Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 22, n^o 4 (décembre 2002) : 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572002-0999.

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ABSTRACT This article is an assessment of the Convertibility period in Argentina, which covered the nineties. It is presented in two sections. In the first section macroeconomic performance is described and evaluated, together with the effects on employment, unemployment and income distribution. An important contraction in full employment and significant increments in unemployment and involuntary underemployment are stressed. As from the mid-nineties, income distribution shows a strong worsening trend and the poverty and indigence indicators tend to rise. The increment in unemployment stands as the main explanatory factor of the worsening of social conditions. In the second section different aspects of the Convertibility Regime are discussed: the appreciated exchange rate, the dollarization of the financial system, the accentuated dependency on capital flows, the external sustainability and the regime durability.

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Calderón-Figueroa, Fernando A., Daniel Silver et Olimpia Bidian. « The Dilemmas of Spatializing Social Issues ». Socius : Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8 (janvier 2022) : 237802312211030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221103059.

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Cities have established official neighborhood boundaries for targeted social policy in recent decades. The authors propose that a sociological conception of neighborhoods sensitizes us to the potential consequences of imposing categorical divisions onto a largely continuous urban space. The authors specify this idea in three steps. First, they argue that designations affect people’s behavior toward target neighborhoods. Second, the heterogeneity within official boundaries may lead to informational distortion; disadvantaged areas are denied benefits solely because of location. Third, designations may generate negative reputations for targeted areas or extend existing stigma to new areas. To examine these processes, the authors study Toronto’s Priority Area Program (2006–2013). Difference-in-difference models show significant negative effects of the designation on rent, home value, and building permits. The authors provide evidence of informational distortion through income distribution analysis. An analysis of policy documents, newspaper reports, and secondary literature illustrates the stigmatizing aspects that local community members and observers interpreted about the designation.

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Pujiharti, Yulia, Oteng Haridjaja, Eriyatno et I. Wayan Rusastra. « Sustainable Dry Land Management Model on Corn Agribusiness System ». Journal of Tropical Soils 13, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2008) : 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2008.v13i1.67-76.

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The study aimed at building model of dry land management. Dynamic System Analysis was used to build model and Powersim 2.51 version for simulating. The parameter used in model were fertilizer (urea, SP-36, ACL), productivity (corn, cassava, mungbean), soil nutrient (N, P, K), crop nutrient requirements (corn, cassava, mungbean, mucuna), price (corn, cassava, mungbeans corn flour, feed, urea, SP-36, KCl), food security credit, area planted of (maize, cassava, mungbean), area harvested of (maize, cassava, mungbean), (corn, cassava, mungbean) production, wages and farmer income. Sustainable indicator for ecology aspect was soil fertility level, economic aspects were productivity and farmer income, and social aspects were job possibility and traditions. The simulation result indicated that sustainable dry land management can improve soil fertility and increase farmer revenue, became sustainable farming system and farmer society. On the other hand, conventional dry land management decreased soil fertility and yield, caused farmer earnings to decrease and a farm activity could not be continued. Fertilizer distribution did not fulfill farmer requirement, which caused fertilizer scarcity. Food security credit increased fertilizer application. Corn was processed to corn flour or feed to give value added.

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Bannink, Rienke, Anna Pearce et Steven Hope. « Family income and young adolescents’ perceived social position : associations with self-esteem and life satisfaction in the UK Millennium Cohort Study ». Archives of Disease in Childhood 101, n^o 10 (8 mars 2016) : 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309651.

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BackgroundSelf-esteem and life satisfaction are important aspects of positive mental health in young people, and both are socially distributed. However, the majority of evidence is based on socioeconomic characteristics of the family. As children enter adolescence and gain independence, perceptions of their own social position are likely to influence mental health.Design and objectivesUsing data on 11-year-olds from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, we investigated associations of both family income and young adolescents’ perception of their social position with self-esteem and life satisfaction. We hypothesised that there would be differences in the impact of perceived social position on positive mental health when investigating the full scale scoring distribution or the bottom of the distribution. Therefore, we estimated proportional odds for having greater positive mental health (across the distribution of scores) and ORs for poor outcomes (lowest 10% scores).ResultsThe likelihood of greater self-esteem and life satisfaction increased with income; similarly, the risk of having poor self-esteem and life satisfaction increased as income decreased. Young adolescents who perceived their family as poorer than their friends (instead of about the same) were less likely to have greater self-esteem and life satisfaction and were more likely to have poor outcomes. Young adolescents who perceived their family as richer were more likely to have poor self-esteem, but were not less likely to have greater self-esteem. For life satisfaction, young adolescents who perceived their families as richer were less likely to have greater and more likely to have poor life satisfaction.ConclusionsPolicies to redistribute income in families with children are likely to benefit the mental health of young people. However, it is also important to consider the impact of social comparison on young people's mental health as they enter adolescence.

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Zhang, Ming, Qing Shen et Joseph Sussman. « Job Accessibility in the San Juan Metropolitan Region : Implications for Rail Transit Benefit Analysis ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, n^o 1 (janvier 1998) : 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-03.

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Public transportation investment is made primarily because of its potential social and economic benefits. Properly identifying and measuring these benefits has been the central concern in rail transit investment. The social aspects of the benefits, however, have not been well examined. In this research on the potential benefits of Tren Urbano (a new rail transit system proposed in San Juan, Puerto Rico), accessibility measures are utilized as a key analytical tool. An analysis of Tren Urbano’s effects on employment accessibility in the region is presented. The results show that there is a need for lower-income workers to improve their accessibility to jobs. Tren Urbano will enhance employment accessibility at the regional level and for all income groups as well. The results also reveal spatial inequity in the distribution of the potential benefits, even though the eventual outcome will be dependent on the actual distribution of ridership. Efforts should be made to channel the potential benefits of transportation investment toward socially targeted populations. Integrating the rail system with other transit modes and formulating favorable land use policies are critical to enhance accessibility.

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Manara, Ajeng Sonial. « Peran Marketplace Terhadap UMKM Sebagai Upaya Percepatan Ekonomi Indonesia Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Dalam Perspektif Islam ». JPEK (Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan) 6, n^o 1 (8 juin 2022) : 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/jpek.v6i1.4013.

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The relationship between UMKM and the Marketplace includes aspects of distribution and cooperation in achieving prosperity. Distribution is an important position of Islamic micro and macro theory because the discussion in the field of distribution is not only related to mere economic aspects but also social and political aspects so that it has become a concern for Islamic and conventional economic thinkers to date. This study will discuss the role of the Marketplace for UMKM as an effort to accelerate the Indonesian economy during the Covid-19 pandemic from an Islamic perspective. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological method. In the perspective of Islamic economics, the proportion of equity that is truly equal, the basis is that one's work ethic and abilities must be respected, the form of appreciation is an Islamic attitude that allows one person's income to be different from others, because of the efforts and endeavors described in the Qur'an. Surah an-Nahl verse 71. The role of the Marketplace towards UMKM in facilitating the distribution of goods and services in accordance with the great Islamic commitment to brotherhood and justice.

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Liu, Bangyu, Ning Qiu et Tianjie Zhang. « Accessibility of Elderly Care Facilities Based on Social Stratification : A Case Study in Tianjin, China ». Sustainability 15, n^o 2 (12 janvier 2023) : 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021507.

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With the increasingly prominent phenomenon of social stratification in urban development, it is of practical significance to study the accessibility of elderly care facilities for different social groups. The study improves the mathematical model of the two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) as regards three aspects: the accurate demand of elderly residents, the comprehensive supply capacity of elderly care facilities, and the precision of travel costs. Taking Tianjin as an example, the study measures the accessibility of elderly care facilities from the perspective of social stratification. The results show that: (1) The improved model is more practical in evaluating the accessibility of elderly care facilities. (2) The spatial distribution of social groups in Tianjin presents a concentric structure and the social stratification in the periphery area is more obvious. (3) The accessibility scores of elderly care facilities are higher in the city center, lower in the periphery area, higher in the south, and lower in the north. (4) High- and middle-income groups have better accessibility, while the elite and low-income groups have worse accessibility.

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Kaivo-oja, Jari, Samuli Aho et Theresa Lauraéus. « European COVID -19 Pandemic Data and Social Inclusion Policy in the European Union : Drivers-Driven Trend Analysis ». Economics and Culture 18, n^o 1 (1 juin 2021) : 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2021-0007.

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Abstract Research purpose. The study is focused on the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the European Union. This study investigates the current driving trends and trade-offs of the Covid-19 pandemic phenomenon and social inclusion trends in the European countries. Design / Methodology / Approach. The methodology is based on conventional statistical index theory and statistics. The study investigates cases, deaths, and key Covid-19 statistics. The research design combines key social inclusion statistics of the Eurostat and the official Covid-19 statistics of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Covid-19 data is updated to 1.3.2021. Social inclusion variables are selected from the Eurostat database. Social inclusion variables cover poverty, material deprivation, income distribution, income, quality of life, employment, and education matters. Scattering matrices on the relationships among the key variables under review are reported. Findings. The study reports basic trends of Covid-19 cases, deaths, deaths/cases and calculates these Covid-19 trends in 29 European countries. This study reports trade-off analyses of key social inclusion trends of the European Union countries. Key indicators are linked to economic income, income distribution, poverty, gender issues, and housing statistics. The 19 key indicators of social inclusion are analysed and reported with Covid-19 data. Statistical correlation analysis tables (2a and 2b) are calculated with key European social inclusion indicators. The study reveals some relevant aspects of the social inclusion policy of the European Union about the ongoing Covid-19 crisis and exit strategies. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This conference paper demonstrates novel and exciting possibilities of integrated data pooling (The Eurostat and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Original results of key trend drivers are provided by the authors. Value-adding and interesting results are delivered for European governments and the business community. Results and findings of the study can be used in the planning of economic recovery and Covid-19 exit policies in the member states of the European Union.

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E., Machline, Pearlmutter D. et Schwartz M. « Social Mix Policies in the French Eco-Districts : Discourses, Policies and Social Impacts ». Energy and Environment Research 10, n^o 1 (10 juin 2020) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/eer.v10n1p36.

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In the 1960s, France built large high-rise developments to house poor and immigrant populations. This policy led to the rise of crime and violent unrest in those developments. Responding to that failure, France has tried, especially since the eighties, to promote a social mix policy in its new housing developments. In the first decade of the twenty first century, France elaborated an eco-district (eco-quartier) program whose guidelines emphasize the goals of this social mix policy together with affordability in public social housing. In light of these developments, this paper focuses on the socio-economic aspects of French eco-districts, especially with respect to low-income populations. The eco-quartier housing distribution has shown that social mix goals are barely reached. In affluent cities, where property prices are high (such as Paris, its middle-class suburbs and some large cities), the municipalities build eco-quartiers in substandard neighborhoods, to attract middle class families. In average cities, some municipalities have implemented more social housing than planned, to provide developers with access to State subsidies and loans – but can still privilege the middle-class in the allocation of the resulting housing. In the poorest French towns, eco-quartiers can improve living conditions for local residents but do not effectively promote social mixing.

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Kirigia, Joses. « Health impacts of epidemiological environment change : measurement issues ». Environment and Development Economics 1, n^o 3 (juillet 1996) : 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x00000693.

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Epidemiological environment (EE) could be denned as a set of conditions and processes, both physical and social, that influence the interaction between human beings and disease agents. The human epidemiological environment is shaped by various aspects of development and global change, viz. the influences of human population size, mobility, geographic distribution, urbanization, and nutrition status; modernization (macro-and microeconomic enterprise); loss of indigenous medicinal knowledge; microbial evolution of antibiotic resistance; land conversion and biodiversity loss; agricultural intensification; stratospheric ozone depletion; and climatic change (Daily and Ehrlich, 1995). Health status is affected greatly not only by economic development (e.g. by policies influencing per capita income and its distribution), but also through changes in EE.

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Lee, Chi-Chuan, Chien-Chiang Lee et Donald Lien. « INCOME INEQUALITY, GLOBALIZATION, AND COUNTRY RISK : A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS ». Technological and Economic Development of Economy 26, n^o 2 (13 décembre 2019) : 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.11414.

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Guided by the assessments of globalization in its broader sense, this paper explores the impact of globalization in terms of a salient aspect of economic, social and political on income inequality for a more comprehensive dataset of 121 countries from 1984 to 2014. We also investigate whether the correlations between globalization and inequality vary with economic, financial, and political country risk indicators. Our empirical results reveal that globalization deteriorates income distribution, but economic and financial stability can mitigate the adverse effect. In addition, lowerincome or non-OECD countries generally have higher inequality caused by globalization. Knowledge of these relationships can help the government to formulate more specific policies aiming at improving the income distribution.

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Ristevska, G., D. Rajchanovska, T. Jovanovska et B. Dejanova. « Low Income Deteriorates Quality of Life in Early Breast Cancer Survivors ». European Psychiatry 41, S1 (avril 2017) : S670—S671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1147.

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BackgroundPatients who have survived cancer and have lower socio-economic status, are more likely to leave the workforce. Financial problems are widespread among many of the breast cancer survivors, but their effect on the quality of life are not sufficiently explored. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of low income onto quality of life in early breast cancer survivors.MethodsIn this study, 214 consecutive early female breast cancer patients, with mean age of 60 years (range 30–90), were interviewed for psycho-social aspects, depression (MINI) and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-Core 30 and BR-23). All patients were cancer free at the moment of interview and all initial oncological treatments were completed. Monthly net family income distribution was: ≤150 euro 58 patients (27.1%); income between 150–500 euro 116 patients (54.2%); ≥500 euro 40 patients (18.7%).ResultsPatients with income ≤150 euro, compared to patients with income ≥500 euro, had statistically significant worse global health status (60.2 ± 27.9 vs. 80.2 ± 19.2; P = 0.0007); worse physical functioning (80.3 vs. 69.1; P < 0.001); worse role functioning (92.9 vs. 78.7; P = 0.009); worse sexual functioning (P = 0.019); more severe fatigue (38 vs. 23; P = 0.01), nausea/vomitus (P = 0.041), appetite loss (18.4 ± 7.5). Major depression was diagnosed in 35 patients. Depressed patients have less income than not depressed patients (23.3% vs. 14.41%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsLower income negatively affects many aspects of quality of life. Specific interventions are needed for cancer survivors with lower socio-economic status to preserve and improve the quality of life.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Vasilyeva, Rogneda, Oleg Mariev, Elena Ignatieva et Alla Serkova. « ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RUSSIAN REGIONS ». Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 2 (24 octobre 2021) : 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v2.261.

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Inequality in the distribution of income of the population has a certain impact on different aspects of the economic and socio-cultural development of countries and regions. This inequality arises due to a number of factors as the current nature of the production specialization, the availability of production and economic infrastructure, the achieved level of development of the social sphere, socio-cultural, demographic, and other factors. The main objective of this study is to assess the nature and extent of the impact of income inequality in the Russian regions for the subsequent justification of the directions of socio-economic development. We conducted an econometric analysis of the impact of intraregional income inequality (the Gini coefficient), fixed capital investment per capita, and average per capita consumer spending on one of the main indicators of regional economic growth (GRP) per capita was carried out. The model is based on panel data for the period 2012-2018 for 85 regions of the Russian Federation. The results of the study confirm two of three hypotheses. As prospects for further research, it is proposed to consider the impact of inequality in the distribution of household income on economic growth for different groups of regions, including resource-type regions and regions with a predominance of manufacturing industries, as well as for leading regions and regions with a relatively low level of socio-economic development.

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Alfaro-Navarro, José-Luis, et María-Encarnación Andrés-Martínez. « A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of Common Agricultural Policy aids in European countries ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 9 (24 septembre 2021) : 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2021-agricecon.

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The primary sector plays a key role in any country, from both economic and social perspectives, as has been underscored by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, this sector is highly dependent on the aid provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Therefore, the distribution of this aid among the various recipients is crucial to maintaining a strong primary sector throughout the European Union (EU). This is especially true in light of the new funding for the period from 2021 to 2027 and the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. In this sense, the 93.5% of the first pillar of CAP aid consists of direct aid to farmers. The related literature has shown its effect on aspects such as sustainability and farmers' income, among others, and its distribution in specific geographical areas. In this vein, the present paper conducts a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of aid across EU countries. The results show that the CAP reforms and the incorporation of countries into the EU influenced the distribution of aid. Moreover, there is a clear division between Eastern and Western EU countries, with a more equitable distribution of aid in the West.

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Liang, Qiao, Haiyang Lu et Wendong Deng. « Between social capital and formal governance in farmer cooperatives : Evidence from China ». Outlook on Agriculture 47, n^o 3 (30 mai 2018) : 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018778603.

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Although social capital has been regarded as valuable for organizations, some scholars have noticed that the effect of social capital on economic performance is nonlinear and depends on formal governance. This article examines the role of social capital and the interaction of social capital and formal governance in influencing the economic performance of farmer cooperatives. An empirical exploratory study is conducted based on a data set of 147 farmer cooperatives in China, and an ordinary least squares regression model is used to estimate the results. The results show that the stock of social capital can enhance the economic performance of farmer cooperatives and that social capital has a larger impact when there is stronger formal governance with regard to income distribution. Social capital and formal governance are therefore complementary. An improvement in some aspects of formal governance is favorable to the outcome of social capital. Cooperative practitioners need to consider the creation of both social capital and formal governance.

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Nagy, Gyula. « Environmental Justice and its geographical aspects in Hungary ». Tér és Társadalom 35, n^o 4 (6 décembre 2021) : 76–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17649/tet.35.4.3373.

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In recent decades, environmental justice has become a defining concept in socio-spatial inequality research, political debates, and activism. Environmental justice research, which is essentially based on theories of social and spatial justice and providesa normative framework for thinking, focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental harms and risks and their social consequences. Environmental justice research aims to explore the economic, social, health, and legal differences that individuals and groups face in their environment as a result of environmental processes, decision making, power relations, and law enforcement practices. This is largely related to the subjective perception of individuals and the perception of injustices by different actors. In the vast majority of environmental justice studies, spatiality provides a framework for interpreting and understanding environmentally unjust situations and processes. Environmental justice is therefore not only a natural, but also a socially dependent phenomenon, in which the key element is nevertheless the non-human factor (e.g. environmental events such as floods), which affects individuals and groups indifferent ways. As a result, an environmentally unjust state and situation may occur. The evolved injustices also interact with inherited spatial inequalities, existing socioeconomic systems, and the institutional structures that originally shape them. This paper summarizes the theoretical framework of environmental justice in geography and spatial sciences. The study adapts the theory of justice to post-socialist and Hungarian specificities and forms of environmental injustice, and examines decision-making processes and the perception of risks. In Hungary social problems and differences have been increasing in recent decades, and marginalisation and polarisation processes have added new spatial patterns to existing inequalities, directly and indirectly affecting environmental processes as well. Attempts at eliminating environmental injustices have resulted in new injustices, or deepened existing ones, due to the lack of a complex socio-environmental spatial approach of interventions. The solution to these injustices presupposes the effective and meaningful involvement of the affected people in policy-making and implementation processes, regardless of gender, age, origin, identity, or income. Otherwise, the unjust situation will persist and crisis areas affected by environmental injustices may develop.

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BABENKOVA, S. Y. « SOME NON-FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF “ISLAMIC” FINANCES ». Outlines of global transformations : politics, economics, law 10, n^o 2 (2 novembre 2017) : 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-2-50-65.

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Currently, capitalist development of countries is closely connected with unequal income distribution both among different segments of the population and among countries. This tendency is clearly seen in the economies of Arab countries, among which there are countries from the top 10 of the richest countries, and countries set back in their economic development by decades because of world power interference in their sovereignty. Thus obtained new economic order shows the formation of new, unequal relations between different countries of Arab world where partnership relations are offset by arisen systemic crisis. The article considers such social and economic processes taking place in Arab countries as migration flows, macroeconomic consequences of decline in the world price of hydrocarbons, cash outflow from Arab oil-exporting countries. In addition, in the article are given main financial indicators of major Arab banks working with Islamic finances, indicators (in dynamics) of the oil sector, consequences of avoidance from commodity dependence by economic diversification in the GCC, the problems of liquidity not peculiar to Islamic financial institutions but to the economies of Middle Eastern countries are analyzed. Based on the information given in the article, it is worth noting that in the context of globalization and external economic processes, Islamic finances represent cash flow of Islamic countries whose essence does not carry their original purpose.

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Akbar, Azzadhien, et Muhammad Zen. « Sustainable Management of Zakat Utilization ». ITQAN : Journal of Islamic Economics, Management, and Finance 1, n^o 1 (10 janvier 2022) : 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.57053/itqan.v1i1.2.

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The research was conducted by using a qualitative descriptive analysis method, which describes the analyzed data to draw further conclusions. This research was conducted by interviewing and observing the research object. Interviews were conducted with four resource persons consisting of 2 Depok City Baznas staff and 2 Depok Sejahtera program beneficiaries, while observations were made by looking at the website, social media, and Baznas Depok City brochures. Depok Sejahtera program has not been successful or not, because this program is still an ongoing process and will last for 3 years. If the three aspects which include increasing income, increasing religiosity, and social functioning can be achieved, it can be said that the Depok Sejahtera program is successful because it has achieved what the program was established for. In addition, there are also new discoveries in the form of changes in the scale of the distribution of zakat funds for productive activities (utilization) and consumptive activities (distribution) due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

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Subhan ZA, Moh Ah. « Konsep Distribusi Pendapatan Dalam Islam ». JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah) 1, n^o 1 (5 septembre 2016) : 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jes.v1i1.6.

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The main problem of social life in the community is about how to make the allocation and distribution of income well. Inequality and poverty basically arise not because of the difference of anyone’s strength and weakness in getting livelihood, but because of inappropriate distribution mechanism. With the result that wealth treasure just turns on the rich wealthy, which is in turn, results in the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Therefore, a discussion on distribution becomes main focus of theory of Islamic economics. Moreover, the discussion of the distribution is not only related to economic issues, but also social and political aspects. On the other side, the economic vision of Islam gives priority to the guarantee of the fulfillment of a better life. Islam emphasizes distributive justice and encloses, in its system, a program for the redistribution of wealth and prosperity, so that each individual is guaranteed with a respectable and friendly standard of living. Islam recognizes private property rights, but the private property rights must be properly distributed. The personal property is used for self and family livelihood, for investment of the working capital, so that it can provide job opportunities for others, for help of the others through zakat, infaq, and shodaqoh. In this way, the wealth not only rotates on the rich, bringing on gap in social life.The problem of wealth distribution is closely related to the welfare of society. Therefore, the state has a duty to regulate the distribution of income in order that the distribution can be fair and reaches appropriate target. The state could at least attempt it by optimizing the role of BAZ (Badan Amil Zakat) and LAZ (Lembaga Amil Zakat) which has all this time been slack. If BAZ and LAZ can be optimized, author believes that inequality and poverty over time will vanish. This is because the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim.

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Bobkov, V. N., et E. V. Odintsova. « The Material Well-being of Russians : Intergenerational Differentiation ». World of new economy 15, n^o 2 (26 juin 2021) : 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-16-28.

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The article is devoted to the problems of the material well-being of the Russian population. It presents the research results that continues the author's developments on the assessment of inequality in the distribution of the population by monetary income and housing provision. This study aimed to identify and analyse the inequality of material well-being in the aspect of intergenerational differentiation. The authors relied on the normative methodology for identifying material well-being based on the original system of social standards of monetary income and housing provision. The assessments based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (28th round, 2019). Data on the existing inequality in material well-being identified by social standards under three distribution models — one-criterion (monetary income, housing provision) and two-criterion (joint distribution according to the criteria of material well-being) — for three generations: youth, middle, and older generation. According to the results of the study, those who live in households with dependents (children, nonworking members of households) are the most vulnerable in terms of material well-being characteristics, and, on the contrary, those who live alone or from small households (2 people) are in the best position. At different “poles” of the material well-being are the young people living separately with children and the older generation — living alone or married couples. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to increase the validity of social policy and develop targeted measures differentiated relative to different generations of Russians and their socio-demographic groups based on indicators of the actual distribution of material well-being — monetary income and/or housing provision.

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Papatheodorou, Christos, et Dimitris Pavlopoulos. « Income inequality in the EU : how do member states contribute ? » International Journal of Social Economics 41, n^o 6 (3 juin 2014) : 450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2013-0030.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the structure of overall inequality in the EU-15 by investigating the extent to which total inequality is attributed to inequality between or within the individual countries. Also, the paper examines whether the contribution of between-country and within-country components changed in the period between 1996 to 2008, before the outbreak of the economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies a decomposition analysis by population subgroup utilizing micro-data from the ECHP and EU-SILC surveys. A number of inequality indices are employed to capture the different aspects of inequality and test the robustness of the results. Findings – The analysis shows that the between-countries differences account only for a small part of overall inequality in the EU-15. Furthermore, the contribution of the between county component to total inequality has shrunk dramatically during the examined period. The overall EU inequality has been affected disproportionally by income disparities at the various parts of the income distribution in different countries. Practical implications – Policies aiming to reduce inequality within each country would be far more effective in reducing overall inequality in the EU than policies targeting to reduce only disparities between member states. Originality/value – The findings question the effectiveness of EU policy priorities to decrease inequality that have mainly focused on reducing cross-country and/or regions differences regarding certain macroeconomic indicators such as per-capita income (or GDP). The evidence suggests that the social protection system provides a useful tool in explaining the differences in inequality between countries and their contribution to overall EU inequality.

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Chernyshov, Mikhail M., et Daler I. Usmanov. « Assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social and economic inequality of the Russian population ». Market economy problems, n^o 3 (2020) : 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2020-3-31-48.

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The article describes the results of an analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pan-demic on the socio-economic inequality of the Russian population. Presented diagnosis of the main indicators of regional disparities in the baseline characteristics (per capita income of the population (in the cities, custom regions), the distribution of Russians in terms of salary, the total number of unemployed, poverty level, etc.) and based on the practical application of the author's methods for the classification of the «Seven grades – the criterion indicators of inequality» in the context of the proposed property groups, a systematization of the impact of the policy of public authorities in a pandemic is made. The key aspects of state response measures are structured taking into account the balance of interests of each of the property groups in an uncertain environment.

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Wulandari, Khotimah Sri, et Moh Taufik. « Upaya Peningkatan Resiliensi Masyarakat pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Dusun Wage, Jawa Barat ». Indonesian Journal for Social Responsibility 4, n^o 01 (17 juin 2022) : 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36782/ijsr.v4i01.123.

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The Covid-19 pandemic had a comprehensive impact in all aspects of lives. This society service activities aim to increase resilience of society in Wage Hamlet RT 015 RW 005 Lebakwangi Village, Lebakwangi District, Kuningan Regency, West Java. The society from that location have serious experience that impacts in the aspects of educational, economic, health and religion. The online learning system caused some of students to go on strike to school, the income decreased up to 80%, susceptible to stress, anxiety and excessive fear, and religious activities were also forced to stop. The method used in this service was Participatory Action Research, namely by implementing various program activities which started with build a rapport with the society, determination of society service agendas, participatory mapping, identification of problems in society, planning or strategies planning, society organizing, implemented the change actions, reflection or evaluation, and then expanded the scale of action and support. In the educational aspects, there was Kejar Ilmu program as a place for tutoring and discussion. In the economic aspects, there was the creation of product brochures for online promotion through social medias. The health aspects there was Friday Sharing program and guidance & counselling service. The last aspect, the religious aspects, that was the implementation of weekly recitations and the preparation of material summaries for distribution online. In general, these society service activities go so well. It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the residents and have a lot of participants who participates in this activity.

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Bhatta, Gopal Datt, et Werner Doppler. « Spatial Distribution of Farm-Family Resources in the Mid-Hills of Nepal ». Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 8, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2011) : 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2011.8.2.4.

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The location of farm households along the spatial gradient affects resource availability and farmersâ€™ livelihoods. Many socioeconomic variables have strong spatial affinity that would otherwise be overlooked by data aggregation at household levels. The Geographic Information System (GIS) displays and analyzes socioeconomic data that could aid many social researchers in understanding socioeconomic reality influenced by geographical positions. This paper aims to integrate socioeconomic data into a GIS environment. It examines spatial tendencies of farm-family resources in the mid-hills of Nepal using spatial and random sampling techniques. Farmers living in relatively flat lands and nearby urban centers have small families, higher level of education, farm and family income. In addition, they have small agricultural holdings and engage in commercial farming. Meanwhile, the opposite applies to farmers living in the hills. These spatial differences are related mainly to road, market, and other infrastructure that are crucial for agricultural development and livelihood enhancement. Strong spatial trend in socioeconomic aspects and farm-family resource availability infer the need to focus development activities spatially.

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S.Hirashima, Mr. « Growth-Poverty Linkage and Income-Asset Relation in Regional Disparity : Evidence from Pakistan and India (The Allama Iqbal Memorial Lecture) ». Pakistan Development Review 48, n^o 4I (1 décembre 2009) : 357–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i4ipp.357-386.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of incorporating asset holding and its distribution into the study of growth-equity relationship in the context of regional disparity. We have tried to discuss this issue by taking the Inclusive Growth Strategy (IGS) introduced by the Union Government of India in 2006. Although it is too early to assess the impact of IGC at this stage, the followings are some of the important findings of our analysis. First, the performance of the post-reform period is characterised by the higher economic growth and declining poverty ratio on one hand, and the increasing disparity in terms of consumption, income and asset holding on the other. Second, the magnitude of poverty and disparity is much more evident in asset holding, notably land, as compared with consumption and income, among economically and socially disadvantageous segments of rural communities. Third, if the inherent social inequality were overcome in the growth process, access to asset, notably land, has to be facilitated either by political process or through market transaction. In either case, the prospective is not yet bright. The paper strongly advocates, among others, the necessity of incorporating incomeasset relationship and structural aspects in discussing poverty and disparity issues in development. Keywords: Growth-Poverty Linkage, Income-Asset Relationship, Inherent Social Inequality, Inclusive Growth Strategy, Land Market, Capital Gain, Land Reform, Rent-land Price Ratio, Ginicoefficient.

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Li, Zhiming, Zhengyuan Liang, Linhui Feng et Zhengxi Fan. « Beyond Accessibility : A Multidimensional Evaluation of Urban Park Equity in Yangzhou, China ». ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, n^o 8 (29 juillet 2022) : 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080429.

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Evaluating park equity can help guide the advancement of sustainable and equitable space policies. Previous studies have mainly considered accessibility when evaluating park equity while ignoring the selectivity and convenience of entering parks and residents’ recognition of parks. Measuring equity based mainly on spatial thinking has resulted in the social aspects of parks receiving insufficient attention. In this study, we therefore integrated the spatial and social equity of parks and developed a multidimensional framework to evaluate park equity in four dimensions: accessibility (Ai), diversity (Di), convenience (Ci), and satisfaction (Si). Empirical analysis from Yangzhou, China showed that: (1) in Yangzhou’s built-up districts, 23.43% of the communities received high- or relatively high-level park access but 17.72% received little or no park access. (2) The Gini coefficient indicated that all three dimensions showed a mismatch with population distribution, except for satisfaction (Si), which showed a relatively reasonable match. (3) Park access was generally better in communities with better locations, environments, and facilities. High-income groups enjoyed significantly better park access than low- and middle-income groups. These findings could help urban planners and policymakers develop effective policies to reduce inequality in park access.

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Wu, Dan, Jinyang Liu et Xiong Zhang. « Statistical Measurement of the Overall Scale of Urban Poverty in China ». Scientific and Social Research 4, n^o 2 (17 février 2022) : 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v4i2.3640.

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As China is undergoing rapid urbanization and social transformation, the research on urban poverty has become increasingly important. So far, the Chinese government has still not drawn an official urban poverty line. The statistical measurement of the overall scale of urban poverty in China is carried out based on three aspects: price adjustment, income distribution data, and main poverty-stricken population, in which the trend analysis of the poor population, the maximum likelihood estimation, and the recent price adjustment are used as measures. The arithmetic average of the urban poverty population, measured via the above three different measures, is taken to obtain the current overall scale of urban poverty in China, which is 10.816 million.

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