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1
BUSCH, MARC L., et ERIC REINHARDT. « Industrial Location and Voter Participation in Europe ». British Journal of Political Science 35, no 4 (22 août 2005) : 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123405000360.
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Does the geographic concentration of industry ‘matter’ outside the United States? Observers have long speculated that while geographically concentrated industries may be influential in American politics, this is probably not the case in countries where the electorate votes more as a national constituency. Others disagree, urging that clustered industries have an advantage regardless of how the political map is drawn. We sharpen the terms of debate and weigh in with empirical evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of intended voter turnout in eight member-states of the European Union and a multi-year study of voter turnout in the Netherlands. These tests uniformly show that, across different types of electoral systems, including those in which voters vote as a national constituency, thereby removing any effects of electoral geography per se, workers in traded industries that are physically concentrated are, in fact, substantially more likely to vote than employees in traded but geographically dispersed sectors.
2
Gold, Michael, Lutz Preuss et Chris Rees. « Moving out of the comfort zone ? Trade union revitalisation and corporate social responsibility ». Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no 1 (17 décembre 2019) : 132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854473.
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In recent decades, trade unions have employed a range of revitalisation strategies aimed at regaining lost power. A relatively neglected area within the literature on revitalisation concerns union engagement with corporate social responsibility. Locating trade unions within a classification of civil society organisations from the political science literature, this article presents a typology of the multiple ways in which trade unions can engage with corporate social responsibility. Data from a pan-European study across 11 countries are used to illustrate the various ways in which unions are attempting to move out of their traditional ‘comfort zone’ with respect to corporate social responsibility, each of which presents them with both new opportunities and challenges. We show how trade unions are working on different ‘pressure points’ and act as purposeful agents within certain organisational parameters and particular national frameworks. In sum, the article considers the potential that corporate social responsibility provides for trade unions, and reflects on the likely direction of revitalisation debates.
3
Pries, Ludger. « Cost competition or innovation competition ? Lessons from the case of the BMW plant location in Leipzig, Germany ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 12, no 1 (février 2006) : 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200104.
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Globalisation and increasing inter- and intra-company competition raise the question whether industrial production has any future in the European Union. This article argues that company decisions on where to locate production are based not only on ‘hard factors' (such as labour costs), but also on ‘soft factors' (such as labour flexibility and working time schemes). Whereas there is no doubt about the importance of ‘hard factors’, and indeed the argument of cost competition and the need for cost reduction is repeated in almost every management declaration, the significance of ‘soft factors' is often underestimated and less discussed. Taking the case study of BMW's decision to locate a completely new car production plant in Leipzig, Germany, this article argues that western European countries could have an advantage in ‘soft factors' like work relations on the shop floor, the nature of employment contracts and arrangements for employee participation. In the case of BMW Leipzig, work and working time flexibility, as well as a culture of ‘cooperative conflict partnership’, played a decisive role in counterbalancing the disadvantages in direct labour costs. Focusing on innovation competition and on ‘soft factors' of competition could be a sustainable alternative to a business model based exclusively on cost competition.
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Kashintseva, Valentina, Wadim Strielkowski, Justas Streimikis et Tatiana Veynbender. « Consumer Attitudes towards Industrial CO2 Capture and Storage Products and Technologies ». Energies 11, no 10 (17 octobre 2018) : 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102787.
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This paper discusses and elicits consumer attitudes towards industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (ICCS) products and technologies. It presents a comprehensive review of the relevant research literature on consumer attitudes towards ICCS represented by the willingness-to-pay (WTP) and willingness-to-accept (WTA) negative externalities and outcomes of the carbon capture and storage (the so-called “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) approach). In addition, it employs a concise empirical model that uses the data from the online questionnaire survey conducted in 7 European Union (EU) countries with and without ICSS sites. Our results demonstrate that having at least one ICCS site significantly reduces the WTA for the ICCS products and technologies. It is shown that further increase of ICCS sites, including those in the neighboring regions and countries, leads to the increase of negative consumer attitudes to the ICCS technologies and renewable energy policies. It becomes apparent that the majority of consumers are willing to support industrial CO2 capture and storage only if it happens far away from their dwellings. The outcomes of this paper might be informative for the EU local industries and policy-makers who are planning the location of ICCS sites and optimizing the public support for their endeavors. Moreover, they might be relevant for the stakeholders dealing with the threat of climate change and the necessity for the decarbonization of the economy.
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Mencel, Marian Tadeusz. « Ogniwa kontaktów chińsko-kubańskich. Migracje, gospodarka, polityka ». Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość XIV (3 juin 2018) : 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5410.
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Cuba, due to the geographical location, is geostrategically important in the region, which was understood by the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and in recent years also by the People's Republic of China. The history of the Cuban-Chinese contacts dates back to the days of creating of cultural and civilization governance by European invaders in Latin America, but it was not established by the political and economic relations, which began just after World War II, the creation of Communist Cuba and China. In the article, the author took an attempt to present the cultural, political and economic changes in relations of the two countries over more than 500 years in a variety of conditions arising from changes in the international environment and the position of China and Cuba in the context of the international relations.
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Styrta, Z. V., et V. M. Mahniuk. « Sanitary-and-epidemiological substantiation of the conditions forthelocation of modern low-capacity enterprises for manufacture of asphalt concrete taking into account changes in technology ». Environment & ; Health, no 4 (97) (décembre 2020) : 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2020.04.046.
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Objective: We performed sanitary-and-epidemiological and ecological-and- hygienic substantiation of the conditions for the location of low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete, developed the hygienic criteria for their location taking into account the newest home sanitary, ecological and town-planning legislations and requirements of the European Union directives. Materials and methods: In the article we used results of sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials and applied bibliosemantic, analytical methods. Results: Тhe sanitary legislation of Ukraine of 1971 and 1996 in the normalization of sanitary-and-protection zone for the above mentioned enterprises was analyzed and compared with the analogous standards in the European countries. According to the results of the scientific sanitary-and-epidemiological examination of the project materials on the substantiation of the sanitary-and-protection zone for home low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete (80% of them were put into operation before 1996), the following was established. All investigated enterprises work with the prepared bitumen with the implementation of nature protection measures by means of the use of high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems, that shortened the gross emissions of the pollutants in ambient air to a large extent and decreased influence on the environment and adjoining settlement territory, that complies with the requirements of the Directive of 2010/75/EС of European Parliament and Council on the industrial emissions (integrated prevention and control of contamination), November 24, 2010. Implementation of nature protection measures with the use of the high-efficiency dust and gas cleaning systems at the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete provided the absence of the exceed of MPC of the specific pollutants at the distances that were 1.5-3.0 times less than standard sanitary-protective zone that was a cause for the substantiation of the use of new approach at the establishment of sanitary-and-protection zone by the calculation method at building of the new or reconstruction of the existent low-capacity enterprises for the manufacture of asphalt concrete.
7
Kacare, Marika, Ieva Pakere, Armands Grāvelsiņš et Dagnija Blumberga. « Spatial Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources ». Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0065.
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Abstract Renewable energy sources are expanding opportunities for industrial development and can boost economic growth and create new jobs. In all European Union (EU) countries, including Latvia, it is possible to use renewable energy resources cost-effectively. The world is now at the beginning of the global energy transformation. Cost-effective renewable energy technologies provided an opportunity for sufficient development to reach ambitious climate targets of the EU Directive 2009/28/EC. Some systems are not only dependent on the interaction of many elements and dynamics over time, but they are also variable in space. In this context, energy production from local and renewable resources is one of the most relevant examples. It is characterized by many spatially variable elements, such as biomass availability, wind speed, solar radiation, location of power plants, transmission network infrastructure, energy demand, etc. It is crucial to explore the spatial distribution of resources to plan territorially-unified development of renewable energy and, consequently, promote efficient use of resources. This paper describes the data acquisition process of the spatial distribution of renewable energy sources. ArcGIS PRO and data collected from the various databases were used to describe the energy sectors according to resources, spheres of consumption and regions.
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Aznar, Juan, Josep Maria Sayeras, Ricard Lascorz et Borja Raventós. « European macroeconomic imbalances at a sectorial level : Evidence from German and Spanish food industry ». Intangible Capital 14, no 1 (16 février 2018) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.1101.
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Purpose: This research has analyzed the structural differences observed comparing medium size Spanish and German firms in the food industry, specifically biscuit production. A second objective has been to analyze if the different macroeconomic conditions in Spain and Germany have affected the performance of firms.Design/methodology/approach: Using financial information from AMADEUS data base, a sample of firms (135 observations) in the food industry from Spain and Germany have been analyzed, considering the changes observed in the periods 2007-2009, 2010-2012 and 2013-2015. Productivity, real investment, cost per employee, profitability and interests paid by the firms are among the variables considered. The different hypotheses proposed have been tested using non-parametric tes, mainly, Mann-Whitney test and Rho Spearman coefficient.Findings: Medium size German firms are bigger, using number of employees, than Spanish firms and show a higher profitability (using ROE) whatever the period consider. The evidence suggests that after a certain threshold size the correlation between size and productivity is negative. An interesting result is the negative correlation between interest rate and labour productivity; financial conditions can have a clear effect on firm’s performance. At this sector level there is no evidence of the process of internal devaluation, probably because the growth observed either by increase in real investment or sales have been accompanied by the need to hire skilled labour.Research limitations/implications: The main limitation is that this research has only focused on particular economic activity, biscuit producers, to include others firms in the food industry must be considered in future research.Practical implications: Size is a strategic decision that managers must face, to understand how labour productivity and financial performance is affected by size will help to take the optimum decision. The performance of the firm is also partially affected by the interest rate that the firm faces, the negative correlation found between interest rate and labour productivity is important in informing right decisions about increasing firm’s debt level.Social Implications: Europe is rethinking industrial policy in the aftermath of the financial crisis (2008-2009) and in a global context with an increasing number of industrial activities locating in low labour costs destinations. Understanding the structural differences that industries across the European countries show is a key factor in deciding an efficient industrial policy.Originality/value: The last decade has accentuated the macroeconomic differences, in terms of long term interest rates or levels of unemployment between the core of Europe, Germany, and the periphery, including countries like Spain. This research is one the first ones in analyzing how these differences are affecting financial performance and structural differences in a particular industry, that is one of the most important exporters of the European Union.
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Simonović, Aleksandar, et Dragan Kostić. « Free zones of the Republic of Serbia : Business results 2011-2021 and future development ». Serbian Journal of Management 17, no 2 (2022) : 463–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjm17-40294.
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Free zones are an effective economic instrument that provide the host country with a rapid influx of investments, increased employment, access to new technologies, education, work, industrialization and increased exports. Serbian free zones specialize in industrial production intended for export. They provide their tenants (companies who use the zones) with ease in doing business by exempting them from customs and tax duties. Within certain free zones in Serbia, there are benefits offered by local self-government and they can contribute to a more favorable investment environment compared to other locations. About 10,000 free zones in the world participate in the daily battle for investors, including 82 free zones in the European Union. By offering various services, free zones fight to retain existing and attract new investors, and the platform of free zones provides the fastest and most practical way of flexible development in international trade and increasing the attractiveness of countries for productive international investments. A detailed analysis of the results of the establishment and operation of free zones in Serbia has never been done until now. Previous analyzes were limited to textual and tabular presentations of the results of free zone operations in the previous year and did not provide any relevant conclusions and did not propose measures to improve the operation of both free zones and free zone user companies, nor the applied concept of free zones in Serbia.
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Larsson, Bengt. « Trade Union Channels for Influencing European Union Policies ». Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 5, no 3 (1 octobre 2015) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v5i3.4809.
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This paper analyzes what channels trade unions in Europe use when trying to influence European Union (EU) policies. It compares and contrasts trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the degree to which they cooperate with different actors to influence EU policies, while also touching on the importance of sector differences and organizational resources. The study is based on survey data collected in 2010–2011 from unions affiliated with the European Trade Union Confederation and from below peak unions in 14 European countries. Results of the survey show that the ‘national route’ is generally the most important for trade unions in influencing EU policies in the sense that this channel is, on average, used to the highest degree. In addition, the survey delineates some important differences between trade unions in different industrial relations regimes with regard to the balance between the national route and different access points in the ‘Brussels route’.
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Longhi, Simonetta, Peter Nijkamp et Iulia Traistaru. « Economic Integration and Manufacturing Location in EU Accession Countries ». Journal of International Business and Economy 6, no 1 (1 décembre 2005) : 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2005.1.1.
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This paper investigates patterns of manufacturing location in the context of increased economic integration in European Union accession countries. Using regional data for the period 1990-1999, we identify and compare patterns and determinants of manufacturing location in five countries: Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia. Our research results indicate that factor endowments and geographic proximity to large markets determine the location of manufacturing in these countries.
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Colfer, Barry. « The European Trade Union Confederation ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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Gräbner-Radkowitsch, Claudius, Dennis Tamesberger, Philipp Heimberger, Timo Kapelari et Jakob Kapeller. « Trade models in the European Union ». Ekonomski anali 67, no 235 (2022) : 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2235007g.
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By studying the factors underlying differences in trade performance across European economies, this paper derives six different ?trade models? for 22 EU countries and explores their developmental and distributional dynamics. We first introduce a typology of trade models by clustering countries on the basis of four key dimensions of trade performance: endowments, technological specialisation, labour market characteristics and regulatory requirements. The resulting clusters comprise countries that base their export success on similar trade models. Our results indicate the existence of six different trade models: the ?primary goods model? (Latvia, Estonia), the ?finance model? (Luxembourg), the ?flexible labour market model? (UK), the ?periphery model? (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, France), the ?industrial workbench model? (Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic), and the ?hightech model? (Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, Germany and Austria). Subsequently, we provide a comparative analysis of the economic development and trends in inequality across these trade models. Inter alia, we observe a shrinking wage share and increasing personal income inequality in most of them, yet find that the ?high-tech model? is an exceptional case, being characterised by relatively stable economic development and an institutional setting that managed to counteract rising inequality.
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Bošković, Gorica, et Ana Stojković. « Industrial Policy As The European Union Competitiveness Factor On The Global Market ». Economic Themes 52, no 3 (1 septembre 2014) : 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0019.
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Abstract The union of the most developed European countries and their heavy industry based economies after the World War II, seemed like the only answer to USA’s and Japan’s powerful economies. At the same time, it was the only chance for Europe to become competitive in the global market. That was achieved through various forms of economic communities, formed in Europe in the second half of XX century. Since the 1992. Maastricht Treaty, they are known as the European Union. European Union industrial policy had the same priorities since the very beginning – to make Europe the leader of global economy, through investments in knowledge and high-tech inovation. However, that still hasn’t happened and considering all the economical and political crisis shaking the Union lately, chances are it can hardly happen at all. Reasons are numerous and different, both inside and outside the Union. The implicit question being posed here is have the most developed world countries and their economies reached their peak and can the EU achieve further growth on the supersaturated global market? This paper investigates the role of industrial policy as one of the key factors for solution to many problems in the past as well as in the future of the EU, which would make this economic and political community of European countries much more competitive on the global market.
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Furåker, Bengt. « European trade union cooperation, union density and employee attitudes to unions ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 26, no 3 (9 juillet 2020) : 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258920933118.
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European trade unions have much to gain from cooperating with each other. Such cooperation does exist, but it is still fairly limited and many obstacles need to be overcome if cooperation is to be improved. According to our survey data, higher-level union officials regard differences concerning financial resources and national labour market regulations to be particularly substantial barriers to cooperation. The enormously varying union density across Europe, and its general decrease, also creates barriers. Therefore, employee attitudes to unions are examined using data from the International Social Survey Programme. As expected, union members tend to be more positive about trade unions than non-members. The most interesting finding, however, is that employees in some countries with low union density exhibit fairly positive views or at least views that are not less positive than what we find among employees in many countries with higher density rates. This suggests that there is potential for recruiting members.
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Morales-Lage, Rafael, Aurelia Bengochea-Morancho et Immaculada Martínez-Zarzoso. « Are CO2 emissions converging in the European Union ? Policy implications ». Notas Económicas, no 49 (6 décembre 2019) : 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_49_5.
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This paper focuses on the process of convergence in per capita CO2 emissions that would occur if the measures taken by the European Union to meet the Kyoto Protocol commitments had been effective. We apply a time series and cross-sectional analysis to test for the existence of convergence among countries and for different economic sectors. The sample covers data for the 28 member countries from 1960 to 2012. The results show weak absolute convergence across countries but clear evidence of conditional convergence, with GDP, the weight of industrial sector and the use of renewable energies being the main drivers of divergence. Concerning sectors, there is an increase of emissions in the agricultural sector, but a reduction in the industrial and energy sectors. Different patterns arise in the energy subsectors where manufacturing and electricity notably reduced their emissions while the transport sector increased them in all countries.
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Mejlgaard, Niels. « Science’s disparate responsibilities : Patterns across European countries ». Public Understanding of Science 27, no 3 (12 août 2017) : 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662517724645.
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It is a distinctive feature of European science policy that science is expected to meet economic and broader societal objectives simultaneously. Science should be governed democratically and take significant responsibilities towards the economy, the political system and civil society, but the coherency of these multiple claims is underexplored. Using metrics that emerge from both quantitative and qualitative studies, we examine the interrelatedness of different responsibilities at the level of countries. A total of 33 European Union member states and associated countries are included in the analysis. We find no trade-off between economic and broader societal contributions. Europe is, however, characterised by major divisions in terms of the location of science in society. There is a significant East–West divide, and Europe appears to be far from accomplishing an integrated European Research Area.
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Fathun, Laode Muhamad. « BREXIT REFERENDUM OF EUROPEAN UNION ». Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, no 01 (5 juillet 2020) : 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.193.
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This paper describes the phenomenon Brexit or Britain Exit on the future of EU regionalism and its impact on Indonesia. This paper will explain in detail the reason for the emergence of a number of policies Brexit. Brexit event caused much speculation related to Brexit in the European Union. The policy is considered full controversial, some experts say that Brexit in the European Union (EU) showed the independence of Britain as an independent state. Other hand, that Britain is the "ancestor" of the Europeans was struck with the release of the policy, meaning European history can not be separated from the history of Britain. In fact the above reasons that Britain came out associated with independence as an independent state related to EU policies that are too large, as a result of the policy model is very holistic policy while Britain desire is wholistic policy, especially in the economic, political, social and cultural. In addition, the geopolitical location of the EU headquarters in Brussels who also became the dominant actor in a union policy that demands as EU countries have been involved in the formulation of development policy, including controversial is related to the ration immigrants. Other reason is the prestige associated with the currency. Although long since Britain does not fully adopt the EU rules but there is the possibility in the EU currency union can only occur with the assumption that the creation of functional perfect integration.
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Jovanovic, Mihailo. « Inter-state trade within the European Union ». Medjunarodni problemi 57, no 1-2 (2005) : 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0502058j.
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Trade is the most important integration link in the overall world production. After the Second World War it induced the establishment of economic integrations. In the last three decades international trade has been more dynamic than the growth of the world production. The data show that the commodity trade is the strongest component of the world purchase and sale, although the international trade in services has grown a bit faster than the commodity trade. However, the share of services in the world trade does not exceed 20 per cent. International trade has most developed among developed countries, keeping up the mutual development of foreign direct investments and know-how and technology transfer. The empirical research shows that apart from the benefits gained by capitalisation of comparative advantages the trade growth is also influenced by benefits resulting from the impact of the economy of scale, competition and spreading of knowledge. Reduction of tariff and elimination of non-tariff barriers constantly opens new opportunities to benefit from international trade in commodities and services. Commodity trade of OECD countries confirms that the volume of trade does not depend only on liberalisation of tariff and non-tariff barriers, but growth to a certain degree reflects the size of the country, geographic elements and transport costs. Therefore, the empirical works predominantly analyse the power of trade as an indicator of the manifested commodity trade, embracing the characteristics such as competition pressures, but not including some deeper political meaning. The previously mentioned factor is significant, since given the policy and competition small countries are naturally more dependent on foreign trade, although competition pressures among big countries largely result from competition inside themselves. A significant change in the trade structure has been recorded in the period of over two years. At first, intra-industrial trade became equal to traditional inter- industrial production, and afterwards it has even exceeded it. For a long time the factors of foreign trade growth have been disputable. The works of Baier and Berstrand show that income growth and reduction of customs produce the main impact on foreign trade growth. In their opinion liberalisation of trade within GATT and WTO is one of the main driving forces in international trade. Reduction of trade costs also produces some impact on foreign trade growth, while approximation of incomes is less significant. Badlinger and Breuss have explored the elements that in the last four decades of the last century made an impact on faster growth of inter-trade of EU-15 member countries. They have estimated the relative impact of the income growth, income equalisation as well reduction of tariffs and trade costs on the intra-trade of EU-15 member countries. The results show that the income growth increases by 70 per cent the intra-trade of these countries. Also, the European integration and liberalisation of GATT and WTO increase by 25 per cent the commodity intra-trade of EU-15.
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Alcaraz, Jorge, Elizabeth Salamanca et Otto Regalado-Pezúa. « Ethnic networks and multinational firms’ location decisions ». Review of International Business and Strategy 30, no 2 (4 mai 2020) : 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-11-2019-0152.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of ethnic networks on firms’ location decisions using social network theory and the homophily principle. Design/methodology/approach A traditional gravity model is used on a sample composed of high-skilled and low-skilled ethnic networks and multinational enterprises (MNEs) from Latin America, North America and the European Union. Findings Contrary to findings of previous studies, ethnic networks do not appear to influence location decisions of Latin American firms expanding into countries from North America and the European Union. This might be because of weak ethnic connections among the players. Practical implications Managers must be aware that ethnic networks not always can be used for the strategy of the firm, at least regarding location. Social implications Governments and entrepreneurial and immigrant associations from home and host countries could develop initiatives addressed to strengthening the links between the members of the networks. Originality/value This study extends the social network theory in the sense that ethnic networks do not always positively affect firms’ location. Moreover, it is important to consider the specific context or features of the members of a network before analyzing its effects on firms’ location.
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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. « Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union ». Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section : Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022) : 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.
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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.
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Jasiniak, Magdalena. « Is Poland Still Attractive for Foreign Investments ? » e-Finanse 11, no 2 (1 juin 2015) : 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fiqf-2016-0111.
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Abstract Since the economic transition Poland has faced many changes. Accession to the European Union improved the Polish economy and made it more attractive for foreign investments. Since 2004 Poland has been one of the major destinations of FDI in East and Central Europe Countries. Also during the global economic crisis Poland was a good location for foreign capital. The main aim of this article is an attempt to assess whether Poland is still attractive for the location of foreign direct investment. This article is a preliminary study. It is based on statistical analysis describing changes in foreign capital flows in Poland and its position in relation to other European Union countries. Results show that the position of Poland on the map of foreign investment has dramatically changed.
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Churanova, A. N., et A. S. Titov. « Occupational injuries in Russia and EU countries ». Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no 9 (19 mars 2020) : 803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-803-804.
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The article presents an analysis of the levels of total industrial injuries and fatal injuries in Russia and the European Union in 2016 in various economic activities, as well as the completeness of registration of accidents.
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van Loon, Eric, et Jakob de Haan. « Location of banks and their credit ratings ». Journal of Risk Finance 16, no 3 (18 mai 2015) : 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jrf-11-2014-0161.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether credit ratings of banks are related to their location, i.e. inside or outside the Euro Area. Design/methodology/approach – The authors estimate a multilevel ordered probit model for banks’ credit ratings in 2011 and control for bank-specific factors. They use the overall ratings and the external support ratings provided by Fitch as the dependent variable. Findings – Banks located in Euro Area member countries, on average, receive a higher credit rating from Fitch than banks located outside the Euro Area. Evidence for a “too-big-to-fail” and a “too-big-to-rescue” effect was also found. Research limitations/implications – The monetary union effect on banks’ credit ratings may be affected by the period under investigation. The ratings refer to August 2011, when the European sovereign debt crisis was at its height. This implies that, if anything, the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) effect is underestimated. Practical implications – Large banks in the Euro Area receive higher credit ratings, so they have a competitive advantage over small banks located outside the Euro Area. Social implications – The present evidence suggests that small European countries with an extensive banking sector will be better off if they are member of the European EMU. Originality/value – The relationship between location of banks and their credit ratings has hardly been researched before. The present evidence is directly related to a debate in the literature on this issue.
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González Begega, Sergio, Holm-Detlev Köhler et Mona Aranea. « Contested industrial democracy discourses in transnational companies. The case of the ArcelorMittal European Social Dialogue Group ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 24, no 4 (7 juin 2018) : 451–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258918775838.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article discusses the potential of European transnational company agreements for developing industrial democracy at European company level. It describes the experience of the ArcelorMittal European Social Dialogue Group, established in 2009 through a European transnational company agreement as an innovative channel for trade union involvement in corporate decision-making. The conceptual framework draws on a cross-national comparison of industrial democracy discourses in two European countries, Germany and Spain. A qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with trade union representatives and management is used to identify divergent national discourses of employee voice giving rise to common misunderstandings of industrial democracy at European level. The findings illustrate the persisting communication challenges faced by trade unions when engaging in employee representation structures at transnational company level. The article also shows that trade union representatives are able to adapt their national discourses on industrial democracy under the influence of European practice.
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KIRGIZOV-BARSKIY, Arseniy V. « European Union and Cooperation in the Arctic Council ». Arctic and North, no 45 (22 décembre 2021) : 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2021.45.75.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since 2008, the European Union has unsuccessfully tried to obtain permanent observer status in the Arctic Council, the central cooperation forum in the Arctic. The analysis shows that the EU's failures in this area are connected both with its location mostly outside of the region and remoteness from the northern realities, as well as global geopolitical tensions. However, the EU has had de facto observer ad hoc status since 2013, allowing it to participate in almost all formats of interaction in the Arctic Council. Considering this fact, the permanent observer status has rather a symbolic meaning and is equivalent to joining a kind of “privileged Arctic club”. An analysis of the EU's functioning in its relations with the Arctic Council and its members shows that the EU is ready to adapt and listen to the opinion of the Arctic countries in order to become a legitimate Arctic actor. The Arctic Council is of uneven importance for the different EU member states: Denmark, Finland and Sweden are full members, several countries are permanent observers, but most EU countries are not interested in the Arctic issues. Because of this multifaceted nature, the collective EU is more of an extra-regional player on the platform, but one with serious Arctic claims. The EU is actively working on a common Arctic policy. It is represented in the Arctic Council by the Ambassador-at-Large for Arctic Affairs, introduced in 2017, who acts in coordination with the European Commission and the member states concerned. The EU's overall approach is not unsuccessful: it has managed to engage more member states on the Arctic vector, and European expertise and input on sustainable development issues is already becoming an integral part of the AC's work and promises to evolve further.
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Dziuba, Radosław, Małgorzata Jabłońska, Konrad Sulak et Katarzyna Ławińska. « Textile Sector of the Visegrad Group Countries in Trade with the European Union ». Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no 6(132) (31 décembre 2018) : 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5160.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Visegrad Group countries’ accession to the European Union (EU) gave new perspectives for the future economic and social development of the region. The full integration of the Visegrad Group countries with the European Union is conducive to generating new challenges i.a. in the field develop of broadly understood entrepreneurship. Textiles is one of the sectors of the European economy which, in the current financial perspective, significantly contributes to the creation of new jobs and the development of entrepreneurship, which ultimately affects the growth of competitiveness of the integrating countries. The aim of this paper is to examine the competitive position of the textile sector (CN 50-60 and 63) of the Visegrad Group countries as a whole in trade with the European Union in the period 2004-2016. Preliminary analysis of the problem allowed to formulate the following research hypothesis: The Visegrad Group countries’ accession to the European Union has a positive impact on entrepreneurship development and improving competitiveness of the textile sector of The Visegrad Group countries in the context of implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy.
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Kiss, Lívia Benita. « Examination of Agricultural Income Inequality in the European Union ». Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no 3 (2020) : 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/bel.4(3).36-45.2020.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The significant roles of agriculture in the economic development of a country are determinative. It has already made a substantial contribution to the economic prosperity of advanced countries. Its role in the economic development of less developed countries is of vital importance. The share of the population working in agriculture is declining as countries develop. While less than 5% of the population does in rich countries work in agriculture, more than two-thirds of the people in poor countries. It is predominantly the huge productivity increase that makes this reduction in labor possible. The aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the situation of agriculture in the European Union from 2010 to 2019, with a particular focus on agricultural income and labor force developments. The number of employed in agriculture has decreased globally (by almost -14%) and in the European Union (by nearly -19%). The added value of agriculture has grown at a similar rate worldwide (by almost +22%) and in the European Union (by almost +23%). Indicators of agricultural income showed indicator A an increase of 25.56%, indicator B 39.11% and index C 20.39% in 2017 compared to 2010. In 2019 the gross value added in agriculture was the most significant in Germany, Spain, France, and Italy. Together, the four countries accounted for 42% gross value added in agriculture of EU-28. Indicator A, B and C of agricultural income showed in 2019 the most significant positive change in Bulgaria, in Denmark and Romania. Employment in agriculture was the highest in Poland and Romania in 2019. Several reasons can explain the differences in the development of agricultural performance in each European Union country. These reasons can be grouped. On the one hand, the location varies from country to country. Due to their different locations, their climatic, natural and ecological conditions are different. Another important difference is the size of the states. On the other hand, the structure and organization of society are different. Thirdly, the economic situation and status of each country are different. Keywords: Agriculture, Labor, Income, Inequality, European Union.
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Pietrzykowski, Robert. « Zróżnicowanie dochodów gospodarstw rolniczych państw Unii Europejskiej – ujęcie czasowo-przestrzenne ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no 1 (30 mars 2017) : 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.1.13.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of the study was to show changes in income received by farmers in countries belonging to the European Union having regard to the factors which are time and location in space. In the performed analysis, we pay special attention to the countries which joined the EU after 2004 (UE 11: Estonia, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia). The study used data on farms, which are generally in the Eurostat database. Because of the macroeconomic nature of the research used in Economic Accounts for Agriculture (RER). The study used autocorrelation coefficient of Moran. The analyzes were found positive spatial autocorrelation in the period 2004-2013 which confirmed the existence of clusters for the countries belonging to the European Union.
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Hoffmann, Reiner. « Debate : The European Union and the Central and Eastern European countries : prospects for integration ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 1, no 3 (juillet 1995) : 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899500100309.
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Hrubinko, A. « The Role of Great Britain in the Military-technical Cooperation of the Countries of European Union ». Problems of World History, no 7 (14 mars 2019) : 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-7-7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the article the Great Britain’s contribution to the development of military-technical cooperation between the countries of the European Union is analyzed. It was found that the British leadership conducted ambiguous policies on military-technical cooperation (MTC) of the European integration. The desire to win the priority in the European MTC was combined with the provision of British companies the benefits of cooperation with American partners. British military-industrial complex became a rival of the military-industrial complex of the states of continental Europe. The position of Great Britain has become one of the obstacles to the formation of a single European arms market. The exit of the kingdom from the EU can stimulate the process of creating a single European militaryindustrial complex, in which France and Germany, supported by other influential industrial states (Italy, Spain, etc.) will dominate. The British military-industrial complex will continue to have a significant impact on the European MTC machinery, which relatively successfully operates outside the EU.
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Dawid, Leszek. « Perspectives on offshore wind farms development in chosen countries of European Union ». Journal of Water and Land Development 38, no 1 (1 septembre 2018) : 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0039.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractAt the end of 2016 there were 84 wind farms under construction in 11 European countries. Investments in this sector are enormous. The average cost of a wind farm construction amounts to approx. 4 mln EUR per 1 MW of installed power. Offshore wind energy production also plays a significant role in the process of ensuring energy security in Europe, and in reduction of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to present prospects of offshore wind energy farms development in the leading member states of the European Union as regards this problem. In this paper offshore wind farms in Germany and Denmark have been studied. In the paper the power of wind farms, the support systems as well as criteria related to location of wind farm offshore have been analysed. German and Danish sectors of offshore wind energy are strongly supported by respective governments. Both countries aim at yearly increase of wind energy share in total energy production. The research has been conducted based on the analysis of acts, regulations, the subject’s literature and information from websites.
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Działo, Joanna. « Tax Competition Or Tax Coordination ? What Is Better For The European Union ? » Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no 2 (16 juin 2015) : 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Tax competition is defined as the use of tax policy that will allow to maintain or increase the attractiveness of a particular territory for business location. Tax competition is used especially by the relatively under-developed countries, as foreign capital inflow gives them the possibility to implement modern technology, new management methods, or to increase exports. One of the effects of tax competition is the formation of tax havens, i.e. countries or territories offering preferential tax rates in order to gain capital from abroad. A comparative analysis of the income tax rates in the EU countries and certain tax havens shows that despite the progressive reduction of the rates of these taxes in the EU, the phenomenon of tax competition is still very strong, and the position of tax havens as countries with relatively low or very low taxes seems to be unthreatened. The question arises whether tax competition is a real problem for the EU Member States and if there exist arguments for tax harmonization, or at least tax coordination within the EU countries. The discussion in this paper suggests that the arguments for tax coordination in the EU are not yet strong enough. However, both tax competition and tax coordination have their supporters and opponents.
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Tohmo, Timo, Kari Heimonen et Mika Nieminen. « Effects of the European Monetary Union on High-Technology Exports ». Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 21, no 2 (18 mars 2021) : 251–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10842-021-00354-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractOur study estimates the effects of the European Monetary Union (EMU) on high-technology (HT) export and assesses the potential knowledge spillovers of such trade. Irrespective of the importance of the HT trade channel, none of the previous studies in the literature focus on the effects of a common currency on HT trade. Increasing trade in the HT sector may lead to more efficient use of resources and help countries to move towards a knowledge-based economy. Moreover, it may lead to higher overall growth. After considering multilateral resistances, pair fixed effects and bias correction in the preferred (three-way bias-corrected) model, EMU membership becomes negative and statistically non-significant for HT exports. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the effect of the EMU on HT exports is country-specific, which lends support to the notion of non-homogenous knowledge transfer and country-related knowledge-based economic development within the EMU.
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Ferasso, Marcos, Lydia Bares, Daniel Ogachi et Miguel Blanco. « Economic and Sustainability Inequalities and Water Consumption of European Union Countries ». Water 13, no 19 (29 septembre 2021) : 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192696.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Water scarcity is becoming a global concern for many reasons as its consumption increases. This research aimed to analyze sustainability inequalities in the water consumption of EU countries. Descriptive statistics using data for four AQUASTAT periods (2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017), and quotients for the AQUASTAT 2017 period, were calculated using a proposed econometric model. The main results were that countries with high GPD and population showed high water stress and total water withdrawal. Countries with lower industry-value-added-to-GDP quotients were among those with higher industrial water use efficiency, while low water-services-use-efficiency quotients were associated with high services value added to GDP. Suggestions for policymakers are provided and formula application guidelines for regional-level comparisons are described.
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Protsevyat, Oksana. « Assessment of dynamics and structure of goods export of the Lviv region to the countries of the European Union ». Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no 4(138) (2019) : 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-4-8.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article analyzes the current state and tendencies of development of industrial goods export from Lviv кegion to the countries of the European Union. The paper reveals that in the period 2000–2018 there was a growing tendency of the volume of industrial production, which in 2018 increased 27.6 times compared to the beginning of the analyzed period. The situation on the foreign market was also found to be positive: in 2018 the volume of export of manufactured goods increased more than 30 times compared to 2000. The peculiarities of export of goods from Lviv Region are investigated. The share of exports of goods to EU countries in the total export of goods from the Lviv Region is estimated to be significantly high and ranging from 64.2 per cent in 2010 to 78.6 per cent in 2018. A number of the largest trading partners among the European Union countries to which industrial goods from Lviv Region are exported are highlighted. The largest export of industrial goods from the EU countries was sent to Denmark, Italy, Germany, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The dynamics and structure of export of industrial goods from Lviv Region to the countries of the European Union are presented. It is estimated that, in terms of the structure of export of industrial goods, a significant share is occupied by the export of wood and its products (11.0–11.9 per cent), textile materials and textile products (12.2–16.4 per cent), machinery, equipment and mechanisms, electrical equipment (30.6-35.1 per cent) and various industrial goods (13.7-16.5 per cent). The main reasons for the decline in exports of industrial goods from Lviv Region to the EU countries in 2018 are highlighted. In particular, such reasons are: decrease in production of some industrial products in the region, dependence on the level of world prices for these goods and on the market situation of industrial goods in EU countries, increase in export of manufactured goods to other countries of the world.
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Bogusz, Małgorzata, et Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska. « MULTIPURPOSE RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES (EXAMPLES OF IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS) ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no 3 (7 septembre 2020) : 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3809.
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The purpose of this paper is to present, by means of case studies, examples of activities in the field of multipurpose development businesses which, due to services offered, their location and recognition, can serve as good practices and provide inspiration for the development of such activities in rural areas of selected EU countries. A key aspect of multipurpose rural development is to shift from single-function development towards farm diversification in order to engage in and develop non-agricultural activities. The concept of multipurpose rural development, where agriculture is no longer the sole function of rural areas, has often become a panacea for maintaining the basic form of agriculture, especially in areas affected by severe fragmentation of agricultural land. The examples found in three countries (Poland, Spain and Romania) showed that agriculture can be combined with non-agricultural activities with environmentally-friendly, innovative and educational concepts. The analyzed cases also showed that entrepreneurship in rural areas is often carried out in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, and the multifunctional nature of these activities indicates that even small farms are able to survive. However, it is important that it is not only agricultural activity, but other activities connected with it, using natural and cultural resources of farms and villages, such as processing or education.
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Symeonidou, Haris. « Parenthood and time allocation in the countries of the European Union ». Transfer : European Review of Labour and Research 10, no 1 (février 2004) : 048–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000107.
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This article reports on research into the division of paid and unpaid work between men and women in the EU. The research was carried out in the framework of a relevant European Network initiated and coordinated by Tilburg University in which all the countries of the European Union have participated. However, fieldwork research was carried out in seven countries only. The theoretical framework adopted for the research was based on Bourdieu's Theory of Practice. Analysis of the data, which focused on couples with at least one child under the age of 7, shows that in these countries traditional gender roles still largely persist. Men continue to be the main breadwinners, while they spend on average about half the time women do on childcare and even less time on household chores. Moreover, a discrepancy is observed between men's positive attitudes towards sharing housework in theory and the non-division of housework in practice, while public policies have little or no effect on this situation.
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Thomas, Catherine. « Local Value Chains in European MNEs ». Strategy Science 7, no 2 (juin 2022) : 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2022.0167.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ghemawat’s work in international business strategy demonstrates that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) create value both by overcoming and by exploiting the price differences that exist at country borders. This paper evaluates the investment strategies of MNEs with subsidiaries in the 10 Central and Eastern Europe countries (CEEs) that had joined the European Union by 2007 through the lens of this insight. The data show that subsidiaries’ activities vary with the parent MNE’s home location. The CEE subsidiaries of Western European MNEs are more likely to be producing output that can be traded across country borders, particularly when their output differs from the main product of their parent company. The findings suggest Western European MNEs tend to invest in CEE countries to fragment value chains across the region, exploiting factor cost arbitrage opportunity in a semiglobalized world.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. « The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek ? » ECONOMICS 7, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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MALAKHOVA, Tat'yana S. « Areas for developing the relations between the countries of the European Union in conditions of growing economic inequality and transition to a New Industrial Strategy for Europe ». National Interests : Priorities and Security 18, no 2 (15 février 2022) : 364–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.2.364.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Subject. The article addresses prospects for economic interaction of the countries of the European Union (EU). Objectives. The aim is to analyze individual economic indicators of the EU countries and explore the main directions of their relationship in the context of implementation of the New Industrial Strategy for Europe. Methods. The study employs historical-logical and dialectical principles, and the method of scientific abstraction. Results. I analyzed trends in gross domestic product, defined indices of the physical volume of GDP for 2016–2020. Using the economic and mathematical tools, I performed a forecast of these indicators, reviewed changes in exports of member countries of the European Union for 2016–2020. Conclusions. In the context of implementation of the New Industrial Strategy for Europe, economic entities will focus on sustainable growth, job creation, and innovation.
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Sokolov, Roman, Evgeniya Mikhailovna Rogozhina et Aleksandra Dmitrievna Tikhomirova. « Modern environmental policy of the European Union : the struggle for resources and conflict of interests in various market segments ». Конфликтология / nota bene, no 2 (février 2022) : 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2022.2.37793.
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The object of research in this paper is the modern environmental policy of the European Union, while the subject of research is the relationship and mutual influence of the EU environmental policy in the context of the ongoing conflict of interests on this issue in various market segments. Also in this article, the authors tried to trace the dependencies of the mechanism of implementation of the environmental policy of the European Union, establishing what impact it has on the society of European countries and their economies, and what reverse impact these areas have on environmental policy. The "European Green Course" has become the central subject of research, since the effectiveness and mechanisms of its implementation at the pan-European and national levels reveal the essence of the modern environmental policy of the European Union. The authors identify the criteria for the formation of the EU environmental policy, as well as analyze the basic principles of the implementation of pan-European legislation on environmental policy. It is concluded that the environmental policy of the European Union has one interesting feature: it is one and different at the same time. The norms and rules of each specific country differ in their strength and target areas, while the result of the application of these norms, the targets, remain equal for all countries of the Union. The compactness factor of the European Union plays a significant role in shaping the principles of implementing and building a coherent environmental policy: any environmental incident has consequences for almost all EU member states, geographically the countries are located compactly, and the current relationship between the industrial concerns of EU countries makes them extremely sensitive to supply chain disruptions.
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Absattarov, G. R., et M. F. Shamilov. « CONSIDERING GENERAL LEGALAND TREATYBASES OF COOPERATION BETWEEN EUROPEAN UNION AND CENTRAL ASIA ». BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 70, no 2 (25 juin 2020) : 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-8940.38.
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For almost three decades of partnership, Central Asia has become of a great strategic importance to the European Union due to the geographic location of the region between Asia and Europe and mutual common interests in cooperationissues. Based on this study on the evolution of the development of relations between the EU and the countries of the Central Asian region, carried through political, legal, economic and humanitarian mechanisms, the author gives an attempt to research the formation of the regulatory framework of this cooperation, based under legal acts, documents and agreements between parties.
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Pastore, Jose. « Industrial Relocation and Labour Relations : The Case of Central and Eastern Europe ». International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 23, Issue 1 (1 mars 2007) : 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2007003.
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Industrial relocation is one of the main concerns of industrial relations practitioners, policy-makers, union leaders and researchers in general. For many companies the critical choice is no longer between producing at home or abroad, but rather between cutting costs or losing market share. One of the ways to increase competitiveness is to move east. By facilitating company relocation, the Central and Eastern European countries are guaranteeing the future of companies facing competition in Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries. But relocation often involves the loss of jobs in the country of origin and job creation in the countries of destination as well as many changes in industrial relations practice of both sides. This paper focuses on the impact of the integration of eight former communist countries in the European Union in 2004. Data for 2004-2006 show that differences in terms of salaries and working conditions are related to changes in the industrial relations systems of Western Europe on the one hand, and Central and Eastern Europe on the other. The eastern countries are growing fast, but a high rate of unemployment has led to frustration and dissatisfaction in most of the new Member States. In the Western countries, to avoid further company relocation to the eastern countries, pressure has been exerted on employees to make deep concessions in terms of salaries, bonuses, working time and other labour conditions. The paper explores the future prospects for these developments, as well as their repercussions for other emerging nations.
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Feldmeier, Gerhard. « German foreign trade surpluses – a problem for the European Monetary Union ? » International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, no 1 (2015) : 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.11.2001.
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In the light of the controversial discussion on the cause and effects to the total economy of the high export surplus of one country and their consequences for other countries, the concrete question as to whether high German balance on current account surplus mentioned is indeed responsible, as alleged, for macroeconomic divergence in the European Union or for balance on current account deficits in other European countries will is addressed in this paper. We examine how and to what extent German export success represents a lasting threat to the stability of the Eurozone and impedes economic recovery in instable countries in the south, or whether it can even offer those countries better chances to overcome crisis and stabilise their economy. The study suggests that politically enforced shrinkage of German exports accompanied by a weakening of the German economy scarcely benefits deficit countries. Due to the very close intertwining of German industrial intermediate inputs import trade with European crisis partner countries, with their great demand for German investment goods exports, a decrease in German exports would not only cause a drop in their exports, but it would also whittle down the basis for public European financial help for handling crisis, help for which Germany provides a large proportion of the liability.
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Lytvynchuk, Anna. « Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries ». University Economic Bulletin, no 50 (31 août 2021) : 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.
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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.
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Miłek, Dorota, et Marta Mistachowicz. « Innovation of the Polish Economy in comparison to European Union countries ». MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019) : 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925209006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Knowledge and innovation are fundamental drivers of development processes. This is affirmed by a reorientation of the European Union policies for 2014–2020, which consider a more dynamic construction of economy based on knowledge and innovation, a more effective use of pro-innovative resources, and the strengthening of innovation systems are as basic dimensions of economic activity. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess the level of Poland’s innovation as compared to the European Union countries in 2011 and 2015. To assess innovation, expenditure on research and development (R&D) activity was employed, along with the employment levels in R&D and indices referring to the effects of innovation activities in the form of protection of intellectual and industrial property. As a result of the study, clusters of countries with the highest and lowest innovation level were identified. The study is supplemented by Ward’s clustering method, which forms the basis for separation of similar countries with respect to an analysed phenomenon. The calculations were carried out with the use of Statistica 13 programme.
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Callao, Susana, José I. Jarne et David Wroblewski. « Do the burst of financial crisis and European Union membership impact Earnings Management. Evidence from emerging Eastern European countries ». Journal of East European Management Studies 25, no 4 (2020) : 608–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0949-6181-2020-4-608.
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The paper studies earnings management in developing European countries. We investigated if membership in the European Union and the recent global financial crisis affected the decisions of managers in Eastern European countries to engage in earnings management. By analyzing a sample of 4,627 firms from four developing Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia) over the period of 2002-2009, our findings suggest there was a decrease in earnings management over the period leading up to the accession of these countries to the European Union. Additionally, we found that there was an increase in earnings management after the burst of the financial crisis. The results contribute to the debate in the accounting literature regarding the variations in earnings management related to the changes in environmental factors influencing companies. These results have several implications for standard setters and regulators; in particular, companies’ incentives are strongly influenced by the general conditions and circumstance of their home countries. Additionally, the study explores the still unexplored developing markets of Eastern European countries.
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Tłuczak, Agnieszka. « Potential and competitiveness of EU countries in terms of slaughter livestock production ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 12 (18 décembre 2019) : 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/156/2019-agricecon.
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Models and methods of spatial econometrics are gaining more and more popularity. Their advantage is the opportunity to examine the interrelationships between individual territorial units. These methods, apart from the own potential of the region, take into account the impact of neighbouring objects and location in space. The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the potential and the level of competitiveness of individual European Union countries in the field of slaughter cattle production. In addition, the paper attempts to determine the specialisation of individual EU countries in the production of slaughter animals by sector. The analysis covered the years 2010–2016, using Eurostat data. The obtained results allow indicating countries in which there is a strong concentration of income potential (Sweden, Spain, Great Britain, France and Belgium). Countries in which the highest values of the potential quotients in the entire European Union are distinguished (Poland, Finland and Belgium).<br />
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Turner, Thomas, et Daryl D’Art. « Public Perceptions of Trade Unions in Countries of the European Union ». Labor Studies Journal 37, no 1 (5 janvier 2012) : 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x11429266.
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