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1
Diniz, Suzana, Everton Tizo-Pedroso, Denise Lange, et al. "Might Heterostyly Underlie Spider Occurrence on Inflorescences? A Case Study ofPalicourea rigida(Rubiaceae), a Common Shrub from Brazilian Cerrado." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/791395.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We carried out a research on thePalicourea rigida(Rubiaceae) inflorescences, a distylous shrub of Brazilian Cerrado. Our objective was to compare the inflorescence architectural complexity and its quality in the two floral morphs and search for any relationship with spider occurrence. In order to assess the quality of inflorescence resources, we quantified the nectar volume and its sugar concentration and the number of fruits and flowers (intact and aborted) for both inflorescence morphs with and without spiders. For the architectural heterogeneity, we quantified floral structures and inflorescence levels of branching. Spider occurrence was higher in longistylous inflorescences than in brevistylous ones. The sampled spiders were classified into the guilds ambushers, jumpers, or orb-weavers. Ambushers, jumpers, and total richness were much higher among longistylous inflorescences. We found no difference between morphs neither in volume or nectar concentration nor in amount of fruits and flowers. However, longistylous inflorescences presented greater architectural heterogeneity than brevistylous ones. Therefore, we suggested that architectural heterogeneity is an important factor underlying the occurrence of cursorial spiders onP. rigidainflorescences, which possibly arose from the relationship between refuge availability and inflorescence architecture.
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Kim, Da Eun, Jin-hee Jeong, Yu Mi Kang, et al. "The Impact of Fasciation on Maize Inflorescence Architecture." Journal of Plant Biology 65, no. 2 (2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12374-021-09342-1.
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AbstractHow functional genetics research can be applied to improving crop yields is a timely challenge. One of the most direct methods is to produce larger inflorescences with higher productivity, which should be accompanied by a balance between stem cell proliferation and lateral organ initiation in meristems. Unbalanced proliferation of stem cells causes the fasciated inflorescences, which reflect the abnormal proliferation of meristems, derived from the Latin word ‘fascis’, meaning ‘bundle’. Maize, a model system for grain crops, has shown tremendous yield improvements through the mysterious transformation of the female inflorescence during domestication. In this review, we focus on maize inflorescence architecture and highlight the patterns of fasciation, including recent progress.
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Li, Jin-Yu, Yan-Nan Li, Qiang Tu, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Evolution of cyme architecture in Celastraceae." Phytotaxa 181, no. 2 (2014): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.2.4.
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Celastraceae are characterized by a cymose pattern of inflorescence ramification. Under this basic pattern, many inflorescence forms have been described within the family, e.g., dichasium, monochasium, pleiochasium, botryoid, thyrsoid, fascicle. Thus, the question has arisen—how have these varieties evolved or transformed from one to another? Through morphogenetic observations using paraffin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stereomicroscopy, we studied the architecture and developmental processes of the inflorescences of five species of Celastrus and Euonymus. We found in C. orbiculatus that the reduction of subtending leaves of the axillary dichasia on a developing flowering shoot made it become a terminal thyrsoid. A dichasium in the leaf axil as commonly seen in Euonymus is the most frequent type of inflorescence in Celastraceae. An analysis of character evolution suggested that a dichasium is the ancestral state for Celastraceae. Therefore, within Celeastaceae, an axillary dichasium may be the basic type or unit of inflorescences. Transitions from dichasium to thrysoid and other types of cymes, and even to solitary flowers might have occurred repeatedly in the family, probably a phenomenon of evolutionary convergence due to changing environmental conditions. The present study provided helpful information for understanding the evolution of the cymose type of inflorescence in flowering plants.
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Welty, N., C. Radovich, T. Meulia, and E. van der Knaap. "Inflorescence development in two tomato species." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 1 (2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-154.
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The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.
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Kipp, Larry R. "The flight directionality of honeybees foraging on real and artificial inflorescences." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 3 (1987): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-091.
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An examination of the flight directionality, the change in direction between arrival and departure, of Apis mellifera (Apidae) workers foraging on artificial inflorescences and on inflorescences of Echinops sphaerocephalus L. (Compositae) is reported. Thirty-seven circular, artificial inflorescences, each with three feeding tubes separated by 120° located on the perimeter were used. At the beginning of each visit all tubes contained 2 ± 0.2 μL of 1.2 M sucrose solution. Bees locating the tubes would probe one or more of them, then depart to another artificial inflorescence and repeat the foraging sequence. Changes in flight directionality were generated during within-inflorescence locomotion and not after feeding had ceased. Directionalities of bees that circled a second time around these inflorescences were indistinguishable from bees departing the same locations prior to completing a single cycle. Hence, the directionality of bees visiting tubes in the sequence 1-2-3-1, 1-2-3-1-2, or 1-2-3-1-2-3 were indistinguishable from the directionality of bees visiting tubes in the sequence 1, 1-2, or 1-2-3, respectively. The direction faced by bees while probing the final tube or floret (last-faced direction) was most often the departure direction; thereafter, bees flew ahead to the nearest inflorescence. An energetic analysis of the artificial inflorescence study showed that directionality was independent of nectar uptake rates. The experiment using real inflorescences, some of which had been enriched with ca. 10 μL of 1.2 M sucrose solution, confirmed that directionality was generated during within-inflorescence locomotion and that the last-faced directon was the most frequent departure direction; furthermore, changes between the last-faced and departure directions were independent of nectar uptake. Evident in the search pattern of honeybees were the following: (i) a forward-moving tendency while on inflorescences, (ii) a departure decision, (iii) departure in the last-faced direction, and (iv) minimum deviation from the last-faced direction when flying directly to the next inflorescence. Although bees tend to move in a forward-facing direction during all movement phases, the floral architecture facilitates or induces turning. The extent of the turn is limited by the bees decision to depart. It is concluded that directionality is an epiphenomenon resulting from interactions among floral architecture, bee locomotion, floral nectar content, and the bee's departure decision. Memory of the arrival direction is not required.
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Zhong, Jinshun, G. Wilma van Esse, Xiaojing Bi, et al. "INTERMEDIUM-M encodes an HvAP2L-H5 ortholog and is required for inflorescence indeterminacy and spikelet determinacy in barley." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (2021): e2011779118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011779118.
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Inflorescence architecture dictates the number of flowers and, ultimately, seeds. The architectural discrepancies between two related cereals, barley and wheat, are controlled by differences in determinacy of inflorescence and spikelet meristems. Here, we characterize two allelic series of mutations named intermedium-m (int-m) and double seed1 (dub1) that convert barley indeterminate inflorescences into wheat-like determinate inflorescences bearing a multifloreted terminal spikelet and spikelets with additional florets. INT-M/DUB1 encodes an APETALA2-like transcription factor (HvAP2L-H5) that suppresses ectopic and precocious spikelet initiation signals and maintains meristem activity. HvAP2L-H5 inhibits the identity shift of an inflorescence meristem (IM) to a terminal spikelet meristem (TSM) in barley. Null mutations in AP2L-5 lead to fewer spikelets per inflorescence but extra florets per spikelet. In wheat, prolonged and elevated AP2L-A5 activity in rAP2L-A5 mutants delays but does not suppress the IM−TSM transition. We hypothesize that the regulation of AP2L-5 orthologs and downstream genes contributes to the different inflorescence determinacy in barley and wheat. We show that AP2L-5 proteins are evolutionarily conserved in grasses, promote IM activity, and restrict floret number per spikelet. This study provides insights into the regulation of spikelet and floret number, and hence grain yield in barley and wheat.
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Boss, Paul K., Lekha Sreekantan, and Mark R. Thomas. "A grapevine TFL1 homologue can delay flowering and alter floral development when overexpressed in heterologous species." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 1 (2006): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05191.
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Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) have unusual plant architecture in that the shoot apical meristem produces both vegetative structures and primordia that are capable of forming inflorescences at regular intervals. These primordia are termed ‘uncommitted’ and differentiate into inflorescences or tendrils depending on the environment in which they are produced. To investigate the molecular relationship between tendrils and inflorescences and vine architecture, we cloned a TFL1 homologue from grapevine (VvTFL1). VvTFL1 is expressed in shoot apices early in latent bud development and in buds soon after bud burst. The grapevine homologue of LEAFY, VFL, is expressed at the same stages as VvTFL1 as well as in the later stages of inflorescence development. Neither VvTFL1 nor VFL were detected in tendrils. VvTFL1 was overexpressed in tobacco and Arabidopsis to confirm that it was functionally similar to TFL1 and not the close homologue FT. Flowering was delayed significantly in tobacco and Arabidopsis transformants overexpressing VvTFL1. However, an unexpected phenotype was observed in some of the transgenic Arabidopsis lines where the floral meristem became indeterminate and a new inflorescence would emerge from within the developing silique. Our findings suggest that VvTFL1 is a repressor of floral development. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under the accession number AF378127 (VvTFL1).
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McSteen, Paula, and Sarah Hake. "barren inflorescence2 regulates axillary meristem development in the maize inflorescence." Development 128, no. 15 (2001): 2881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.15.2881.
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Organogenesis in plants is controlled by meristems. Shoot apical meristems form at the apex of the plant and produce leaf primordia on their flanks. Axillary meristems, which form in the axils of leaf primordia, give rise to branches and flowers and therefore play a critical role in plant architecture and reproduction. To understand how axillary meristems are initiated and maintained, we characterized the barren inflorescence2 mutant, which affects axillary meristems in the maize inflorescence. Scanning electron microscopy, histology and RNA in situ hybridization using knotted1 as a marker for meristematic tissue show that barren inflorescence2 mutants make fewer branches owing to a defect in branch meristem initiation. The construction of the double mutant between barren inflorescence2 and tasselsheath reveals that the function of barren inflorescence2 is specific to the formation of branch meristems rather than bract leaf primordia. Normal maize inflorescences sequentially produce three types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem. Introgression of the barren inflorescence2 mutant into genetic backgrounds in which the phenotype was weaker illustrates additional roles of barren inflorescence2 in these axillary meristems. Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines are defective, resulting in the production of fewer floral structures. Because the defects involve the number of organs produced at each stage of development, we conclude that barren inflorescence2 is required for maintenance of all types of axillary meristem in the inflorescence. This defect allows us to infer the sequence of events that takes place during maize inflorescence development. Furthermore, the defect in branch meristem formation provides insight into the role of knotted1 and barren inflorescence2 in axillary meristem initiation.
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Caselli, Francesca, Fabio Zanarello, Martin M. Kater, Raffaella Battaglia, and Veronica Gregis. "Crop reproductive meristems in the genomic era: a brief overview." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 3 (2020): 853–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190441.
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Modulation of traits beneficial for cultivation and yield is one of the main goals of crop improvement. One of the targets for enhancing productivity is changing the architecture of inflorescences since in many species it determines fruit and seed yield. Inflorescence shape and organization is genetically established during the early stages of reproductive development and depends on the number, arrangement, activities, and duration of meristems during the reproductive phase of the plant life cycle. Despite the variety of inflorescence architectures observable in nature, many key aspects of inflorescence development are conserved among different species. For instance, the genetic network in charge of specifying the identity of the different reproductive meristems, which can be indeterminate or determinate, seems to be similar among distantly related species. The availability of a large number of published transcriptomic datasets for plants with different inflorescence architectures, allowed us to identify transcription factor gene families that are differentially expressed in determinate and indeterminate reproductive meristems. The data that we review here for Arabidopsis, rice, barley, wheat, and maize, particularly deepens our knowledge of their involvement in meristem identity specification.
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Jia, Yongpeng, Kaixiang Li, Haidong Liu, Lingxiong Zan, and Dezhi Du. "Characterization of the BnA10.tfl1 Gene Controls Determinate Inflorescence Trait in Brassica napus L." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (2019): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110722.
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Determinate inflorescences have a significant effect on the genetic improvement of rapeseed, so understanding the molecular function underlying the inflorescence trait may be beneficial to oilseed breeding. A previous study found candidate gene BnTFL1 (Terminal Flower 1) for control of the inflorescence trait on Brassica napus chromosome A10 (16,627–16,847 kb). However, little is known about the function of the BnTFL1 gene in B. napus. In this study, we firstly studied the formation of the shoot apical meristem and gene expression in indeterminate and determinate inflorescences; the results showed that the inflorescence architecture and BnA10.TFL1 expression showed significant differences in the shoot apex at the budding stage. Then, two alleles (named BnA10.TFL1 gene from indeterminate and BnA10.tfl1 gene from determinate) were cloned and sequence-analyzed; the results suggest that the open reading frame of the alleles comprises 537 bp, encodes 178 amino acids containing a conserved phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) domain, and shares high similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana TFL1. To analyze the function of BnA10.TFL1, the BnA10.TFL1 gene was introduced into the determinate A. thaliana tfl1 mutant and B. napus 571 line by complementation experiment. The determinate traits were restored to indeterminate, and expression of BnA10.TFL1 was increased in the indeterminate shoot apex. These results reveal that BnA10.tfl1 is a gene controlling the determinate inflorescence trait. Moreover, the BnA10.TFL1 protein was localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. Collectively, the results of this study help us to understand the molecular mechanism of determinate inflorescences and will provide a reliable research basis for the application of determinate inflorescences in B. napus.
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Owens, Shirley A., Frank W. Ewers, Stanley L. Flegler, and Karen L. Klomparens. "Architecture of cauliflory in the genus Cercis (Fabaceae : Caesalpinioideae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 8 (1995): 1270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-138.
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Cercis is a genus with a geographically disjunct distribution in North America, southern Europe, and eastern Asia. The architecture of cauliflory (flowering from the lower branch and trunk areas of woody plants) was examined in 10 taxa, including 9 of the 11 recognized species in the genus Cercis. In each taxon, a linear series of first-order buds (distinguished as 1) was formed in the axils of vegetative leaves before shoot elongation ceased. The first-order bud developed into either a vegetative shoot or more frequently into an inflorescence. Inflorescences matured and then abscised. Second-order and higher order buds were produced in the axils of the basal bud scales of abscised inflorescences. In addition, vegetative shoots that were from first- or higher order buds produced first order buds (distinguished as 1′) in their leaf axils. Buds from the axils of the basalmost leaves of these vegetative shoots, together with higher order buds from the parent shoot, perpetuated the cauliflorous condition in all taxa studied. Since cauliflory was present and since the architecture of cauliflory was similar in all taxa studied, regardless of geographic distribution, cauliflory probably arose only once in Cercis, before the genus radiated from its site of origin. Key words: cauliflory, Cercis, serial buds, order of buds, geographic distribution, architecture of cauliflory.
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Robbertse, Hannes, Jaco Fivaz, and Chris Menzel. "A Reevaluation of Tree Model, Inflorescence Morphology, and Sex Ratio in Lychee (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 914–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.914.
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The architecture of the lychee tree and the structure of the inflorescence are described according to the terminology of Hallè et al. and Weberling. The lychee tree has rhythmic modular growth and the inflorescence is a heterocladic pleiothyrsoid. Additional paracladia may develop from a second serial bud below the first-order paracladia. Male and female flowers are borne at variable positions on the dichasia. The relation between the position and gender of the flowers on the partial inflorescences (dichasia) varied with cultivar and time.
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Humphries, Shelley A., and John F. Addicott. "Regulation of the mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths: intrinsic and extrinsic patterns of fruit set." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 5 (2004): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-029.
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In plants that produce many more flowers than fruit, nonrandom patterns of fruit set arise from (1) factors intrinsic to inflorescence architecture, such as flower position or timing in the blooming sequence, and (2) factors extrinsic to the plant, such as pollinator visitation patterns. Here, we address how intrinsic and extrinsic factors drive fruit set in the interaction between Yucca kanabensis McKelvey and its pollinating moths. On inflorescences from which moths were excluded and all flowers were hand pollinated, the flowers most likely to produce fruit were (1) flowers from the first of three waves of flowering, (2) earlier opening flowers but not the earliest, and (3) flowers lower on the inflorescence but not the lowest. However, inflorescences experiencing natural levels of pollination and oviposition showed no effect of flowering wave, and flowers later in the flowering sequence and higher on the inflorescence were the ones most likely to produce fruit. The intrinsic patterns of fruit set were associated with differences among flowers, with the largest flowers being wave 1 flowers and flowers lower on the inflorescence. However, these differences among flowers did not translate into commensurate differences among fruit.Key words: mutualism, abscission, fruit, yucca, yucca moth.
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Weberling, Focko. "The Architecture of Inflorescences in the Myrtales." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75, no. 1 (1988): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2399476.
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Wilson, Trevor C., Jean M. Gerrath, and Usher Posluszny. "Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. VIII. Comparative development of three Cyphostemma (Vitaceae) species reveals important vegetative and reproductive differences among the species." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 5 (2006): 702–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-017.
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Vegetative and floral development of Cyphostemma simulans (C.A. Small) Wild & Drummond, Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Descoings, and Cyphostemma mappia (Lam) Galet were compared using epi-illumination light microscopy and paraffin sectioning. Cyphostemma simulans is a liana with leaf-opposed tendrils and inflorescences, which both arise from the shoot apical meristem, whereas the other two species are shrubs that lack tendrils and their main shoot terminates in an inflorescence. A shoot apical meristem of C. simulans can be overtopped by an inflorescence, making the architecture appear to develop like a sympodium, which is the architecture shared by the other two species. On the other hand, a terminal inflorescence of C. juttae or C. mappia can be placed in a leaf-opposed position by a precocious axillary branch, making the architecture appear to develop like a monopodium, which is the typical architecture of the Vitaceae. The floral development of all three species is similar in early ontogeny, except for a difference in calyx development between C. mappia and the other two species. Later developmental differences of the septum and gynoecium, in addition to flower colour and phenology, are distinct characteristics that distinguish flowers of each species. Therefore, this study is the first to demonstrate differences in the floral characteristics of Cyphostemma. In addition, it shows how each architecture type (monopodium or sympodium) can resemble the other and so provides stronger evidence about how the unique architecture of the Vitaceae has originated.
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Coen, Enrico S., and Jacqueline M. Nugent. "Evolution of flowers and inflorescences." Development 1994, Supplement (1994): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.1994.supplement.107.
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Plant development depends on the activity of meristems which continually reiterate a common plan. Permutations around this plan can give rise to a wide range of morphologies. To understand the mechanisms underlying this variation, the effects of parallel mutations in key developmental genes are being studied in different species. In Antirrhinum, three of these key genes are: (1) floricaula (flo) a gene required for the production of flowers (2) centroradialis (cen), a gene controlling flower position (3) cycloidea (cyc), a gene controlling flower symmetry. Several plant species, exhibiting a range of inflorescence types and floral symmetries are being analysed in detail. Comparative genetic and molecular analysis shows that inflorescence architecture depends on two underlying parameters: a basic inflorescence branching pattern and the positioning of flowers. The flo and cen genes play a key role in the positioning of flowers, and variation in the site and timing of expression of these genes, may account for many of the different inflorescence types. The evolution of inflorescence structure may also have influenced the evolution of floral asymmetry, as illustrated by the cen mutation which changes both inflorescence type and the symmetry of some flowers. Conflicting theories about the origins of irregular flowers and how they have coevolved with inflorescence architecture can be directly assessed by examining the role of cyc- and cen-like genes in species displaying various floral symmetries and inflorescence types.
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Danziger, Nadav, and Nirit Bernstein. "Shape Matters: Plant Architecture Affects Chemical Uniformity in Large-Size Medical Cannabis Plants." Plants 10, no. 9 (2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091834.
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Since plant organs sense their environment locally, gradients of micro-climates in the plant shoot may induce spatial variability in the physiological state of the plant tissue and hence secondary metabolism. Therefore, plant architecture, which affects micro-climate in the shoot, may considerably affect the uniformity of cannabinoids in the Cannabis sativa plant, which has significant pharmaceutical and economic importance. Variability of micro-climates in plant shoots intensifies with the increase in plant size, largely due to an increase in inter-shoot shading. In this study, we therefore focused on the interplay between shoot architecture and the cannabinoid profile in large cannabis plants, ~2.5 m in height, with the goal to harness architecture modulation for the standardization of cannabinoid concentrations in large plants. We hypothesized that (i) a gradient of light intensity along the plants is accompanied by changes to the cannabinoid profile, and (ii) manipulations of plant architecture that increase light penetration to the plant increase cannabinoid uniformity and yield biomass. To test these hypotheses, we investigated effects of eight plant architecture manipulation treatments involving branch removals, defoliation, and pruning on plant morpho-physiology, inflorescence yield, cannabinoid profile, and uniformity. The results revealed that low cannabinoid concentrations in inflorescences at the bottom of the plants correlate with low light penetration, and that increasing light penetration by defoliation or removal of bottom branches and leaves increases cannabinoid concentrations locally and thereby through spatial uniformity, thus supporting the hypotheses. Taken together, the results reveal that shoot architectural modulation can be utilized to increase cannabinoid standardization in large cannabis plants, and that the cannabinoid profile in an inflorescence is an outcome of exogenous and endogenous factors.
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Hirabayashi, Yuimi, Hiroshi S. Ishii, and Gaku Kudo. "Significance of nectar distribution for bumblebee behaviour within inflorescences, with reference to inflorescence architecture and display size." Écoscience 13, no. 3 (2006): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-351.1.
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Levin, Geoffrey A. "Resurrection of Drypetes nienkui (Putranjivaceae), endemic to Hainan, China." PhytoKeys 206 (September 12, 2022): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.206.87737.
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Drypetes nienkui (Putranjivaceae), described from Hainan, China, has long been treated as a synonym of D. indica. Both species belong to a distinctive group of Asian species characterized by perulate buds that give rise to shoots bearing flowers or inflorescences proximally and leaves distally, 2–3-carpellate ovaries, and elongate styles. However, D. nienkui fundamentally differs from D. indica in inflorescence architecture and fruiting pedicel length; these or other characters also distinguish D. nienkui from the remaining species in this group. Drypetes nienkui therefore deserves recognition as a distinct species endemic to Hainan. An expanded description of the species is provided along with a key to the related species.
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Bochkova, I. Yu, and Yu A. Khokhlacheva. "Ground cover plants research for objects of landscape architecture." FORESTRY BULLETIN 25, no. 1 (2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2021-1-53-63.
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This article presents the results of work on the selection of groundcover plants (both light-loving and shade-tolerant) that are promising and very promising for use on landscape architecture objects. The work was carried out during 2018 on the basis of the collection Fund of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical garden (MBG RAS), on two experimental sites located on the main territory of the MBG RAS, in the collection-exhibition «Shadow garden» and on the exhibition area «Decorative perennials». A total of 225 plants were selected during the study. During the growing season, field surveys of experimental samples were systematically performed and phenological observations were made. Field studies included biometric measurements of the height of the Bush and peduncle, the diameter of the Bush, the diameter/length of the flower/inflorescence, as well as refinement of the color of the flowers/inflorescences (using a special color scale of the English Royal society of flower growers (RHS color Chart)). The result of this work is a list that includes 40 names. These are very promising and promising species that we recommend for use in urban gardening.
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Doebley, J., A. Stec, and C. Gustus. "teosinte branched1 and the origin of maize: evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance." Genetics 141, no. 1 (1995): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.1.333.
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Abstract Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling differences in plant and inflorescence architecture between maize and its progenitor (teosinte) were analyzed. Complementation tests indicate that one of these, which is on chromosome arm 1L, is the locus for the maize mutant teosinte branched1 (tb1). This QTL has effects on inflorescence sex and the number and length of internodes in the lateral branches and inflorescences. This QTL has strong phenotypic effects in teosinte background but reduced effects in maize background. The second QTL, which is on chromosome arm 3L, affects the same traits as the QTL on 1L. We identify two candidate loci for this QTL. The effects of this QTL on several traits are reduced in both maize and teosinte background as compared to a maize-teosinte F2 population. Genetic background appears to affect gene action for both QTL. Analysis of a population in which both QTL were segregating revealed that they interact epistatically. Together, these two QTL substantially transform both plant and inflorescence architecture. We propose that tb1 is involved in the plant's response to local environment to produce either long or short branches and that maize evolution involved a change at this locus to produce short branches under all environments.
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Li, Kun, Juan M. Debernardi, Chengxia Li, et al. "Interactions between SQUAMOSA and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE MADS-box proteins regulate meristem transitions during wheat spike development." Plant Cell 33, no. 12 (2021): 3621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab243.
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Abstract Inflorescence architecture is an important determinant of crop productivity. The number of spikelets produced by the wheat inflorescence meristem (IM) before its transition to a terminal spikelet (TS) influences the maximum number of grains per spike. Wheat MADS-box genes VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) and FRUITFULL 2 (FUL2) (in the SQUAMOSA-clade) are essential to promote the transition from IM to TS and for spikelet development. Here we show that SQUAMOSA genes contribute to spikelet identity by repressing MADS-box genes VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRANSITION 2 (VRT2), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE 1 (SVP1), and SVP3 in the SVP clade. Constitutive expression of VRT2 resulted in leafy glumes and lemmas, reversion of spikelets to spikes, and downregulation of MADS-box genes involved in floret development, whereas the vrt2 mutant reduced vegetative characteristics in spikelets of squamosa mutants. Interestingly, the vrt2 svp1 mutant showed similar phenotypes to squamosa mutants regarding heading time, plant height, and spikelets per spike, but it exhibited unusual axillary inflorescences in the elongating stem. We propose that SQUAMOSA–SVP interactions are important to promote heading, formation of the TS, and stem elongation during the early reproductive phase, and that downregulation of SVP genes is then necessary for normal spikelet and floral development. Manipulating SVP and SQUAMOSA genes can contribute to engineering spike architectures with improved productivity.
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Wijayani, Suprih, Herry Wirianata, and Sri Gunawan. "Frond Base Fracture and Dynamics of Palm Oil Inflorescence Applied With Different Nutrient Sources." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 6, no. 1 (2022): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v6i1.84.
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Frond base fracture is an increasingly common phenomenon in oil palm plantations caused by various stress factors. This study aimed to determine the incidence of frond base fracture in the plantation where different nutrient sources were applied (palm oil mill effluent, oil palm EFB, and organic fertilizers) in relation to the dynamics of oil palm inflorescence. The incidence of frond base fracture and the production of male and female inflorescences were observed in 30 sample trees for each nutrient source. Observations were made three times with an interval monthly. To reveal the research objectives, it used descriptive analysis. The results showed that the routine application of POME increased the susceptibility of oil palms to fractured fronds and the sex ratio was higher other than that of EFB; the lowest incidence was found in the palm that was given inorganic fertilizers. frond base fracture trees produced fewer female inflorescence, although the number of male ones did not differ between frond base fracture palm and healthy ones.
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Ma, Yan-Qin, Zuo-Qian Pu, Xiao-Min Tan, et al. "SEPALLATA-like genes of Isatis indigotica can affect the architecture of the inflorescences and the development of the floral organs." PeerJ 10 (March 1, 2022): e13034. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13034.
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Background The architecture of inflorescence and the development of floral organs can influence the yield of seeds and have a significant impact on plant propagation. E-class floral homeotic MADS-box genes exhibit important roles in regulation of floral transition and differentiation of floral organs. Woad (Isatis indigotica) possesses unique inflorescence, floral organs and fruit. However, very little research has been carried out to determine the function of MADS-box genes in this medicinal cruciferous plant species. Results SEPALLATA orthologs in I. indigotica were cloned by degenerate PCR. The sequence possessing the highest identity with SEP2 and SEP4 of Arabidopsis were named as IiSEP2 and IiSEP4, respectively. Constitutive expression of IiSEP2 in Columbia (Col-0) ecotype of Arabidopsis led to early flowering, and the number of the flowers and the lateral branches was reduced, indicating an alteration in architecture of the inflorescences. Moreover, the number of the floral organs was declined, the sepals were turned into carpelloid tissues bearing stigmatic papillae and ovules, and secondary flower could be produced in apetalous terminal flowers. In 35S::IiSEP4-GFP transgenic Arabidopsis plants in Landsberg erecta (Ler) genetic background, the number of the floral organs was decreased, sepals were converted into curly carpelloid structures, accompanied by generation of ovules. Simultaneously, the size of petals, stamens and siliques was diminished. In 35S::IiSEP4-GFP transgenic plants of apetalous ap1 cal double mutant in Ler genetic background, the cauliflower phenotype was attenuated significantly, and the petal formation could be rescued. Occasionally, chimeric organs composed of petaloid and sepaloid tissues, or petaloid and stamineous tissues, were produced in IiSEP4 transgenic plants of apl cal double mutant. It suggested that overexpression of IiSEP4 could restore the capacity in petal differentiation. Silencing of IiSEP4 by Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) can delay the flowering time, and reduce the number and size of the floral organs in woad flowers. Conclusion All the results showed that SEPALLATA-like genes could influence the architecture of the inflorescence and the determinacy of the floral meristems, and was also related to development of the floral organs.
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TORTOSA, R. D., L. AAGESEN, and G. M. TOURN. "Morphological studies in the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae): analysis of architecture and inflorescences." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 4 (1996): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1996.tb02081.x.
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TORTOSA, R. "Morphological studies in the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae): analysis of architecture and inflorescences." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 122, no. 4 (1996): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bojl.1996.0067.
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Ishii, Hiroshi S., Yuimi Hirabayashi, and Gaku Kudo. "Combined effects of inflorescence architecture, display size, plant density and empty flowers on bumble bee behaviour: experimental study with artificial inflorescences." Oecologia 156, no. 2 (2008): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-0991-4.
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Rutishauser, Rolf, and Meinhard Grubert. "The architecture of Mourera fluviatilis (Podostemaceae): developmental morphology of inflorescences, flowers, and seedlings." American Journal of Botany 86, no. 7 (1999): 907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2656607.
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Galli, Mary, Qiujie Liu, Britney L. Moss, et al. "Auxin signaling modules regulate maize inflorescence architecture." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 43 (2015): 13372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516473112.
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In plants, small groups of pluripotent stem cells called axillary meristems are required for the formation of the branches and flowers that eventually establish shoot architecture and drive reproductive success. To ensure the proper formation of new axillary meristems, the specification of boundary regions is required for coordinating their development. We have identified two maize genes, BARREN INFLORESCENCE1 and BARREN INFLORESCENCE4 (BIF1 and BIF4), that regulate the early steps required for inflorescence formation. BIF1 and BIF4 encode AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) proteins, which are key components of the auxin hormone signaling pathway that is essential for organogenesis. Here we show that BIF1 and BIF4 are integral to auxin signaling modules that dynamically regulate the expression of BARREN STALK1 (BA1), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional regulator necessary for axillary meristem formation that shows a striking boundary expression pattern. These findings suggest that auxin signaling directly controls boundary domains during axillary meristem formation and define a fundamental mechanism that regulates inflorescence architecture in one of the most widely grown crop species.
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Scopece, Giovanni, Nicola Criscuolo, and Salvatore Cozzolino. "In nomen omen: the effect of flower distance on female reproductive success of the lax-flowered orchid Anacamptis laxiflora (Orchidaceae)." Journal of Plant Ecology 14, no. 3 (2021): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtab002.
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Abstract Aims In multiflowered species, the architecture of inflorescences is of primary importance in shaping plant attractiveness. The aim of this study was to disentangle the role of inflorescence traits in plant female reproductive success and pollination patterns along the inflorescence in the lax-flowered orchid Anacamptis laxiflora, a terrestrial species exploiting a deceptive pollination strategy. We also evaluated whether the relationship between inflorescence traits and female reproductive success was modified by the height of surrounding vegetation and/or by population density. Methods We delimited experimental plots in a natural population of A. laxiflora. We tallied the individuals within each plot and categorized low-density plots and high-density plots; then, in part of the plots we manually removed surrounding grass thus producing an equal number of plots with high grass and low grass. Within these plots, we recorded inflorescence traits and female reproductive success (i.e. the number of fruit and their position along the inflorescence). We analyzed these data using generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) and calculated selection gradients. Important Findings We found that all the investigated inflorescence traits influenced female reproductive success. In particular, our GLMMs showed that ‘average flower distance’ was the best predictor for shaping reproductive success patterns. We detected significant positive selection on the investigated inflorescence traits, but these selective trends were strictly linked to both the height of the surrounding vegetation and the population density, suggesting a significant influence of local environmental context in shaping selective patterns. Female reproductive success was not linked to the position of flowers along the inflorescence, suggesting that pollinators visit flowers randomly along the inflorescence without a detectable preference for a specific part. This study highlights the importance of inflorescence traits in shaping female reproductive success of multiflowered deceptive orchids, and confirms a primary role for the environmental context in modifying pollinator-mediated selection patterns.
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Manrique, Silvia, James Friel, Pietro Gramazio, Tomas Hasing, Ignacio Ezquer, and Aureliano Bombarely. "Genetic insights into the modification of the pre-fertilization mechanisms during plant domestication." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 11 (2019): 3007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz231.
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Abstract Plant domestication is the process of adapting plants to human use by selecting specific traits. The selection process often involves the modification of some components of the plant reproductive mechanisms. Allelic variants of genes associated with flowering time, vernalization, and the circadian clock are responsible for the adaptation of crops, such as rice, maize, barley, wheat, and tomato, to non-native latitudes. Modifications in the plant architecture and branching have been selected for higher yields and easier harvests. These phenotypes are often produced by alterations in the regulation of the transition of shoot apical meristems to inflorescences, and then to floral meristems. Floral homeotic mutants are responsible for popular double-flower phenotypes in Japanese cherries, roses, camellias, and lilies. The rise of peloric flowers in ornamentals such as snapdragon and florists’ gloxinia is associated with non-functional alleles that control the relative expansion of lateral and ventral petals. Mechanisms to force outcrossing such as self-incompatibility have been removed in some tree crops cultivars such as almonds and peaches. In this review, we revisit some of these important concepts from the plant domestication perspective, focusing on four topics related to the pre-fertilization mechanisms: flowering time, inflorescence architecture, flower development, and pre-fertilization self-incompatibility mechanisms.
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Remphrey, William R., Grant A. Bartlett, and Campbell G. Davidson. "Shoot morphology and fate of buds in relation to crown location in young Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 12 (2002): 1274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-120.
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The relationships between shoot size and morphological patterns and crown location were investigated in 6-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.). In general, shoots were shorter in the inner part of the crown compared with either the top or bottom near the periphery. The differences were related to a reduction in both metamer number and length. In some cases the lower crown location was similar to the upper; in other cases it was similar to the inside. The fate of buds along a shoot was generally dependent on shoot position in the crown. A greater proportion of buds became lateral shoots and inflorescences in the top compared with the bottom of the crown, and the fewest developed towards the inside location. As the number of metamers per shoot increased, there was an increase in the proportion of lateral shoots produced and a decrease in the proportion of inflorescences and (or) aborted buds. For shoots with the same number of metamers per shoot, those in the top produced a greater proportion of inflorescences and lateral shoots compared with the bottom or inside. In all crown locations, the highest number of buds aborted near the base, the greatest proportion of inflorescences occurred in mid-shoot regions, and the largest proportion of lateral shoots occurred near the tip. The information presented in this paper will be used as a component in developing a simulation model of crown development.Key words: architecture, shoot, bud fate, green ash, metamer.
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Zango, O., C. Littardi, J. C. Pintaud, and H. Rey. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE AND GEOMETRY OF THE DATE PALM MALE AND FEMALES INFLORESCENCES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 994 (June 2013): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2013.994.17.
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Nishikawa, Yoko. "The function of multiple flowers of a spring ephemeral, Gagea lutea (Liliaceae), with reference to blooming order." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 8 (1998): 1404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-120.
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Flowering pattern, seed-set success, and allocation to male and female functions of a spring ephemeral lily, Gagea lutea, were compared within individual inflorescences. Although the number of flowers increased with plant size and anthesis was extended as the number of flowers increased from one to four, the total number of seeds produced per plant did not increase with the number of flowers under natural conditions. The later-blooming flowers were smaller in size than the earlier ones within an inflorescence, and the ratio of stamen dry weight to pistil dry weight in the later flowers was higher than that in the earlier ones. Although the ovule fertilization rate was increased by artificial pollination, it was lower in the later flowers than in the earlier ones within an inflorescence. Neither nutrient addition to the soil nor removal of earlier flowers increased the seed production of the later flowers. These results indicated that the later flowers had a lower potential for female function than did the earlier ones and that this was probably due to variation inherent in inflorescence architecture. Seed production of the later flowers was also limited by the time needed for seed maturation because the aboveground part of G. lutea died soon after canopy closure in early summer. Furthermore, the later flowers probably contributed to the reproductive success of a plant as pollen donors.Key words: flowering order, Gagea lutea, resource allocation, seed production, short growing season.
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Bernardo, Karla Annielle da Silva, Francisco Rodrigues Freire Filho, Valdenir Queiroz Ribeiro, Paulo Fernando de Melo Jorge Vieira, Ângela Celis de Almeida Lopes, and Rosana Mendes de Moura Oliveira. "Incorporation of compound inflorescences and selection of high-yielding progenies in cowpea." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 10 (2018): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018001000008.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to obtain cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) progenies with compound inflorescences, short peduncles, early cycle, good plant architecture, and high-yielding potential. The initial genetic material consisted of 453 F2:3 progenies, selected from ten crosses and evaluated using Federer’s augmented block design, with two controls. Of these, 60 progenies from the F4:5 and F4:6 generations were selected and assessed in two consecutive experiments, both in a 8x8 lattice design with four controls and four replicates. Early selection was efficient at fixing the evaluated traits. A wide genetic variability was detected among and within progenies. The estimated and obtained heritability and genetic gains in the F4:5 and F4:6 progenies indicate the possibility of selection of early progenies with short peduncles, compound inflorescences, and productivity similar to or greater than that of the commercial cultivars used as controls.
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Vassilevska-Ivanova, Roumiana, Boris Kraptchev, Ira Stancheva, and Maria Geneva. "A compact sunflower line produced after cross Helianthus annuus x Verbesina encelioides." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 5 (2013): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0147-8.
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AbstractIntergeneric cross was made between the cultivated sunflower inbred line HA89 and an accession of wild Verbesina encelioides tolerant to drought and high temperature. The line was a BC2F5 progeny. The most remarkable feature of the plants was their compact architecture due to short petiole length and also, rather specific bright-yellow inflorescences. Similar plant architecture did not exist in either the wild or the cultivated parent. For sunflower, it is considered as a favourable and potentially useful adaptive trait. The line was multi-branched of medium type branching and possessed good agronomic characteristics. The overall characteristics of HA-VERBENC line make it a useful plant material for research on wide hybridization.
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Berghage, Robert D., Royal D. Heins, Meriam Karlsson, John Erwin, and William Carlson. "Pinching Technique Influences Lateral Shoot Development in Poinsettia." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (1989): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.909.
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Abstract Lateral shoot growth and plant morphology of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) were influenced by the pinching technique used for apical meristem removal. Plants were pinched in one of four ways: 1) soft (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with leaves ≤2 cm long); 2) medium (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with leaves up to 7 cm long); 3) hard (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with all immature leaves); and 4) leaf removal (LR; soft pinch as defined above plus removal of all immature leaves but not the associated stem tissue). Initial growth of lateral shoots on soft and some medium-pinched plants was less than initial growth of lateral shoots on hard- or LR-pinched plants. Shorter lateral shoots and longer primary stems at anthesis on soft-pinched plants resulted in vertical plant architecture. Hard- and LR-pinched plants had a more horizontal plant architecture. The average height : width ratio of soft-, hard-, and LR-pinched plants at anthesis was 0.77, 0.68, and 0.63, respectively. Of 10 commercial cultivars tested in 1987, 48% of the inflorescences of soft-pinched plants developed below the bract canopy, compared with 27% and 31% for hard- and LR-pinched plants, respectively. These results show that the use of a soft pinch to increase inflorescence number in the bract canopy is not productive if immature leaves are left on the plant when pinching.
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Lei, Ming, Zhi-ying Li, Jia-bin Wang, Yun-liu Fu, Meng-fei Ao, and Li Xu. "Constitutive Expression of Aechmea fasciata SPL14 (AfSPL14) Accelerates Flowering and Changes the Plant Architecture in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 7 (2018): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072085.
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Variations in flowering time and plant architecture have a crucial impact on crop biomass and yield, as well as the aesthetic value of ornamental plants. Aechmea fasciata, a member of the Bromeliaceae family, is a bromeliad variety that is commonly cultivated worldwide. Here, we report the characterization of AfSPL14, a squamosa promoter binding protein-like gene in A. fasciata. AfSPL14 was predominantly expressed in the young vegetative organs of adult plants. The expression of AfSPL14 could be upregulated within 1 h by exogenous ethephon treatment. The constitutive expression of AfSPL14 in Arabidopsis thaliana caused early flowering and variations in plant architecture, including smaller rosette leaves and thicker and increased numbers of main inflorescences. Our findings suggest that AfSPL14 may help facilitate the molecular breeding of A. fasciata, other ornamental and edible bromeliads (e.g., pineapple), and even cereal crops.
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Gerrath, Jean M., T. Wilson, and Usher Posluszny. "Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. VII. Floral development in Rhoicissus digitata with respect to other genera in the family." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 2 (2004): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-120.
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This study forms part of our series of investigations on genera in the Vitaceae and is the first developmental study for the genus Rhoicissus. Vegetative and reproductive development of shoot apices of Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg et Brandt were examined using epi-illumination light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Leaf-opposed tendrils or inflorescences, typical of the shoot architecture in the Vitaceae, were present at every node. Macroscopically, the shoot appears to grow either monopodially or sympodially. At the microscopic level, however, shoot development is sympodial; the shoot apical meristem bifurcates unequally, with the larger portion forming an uncommitted primordium, which will become either an inflorescence or a tendril, and the smaller portion (in the position of the axillary bud) forming the new shoot apical meristem. Floral primordia first initiate three sepals followed by a calyx ring on which the last two sepal primordia form. The five petals are initiated in a whorl followed by the five stamens in a petal-opposed position. There is no evidence of a common petal-stamen primordium in this species. The gy noecium is initiated as a ring primordium. Subsequently, the four ovules are initiated at the base of the two septa that grow out from the inner gynoecial wall. The nectary disc forms as an outgrowth of the gynoecium base. Mature flowers have greenish petals and a red nectariferous disc. Flowers are bisexual, and seed germination is approximately 63%. Unlike previous studies in Vitis and Parthenocissus, Rhoicissus appears to have few putatively derived floral developmental characters, which would support its relatively basal position in current phylogenies for the family.Key words: Vitaceae, morphology, development, shoot architecture, flower.
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Muchut, Sebastián E., Andrea G. Reutemann, Vanesa Pilatti, Nora G. Uberti Manassero, Abelardo C. Vegetti, and Renata Reinheimer. "Uncovering the inflorescence evolution of Eleusininae (Cynodonteae: Chloridoideae: Poaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 192, no. 1 (2019): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz073.
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Abstract Inflorescence forms in grasses lead to a general assumption that their evolution is random. We reconstructed the ancestral inflorescence for Poaceae subtribe Eleusininae and outlined possible evolutionary pathways to test the hypotheses of (1) non-directionality in grass inflorescence evolution and (2) an evolutionary direction from complex to simpler inflorescence architectures in this lineage. By studying early stages of inflorescence and spikelet development, we investigated ontogenetic changes that may correlate with evolutionary pathways identified. The approach presented here indicates that the current diversity of inflorescences found in Eleusininae is probably a result of two distinct evolutionary pathways. The main path involves a multi-staged course with shortening of main axis internodes first, followed by a decrease in number of primary branches and florets per spikelet. We postulate that reduced elongation of the internodes may affect the apical and axillary meristems performance, which in turn promotes a decrease in the number of primary branches and floret per spikelet. Current diversity in inflorescences of Eleusininae may be a consequence of a reductive evolution. We found that the evolutionary directionality of inflorescences in Eleusininae may be associated with developmental events that affected inflorescence morphology at early stages.
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Gerrath, Jean M., and Usher Posluszny. "Shoot architecture in the VitaceaeThis article is one of a selection of papers presented at the symposium on Vitis at the XVII International Botanical Congress held in Vienna, Austria, in 2005." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 8 (2007): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-010.
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This paper examines the question of how the unique shoot architectural pattern of the Vitaceae, typically with leaf-opposed tendrils or inflorescences in a three-node modular repetitive pattern, can be related to the traditional concepts of monopodial and sympodial shoot development. Based on complete comparative morphological developmental studies of 13 species in six genera, supplemented with observations of 21 other taxa, we have found five shoot architectural patterns in the family. The pattern of shoot architecture is consistent within a species, but there may be more than one pattern present within a genus. Species that lack tendrils, thus exhibiting pattern 1, show sympodial growth. Taxa exhibiting patterns 2, 3, and 4, with tendrils at two of three nodes and with progressively one, two, or three axillary buds within the three-node cycle, grow monopodially, and taxa that exhibit pattern 5, with both tendrils and axillary buds at every node, achieve the pattern via either monopodial or sympodial growth, depending on the species. Although rare in the Vitaceae, pattern 1 is the only one shared with the sister family Leeaceae. We conclude that this was the original shoot architectural pattern, and that the monopodial pattern present in most species today is derived, and unique to the Vitaceae.
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CAIRES, CLAUDENIR S., KADJA M. GOMES-BEZERRA, and CAROLYN E. B. PROENÇA. "Passovia myrsinites a restablished name including Oryctina atrolineata (Loranthaceae)." Phytotaxa 313, no. 3 (2017): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.313.3.7.
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During our studies of the Brazilian Loranthaceae, an extensive review of names associated to Oryctina and Passovia was carried out. We observed that the leaf architecture and floral structure of Oryctina myrsinites were different from that of other species of the genus. Analyses under Light and Scanning Electron Microscopy showed stellate fiber bundles in the mesophyll, inflorescences formed by sessile triads and laterally excavated filaments. Epicortical roots at the base of the plant were also observed. These characters are diagnostic of Passovia, and we agree with Van Tieghem that Passovia myrsinites is the correct name for this species and have also included Oryctina atrolineata as a new synonym.
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Boudon, Frédéric, Séverine Persello, Alexandra Jestin, et al. "V-Mango: a functional–structural model of mango tree growth, development and fruit production." Annals of Botany 126, no. 4 (2020): 745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa089.
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Abstract Background and Aims Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world. Its cultivation, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical regions, raises a number of issues such as the irregular fruit production across years, phenological asynchronisms that lead to long periods of pest and disease susceptibility, and the heterogeneity of fruit quality and maturity at harvest. To address these issues, we developed an integrative functional–structural plant model that synthesizes knowledge about the vegetative and reproductive development of the mango tree and opens up the possible simulation of cultivation practices. Methods We designed a model of architectural development in order to precisely characterize the intricate developmental processes of the mango tree. The appearance of botanical entities was decomposed into elementary stochastic events describing occurrence, intensity and timing of development. These events were determined by structural (position and fate of botanical entities) and temporal (appearance dates) factors. Daily growth and development of growth units and inflorescences were modelled using empirical distributions and thermal time. Fruit growth was determined using an ecophysiological model that simulated carbon- and water-related processes at the fruiting branch scale. Key Results The model simulates the dynamics of the population of growth units, inflorescences and fruits at the tree scale during a growing cycle. Modelling the effects of structural and temporal factors makes it possible to simulate satisfactorily the complex interplays between vegetative and reproductive development. The model allowed the characterization of the susceptibility of mango tree to pests and the investigatation of the influence of tree architecture on fruit growth. Conclusions This integrative functional–structural model simulates mango tree vegetative and reproductive development over successive growing cycles, allowing a precise characterization of tree phenology and fruit growth and production. The next step is to integrate the effects of cultivation practices, such as pruning, into the model.
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Walker, Catriona H., Cara D. Wheeldon, and Tom Bennett. "Integrated dominance mechanisms regulate reproductive architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus." Plant Physiology 186, no. 4 (2021): 1985–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab194.
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Abstract The production of seed in flowering plants is complicated by the need to first invest in reproductive shoots, inflorescences, flowers, and fruit. Furthermore, in many species, it will be months between plants generating flowers and setting seed. How can plants therefore produce an optimal seed-set relative to environmental resources when the “reproductive architecture” that supports seed-set needs to be elaborated so far in advance? Here, we address this question by investigating the spatio-temporal control of reproductive architecture in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Brassica napus. We show that resource and resource-related signals such as substrate volume play a key role in determining the scale of reproductive effort, and that this is reflected in the earliest events in reproductive development, which broadly predict the subsequent reproductive effort. We show that a series of negative feedbacks both within and between developmental stages prevent plants from over-committing to early stages of development. These feedbacks create a highly plastic, homeostatic system in which additional organs can be produced in the case of reproductive failure elsewhere in the system. We propose that these feedbacks represent an “integrated dominance” mechanism that allows resource use to be correctly sequenced between developmental stages to optimize seed set.
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Liu, Qiujie, Mary Galli, Xue Liu, et al. "NEEDLE1 encodes a mitochondria localized ATP-dependent metalloprotease required for thermotolerant maize growth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (2019): 19736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907071116.
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Meristems are highly regulated structures ultimately responsible for the formation of branches, lateral organs, and stems, and thus directly affect plant architecture and crop yield. In meristems, genetic networks, hormones, and signaling molecules are tightly integrated to establish robust systems that can adapt growth to continuous inputs from the environment. Here we characterized needle1 (ndl1), a temperature-sensitive maize mutant that displays severe reproductive defects and strong genetic interactions with known mutants affected in the regulation of the plant hormone auxin. NDL1 encodes a mitochondria-localized ATP-dependent metalloprotease belonging to the FILAMENTATION TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE H (FTSH) family. Together with the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ndl1 inflorescences show up-regulation of a plethora of stress-response genes. We provide evidence that these conditions alter endogenous auxin levels and disrupt primordia initiation in meristems. These findings connect meristem redox status and auxin in the control of maize growth.
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Macz, Oswaldo, Ellen T. Paparozzi, Walter W. Stroup, Terril A. Nell, and Ria Leonard. "Nitrogen and Sulfur Effects on the Production and Postharvest Longevity of Pot Chrysanthemums." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 517B—517. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.517b.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Research on hydroponically grown mums showed that nitrogen (N) levels applied can be reduced when adequate sulfur (S) is also applied. However, changes in stem length, leaf area, and time-to-fl ower can be affected. Our goal was to evaluate whether reduced N levels in combination with S would affect commercial production and post-harvest longevity of pot mums. `White Diamond' was grown in a peat:perlite:vermiculite medium following a commercial production schedule. N levels applied were 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L. S levels were 0, 5, 10, 20, and 80 mg/L. The treatment design was a complete factorial 4 × 5 with 20 treatment combinations. The experimental design was a split-plot with N levels as the whole-plot and S levels as the split-plot factor. Variables measured were plant height, leaf area, days to bud set, days to first color, and days to flower opening. Plants were ship to the Univ. of Florida for postharvest evaluation. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED AND PROC REG. N and S interactions were significant for all variables measured except flower longevity. Plants receiving 0 mg/L S did not produce inflorescences, had shorter stems, and less leaf area regardless of N levels. Plants receiving 50 mg/L N and some S produced inflorescences, but were of inferior quality to plants receiving 100, 150, and 200 mg/L N. Plants receiving 200 mg/L N and 80 mg/L S showed breakdown of plant architecture. Plants of commercial quality were obtained at 100, 150, and 200 mg/L N in combination with either 5, 10, or 20 mg/L S.
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Galopin, Gilles, Sandrine Codarin, Jean-Daniel Viemont, and Philippe Morel. "Architectural Development of Inflorescence in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hermann Dienemann." HortScience 43, no. 2 (2008): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.361.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Architectural development of inflorescence in Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hermann Dienemann was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The study of inflorescence morphogenesis shows that the architecture is of the dichasial type. The first two orders of branching are initiated from a dichasial branching without floral differentiation. The following orders present floral differentiation. They determine the formation of small units through the development of composite dichasium into biparous and uniparous cymes. This research makes it possible to establish a schematic representation of the first phases of inflorescence development and to define early stages of inflorescence morphogenesis.
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Cao, Guoxing, Lin Xue, Yan Li, and Kaiwen Pan. "The relative importance of architecture and resource competition in allocation to pollen and ovule number within inflorescences of Hosta ventricosa varies with the resource pools." Annals of Botany 107, no. 8 (2011): 1413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr085.
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Seifi, Esmaeil, Jenny Guerin, Brent Kaiser, and Margaret Sedgley. "Inflorescence architecture of olive." Scientia Horticulturae 116, no. 3 (2008): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.01.003.
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Goulet, Isabelle, Denis Barabé, and Luc Brouillet. "Analyse structurale et architecture de l'inflorescence des Begoniaceae." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (1994): 897–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-115.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The inflorescence structure of Begoniaceae was analyzed taking into account their degree of symmetry. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of 71 species led to the recognition of nine architectural models. When the whole plant is considered, the inflorescence of Begoniaceae is a thyrse. Comparative analyses of the models allowed to determine at what level symmetry or asymmetry is found. There is a correlation between the total lengths of axes and between flower numbers on the best and least developed sides of an inflorescence. For the whole family, the difference between the two sides of the inflorescence is significant for the former, and not for the latter. Divergence angles on the best developed side do not differ from those on the least developed one for a same ramification, and likewise between successive levels of ramification. Thus, the inflorescence appears asymmetrical if total length of axes is considered. These results tend to support the hypothesis that the Begoniaceae are fundamentally asymmetrical. Inflorescence symmetry is found in some groups by stabilization and compensation of different asymmetric components at the global and local levels. Nevertheless, inflorescence asymmetry does not seem to be related to plant architecture, although it seems to be related to the degree of foliar asymmetry. Key words: Begoniaceae, inflorescence, cyme, inflorescential architecture, structural asymmetry.