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Articles de revues sur le sujet « International trade – Soviet Union »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Sun, Yizhi. "The Soviet Union and the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 4 (2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120021382-1.

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This article focuses specifically on the Soviet factor in The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai, including the degree of central and local Soviet authorities&apos; involvement in the preparation and course of the Movement and financial assistance to Chinese strikers. It also examines Soviet intelligence activities in Shanghai during this period. Until May 30 the central organs of the USSR and the RCP(b) were not the initiators of the Movement. The largest workers&apos; movement in Shanghai occurred spontaneously and was not under the control of the Comintern or the Politburo. However,

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2

Marrella, Fabrizio, Rafik Khammatovic Usmanov, and Patricio Ignacio Barbirotto. "On Trade Liberalization for Political Ends: The Case of the EAEU." Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 4 (2021): 597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021025.

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As evidenced by WTO theory and practice, even as exceptions regulated at Article XXIV GATT 1994 and Article V GATS, regional trade agreements (RTAs) or preferential trade agreements are an important legal tool to liberalize trade and strengthen economic or political cooperation. In recent years, notwithstanding the fiasco of TTIP and TPP, RTAs have proliferated in different regions of the world. Among them, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is a customs union established in 2015 which is institutionally similar to the European Union (EU) albeit unexplored in academic literature. Remarkably, d

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3

van Brabant, Jozef M. "The Soviet Union and the International Trade Regime: A Reply." Soviet Economy 5, no. 4 (1989): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08826994.1989.10641315.

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Liu, Yongqi. "The Theory of International Regimes and US-Soviet Cooperation during the Cold War." Studies in Social Science Research 5, no. 2 (2024): p166. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v5n2p166.

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The main question examined in this paper is whether the cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War can be explained by Robert O. Keohane's theory of international regimes, based on his analysis of international regimes and cooperation in his book After Hegemony. My answer is no. In order to explain the reasons, this paper is mainly divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the relationship between international regimes and international cooperation as Keohane sees it through an examination of chapters three to six of After Hegemony. The core task of

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Bodnarchuk, Tetiana. "Formation of the model of international economic relations in the context of the past development trajectory of the Ukrainian national economy." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2024, no. 57 (2024): 236–57. https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2024.57.236.

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In the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction, Ukraine’s further integration into the world economy and trade-economic cooperation with the EU, the USA, and other developed countries is a priority task. However, the Soviet economic heritage in the form of the extensive elements and forms of economic management continues to create obstacles to building a competitive model of foreign trade cooperation. And overcoming these obstacles is impossible without rethinking and evaluating the historical experience. The research’s aim is to summarize the determinants and structural-institutional ch

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Mukhina, Irina. "Regulating the Trade: International Peddling in Post-Soviet Russia." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 37, no. 2 (2010): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633210x536889.

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AbstractThe economic, social, and political reforms of the former Soviet Union gave rise to a flourishing international peddling trade variously termed “shuttle trading,” “a suitcase trade,” or at times “trading tourism.” Small at first in the later 1980s, by the mid-1990s the shuttle trade expanded to include millions of people and came to constitute the backbone of Russian consumer trade. Initially the government was willing to “look the other way” or even support the shuttle trade as a way to provide for the collapsing consumer market in Russia. Yet the government drastically underestimated

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Larsen, Trina L., and Robert T. Green. "Export Opportunities in a Crumbling Economy: The Soviet Union in 1990." Journal of International Marketing 1, no. 4 (1993): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9300100405.

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Economic liberalization is underway in many countries that had previously been relatively closed to outside commercial relations. This includes former East Bloc nations and LDCs that had long attempted to protect their inefficient industries from foreign competition. Perhaps the most spectacular example of this trend is the former Soviet Union. This article reports a study of the changes that occurred in the former Soviet Union's trade relations with non-communist countries in the critical period during which trade ‘openness’ was being established. The results provide insights that may be usef

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8

Shemetova, Tamara A. "Trade, Economic and Political Relations between Soviet Russia and the Chinese Province of Xinjiang in 1921-1922." RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, no. 1 (2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-85-96.

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The author analyzes the features and results of trade, economic and political relations of the Chinese province of Xinjiang with Soviet Russia and the USSR in 1921-1922. The main sources for the preparation of the article were historical and archival materials on the trade and economic relations of Xinjiang with Russia and the Soviet Union (1896-1949) in Chinese, as well as documents from a number of Moscow archives (the Russian State Archive of Economics, the Russian State Military Archive, the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation). The analysis showed that during the period un

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9

Ironside, Kristy. "“Because of Him, We Have Pizza Hut!”." Russian History 49, no. 2-4 (2023): 238–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340049.

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Abstract Gorbachev’s 1997 television ad for Pizza Hut, which opened its first restaurants in the Soviet Union in 1990 through a joint venture between parent company PepsiCo, Inc. and the Moscow city soviet, is an important part of his popular image in the West, reflecting the role that capitalist consumerism is often presumed to have played in the Soviet system’s collapse. Yet, as this article shows, such joint ventures were supposed to increase the Soviet Union’s role not as a consumer, but as a producer, by showcasing the benefits of international economic cooperation with it. Joint ventures

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10

Yakupova, Dar'ya Viktorovna, and Roman Aleksandrovich Yakupov. "“Bread for the People and National Security”: Soviet commercial diplomacy during the period of détente." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.11.34328.

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The relevance of this research is defined by the need for analyzing the historical experience of adaptation of foreign economic activity of the Soviet State to the challenges of Western policy deterrence, the imperatives of which are being applied to Russia in the current context. The subject of this research is the Soviet grain procurement crisis and foreign policy ways for its overcoming. The object of this research is trade and diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. The scientific novelty lies in elaboration of the concept of &ldquo;commercial diplomacy&amp

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Ivanov, Nikolai. "Uruguay and the Soviet Union in the 1920—1930s." ISTORIYA 15, no. 3 (137) (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840030565-0.

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The author analyzes the relationship between the Soviet Union and Uruguay in the period of the 20—30s, one of the most difficult in the history of the two countries. The main subjects are the termination of diplomatic relations in 1917, the establishment of trade relations in the early 20s, the activities of trade societies ARCOS, AMTORG, Yuzhamtorg, the resumption of relations in 1926, the development of trade and economic relations, the world economic crisis and the spread of anti-communist hysteria in Latin America, the «oil issue» and its role in the preparation of the coup d&apos;etat

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Ollapally, D., and G. Anandalingam. "India and the Soviet Union: Trade and Technology Transfer." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 12, no. 2 (1992): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07323867-12-2-108.

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Siromskyi, Ruslan, and Hanna Siromska. "“MY VISIT DID NOT REASSURE ME”: FROM THE HISTORY OF VISIT LESTER PEARSON’S TO THE SOVIET UNION (OCTOBER 5–12, 1955)." Вісник Львівського університету. Серія історична / Visnyk of the Lviv University. Historical Series, no. 54 (November 3, 2022): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/his.2022.54.11608.

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The article examines the political background, organization and course of the official visit of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Canada Lester Pearson to the Soviet Union in October 1955. It is established that after ten years of mutual mistrust caused by the “Gouzenko case” (exposing the Soviet spy network in Canada), each side pursued its own goal of establishing contacts. Diplomatic searches for common ground between the two countries were made possible by a change of top leadership in the Soviet Union and a brief reduction in international tensions following the 1955 Geneva Su

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14

Борисова, И. Д. "Правовые способы реализации национальных государственных интересов СССР в области внешней торговли в 1950—1960-х годах". СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВО, № 3 (29 березня 2021): 116–20. https://doi.org/10.25799/ni.2021.31.86.020.

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В статье освещаются проблемы поиска способов реализации национальных государственных интересов Советского государства в сфере международной торговли в период сворачивания политической оттепели и нарастания застойных явлений как во внутренней, так и во внешней политике Советского Союза. Главное внимание советская дипломатия уделяла вновь появившимся на международной арене в обозначенный период развивающимся странам. Посредством экономической и политической помощи странам «третьего мира», СССР реализовывал свои национально-государственные интересы. Залогом успешного продвижения своих интересов С

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15

Stevandić, Nataša. "Intensity of establishment of trade relations of the USSR with the world during the governance of J. V. Stalin until the beginning of the Second World War." Megatrend revija 20, no. 2 (2023): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2302203s.

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Trade policy of the Soviet Union during the governance of J. V. Stalin moved in the direction of opening up to the world, which was somewhat atypical for the political regimes of that time. By emphasizing the establishment and development of trade relations with countries around the world, the Soviet leader enabled a more adequate use of the comparative advantages of the Soviet country and the reduction of the shortcomings accumulated during the previous years, which represented an obstacle to success. Abandoning such an autarkic system in conducting the country's foreign trade policy, which w

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16

Jensen-Eriksen, Niklas. "The Northern Front in the Technological Cold War: Finland and East-West Trade in the 1970s and 1980s." Journal of Cold War Studies 21, no. 4 (2019): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00909.

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This article shows how the United States and the Soviet Union competed technologically in northern Europe during the final decades of the Cold War. The article highlights the U.S. government's ability to enlist neutral countries, and even vulnerable neutral states like Finland, into Western technology embargoes against the Soviet Union. Yet, the Finnish case also demonstrates that determined small countries and their companies were not simply helpless actors and could protect their political and commercial interests. Finland exported high-technology goods such as electronics and telecommunicat

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17

Mastanduno, Michael. "Strategies of Economic Containment: U.S. Trade Relations with the Soviet Union." World Politics 37, no. 4 (1985): 503–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010342.

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If a consensus exists in the literature on international economic sanctions, it is that attempts to use economic instruments to achieve political objectives are likely to fail.1 This widely shared conclusion has been based on the analysis of a number of highly visible but unsuccessful attempts, including the League of Nations' sanctions against Italy in 1935–1936, the Arab boycott of Israel, U.S. sanctions against the Castro regime, United Nations sanctions against Rhodesia, and most recently, U.S. sanctions against the Soviet Union following the invasion of Afghanistan and the imposition of m

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18

Fava, Valentina. "Between Business Interests and Ideological Marketing: The USSR and the Cold War in Fiat Corporate Strategy, 1957–1972." Journal of Cold War Studies 20, no. 4 (2018): 26–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00822.

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This article analyzes the landmark deal between the Italian automobile corporation Fiat and the Soviet government to build and operate the Volga Automobile Factory (VAZ). Drawing on formerly closed corporate records and declassified Soviet documents, the article traces how the Cold War helped shape the strategy of a West European multinational corporation in its attempts to manipulate the national and international political context in which it was acting. In Fiat's strategy toward the uncertain Soviet market, car production represented more of a bridgehead than an ultimate objective. Fiat's O

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19

Tsidenkov, G. G. "Humanitarian Aid of the Red Cross and Other Public Organizations of the Netherlands To Soviet Russia During the Famine of 1921–1923." MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, no. 1 (2023): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-1-88-87-105.

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Historiography of the famine in Soviet Russia and Ukraine 1921-23. includes a large number of scholar papers covering foreign humanitarian aid to starving population in the context of the work of such large organizations as the American Relief Administration, the Nansen Committee, etc. At the same time, there are practically no articles and thesis which fully describe the assistance to the Soviet starving from individual states and national aid committees. The purpose of this article is to highlight and summarize the main aspects of the activities of the Dutch charitable and public organizatio

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Dr., Satish M. Dhoke, and Satish G. Athawale Dr. "International Business Strategy and the Role of International Marketing." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE HUMANITY & MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 01, no. 05 (2022): 106–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7313485.

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Global trade has expanded tremendously over the past few decades, making international marketing more important than ever before. The rapid spread of globalisation has been a significant force, with billions of new customers and competitors from China, India, and the former Soviet Union entering the global market, as well as improvements. Revolutionary in terms of communication and transportation, as well as economic liberalisation expansion. The rapid growth of emerging markets and the expansion of communication channels. Give new clients more access to the numerous benefits offered by global

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Elder, Bob. "A strategic approach to advanced technology trade with the Soviet Union." Comparative Strategy 11, no. 1 (1992): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495939208402863.

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Ferreira Jr., Amarilio. "The British National Union of Teachers (NUT) against the background of the Cold War: An International Peace Conference between teachers in Western and Eastern Europe." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 6, no. 1 (2019): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.175.

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The aim of this article is to explain the political and trade union stance of the British National Union of Teachers (NUT) – representing the teachers of England and Wales – against the arms race and nuclear warheads set up in the European Continent during the Cold War (1947-1991). After adopting resolutions in support of «Education for Peace» at its Annual Conferences (Jersey, 1983 and Blackpool, 1984), the NUT held an International Peace Conference (1984) involving Western and Eastern European countries in which teachers’ unions from the following countries participated: the United States, F

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Herf, Jeffrey. "“At War with Israel”: East Germany’s Key Role in Soviet Policy in the Middle East." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 3 (2014): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00450.

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The Middle East was one of the crucial battlefields of the global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West; it was also a region in which East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc’s antagonism toward Israel. From 1953, when the German Democratic Republic (GDR) signed its first trade agreement with Egypt, until 1989, when the Communist regime in the GDR collapsed, East Germany opposed the state of Israel and supported Israel’s enemies in the Arab world, providing arms, training, and other support to countries and terrorist groups that sought to destroy Israel. From the mid-196

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Chambers, Robert G. "Domestic and International Agricultural Policy Interfaces." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 18, no. 1 (1986): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200005331.

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Since 1981, American agricultural export earnings have plummeted from $43 billion to around $29 billion for 1985, a 37 percent decline. Many factors have been offered as partial explanations for this phenomenon: a strong dollar, the continued fallout from the grain embargo placed by the Carter Administration on the Soviet Union, poor American marketing practices in international agricultural markets, debt problems in heretofore rapidly developing third-world countries that had been among our fastest growing export markets, and uncompetitive practices spawned by the foreign trade policies of ou

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Ferris, Jesse. "Guns for Cotton? Aid, Trade, and the Soviet Quest for Base Rights in Egypt, 1964–1966." Journal of Cold War Studies 13, no. 2 (2011): 4–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00101.

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This article reexamines the economic and strategic aspects of Soviet-Egyptian relations in the mid-1960s based on recently declassified documents from Russian archives and recently published memoirs in Arabic. The article explores the tensions that developed between the Soviet Union and Egypt as the Soviet government exploited Egypt's economic difficulties to press for basing rights that would help to offset the U.S. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. In addition to offering a corrective to scholarly understanding of the Soviet-Egyptian relationship at this time, the article provides a fascinat

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Martinets, Yuliya A. "SOVIET-AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AS A PROBLEM OF RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-4-19-31.

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This article is devoted to the trade and economic relations between the USSR and the Austrian Republic, whose modern borders were drawn up only at the end of the Second World War. The author aims to give a brief overview of the main scientific results (dissertation studies, monographs, scientific articles) of domestic – Soviet and Russian – historians and economists. The article attempts to analyze the influence of the state ideology on the development of domestic Austrian studies and to trace the reflection of the ideological confrontation between the East and the West during the Cold War on

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Abbott, Philip C., Philip L. Paarlberg, and Paul M. Patterson. "Supplier Substitutability and the Impacts of the 1980 U.S. Grain Embargo." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, no. 2 (1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200017544.

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AbstractThe 1980 U.S. suspension of grain sales to the Soviet Union illustrates the importance of the choice of conceptual framework for empirical analysis of international trade problems. A spatial equilibrium model of wheat and coarse grains trade assumes perfect substitution among exporting nations' commoditites by importers and, thus, precludes the embargo from having a large impact. The imperfect substitutability assumption of an Armington model results in larger consequences from the embargo. For small shocks, the Armington model better captures the rigidities characteristic of internati

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Abdukadyrov, A., and S. Daly. "Shuttle Trading: Case Study From The Former Soviet Republic." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 8, no. 6 (2012): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v8i6.7381.

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This case explores the experience of Mirlan Suyorov, one of thousands of entrepreneurs who started shuttle trading in Kyrgyzstan after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The goal is to show the effects of globalization in the lives of people in former Soviet republics since the 1990s. This research draws mostly upon primary sources such as personal interviews. Through showing the lives of shuttle traders, this study highlights the importance of international trade organizations in shaping the economy of newly independent countries and emerging markets.

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Crowley, Stephen. "Barriers to Collective Action: Steelworkers and Mutual Dependence in the Former Soviet Union." World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 589–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950719.

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The author examines the question of why labor in the former Soviet Union has remained so quiet during this tumultous period. He conducts a most similar case study of coal miners, who have struck and organized militant trade unions, and of steelworkers in the same communities, who have not. To explain the lack of strike activity, the concept of mutual dependence is developed, whereby the enterprise is dependent on workers in a labor-short economy and workers in turn have been dependent on the enterprise for the provision of goods and services in short supply. The provision of a high level of su

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Lapshin, Valeriy F., and Nadezhda V. Kuznetsova. "On Prospects of the Development of Criminal Laws of the Eurasian Economic Union Member States Ensuring Protection of National Interests in International Trade." Business security 1 (February 11, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-3644-2021-1-21-25.

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Тhe subject of this research is the international normative acts concluded in connection with the creation of interstate unions and associations in the post-Soviet space. Attention is drawn to the active development of regulatory legislation on the specifics of economic relations between representatives of the union states, in the complete absence of any processes of unification of national criminal law in the field of foreign economic activity. The emerging situation can significantly complicate the implementation of international foreign economic cooperation, despite the membership of states

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Baikalov, Nikolai S. "At the BAM We Had Everything! Consumption Good Supplies for Workers of the All-Union Komsomol Сonstruction Project". RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, № 1 (2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-1-83-94.

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The paper analyzes trade and supply services for the Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway (BAM) builders during the years 1974-1989. It describes the distribution system of goods, the forms of consumer behavior as well as consumption practices among participants of the project. The sources used for this study include office documents and statistics of the Soviet Ministry for Transport Construction, of building companies and municipalities, as well as of party and public organizations, next to oral testimonies given by former BAM construction workers that the author recorded during fieldwork. The autho

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French, John D., and Kristin Wintersteen. "Crafting an International Legal Regime for Worker Rights: Assessing the Literature since the 1999 Seattle WTO Protests." International Labor and Working-Class History 75, no. 1 (2009): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909000106.

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Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, critical attention has increasingly focused on the remaining world system, capitalist in nature and anchored in the World Trade Organization (WTO), founded in 1994 as the successor to the 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). As the 1990s progressed, a smattering of exciting new intellectual work began to appear on the social and environmental impacts of the international trade and investment regime, especially given its apparently negative impact on many developing countries and the world's working people. “The distinction somewhat com

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Pilipenko, Igor V. "SPECIFICITIES OF IMPLEMENTING CLEARING ARRANGEMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE 1930s – 1980s." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 10/1, no. 130 (2022): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.10.01.006.

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The implementation of clearing arrangements in international settlements of the Russian Federation is one of the systemic solutions that allow developing external trade under toughened anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the Western states. This article analyzes the international experience of the 1930 s – 1980 s when clearing trade was used particularly intensively. We consider features of bilateral clearing in Western and Southern Europe as well as in USSR in the 1930 s, the proposition of J. M. Keynes in 1941–1944 to create the International Clearing Union and the proliferation of bilateral c

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Tasoulas, Argyrios. "The development of trade relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Soviet Union (1960-1963)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-3 (2020): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi63.

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This article studies the development of Soviet-Cypriot trade relations in 1960-63, based on research at the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AVP RF). Concurrently, a historical analysis follows the events after the creation of the new Cypriot state and the two major Cold War crises (the building of the Berlin wall and the Cuban missile crisis). The efforts made by both governments to develop bilateral trade, the aftermath of the two major international crises and the results of the two governments’ policies have been identified and analyzed.

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Toole, James, and James Lutz. "Trade Policies of the Former Centrally Planned Economies." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 3 (2005): 1850046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1088.

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Since the end of Communist rule, the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been forced to restructure their formerly centrally planned economies. Among the dilemmas they have faced is how open they should be to international trade. Using multiple regression, the openness of these economies to trade is empirically determined while controlling for the effects of both population and wealth. Residuals from the regression equations are then examined in order to identify how much more or less open to trade each country has been. Analysis of the residuals for six distinct regio

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Serova, Maria. "Soviet-Norwegian Economic Relations in the First Years After the Second World War: From Cooperation to Confrontation." ISTORIYA 14, no. 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027796-4.

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The article analyzes Soviet-Norwegian economic relations after the World War II. All this is considered in the context of such international events of 1948—1949 as accepting Marshall Plan aid and Norway’s entry into the NATO alliance. After the liberation of Norway in 1945 the Norwegian economy came under severe inflationary pressure. That happened as a result of the increase in money supply and the reduction of domestic production and imports. In this case, trade with the Soviet Union could have been a good alternative for the development of the Norwegian economy. The previous conditions of p

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Brada, Josef C. "Interpreting the Soviet subsididzation of Eastern Europe." International Organization 42, no. 4 (1988): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300034007.

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In trade among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), prices of raw materials are lower and those of manufactured goods higher than comparable world prices. Because the Soviet Union is a net exporter of raw materials to, and net importer of manufactures from, the other CMEA countries, it benefits less from CMEA trade than it would from trading with the rest of the world, and the other CMEA members benefit more. This redistribution of the gains from trade is generally seen as a form of subsidization. One explanation of these subsidies is that they represent Soviet pay

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OINAROVA, Assem, Ramazan ALIMKULOV, and Sholpan TLEPINA. "Specifics of Integration Processes in the Former Soviet Union: The Case of the Eurasian Economic Union." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 4 (2018): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).28.

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In the present settings, the development of the world economy follows a key trend that consists in regional economic integration. It is quite predictable that the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are promoting the project of economic integration aiming to secure certain positions in the developing new structure of the global economic system. This study aims to establish whether EAEU meets the criteria for an international organization of regional integration, as well as to consider whether the EAEU countries can successfully combine their membership with the membership in th

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Luff, Jennifer. "Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, 1920–49." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 1 (2016): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416658701.

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Why did domestic anticommunism convulse the United States of America during the early Cold War but barely ripple in the United Kingdom? Contemporaries and historians have puzzled over the dramatic difference in domestic politics between the USA and the UK, given the countries’ broad alignment on foreign policy toward Communism and the Soviet Union in that era. This article reflects upon the role played by trade unions in the USA and the UK in the development of each country's culture and politics of anticommunism during the interwar years. Trade unions were key sites of Communist organizing, a

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Jones, Kent. "Revolutionary Cuba and the GATT/WTO System." Journal of World Trade 51, Issue 5 (2017): 817–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2017032.

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Cuba was a charter signatory of the GATT, transitioning to WTO membership in 1995. After its 1959 revolution, it sought to achieve economic independence from the US, and traded mainly outside GATT rules, in barter arrangements with the Soviet Union and later with Venezuela. This article investigates why Cuba chose to remain in the GATT and WTO as a centrally planned economy. GATT and WTO documents reveal that Cuba sought to gain influence among developing countries as a critic of existing trade rules and negotiations, while attempting to retain or seek new rules-based multilateral channels of

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Hisrich, Robert D., and Michael P. Peters. "Views of Trade Activity with the Soviet Union and China by U.S. Manufacturers." Journal of Global Marketing 2, no. 2 (1989): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j042v02n02_04.

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KUDRYASHOVA, Daria. "Influence of West on Post-Soviet Space: Progressive Movement to Change Cultural Code." Middle & Post-Soviet East, no. 1 (2023): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/j.2949-2408.2023.01.07.

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The European Union is one of the external players in the post-Soviet space, considering the region from the point of view of a rich resource base and a new affordable market. Having taken shape as a subject of international relations in 1992, the EU began to spread its influence in the countries of the post-Soviet space. The article examines the evolution of the approaches of the European Union to independent republics. Initially, the post-Soviet space was perceived by the leaders of the European Union as one whole, and the mechanisms and instruments of influence were universal for all countri

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Spaulding, Robert Mark. "German trade policy in Eastern Europe, 1890–1990: preconditions for applying international trade leverage." International Organization 45, no. 3 (1991): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033130.

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Over the past century, Germany has repeatedly attempted to use trade as a tool of foreign policy vis-à-vis Imperial Russia, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Against the background of continual German economic superiority, this article analyzes Germany's ability to apply trade leverage in terms of four other factors: the nature of the prevailing international trade regime, government views of trade leverage as a tool of statecraft, the degree of German state autonomy in setting trade policies, and the availability of an effective bureaucratic mechanism for controlling German import

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Inshyn, Mykola I., Serhii Ya Vavzhenchuk, and Kateryna V. Moskalenko. "Protection of labour rights by trade unions in separate post-Soviet countries." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, no. 2 (2021): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.222-233.

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Trade unions play an increasingly more critical role in protection of the employees of every state. This article aims to outline the problems with regard to the legal regulation of labour rights protection by trade unions in post-Soviet countries. The research is based on a system of various general philosophical methods (dialectical method), general scientific methods, such as methods of synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, and special legal methods, including comparative legal method and the method of modelling. The choice of the mentioned methods was determined by the purpose of

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Sawert, Daniel. "New Materials for Studying Preparation and Staging of the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1957." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2018): 550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-2-550-563.

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The article assesses archival materials on the festival movement in the Soviet Union in 1950s, including its peak, the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students held in 1957 in Moscow. Even now the Moscow festival is seen in the context of international cultural politics of the Cold War and as a unique event for the Soviet Union. The article is to put the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in the context of other youth festivals held in the Soviet Union. The festivals of 1950s provided a field for political, social, and cultural experiments. They also have been the crucible of a new way o

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Goldfield, David. "THE SELECTIVE MEMORY ОF US-SOVIET COOPERATION DURING WORLD WAR II". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, № 2 (2021): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-2-37-54.

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By the time the US formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933, the American economy was in desperate circumstances. President Roosevelt hoped that the new relationship would generate a prosperous trade between the two countries. When Germany, Italy, and Japan threatened world peace, a vigor- ous “America First” movement developed to keep the US out of the international conflicts. By the time the Germans invaded Poland in September 1939, this be- came increasingly difficult. The US, instead, became “the arsenal of democracy” and supported the efforts of the British and, by 1941, the Russians

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Layard, Antonia. "The European Energy Charter Treaty: Tipping the Balance between Energy and the Environment." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 4, Issue 5 (1995): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1995033.

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This article examines the environmental implications of the European Energy Charter Treaty together with the Energy Efficiency and Nuclear Protocols. It considers their provisions in light of existing developments in international environmental law and policy. It concludes that as the primary aim of the Treaty was to stimulate trade in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe it is unsurprising that the Treaty has relied more on hortatory statements and guidance than on implementing concrete environmental protection measures.

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Korey, William. "Helsinki, Human Rights, and the Gorbachev Style." Ethics & International Affairs 1 (March 1987): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1987.tb00518.x.

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Human rights is one of three issues addressed by the Helsinki Accord, alongside security and trade matters. In the mid-seventies the accord was greeted with enthusiasm by the Soviet Union, which saw it as a means to reduce the U.S. presence in Europe. The United States, which played a limited role in drafting the accord, feared it might result in a betrayal of the various nationalities of Eastern Europe by its tacit acceptance of Soviet territorial arrangements. Over the next ten years the human rights section of the accord would become a central point of contention between the superpowers. Ko

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Hafteh Kazazi, Mahdi, and Abdul Wali Heshmatov. "Fields and trade economic cooperation between Iran and Tajikistan after independence from the Soviet Union to the present." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 06 (2022): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i6.ps03.

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Trade between countries today plays an important role in international relations and is one of the indicators for measuring the level of development of countries. Some countries have even re-exported in order to have a good position in the world rankings. Iran's economic relations with Tajikistan have had ups and downs, and over the years many Iranian companies have been involved in development projects - dams - roads - tunnels ....Tajikistan. This article examines trade relations between the two countries after Tajikistan gained independence

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Kot, Vera, Arina Barsukova, Wadim Strielkowski, Mikhail Krivko, and Luboš Smutka. "International Trade in the Post-Soviet Space: Trends, Threats, and Prospects for the Internal Trade within the Eurasian Economic Union." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 1 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16010016.

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This paper discusses the dynamics of foreign trade in the post-Soviet space within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) during the period from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, the paper analyzes export indicators in foreign and mutual trade of the EAEU member countries and diversification of the commodity structure as well as its dynamics based on the commodity concentration index for each member country. Our paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the EAEU, analyzes the opportunities and threats of development, and focuses on the trends and prospects. The main strengths include the institut

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