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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Interpretation formalism »

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Publié le 29 mars 2025

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1

Baumann, Veronika, et Stefan Wolf. « On Formalisms and Interpretations ». Quantum 2 (15 octobre 2018) : 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-10-15-99.

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One of the reasons for the heated debates around the interpretations of quantum theory is a simple confusion between the notions of formalism versus interpretation. In this note, we make a clear distinction between them and show that there are actually two inequivalent quantum formalisms, namely the relative-state formalism and the standard formalism with the Born and measurement-update rules. We further propose a different probability rule for the relative-state formalism and discuss how Wigner's-friend-type experiments could show the inequivalence with the standard formalism. The feasibility in principle of such experiments, however, remains an open question.

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Hathaway, Joshua, et Michael R. W. Dawson. « Giant Steps In The Interpretation Of A Musical PDP Network ». Eureka 4, n^o 1 (28 juillet 2014) : 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/eureka22826.

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We first introduce the notion of chord progressions by describing a particular example (the II-V-I) that is related to the Coltrane changes. Second, we describe the Coltrane changes using a formalism derived from previous musical investigations with neural networks (Yaremchuk & Dawson, 2005, 2008). Finally, we describe how we trained a neural network to generate the Coltrane changes, how we analyzed its internal structure, and the implications of this interpretation. In particular, we discovered that a network represented transitions between chords in a fashion that could be described in terms of a new musical formalism that we had not envisioned. In short, this paper shows that the interpretation of the internal structure of a musical network can provide new formalisms for representing musical regularities, and can suggest new directions for representational research on musical cognition.

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HUQ, M., P. I. OBIAKOR et S. SINGH. « POINT PARTICLE WITH EXTRINSIC CURVATURE ». International Journal of Modern Physics A 05, n^o 22 (20 novembre 1990) : 4301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x90001793.

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We have considered point particle action with extrinsic curvature having a geometric interpretation. It is shown that the Hamiltonian formalism possesses more gauge symmetries than the Lagrangian one. Equivalence of the BRST method in both formalisms is also exhibited.

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Hahn, Songsuk Susan. « Logical Form and Ethical Content ». Hegel Bulletin 32, n^o 1-2 (2011) : 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200000203.

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Hegel's empty formalism charge is taken, virtually without exception, as a serious objection to Kant's categorical imperative and a powerful refutation of his formalist ethics. The dominant interpretation is represented by Bradley, Paton, Mill, Korsgaard, Guyer, Wood, Schneewind, Sedgwick, more recently, Freyenhagen, and others. So far, the dominant interpretation has remained powerfully influential and virtually unchallenged.However, the dominant interpretation tends to take Hegel's empty formalism in isolation from other texts in the corpus, his holistic system, and dialectical method in general. What makes this non-contextualised approach problematic is that it ignores his remarks on formalism in other texts where his use of dialectical and sceptical method is more in evidence. Hegel's emptiness remarks span his entire career, from their appearance in Jena right up to the end of his career in Berlin. In Jena, his views on formal thinking in a logical sense developed alongside his views on formalism in ethics. Prima facie, the arguments bring together two subject matters that seem to have nothing to do with one another. This may explain why no one has given an interpretation that brings the two domains together. But it is worth noting that Kant himself brings logical considerations to bear on his conception of the moral principle. His distinction between the form of a moral principle and its empirical content recalls his characterisation of logical laws in the firstCritique(B77-B78/A53-A54).

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van Eijndhoven, S. J. L., et J. de Graaf. « A mathematical interpretation of Dirac's formalism ». Reports on Mathematical Physics 23, n^o 3 (juin 1986) : 299–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4877(86)90026-1.

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Wilce, Alexander. « Formalism and Interpretation in Quantum Theory ». Foundations of Physics 40, n^o 4 (20 janvier 2010) : 434–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-010-9410-x.

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Seppänen, Samuli. « Formalism and anti-formalism in the Chinese Communist Party’s governance project ». Global Constitutionalism 10, n^o 2 (juillet 2021) : 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381720000271.

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AbstractThis article argues that the governance project of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) oscillates between rule-based formalism and anti-formalist scepticism about rule-based governance. In this dichotomy, anti-formalist arguments support CCP leaders’ efforts to maintain and increase the Party’s influence over the judiciary and other state organs, which is a key justification for the Party’s power. Formalist language, in contrast, supports Party leaders’ attempts to constrain lower-level cadres’ uses of power within the Party. Formalist language is particularly prominent in the writings of Party ideologues on the interpretation of the Party’s internal regulations, including the CCP Constitution. At the same time, Party ideology also provides for various anti-formalist arguments about rule-based governance within and outside the Party. Paradoxical as it may be, the Party leadership seeks to exert rule-transcending political leadership through formal rules. While the focus of this article is on China, it argues that other illiberal regimes may also be studied in terms of similar, potentially incoherent approaches to rule-based governance.

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Bagwell, Timothy J. « American Formalism and the Problem of Interpretation ». Poetics Today 7, n^o 3 (1986) : 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1772521.

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9

HAJRA, K. « STOCHASTIC INTERPRETATION OF POSITION-MOMENTUM UNCERTAINTY RELATION ». Modern Physics Letters A 04, n^o 15 (10 août 1989) : 1469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001684.

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Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation is derived here from Nelson’s stochastic quantization procedure introducing Brownian motion in the internal space of a particle apart from that in the external space. This helps us to have a relativistic generalisation of Nelson’s formalism when a relativistic quantum particle appears to be a stochastically extended one. The nonrelativistic formalism is obtained in the sharp point limit. Quantum probability is found to be a manifestation of the internal geometry in this sharp point limit.

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Santos, Emilio. « Stochastic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Assuming That Vacuum Fields Are Real ». Foundations 2, n^o 2 (4 mai 2022) : 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2020028.

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We characterize the electromagnetic vacuum as a stochastic field. Some consequences, like the particle behaviour of light, are studied. The stochastic approach is connected with the standard Hilbert space formalism via the Weyl transform. Several experiments involving spontaneous parametric down conversion are studied comparing Hilbert space and Weyl–Wigner formalisms. This allows an intuitive picture of entanglement to be obtained as a correlation between field fluctuations in distant places, involving the vacuum fields. The analysis shows that the Bell definition of local realism is not general enough, whence the reported violation of Bell inequalities does not refute local realism.

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11

Santos, Emilio. « Interpretation of the quantum formalism and Bell's theorem ». Foundations of Physics 21, n^o 2 (février 1991) : 221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01889534.

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MOROSI, CARLO, et LIVIO PIZZOCCHERO. « ON THE BIHAMILTONIAN INTERPRETATION OF THE LAX FORMALISM ». Reviews in Mathematical Physics 07, n^o 03 (avril 1995) : 389–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x95000177.

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We propose a general framework for constructing systematically the Lax formulation of the soliton equations using the bi-Hamiltonian formalism. The method is applied to several examples, both classical and supersymmetric.

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Sonego, Sebastiano. « Interpretation of the hydrodynamical formalism of quantum mechanics ». Foundations of Physics 21, n^o 10 (octobre 1991) : 1135–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00734264.

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DVOEGLAZOV, VALERIY V. « THE MODIFIED BARGMANN-WIGNER FORMALISM FOR HIGHER SPIN FIELDS AND RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS ». International Journal of Modern Physics : Conference Series 03 (janvier 2011) : 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511001218.

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On the basis of our recent modifications of the Dirac formalism we generalize the Bargmann-Wigner formalism for higher spins to be compatible with other formalisms for bosons and fermions. Connections with dual electrodynamics, with the Ogievetskii-Polubarinov notoph and the Weinberg 2(2 S +1) theory are found. Next, we proceed to derive the equations for the symmetric tensor of the second rank on the basis of the Bargmann-Wigner formalism in a straightforward way. The symmetric multispinor of the fourth rank is used. It is constructed out of the Dirac 4-spinors. Due to serious problems with the interpretation of results we generalize the standard procedure and we obtain the spin-2 relativistic equations, which are consistent with the Einstein-Hilbert equation. We introduce the dual analogues of the Riemann tensor and we derive corresponding dynamical equations in the Minkowski space. Connections with the Marques-Spehler chiral gravity theory are discussed. The importance of the 4-vector field (and its gauge part) is pointed out. The spin-3/2 case is briefly discussed too.

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NOTTE-CUELLO, EDUARDO A., et WALDYR A. RODRIGUES. « A MAXWELL-LIKE FORMULATION OF GRAVITATIONAL THEORY IN MINKOWSKI SPACE–TIME ». International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, n^o 06 (juin 2007) : 1027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807010547.

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Using the Clifford bundle formalism, a Lagrangian theory of the Yang–Mills type (with a gauge fixing term and an auto interacting term) for the gravitational field in Minkowski space–time is presented. It is shown how two simple hypotheses permit the interpretation of the formalism in terms of effective Lorentzian or teleparallel geometries. In the case of a Lorentzian geometry interpretation of the theory, the field equations are shown to be equivalent to Einstein's equations.

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Rylov, Yuri A. « Incompatibility of the Copenhagen Interpretation With Quantum Mechanics Formalism ». Old and New Concepts of Physics 5, n^o 2 (22 avril 2008) : 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10005-007-0038-3.

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Losada, Marcelo, et Olimpia Lombardi. « Histories in quantum mechanics : distinguishing between formalism and interpretation ». European Journal for Philosophy of Science 8, n^o 3 (16 janvier 2018) : 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13194-017-0197-x.

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Fu, Y. B. « Hamiltonian interpretation of the Stroh formalism in anisotropic elasticity ». Proceedings of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, n^o 2088 (11 septembre 2007) : 3073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0093.

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Stroh's sextic formalism for static problems or steady motions in anisotropic elasticity is a formulation in which the equation of equilibrium/motion is written as a system of first-order differential equations for the displacement and traction in terms of one of the spatial variables. The so-called fundamental elasticity matrix N appearing in this formulation has the property that, when partitioned as a 2×2 block matrix, its 12- and 21-blocks are symmetric matrices and its 11-block is the transpose of its 22-block. This property gives rise to a large number of orthogonality and closure relations and is fundamental to the success of the Stroh formalism in solving a large variety of problems in general anisotropic elasticity. First, we show that the matrix N is guaranteed to have the above property by the fact that the Stroh formulation is in fact a Hamiltonian formulation with one of the spatial variables acting as the time-like variable. This interpretation provides a much desired guide in dealing with other problems for which the governing equations are different, such as incompressible elasticity and problems associated with anisotropic elastic plates as described by the Kirchhoff plate theory. We show that for the last two problems the Hamiltonian interpretation simplifies the derivations significantly, leading to a Stroh formulation in each case which is equivalent to, but much simpler than, what is available in the existing literature.

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Goldenberg, David P. « The product operator formalism : A physical and graphical interpretation ». Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A 36A, n^o 2 (mars 2010) : 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmr.a.20156.

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AHLUWALIA, D. V., M. B. JOHNSON et T. GOLDMAN. « MAJORANA-LIKE (j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) REPRESENTATION SPACES : CONSTRUCTION AND PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION ». Modern Physics Letters A 09, n^o 05 (20 février 1994) : 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732394000460.

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We present a formalism that extends the Majorana-construction to arbitrary spin (j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) representation spaces. For the example case of spin-one, a wave equation satisfied by the Majorana-like (1, 0) ⊕ (0, 1) spinors is constructed and its physical content explored. The (j, 0) ⊕ (0, j) Majorana-construct is found to possess an unusual classical and quantum field theoretic structure. Relevance of our formalism to parity violation, hadronic phenomenologies, and grand unified field theories is briefly pointed out.

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21

ROGALYOV, R. N. « GEOMETRICAL ASPECTS OF THE HELICITY FORMALISM ». International Journal of Modern Physics A 11, n^o 20 (10 août 1996) : 3711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x96001735.

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A bilinear combination of Dirac spinors is expressed in terms of Lorentz vectors. The result is represented in a convenient form, which can lead to using it for analytical calculations of multiparticle amplitudes. A geometrical interpretation of the introduced vectors is given and the correspondence between Dirac spinors and two-forms in complexified Minkowski space is clarified.

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22

Pérez-Jara, Javier. « Quantum Mechanics and Inclusive Materialism ». Philosophies 9, n^o 5 (3 septembre 2024) : 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9050140.

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Since its inception, the intricate mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics has empowered physicists to describe and predict specific physical events known as quantum processes. However, this success in probabilistic predictions has been accompanied by a profound challenge in the ontological interpretation of the theory. This interpretative complexity stems from two key aspects. Firstly, quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that, so far, is not derivable from any more basic scientific theory. Secondly, it delves into a realm of invisible phenomena that often contradicts our intuitive and commonsensical notions of matter and causality. Despite its notorious difficulties of interpretation, the most widely accepted set of views of quantum phenomena has been known as the Copenhagen interpretation since the beginning of quantum mechanics. According to these views, the correct ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics is incompatible with ontological realism in general and with philosophical materialism in particular. Anti-realist and anti-materialist interpretations of quantum matter have survived until today. This paper discusses these perspectives, arguing that materialistic interpretations of quantum mechanics are compatible with its mathematical formalism, while anti-realist and anti-materialist views are based on wrong philosophical assumptions. However, although physicalism provides a better explanation for quantum phenomena than idealism, its downward reductionism prevents it from accounting for more complex forms of matter, such as biological or sociocultural systems. Thus, the paper argues that neither physicalism nor idealism can explain the universe. I propose then a non-reductionistic form of materialism called inclusive materialism. The conclusion is that the acknowledgment of the qualitative irreducibility of ontological emergent levels above the purely physical one does not deny philosophical materialism but enriches it.

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Thompson, S. M. « Relations between chord and slope conductances and equivalent electromotive forces ». American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, n^o 2 (1 février 1986) : C333—C339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.2.c333.

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Nonlinear current-voltage relations for ion movement across biological membranes have been observed and significantly complicate the interpretation of electrical measurements on these transport processes. To enable analysis of the electrical measurements two formalisms have evolved, chord and slope, by which equivalent conductances and electromotive forces (emfs) can be obtained. Because, in the presence of nonlinear relations between current and voltage, the chord conductances and emfs are generally not equal to their slope counterparts, it is imperative that they not be intermixed (8). However, when the functional relationship between the current and voltage is known, such as the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) flux equation, it becomes possible to compare the voltage dependencies of these parameters and examine interrelationships between them. In this communication analytical expressions are derived for the chord and slope conductances and emfs for transport of a single ionic species that obeys the GHK flux equation. Using these expressions, it is possible to convert electrical equivalent circuit parameters derived for one formalism to electrical equivalent parameters of the other formalism. Therefore data obtained using either formalism can be used to obtain values for intracellular activity and membrane permeability to the transported ion. Parallel analyses can be applied to other models of ion transport.

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Shlag, P. « Formalism and Realism in Ruins (Mapping the Logics of Collapse) ». Theoretical and Applied Law, n^o 4 (30 décembre 2024) : 18–55. https://doi.org/10.22394/3034-2813-2024-4-18-55.

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After laying out a conventional account of the formalism vs. realism debates, this Article argues that formalism and realism are at once impossible and entrenched. To say they are impossible is to say that they are not as represented — that they cannot deliver their promised goods. To say that they are entrenched is to say that these forms of thought are sedimented as thought and practice throughout law’s empire. We live thus amidst the ruins of formalism and realism. The disputes between these two great determinations of American law continue today, but usually in more localized or circumscribed forms. We see versions of the disputes, for instance, in the stylized disagreements over the desired form of judicial doctrines (rules vs. standards); or the best rendition of key political values like equality (formal vs. substantive); or the proper mode of judicial interpretation (textual vs. purposive). Here too, the arguments that comprise the localized variants of the dispute remain inconclusive. The Article concludes by mapping “the logics of collapse” — specifically, some critical moves that undermine the rhetorical and intellectual force of the formalism vs. realism disputes and their localized variants. The aims here are several. First, the ability to deploy the critical moves helps with analysis. The critical moves help show how the arguments are constructed in the first place and how they are rhetorically and intellectually compromised. Second, and relatedly, the critical moves allow us to avoid being taken in by the formalism vs. realism arguments and their localized variants. Third, the aim is to show how our formalist and realist argumentation has already been surpassed by a legal “logic” that undermines the cogency of that argumentation.

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Deng, Shijie, Xinglong Yu et Peng Wang. « An irregular-shaped homogeneous refractive index model for interpretation of the surface plasmon resonance response from living cell attachment ». Analytical Methods 8, n^o 16 (2016) : 3301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay00524a.

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NIKOLIĆ, HRVOJE. « QUANTUM DETERMINISM FROM QUANTUM GENERAL COVARIANCE ». International Journal of Modern Physics D 15, n^o 12 (décembre 2006) : 2171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271806009595.

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The requirement of general covariance of quantum field theory (QFT) naturally leads to quantization based on the manifestly covariant De Donder–Weyl formalism. To recover the standard noncovariant formalism without violating covariance, fields need to depend on time in a specific deterministic manner. This deterministic evolution of quantum fields is recognized as a covariant version of the Bohmian hidden-variable interpretation of QFT.

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Faleiro, Ricardo, Nikola Paunkovic et Marko Vojinovic. « Operational interpretation of the vacuum and process matrices for identical particles ». Quantum 7 (20 avril 2023) : 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-04-20-986.

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This work overviews the single-particle two-way communication protocol recently introduced by del Santo and Dakić (dSD), and analyses it using the process matrix formalism. We give a detailed account of the importance and the operational meaning of the interaction of an agent with the vacuum – in particular its role in the process matrix description. Our analysis shows that the interaction with the vacuum should be treated as an operation, on equal footing with all other interactions. This raises the issue of counting such operations in an operational manner. Motivated by this analysis, we apply the process matrix formalism to capped Fock spaces using the framework of second quantisation, in order to characterise protocols with an indefinite number of identical particles.

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Wedekind, Jürgen, et Ronald M. Kaplan. « Tractable Lexical-Functional Grammar ». Computational Linguistics 46, n^o 3 (novembre 2020) : 515–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00384.

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The formalism for Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) was introduced in the 1980s as one of the first constraint-based grammatical formalisms for natural language. It has led to substantial contributions to the linguistic literature and to the construction of large-scale descriptions of particular languages. Investigations of its mathematical properties have shown that, without further restrictions, the recognition, emptiness, and generation problems are undecidable, and that they are intractable in the worst case even with commonly applied restrictions. However, grammars of real languages appear not to invoke the full expressive power of the formalism, as indicated by the fact that algorithms and implementations for recognition and generation have been developed that run—even for broad-coverage grammars—in typically polynomial time. This article formalizes some restrictions on the notation and its interpretation that are compatible with conventions and principles that have been implicit or informally stated in linguistic theory. We show that LFG grammars that respect these restrictions, while still suitable for the description of natural languages, are equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems and allow for tractable computation.

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Cuffaro, Michael E., et Stephan Hartmann. « The Open Systems View and the Everett Interpretation ». Quantum Reports 5, n^o 2 (28 avril 2023) : 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quantum5020027.

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It is argued that those who defend the Everett, or ‘many-worlds’, interpretation of quantum mechanics should embrace what we call the general quantum theory of open systems (GT) as the proper framework in which to conduct foundational and philosophical investigations in quantum physics. GT is a wider dynamical framework than its alternative, standard quantum theory (ST). This is true even though GT makes no modifications to the quantum formalism. GT rather takes a different view, what we call the open systems view, of the formalism; i.e., in GT, the dynamics of systems whose physical states are fundamentally represented by density operators are represented as fundamentally open as specified by an in general non-unitary dynamical map. This includes, in principle, the dynamics of the universe as a whole. We argue that the more general dynamics describable in GT can be physically motivated, that there is as much prima facie empirical support for GT as there is for ST, and that GT could be fully in the spirit of the Everett interpretation—that there might, in short, be little reason for an Everettian not to embrace the more general theoretical landscape that GT allows one to explore.

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HORIGUCHI, TSUTOMU. « QUANTUM POTENTIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE WHEELER-DeWITT EQUATION ». Modern Physics Letters A 09, n^o 16 (30 mai 1994) : 1429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773239400126x.

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We apply Bohm’s quantum potential interpretation to quantum cosmology. We study closed, flat and open minisuperspace models by introducing “extended” Robertson-Walker time which exists not only in classically allowed region but also in classically forbidden region. It is shown that how the classical universe emerges from the quantum area. We also discuss briefly quantum potential interpretation of quantum geometrodynamics based on the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner canonical formalism.

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Koch, Benjamin, et Nicolás Rojas. « An angular formalism for spin one half ». International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, n^o 04 (avril 2014) : 1450029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887814500297.

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The use of geometrical quantities and geometrical methods in the calculation and interpretation of physical systems have been very successful. Among others it has been shown how non-relativistic spin one half and massless relativistic spin one half with the corresponding Pauli matrices can be phrased geometrically. An analogous formulation for massive and relativistic spin one half was however missing. By the use of geometrical angular coordinates we construct a concrete realization of relativistic and massive spin one half. A Lagrange formulation is found, equations of motion are derived, and Lorentz invariance is discussed.

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O., Kopytova. « Formalism and realism as a style of judicial interpretation : theoretical-applicable aspect ». Almanac of law : The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, n^o 11 (août 2020) : 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-21.

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The article is devoted to revealing the features of formalism and realism as styles of judicial interpretation. It is proved that the effective and enforceability of the law as a whole depends on the effective enforcement. Judicial enforcement is the last stage of enforcement as a whole. The court, through judicial enforcement, reveals the content of a rule of law in its course of action, completes it or establishes its true meaning through interpretation. It is argued that the use of formalism and realism as styles of judicial interpretation leads to the formation of two independent styles of justice. It is stated that, in the practical plane, the distinction between formalism and realism looks so that the judge should start from the written text of the act, applying the priority of the principle of legality. The will of the "author of the text" is also taken into account. Formalism, given the rapid nature of social relations and therefore the change in legal reality, is generally associated with the risk of making unfair judgments. Judicial realism, on the contrary, considers it possible for judges to appeal to considerations of morality, policy and the like. It is proved that a realistic approach is necessarily linked with voluntarism that exists in "hard" and "soft" forms. This gives you the opportunity to be a realistic approach, radical or moderate. If the judge is empowered to set the contents (meaning) of the text that is interpreted, it is absolutely arbitrary – arbitrary, that is, without any connection with the semantics of the text, then voluntarism is evident in "hard" form. Judicial realism is able to use strong arguments, and is therefore able to meet the requirements of justice and (or) the effective court decisions in the socio-economic and political circumstances change rapidly. Popular here is the application context of the application of the law. These approaches in the theory of law also called static and dynamic (one that fits right to life) ways of interpretation. At the same time, we must not forget about the possibility of a miscarriage of justice during the administration of justice. It is a properly defined legally significant circumstances in connection with this incorrect conclusion of the court made on the basis of given factual circumstances. A realistic approach is necessarily linked with voluntarism that exists in "hard" and "soft" forms. This gives you the opportunity to be a realistic approach, radical or moderate. If the judge is empowered to set the contents (meaning) of the text that is interpreted, it is absolutely arbitrary – arbitrary, that is, without any connection with the semantics of the text, then voluntarism is evident in "hard" form. Example of rigid forms of realism may be the use of judicial discretion when the court and not the legislator is actually created a new rule of conduct. Key words: judicial interpretation, judicial enforcement, formalism, realism, styles judicial interpretation, voluntarism.

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Dattoli, Giuseppe, Emanuele Di Palma et Silvia Licciardi. « On an Umbral Point of View of the Gaussian and Gaussian-like Functions ». Symmetry 15, n^o 12 (4 décembre 2023) : 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15122157.

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The theory of Gaussian functions is reformulated using an umbral point of view. The symbolic method we adopt here allows an interpretation of the Gaussian in terms of a Lorentzian image function. The formalism also suggests the introduction of a new point of view of trigonometry, opening a new interpretation of the associated special functions. The Erfi(x), is, for example, interpreted as the “sine” of the Gaussian trigonometry. The possibilities offered by the Umbral restyling proposed here are noticeable and offered by the formalism itself. We mention the link between higher-order Gaussian trigonometric functions, Hermite polynomials, and the possibility of introducing new forms of distributions with longer tails than the ordinary Gaussians. The possibility of framing the theoretical content of the present article within a redefinition of the hypergeometric function is eventually discussed.

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Gartstein, E. L., et R. A. Cowley. « The Intensity Patterns with a Multi-Crystal Diffractometer Observed at a Synchrotron Source ». Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 48, n^o 3 (1 mars 1993) : 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1993-0312.

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Abstract The intensity is calculated employing the expressions developed for a multi-crystal diffractometer. Comparison with the measurements shows the reliability of the formalism and enables better interpretation of the experimental results.

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Dixon, Rosalind. « The Functional Constitution : Re-Reading the 2014 High Court Constitutional Term ». Federal Law Review 43, n^o 3 (septembre 2015) : 455–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.43.3.5.

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A ‘functional’ approach to constitutional interpretation is well-accepted in many other jurisdictions, including the United States, and offers a promising middle path between the extremes of pure formalism and pragmatism. It is, however, under-developed as an approach to constitutional interpretation, rather than doctrine, in Australia. The article offers an exploration of what it would mean to adopt a more explicitly functionalist approach to the interpretation of the Constitution, drawing on constitutional cases decided by the High Court in 2014.

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CHNG, Kenny. « Form and Substance in Singapore Constitutional and Administrative Law ». Asian Journal of Comparative Law 15, n^o 2 (décembre 2020) : 363–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2021.1.

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AbstractWhile Atiyah's and Summers’ concepts of form and substance in the context of constitutional law are often associated with constitutional interpretation, they can also be fruitfully applied to other areas of constitutional and administrative law. The intent of this paper is to apply the concepts of form and substance to Singapore constitutional and administrative law to illustrate that beyond constitutional interpretation, formalism is an apt description for several key areas of constitutional and administrative law doctrine and reasoning in Singapore, even to the extent of being formalistic. This article will argue that formalism in legal reasoning obtains in several important constitutional and administrative law doctrines in Singapore – specifically in the grounds of judicial review, ouster clause doctrine, and the rules on standing. This article will also evaluate the implications of these findings for the development of constitutional and administrative law in Singapore.

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Soiguine, Alexander. « Explaining Double Split Experiment with Geometrical Algebra Formalism ». Applied Science and Innovative Research 6, n^o 1 (18 février 2022) : p46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/asir.v6n1p46.

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The Geometric Algebra formalism opens the door to developing a theory upgrading conventional quantum mechanics. Generalizations, stemming from implementation of complex numbers as geometrically feasible objects in three dimensions; unambiguous definition of states, observables, measurements bring into reality clear explanations of conventional weird quantum mechanical features, particularly the results of double split experiments where particles create diffraction patterns inherent to wave diffraction. This weirdness of the double split experiment is milestone of all further difficulties in interpretation of quantum mechanics.

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CERIOLI, MAURA, et GIANNA REGGIO. « Very abstract specifications : a formalism independent approach ». Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 8, n^o 1 (février 1998) : 17–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129597002466.

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Two operations are presented for a modular approach to the definition of frameworks for rigorous development of software, formally represented as institutions.The first generalizes models, allowing them to have more structure than the minimum required by their declared signatures, as happens for software modules, which may have local routines that do not appear in their interface.The second extends sentences, and their interpretation in models, allowing sentences on richer signatures to be used as formulae for poorer ones.Combining the application of these operations, powerful institutions can be defined, like those for very abstract entities, or for hyper-loose algebraic specifications.The compatibility of different sequential applications of these operations and properties of the resulting institutions are also studied.

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CAPOZZIELLO, S., M. DE LAURENTIS, L. FATIBENE et M. FRANCAVIGLIA. « THE PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE OF RELATIVISTIC THEORIES OF GRAVITATION : FROM GENERAL RELATIVITY TO EXTENDED THEORIES OF GRAVITY THROUGH EHLERS–PIRANI–SCHILD APPROACH ». International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 09, n^o 08 (29 octobre 2012) : 1250072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887812500727.

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We discuss in a critical way the physical foundations of geometric structure of relativistic theories of gravity by the so-called Ehlers–Pirani–Schild formalism. This approach provides a natural interpretation of the observables showing how relate them to General Relativity and to a large class of Extended Theories of Gravity. In particular we show that, in such a formalism, geodesic and causal structures of space-time can be safely disentangled allowing a correct analysis in view of observations and experiment. As specific case, we take into account the case of f(R)-gravity.

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SHEA, KRISTINA, et JONATHAN CAGAN. « Languages and semantics of grammatical discrete structures ». Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 13, n^o 4 (septembre 1999) : 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060499134012.

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Applying grammatical formalisms to engineering problems requires consideration of spatial, functional, and behavioral design attributes. This paper explores structural design languages and semantics for the generation of feasible and purposeful discrete structures. In an application of shape annealing, a combination of grammatical design generation and search, to the generation of discrete structures, rule syntax, and semantics are used to model desired relations between structural form and function as well as control design generation. Explicit domain knowledge is placed within the grammar through rule and syntax formulation, resulting in the generation of only forms that make functional sense and adhere to preferred visual styles. Design interpretation, or semantics, is then used to select forms that meet functional and visual goals. The distinction between syntax used in grammar rules to explicitly drive geometric design and semantics used in design interpretation to implicitly guide geometric form is shown. Overall, the designs presented show the validity of applying a grammatical formalism to an engineering design problem and illustrate a range of possibilities for modeling functional and visual design criteria.

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Wassef, Wafik A. « A new interpretation of the wave function ». Canadian Journal of Physics 67, n^o 5 (1 mai 1989) : 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p89-089.

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A memory is attributed to quantum systems. The time range of this memory is found to be inversely proportional to the energy of a system. The value of the wave function at any moment of time is the time average of its past values during the memory range. The formalism of quantum mechanics is reproduced in terms of integral operators and the time span of the memory of a system. The representation of the state of a quantum system at any moment of time is found to include an explicit representation of its past states as well. Measurement processes are explained from this point of view. Some experiments are analyzed using the present new interpretation.

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MAIA, Jr., ADOLFO, ERASMO RECAMI, WALDYR A. RODRIGUES, Jr. et MARCIO A. F. ROSA. « MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITHOUT STRINGS BY KÄHLER-CLIFFORD ALGEBRA : GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF A SATISFACTORY FORMALISM ». Modern Physics Letters A 05, n^o 08 (30 mars 1990) : 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390000627.

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In place of Dirac monopoles with string, we have recently introduced “monopoles without string” on the basis of a generalized potential, the sum of a vector A and a pseudovector γ5B potential. By having recourse to the (graded) Clifford algebra which allows adding together tensors of different ranks (e.g., scalars+pseudoscalars+vectors+pseudovectors+...), in a previous paper we succeeded in constructing a lagrangian and hamiltonian formalism for interacting monopoles that can be regarded as satisfactory from various points of view. In the present note, after having completed that formalism, we put forth a purely geometrical interpretation of it within the Kähler algebra on differential forms, essential ingredients being the natural introduction of a “generalized curvature” and the Hodge decomposition. We thus pave the way for the extension of our “monopoles without string” to non-abelian gauge groups. The analogies of this approach with supersymmetric theories are apparent.

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Pulman, Stephen G. « Bidirectional Contextual Resolution ». Computational Linguistics 26, n^o 4 (décembre 2000) : 497–537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120100750105939.

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This paper describes a formalism and implementation for the interpretation and generation of sentences containing context-dependent constructs like determiners, pronouns, focus, and ellipsis. A variant of quasi-logical form is used as an under specified meaning representation, related to resolved logical forms via conditional equivalences. These equivalences define the interpretation of contextually dependent constructs with respect to a given context. Higher-order unification and abduction are used in relating expressions to contexts. The conditional equivalences can be used unchanged in both the interpretation and the generation direction.

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Clouet, Axel, Jérôme Vaillant et David Alleysson. « Physical noise propagation in color image construction : a geometrical interpretation ». Color and Imaging Conference 2019, n^o 1 (21 octobre 2019) : 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.67.

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To avoid false colors, classical color sensors cut infrared wavelengths for which silicon is sensitive (with the use of an infrared cutoff filter called IR-cut). However, in low light situation, noise can alter images. To increase the amount of photons received by the sensor, in other words, the sensor's sensitivity, it has been proposed to remove the IR-cut for low light applications. In this paper, we analyze if this methodology is beneficial from a signal to noise ratio point of view when the wanted result is a color image. For this aim we recall the formalism behind physical raw image acquisition and color reconstruction. A comparative study is carried out between one classical color sensor and one specific color sensor designed for low light conditions. Simulated results have been computed for both sensors under same exposure settings and show that raw signal to noise ratio is better for the low light sensor. However, its reconstructed color image appears more noisy. Our formalism illustrates geometrically the reasons of this degradation in the case of the low light sensor. It is due on one hand to the higher correlation between spectral channels and on the other hand to the near infrared part of the signal in the raw data which is not intrinsically useful for color.

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Van Helden, Alice. « interprétation relationnelle de la physique quantique ». Revue des questions scientifiques 193, n^o 1-2 (1 janvier 2022) : 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/qs.v193i1-2.70223.

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Une interprétation de la physique quantique est un système de propositions philosophiques (ontologiques) qui cherche à expliquer les phénomènes quantiques observés expérimentalement en décrivant la constitution de la matière au sens large, ainsi que ses propriétés. L’interprétation relationnelle en est une, qui est présentée ici sous un angle réaliste (en l’occurrence sans donner de statut physique particulier aux observateurs conscients) de manière à pouvoir être comprise par la majorité, et sans prérequis, c’est-à-dire en évitant d’utiliser le formalisme mathématique. Bien qu’on puisse la présenter simplement, elle soulève tout de même des questions qui seront brièvement traitées pour donner un aperçu des pistes de recherches dans ce domaine. * * * Interpretating quantum physics involves creating a system of philosophical (ontological) propositions that attempts to explain experimentally observed quantum phenomena by describing the composition of matter (in the broad sense of the term), as well as its properties. One of these is the relational interpretation, which is presented here from a purely realistic point of view (i.e., without granting any particular physical status to conscious observers) so as to be more widely understood, without the need for any prerequisite training, and thus excludes the use of mathematical formalism. Although presenting this interpretation is a fairly simple task, it still raises certain questions that will briefly be addressed in order to provide an overview of the various avenues of research in this field.

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YAMAGUCHI, HIRONORI, et SATORU SAITO. « A REALIZATION OF MATRIX KP HIERARCHY BY COINCIDENT D-BRANE STATES ». Modern Physics Letters A 20, n^o 10 (28 mars 2005) : 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732305017007.

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We describe the Sato–Wilson type formulation of the KP hierarchy within the framework of closed string theory. A matrix generalization of this formalism is shown to allow natural interpretation of coincident D-branes as a sourse of non-Abelian gauge theory.

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Kilborn, Kerry, et Ann Cooreman. « Sentence interpretation strategies in adult Dutch–English bilinguals ». Applied Psycholinguistics 8, n^o 4 (décembre 1987) : 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000394.

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ABSTRACTThis study is concerned with the probabilistic nature of processing strategies in bilingual speakers of Dutch and English. We used a sentence interpretation task designed to set up various “coalitions” and “competitions” among a restricted set of grammatical entities (i.e., word order, animacy, agreement). Performance in English paralleled that in Dutch in large measure, but where it diverged it approached performance on similar tasks by English monolinguals (Bates et al., 1982). These findings are interpreted on the basis of the “competition model,” a probabilistic theory of grammatical processing which provides a formalism for explaining what it means for a second language user to be “between” languages.

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Ferrero, Miguel, Victor Gómez-Pin et José Luís Sánchez-Gómez. « The relevance of the preparation concept for the interpretation of quantum formalism ». EPISTEMOLOGIA, n^o 1 (juillet 2014) : 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/epis2014-001009.

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Celenza, L. S., A. Pantziris, C. M. Shakin et Wei-Dong Sun. « Interpretation of the scalar fields of the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock formalism ». Physical Review C 46, n^o 2 (1 août 1992) : 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.46.571.

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Le Menestrel, Marc. « The biased balance : Observation, formalism and interpretation of a dissymmetric measuring device ». Measurement 125 (septembre 2018) : 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.009.

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