Thèses sur le sujet « Intervention de tierces parties »

L’intervention des tierces parties dans le règlement des différends à l’OMC présente des spécificités par rapport à l’intervention devant d’autres juridictions internationales. La première spécificité consiste en l’accès très fréquent des tierces parties aux consultations, aux travaux des groupes spéciaux et de l’Organe d’appel. Cette fréquence résulte de règles procédurales plutôt favorables et de la politique judiciaire ouverte du juge de l’OMC. En revanche, les droits procéduraux des tierces parties restent encore très restreints. Ils sont imprécis dans la phase de consultations et limités dans la phase des groupes spéciaux. En outre, l’absence d’effet obligatoire des rapports à leur égard a pour conséquence que les tierces parties sont privées de certains droits, tel celui de faire appel. Dans l’ensemble, ces spécificités leur permettent de jouer un rôle important. Leur intervention peut répondre aux besoins d’information du juge et contribuer à la multilatéralisation et à la légitimité du système. Elle peut aider à défendre des intérêts à différents niveaux et surtout elle devient un moyen de renforcer les capacités des pays en développement. Elle comporte parfois des risques et limites pour la mise en œuvre des garanties de la régularité de la procédure, pour certaines évolutions du système et pour la protection des droits et intérêts légitimes des parties principales. Toutefois, ces répercussions demeurent minimes ou sont atténuées grâce aux stratégies mises en place par les parties principales et au contrôle du juge de l’OMC. Dès lors, le bilan de l’intervention qui apparaît globalement positif plaide en faveur du renforcement des droits des tierces parties
The third party intervention in the WTO dispute settlement has specificities compared to that existing in other international jurisdictions. The first one include very frequent access of third parties in the consultations, in the panel and the Appellate Body proceedings. This frequency results from rather favorable procedural rules and an open judicial policy developed by WTO judge in favor of the third parties presence. Contrary to this, the procedural rights of third parties are still very limited. They are imprecise in the consultation phase and limited in the panel phase. In addition, third parties do not have certain rights (for example, the right to appeal) because of the absence of the binding effects of adopted reports on themselves. On the whole, these specificities allow third parties to play really an important role in this system. Their intervention can meet the judge’s information needs and contribute to the multilateralization and legitimacy of the system at a whole. It can also help to defend interests at various levels and thus becomes a procedural mean to build and strengthen the capacity and skills of developing country Members. Their intervention can sometimes involve risks and limitations on the implementation of the guaranties of due process, on certain developments of the system and on the protection of legitimate rights and interests of the main parties. However, these effects are either minimal or mitigated through certain strategies implemented by the parties to dispute or through the control of the WTO judge. Therefore, the results of the intervention which appear generally positive advocates the strengthening of third party’s rights

La protection des intérêts des tiers des effets atteints résultant d'un jugement rendu entre deux parties constitue aujourd'hui, une exigence indispensable pour garantir la sécurité juridique. Les différentes législations se sont occupées de garantir les droits des tiers. L’objet de cette étude consiste à traiter l’efficacité des moyens donnés au tiers pour protéger ses droits en comparant le système libyen au système français. En effet, nous avons pu constater qu’il y a une différence entre les méthodes employées dans cette matière. Le droit libyen consacre toujours l’interprétation classique au principe de l’autorité relative et nie la possibilité qu’un jugement peut d’une manière ou une autre affecter le droit de tiers. Cette position de droit libyen est critiquable, car si le tiers n'est pas tenu par ce qui a été décidé dans une instance où il n’était ni partie ni représenté, ce dernier ne peut totalement ignorer l’existence du jugement ou éviter ses effets en s'appuyant sur le principe de la relativité de l’autorité de la chose jugée étant donné que la source du grief que le tiers peut subir ne résulte pas de cette autorité mais de l’opposabilité de jugement à son égard. En effet, le principe d’opposabilité du jugement oblige le tiers de reconnaître et de respecter la situation juridique née du jugement. C’est pour cette raison que nous espérons qu’une révision faite par le législateur libyen des textes législatifs relatifs à la tierce opposition pour donner au tiers véritable la possibilité d’attaquer le jugement par cette voie. Cette révision doit aussi étendre la règle concernant l’intervention en appel et en cassation pour autoriser au tiers d’intervenir à titre principale devant la Cour d’appel et à titre accessoire devant la Cour de cassation
The protection of the interests of the third parties of the reached effects resulting from a judgment returned between two parts constitutes today, an indispensable requirement to guarantee the legal safety. Different legislation tried to guarantee the rights of thirds. The object of this study consists in treating the effectiveness of means given to the third to protect its rights by comparing the Libyan system with the French system. Indeed, we could note that there is a difference between methods used in this material. Libyan right always dedicates classical interpretation to the principle of the relating authority and disclaims possibility that a judgement can of one way or another affect the right of third party. This position of Libyan right is open to criticism, because if the third party is not kept by what one decided in an authority where it was not either left or represented, this last cannot completely be unaware of the existence of judgement or avoid the effects by leaning on the principle of the relativity of the res judicata given that the source of grievance which the third can suffer does not result from this authority but from the opposability of judgement against him. Indeed, the principle of opposability of judgement obliges the third party to admit and to respect the legal status born in judgement. It is for this reason that we hope that a revision made by the Libyan legislator of enactments relating to third party opposition to give to the true third party the possibility of attacking judgement by this way. This revision must also spread the rule concerning intervention in call and in annulment to allow in the third to intervene in title main before the court call and in secondary title before the court of annulment

This article addresses the treatment of the joinder and the intervention of third parties in the Civil Procedure Code. The authors examines the procedural institutions for try provide the right interpretation of the procedure rules concerning to the material and get a true effective jurisdictional protection.
El presente artículo aborda el tratamiento que da el Código Procesal Civil al litisconsorcio e intervención de terceros. Los autores examinan las instituciones procesales para intentar brindar una correcta interpretación de las normas procesales referentes a la materia y, así conseguir una verdadera tutela jurisdiccional efectiva.

This doctoral thesis asks what ideational factors underlie parties' national role conceptions in narratives on violent conflict and crises abroad. It explores French and German parties' national role statements in the case of the 2011 military intervention in Libya. The thesis lies at the intersection of Foreign Policy Analysis research focused on domestic foreign policy actors, International Relations studies on ideas in international relations and Party Politics scholarship looking at international issues in party campaigns and competition. It develops a theoretical framework using role theory and combines it with scholarship on international norms and ideologies. It contributes to role research on domestic role contestation and role socialisation. It adds a study of parties' national roles to this scholarship. It also advances the conceptual development of the role theory approach through an exploration of the responsibility concept within national roles. The main finding of the thesis is that parties often agree on the national role but sometimes interpret the same role differently. Moreover, sometimes parties can propose alternative national roles. The theoretical framework permits to trace variation in role interpretation to foreign policy traditions, international norms and ideologies. The central argument is that parties do not necessarily agree on the national role and its interpretation even when confronted with the same situation and events. It suggests that variation in national role interpretation can matter because parties contest the national role and, thereby, may point to role conflicts and dilemmas that may have an effect on future role selection and performance.

This quasi-experimental field study examined the efficacy of an intervention to decrease alcohol abuse by college students. The harm reduction approach states that the ultimate goal when dealing with an unsafe behavior should be abstinence, but any change in behavior in the direction of less harm is supported. This approach was used as the basis of the current research, in combination with differential reinforcement in order to reduce alcohol consumption and its behavioral outcome, blood alcohol concentration (BAC). A total of 409 male and female college students participated while in the applied setting of four fraternity parties. The study took place at two separate fraternity houses, a control fraternity and an experimental fraternity. During the intervention phase, participants with a BAC below .05 were entered into a raffle to win a cash prize. Upon entry to the intervention party, participants were given flyers announcing the raffle and contingency, and gender-specific nomograms to aid in BAC self-monitoring. Dependent measures were blood alcohol concentration measured by hand-held breathalyzers, percentage of participants below criterion BAC levels (i.e., .05 and .08), accuracy of BAC self-estimation, number of negative outcomes due to excessive alcohol consumption, number of positive outcomes due to abstinence or moderate alcohol consumption, and amount of reported fun experienced at the party. Results showed the intervention did not significantly reduce the intoxication of participants or increase the percentage of participants below criterion BAC levels. These results are best explained by a floor effect, as the experimental fraternity had a relatively low baseline BAC. The use of nomograms at the intervention party increased the accuracy of students' BAC self-estimations. Implications for nomogram use and improvements for future implementation of the incentive/reward intervention are discussed.
Master of Science

This thesis is an endeavor to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of the relationship between international and local actors in the post-Dayton state-building process in Bosnia. While state-building in Bosnia has received a considerable amount of attention and study, apprehension and depiction of the relationship between the international community and Bosnian governing officials has remained relatively homogeneous. This dominant account of the relationship has been that it is a contentious and oppositional one. To criticize the approach I highlighted two of its problematic aspects. These were the conception of the state, in the abstract, as a highly unified and cohesive entity. And, the depiction of internal and external as isolated and fixed actor-identities. The central argument of this thesis is that the international community and the nationalist parties (representing respectively the external and internal state actors) have become united in a mutually advantageous and mutually-reinforcing process of sharing power, responsibility, and blame. This process has been apparently oppositional but effectively cooperative, so that the outcome of twelve years of state-building has been the continued relevance and effective entrenchment of both the international community and the nationalist parties in the Bosnian state.

A motivação para o presente trabalho nasceu de um estudo sobre o art. 55 do Código de Processo Civil. Foi possível verificar, a partir daí, que o confuso e divergente tratamento que a doutrina dá a esse dispositivo legal decorre, em grande parte, da ausência de enquadramento sistemático adequado da própria assistência. Como saber quais os possíveis efeitos decorrentes da intervenção do terceiro no processo se não se sabe exatamente o motivo pelo qual ele pode intervir e nem mesmo os poderes que pode exercer durante o desenrolar da marcha processual? O direito brasileiro herdou do direito alemão a disciplina que pretendeu dar à assistência, mas sem anterior preocupação com a verificação de sua adequação, quer no próprio ordenamento germânico, quer no brasileiro. Acabou, assim, criando um labirinto do qual a doutrina ainda não conseguiu sair. Algumas tentativas doutrinárias de estudar o instituto com coerência apontam para a falta de lógica da disciplina legal da assistência, mas ainda não se pode dizer que exista no direito brasileiro um estudo sistemático da assistência. Foi o que se pretendeu fazer nesse trabalho ao demonstrar a necessidade de eliminação do art. 54 do CPC do ordenamento e a consequente reconfiguração da assim chamada assistência simples, disciplinada no art. 50 do CPC. A assistência, há tempos, está a demandar um estudo aprofundado que possa até mesmo potencializar sua utilização, já que não se pode dizer que seja algo comum nos processos embora sejam comuns as hipóteses que autorizariam sua ocorrência.
This work starts from a study about the article 55 of Civil Procedure Code. From that, it was possible to verify that the confusing and diverging treatment that the doctrine gives to this text comes mainly from the lack of a suitable systematic framing of the assistance itself. How to know which are the possible effects of third part intervention if one does not know exactly the reasons why the third part may intervene or even its powers in the procedure? Brazilian law have inherited from German law the discipline that it intended to give to assistance, but without thinking previously about its suitability, whether in the own German law, whether in the Brazilian law. This way, a maze was created from which the doctrine was not able to exit yet. Some coherent tries of studying the institute of assistance point to the lack of logic in its legal discipline, but there is not a systematic study of the assistance yet. That was the goal of this work, demonstrating the need of elimination of article 54 of Civil Procedure Code, with the reshaping of so called \"simple assistance\", ruled by article 50 of Civil Procedure Code. Assistance, for long time, needs a profound study that may improve its use, since it is uncommon in suits although the hypotheses that grant its use are very common.

O presente trabalho se dedica ao estudo dos efeitos processuais da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, permitida no direito brasileiro. Para tanto, revisita a origem do instituto desde o direito romano até o Código de Processo Civil brasileiro de 1973, levando em consideração as teorias tradicionais nacionais e estrangeiras sobre o tema. Define-se a natureza jurídica da alienação da coisa ou direito litigioso, a sua identificação no processo, bem como os demais requisitos para incidência dos efeitos previstos no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil (manutenção do alienante no processo, extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente e possibilidade de intervenção do adquirente no processo). A análise desses efeitos à luz dos escopos da norma se constitui como fio condutor da exposição, utilizada como solução para intrincados problemas que ainda não encontram consenso na doutrina e na jurisprudência, entre os quais pode-se destacar os limites dos poderes dos sujeitos envolvidos na alienação da coisa litigiosa (alienante, adquirente e contraparte), e a mitigação da extensão dos efeitos da sentença ao adquirente que não tinha ciência da litigiosidade do bem adquirido. Por fim, realiza-se a interpretação comparativa do instituto da alienação da coisa litigiosa com a modalidade de fraude de execução prevista no art. 593, inc. I, do Código de Processo Civil (instituto tipicamente brasileiro), pugnando-se pela admissibilidade da alienação da coisa litigiosa mesmo em caso de ação fundada em direito real, mediante a submissão da situação ao regramento previsto no art. 42 do Código de Processo Civil.
This work studies the procedural effects of the claim assignment, allowed under Brazilian law. The work revisits the origins of the institute from Roman law to the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, 1973, considering national and international traditional theories about the subject. The paper defines the legal nature of the claim assignment, and its identification in the lawsuit, as well as other requirements for the applying of the effects prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code (assignor maintenance in the lawsuit, extending of the effects of decision to the assignee and the assignee\'s possibility to intervene in the lawsuit). The analysis of such effects regarding the purposes of the rule leads the explanation, which is used as a solution for intricate problems without consensus on doctrine and jurisprudence, including the limits of the powers of the subjects involved in the claim assignment (assignor, assignee and opposing party in the lawsuit), and mitigation of the extending of the decision effects to the assignee, unaware of the litigiousness of the object. Finally, it is done a comparative interpretation of the institute with the modality of enforcement fraud prescribed by article 593, I, of the Civil Procedure Code (a typically Brazilian institute), concluding that the claim assignment is possible even in case of a lawsuit founded on real property law, upon submission of the situation to the rules prescribed by article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code.

A tese discute o problema dos terceiros na arbitragem. Ela distingue os planos substantivo (contratual) e processual (jurisdicional) da arbitragem e, portanto, o status de parte e terceiro com relação, respectivamente, à convenção de arbitragem e ao processo arbitral. Depois de desenvolver as premissas teóricas na Parte 1, a Parte 2 expõe as teorias contratuais e societárias por meio das quais um não-signatário pode ficar vinculado à convenção de arbitragem, com destaque para a extensão a todos os acionistas da companhia da cláusula compromissória estatutária, bem como para a aplicação do princípio da boa-fé objetiva (teoria dos atos próprios, estoppel) para impedir com que determinados signatários burlem a convenção de arbitragem ao incluir terceiros no polo passivo da demanda ou, ainda, para impor a arbitragem a não-signatários que derivaram um benefício do contrato inter alios. Na Parte III, a atenção volta-se para o processo e a sentença arbitral. Expõe-se uma teoria dos efeitos da sentença, buscando-se explicar a sua potencial eficácia ultra partes com base: a) na necessidade de realizar o direito da contraparte à tutela jurisdicional (adquirente do direito litigioso, sucessores post rem judicatam); e b) na identificação de nexos de prejudicialidade-dependência permanente entre as relações jurídicas no plano do direito material (terceiro titular de situação dependente). Refutam-se, em passo seguinte, teorias que preconizam o valor absoluto da sentença. Oferece-se, como núcleo da tese, uma reconstrução dogmática das modalidades de intervenção de terceiro, buscando adaptá-las à arbitragem para alcançar, em cada situação, um justo equilíbrio entre as expectativas contratuais das partes originárias e a natureza privada da arbitragem, de um lado, e os efeitos da sentença perante terceiros, de outro. Conclui-se que, em alguns casos, legitima-se o terceiro a intervir voluntariamente, mesmo contra ou independentemente da vontade das partes, se ele estiver sujeito aos efeitos da sentença. Em hipótese excepcionalíssimas, ademais, a parte pode sujeitar um terceiro aos efeitos de intervenção, provocando a sua assistência no processo arbitral.
The thesis addresses the problems of third parties in arbitration. It distinguishes the substantive (contractual) and procedural dimensions of arbitration and, hence, the status of parties and third parties in connection with, respectively, the arbitration agreement and the arbitral proceedings. After spelling out theoretical premises in Part 1, Part 2 covers the contractual and corporate theories by which a non-signatory may be bound by the arbitration agreement, highlighting the extension to all shareholders of the agreement in the corporate bylaws, as well as the application of the equitable doctrine of estoppel to bar certain signatories from avoiding the arbitration agreement by including third parties as defendants or even to impose arbitration onto non-signatories who derived a benefit from the contract inter alios. In Part III, my attention turns to the proceedings and the arbitral award. I set out a doctrine of the effects of judgments, seeking to explain their potential effects on third parties based: a) on the prevailing need to preserve the counterpartys right to a binding declaration on its asserted claims (acquirers, successors post rem judicatam); b) the identification of substantive ties between legal relationships that make the third parties rights permanently dependent on the situation between the parties. I then refute theories ascribing absolute value to the award vis-à-vis third parties. As the core of the thesis, I offer a doctrinal reconstruction of third party interventions, seeking to adapt them to arbitration in order to achieve, in each situation, a fair balance between the contractual expectations of the original parties and the private nature of arbitration, in one hand, and the effects of the award on third parties, on the other. I conclude that a third party should be allowed to intervene, albeit against the will of the parties, if it is subject to the concrete effects of the arbitral award. In exceptional situations, moreover, a party may vouch in a third party, who will then be bound by the determinations of factual and legal issues made in the award.

A tese de doutorado trata da relação entre o instituto da substituição processual e o da coisa julgada, especialmente da eficácia ou não desta para aquele que foi substituído como parte no processo no processo civil de natureza individual. O tema ora discutido merece um tratamento atual, com a evolução da doutrina e dos institutos processuais. A doutrina majoritária sempre afirmou que a coisa julgada estende-se ao substituído porque ele é a parte material da discussão em litígio. Mais tímido é o questionamento jurisprudencial sobre essa questão. Poucas vezes os tribunais debruçaram-se sobre a possibilidade de a coisa julgada não se estender de forma automática ao substituído. Como essa clássica afirmação não satisfaz a todas as necessidades, alguns doutrinadores começaram a se questionar se essa fórmula estava correta. Alguns doutrinadores têm levantado que a proposta clássica da doutrina, de que a coisa julgada estende-se de forma automática para o substituído, não é suficiente para atender os ditames do contraditório e do due process of law. Como é exposto na tese, a extensão automática da coisa julgada ao substituído viola os princípios constitucionais do due process of law, contraditório, isonomia processual e inafastabilidade da tutela jurisdicional, e não tem amparo no ordenamento jurídico. A tese faz também uma abordagem no processo arbitral, especialmente porque são poucos aqueles que debruçaram seus estudos sobre o enfoque das peculiaridades sobre tal processo. Como é exposto, a tendência internacional, ao menos da Itália, Alemanha e Portugal, é a de estender a coisa julgada àqueles que não participaram de um litígio societário discutido em arbitragem, desde que lhes tenha sido dada a oportunidade de participar do processo arbitral. Há algumas questões que são enfrentadas, como a própria eficácia subjetiva de cláusulas compromissórias institucionais, o sigilo do procedimento arbitral e o critério de escolha dos árbitros. A primeira parte da tese aborda o conceito de substituição processual, a diferença com outros institutos, os limites dos atos do substituto e do substituído, os modelos de substituição processual e como esse fenômeno é tratado dentro da dinâmica do processo. A segunda parte aborda do conceito da coisa julgada e sua relação com a sua extensão subjetiva, bem como as razões constitucionais para que haja a sua limitação subjetiva. A terceira parte faz a conexão com o primeiro e o segundo capítulos, a fim de responder a questão a que a tese se propõe. É analisada a questão sob os princípios constitucionais referidos, em especial do contraditório. Em seguida, são analisados os argumentos que a doutrina utiliza para afirmar que a coisa julgada estende-se ao substituído e será feito um estudo crítico sobre cada fundamento. Após, é visto que a coisa julgada não pode estender-se de forma automática e indiscriminada ao substituído, e as consequências que essa afirmação tem, inclusive os limites de atuação quando o assistente é o titular da relação jurídica, enquanto a parte principal é o legitimado extraordinário.
The doctoral thesis considers the relationship between the principle of substitution of parties and the principle of res judicata, in particular the effectiveness or not thereof for the party substituted in an individual civil action. The topic discussed herein deserves an updated approach, since there have been changes in the opinion of jurists and in the principles of procedure. The prevailing opinion of jurists has always held that res judicata applies to the substituted party because it is the material party to the matter in dispute. The courts have been reluctant to challenge this view. Only rarely have they considered the possibility that res judicata may not automatically apply to the substituted party. But this standard assertion does not meet every need, and some jurists have started to question whether this formula is in fact correct. Some of them have suggested that the standard doctrine, which holds that res judicata automatically applies to the substituted party, is insufficient to meet the dictates of the adversary proceeding and the due process of law. The thesis argues that the automatic application of res judicata to the substituted party breaches the constitutional principles of the due process of law, adversary proceeding, procedural equality and non-obviation of judicial protection, and has no place in the legal framework. The dissertation also considers arbitration proceedings, which have their own peculiarities and have been afforded little study. It shows that the international trend, at least in Italy, Germany and Portugal, is to apply res judicata to those that have not participated in a corporate dispute submitted to arbitration, provided they have been given the opportunity to participate. A number of other issues are covered, such as the very subjective effectiveness of institutional arbitration clauses, the confidentiality of arbitration proceedings and the criteria for selecting arbitrators. The first part of the thesis addresses the concept of substitution of parties, the way in which this differs from other principles, limitations on the actions of the substitute and the substituted party, models of substitution of parties, and how this phenomenon is handled within the scope of the dynamics of a proceeding. The second part deals with the concept of res judicata and how broadly it is applied, as well as the constitutional reasons for its application to be limited. The third part makes the connection between the first two chapters, in order to answer the question posed by the dissertation. The issue is analyzed in the light of the aforementioned constitutional principles, especially the principle of adversary proceeding. Subsequently, the dissertation turns to the arguments used by the jurists to assert that res judicata is applicable to the substituted party, with a critical study of each of the arguments in favor of this assertion. The conclusion reached is that res judicata cannot be applied automatically and indiscriminately to the substituted party, and the consequences of this assertion are outlined, including the extent to which action is limited when the assistant is the party to the legal relationship, while the main party has extraordinary legal title to it.

La position des victimes sur la scène pénale internationale a considérablement évolué depuis la mise en place des tous premiers tribunaux militaires internationaux en 1945. Même si les victimes n'ont pas, à proprement parler, le statut de " partie " au procès pénal international, leur participation au procès est désormais une garantie, avec des droits substantiels. L'étendue de ces droits, aux différentes phases de la procédure, clarifie la manière dont les dispositions correspondantes du droit positif international sont interprétées par le juge pénal international. La fonction des victimes tient, dans un premier temps, davantage à " corroborer l'action publique " internationale qu'à pouvoir déclencher par elles-mêmes cette action destinée à établir la culpabilité ou non des personnes, objets du procès pénal international. Leur rôle se renforce finalement au moment de la présentation, par la voie subsidiaire d'intervention, des réclamations civiles, et plus largement de la recherche d'une pleine satisfaction ; moment au cours duquel les victimes deviennent de véritables " parties civiles " disposant pleinement de la capacité juridique internationale pour faire valoir leur droit. Ainsi, fort de leur action, les victimes paraissent dans une posture " double ", vindicative (répression) et réparatrice (indemnisation). L'objectif, visé et atteint, était donc de montrer quelle était aujourd'hui la place des victimes devant les juridictions pénales internationales.

Ce mémoire cherche à déterminer si la logique de la majorité de la Cour suprême dans l’arrêt Harper c. Canada (Procureur général) demeure valide aujourd’hui, près de deux décennies après que cet arrêt, qui avalise le régime de plafonnement des dépenses électorales des tierces parties, ait été rendu. À cette fin, le régime de plafonnement prévu par la Loi électorale du Canada est examiné en détail, de même que les motifs de la majorité. Ces préliminaires achevés, le cœur de l’analyse est entamé. Trois phénomènes sont étudiés pour déterminer si le raisonnement de la majorité dans Harper doit être remis ou non en question : l’avènement d’une dynamique de « campagne permanente », la monté des technologies de l’information et le déclin des partis politiques. Il est conclu que la logique déployée dans l’arrêt Harper demeure valide, mais qu’elle appelle certains changements à la Loi électorale actuelle. À cet effet, les plafonds préélectoraux des tiers devraient être éliminés et l’usage de sites internet personnels ou de compte de médias sociaux devrait être assujetti à un régime de plafonnement.
This work seeks to determine whether the reasoning of the Supreme Court majority in Harper v. Canada (Attorney General), which validates third parties’ spending limits during the election period,still avails almost two decades after being rendered. The limits on third parties' spending as established by the Canada Election Act are examined in detail. The majority’s reasons are also discussed at length. Then, the core analysis begins. Three new social phenomena are examined to determine whether the Court’s reasoning in Harper should be called into question. These phenomena are: the advent of a “permanent campaign” in Canada, the rise of new information technologies and the decline of political parties. It is concluded that Harper’s logic remains highly compelling, though it may entail some modifications to the current electoral law, such as the abolition of pre-electoral spending limits and the application of some form of limitation to electoral spending regarding personal web sites and social media account.

Pourquoi les négociations de paix échouent-elles? Pour répondre à cette question, ce mémoire synthétise la littérature sur les théories de la négociation et l’intervention de tierces parties dans les conflits intra-étatiques. À l’aide de la méthode de l’étude de cas, j’applique ce cadre théorique au troisième cycle de négociations de paix entre la Turquie et le Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan, qui s’est tenu de la fin décembre 2012 à Juillet 2015. Le modèle de négociation de guerre met l’accent sur les problèmes d’information asymétrique et engagement crédible qui mènent à l’échec de négociations. Les problèmes d’information asymétrique et engagement crédible sont habituellement plus aigus dans les conflits intra-étatiques. Car il est plus difficile d’obtenir les informations sur les capacités militaires des groupes armés non-étatiques (GANE) et il y a généralement de grandes asymétries de pouvoir entre les États et les GANE. Cette étude de cas apporte ainsi quatre contributions à la compréhension du sujet. Premièrement, lors d’un processus de paix, les deux parties impliquées peuvent consciemment faire des choix qui ne leur permettront pas d’atteindre leurs objectifs. Deuxièmement, ces choix résultent des mesures mal-conçues dans les pratiques de négociation et/ou l’absence de tierce partie qui rétablirait l’équilibre relatif de pouvoir et qui le maintiendrait pendant les négociations de paix. En fin de compte, cela accentue les problèmes d’engagement crédible. Troisièmement, les changements exogènes perturbateurs en matière des capacités relatives, en particulier en faveur des GANE, peuvent produire les problèmes d’information asymétrique. Quatrièmement, certains conflits ne se prêtent pas à l’intervention de tierce partie. Il peut être très difficile ou lourd de conséquence pour les tierces parties de rétablir l’équilibre relatif des pouvoirs.
Why do peace negotiations fail? Answering this question, this dissertation synthesizes the literature on bargaining theory and third party involvement in intrastate conflicts. Using qualitative case study methods, I employ this theoretical framework to the third round of the peace talks between Turkey and Kurdistan Workers’ Party, which was held between December 2012 and July 2015. Bargaining model of war highlights the problems of information asymmetries and credible commitment that lead to bargaining failures. Information asymmetries and commitment problems are usually more severe in intrastate conflicts because it tends to be more difficult to obtain information about the military capabilities of non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and there tends to be larger power asymmetries between states and NSAGs. The case highlights four sets of implications. First, both sides in a peace process can willingly make choices that fail to achieve the ends to which they aspired. Second, these choices result from ill-designed measures in bargaining practices and/or the lack of a third party that would redress the relative balance of power and maintain it during the peace talks. This ultimately intensifies the problems of credible commitment. Third, disruptive exogenous shifts in relative capabilities, especially in favor of the NSAG, may produce asymmetric information problems. Fourth, some conflicts do not lend themselves to third-party involvement, as it may be too difficult or costly for third parties to redress the relative balance of power.

The thesis aims to discuss effectiveness of the international conflict resolution in the region of the South Caucasus, analyzing the challenges to international efforts to solve the three conflict cases: the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is among the frozen disputes in the region, the others Abkhazia and the South Ossetia are nominally independent states, however de facto occupied by Russia. It is the fact that three regional players Russia, Turkey and Iran and global players Russia, US, EU have different type of impacts to conflict settlements in the region which directly relate to their political and economic interests. Therefore, after two decades of mediation by powerful states provided no final resolution with numerous attempts at mediation, wherein the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has taken the lead. The complicated and interdepended relations of states make this region highly sensitive area for war and peace in the world theatrical chessboard. Author also analyzes the effectiveness of conflict management between the parties by focusing on conflicts in the South Caucasus region mentioning their historical, political, security and ethnic dimensions, where international organizations, namely OSCE, UN, EU involve.

L'arbitrage étant une institution basée sur la volonté des parties, le consentement à la procédure arbitrale multipartite soulève de nombreuses questions relativement à la manière dont les parties expriment leur intention de faire partie d'une instance unique. Cette étude vise à déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles l'arbitre peut arriver à unifier la résolution des litiges qui impliquent les groupements de sociétés. Le plus naturel des moyens pour aboutir à une procédure multipartite est de prévoir cette possibilité à travers la convention d'arbitrage. Cela peut notamment provenir de la signature d'une convention d'arbitrage unique par toutes les parties concernées. Dans certains cas précis, l'arbitrage multipartite peut également résulter de plusieurs conventions d'arbitrage spécialement lorsque les parties participent à la réalisation d'un même ouvrage. Cependant, il arrive souvent qu'une partie qui n'a pas signé la convention d'arbitrage soit obligée à participer à l'instance. Même sans y être obligée, une partie non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage peut aussi demander de participer à l'arbitrage pour défendre ses intérêts. Pour pouvoir admettre la participation à la procédure d'un tiers non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage, les arbitres ont recours à plusieurs notions prévues par les droits internes. C'est ainsi que la levée du voile corporatif, la théorie de la réalité économique et le principe de l'estoppel constituent les meilleurs outils pour les arbitres d'amener à la procédure, par force ou sur demande, un non-signataire de la convention d'arbitrage. Enfin, les mécanismes du Code civil servent efficacement à neutraliser les effets du principe de relativité de la convention d'arbitrage. Il s'agit notamment de la bonne foi, du mandat, de la stipulation pour autrui et de la cession.
Arbitration as an institution based on the intention of the parties, the consent on the multi-party arbitration procedure raises many problems relating to the way in which the parties express their intention to participate in a unique arbitration forum. This study aims to determinate the manner in which the arbitrator can join disputes resolution involving the groups of companies. The normal way to get a multi-party procedure is to provide it in an arbitration clause. This can be by signing a single arbitration agreement by all the parties involved. In certain cases, the multi-party arbitration can also be possible with several arbitration agreements especially when the parties took part in carrying out ofthe same economic operation. However, in other situations, the multi-party arbitration procedure is unrelated to consent. A non-signatory party can nevertheless be bound by an arbitration agreement signed by an other party. To allow the participation in the arbitration procedure of a third party non-signatory of the arbitration agreement, the arbitrators use several concepts provided chiefly by the national laws. 80, the lifting of the corporate veil, the doctrine of economic reality and estoppel, are the best tools for the arbitrators to bring to the arbitration procedure, by force or on request, a non-signatory of the arbitration agreement. Lastly, the mechanisms of the Civil code are used with efficiency by arbitrators to neutralize the effects of the relativity principle of the arbitration agreement. Those mechanisms are in particular the good faith, mandate, stipulation for another and assignment.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option : Droit des affaires". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline.

In light of the last decades international developments that brought up an increase in the number of international and intercontinental commercial transactions, it is visible the celebration of contractual relations involving multiple locations that, notwithstanding the possibility of being jointly directed to the same aim, are entered into between multiple and distinct parties, with different legal, economical and social backgrounds, thus contributing to a contractual scene ever more complex. Although it is true that all of these circumstances have a substantial contribute to a growth on the resource to arbitration, exactly due to the fact that it is, in abstract terms, a mechanism of dispute resolution suitable to provide an adequate answer to the specificities of the possible multiplicity of legal systems conflicting, in parallel with all of its recognised advantages, namely, the arbitrators’ specialisation and procedural promptness that come from resorting to arbitration; it is also true that the legal relations established between the parties, bearing in mind all of these factors, enhance, in abstract terms, a wider variety of problems, in particular, regarding legal standing in arbitral proceedings, that have to be covered in order not to be affected legal and consequently commercial matters, efficiency and effectiveness. In this scenario, it is becoming more important to analyse the possibility of making a third party intervene in pending proceedings, whose participation may contribute to a final award truly fair and effective, notwithstanding the fact that effectiveness is closely related with the existence of incomprehensible and contradictory decisions, on the same dispute. However, in arbitration, since it is based on the parties’ consent to subject their altercation to this dispute resolution mechanism, this intervention is not exempted of difficulties. The different approaches to this issue made by some legal systems and Institutional rules will be analysed on this paper. Nevertheless, the way by which the Portuguese LAV has dealt with third party intervention will be primarily addressed in close dialogue with the mechanisms foreseen in the Portuguese CPC.
À luz dos desenvolvimentos da cena internacional nas últimas décadas, que geraram um aumento de transações comerciais internacionais e intercontinentais, tem-se vindo a assistir à celebração de contratos plurilocalizados que, não obstante poderem estar conjuntamente orientados para o mesmo fim, são celebrados entre múltiplas e distintas partes, com um enquadramento legal, económico e social diferenciado, tornando o panorama contratual cada vez mais complexo. Se é verdade que todas estas circunstâncias já de si contribuiriam potencialmente para o substancial crescimento do recurso à arbitragem, exatamente por ser, em abstrato, um meio de resolução de litígios idóneo a responder adequadamente às especificidades decorrentes da potencial multiplicidade de sistemas jurídicos em confronto, a par de todas as outras reconhecidas vantagens correspondentes à especialidade dos árbitros e celeridade processuais decorrentes do recurso à mesma, não é menos verdade que as relações jurídicas que se estabelecem entre as partes, atendendo a todos estes fatores, potenciam, em abstrato, uma maior variedade de problemas, em particular quanto à legitimidade em processo arbitral, que têm necessariamente de ser atendidos, para que o tráfego jurídico e, consequentemente, comercial, não seja afetado na sua qualidade, eficiência e eficácia. Neste panorama, começa a relevar a análise da possibilidade de fazer intervir terceiros no processo arbitral cuja participação possa contribuir para uma decisão final verdadeiramente justa e eficaz, sendo certo que a eficácia está intrinsecamente relacionada com a inexistência de decisões incompreensíveis ou contraditórias, quanto a um determinado litígio. Porém, em Arbitragem, exatamente por o pilar tradicional ser o consentimento das partes que a ela se submetem, esta intervenção não é isenta de dificuldades. As diversas abordagens que têm vindo a ser efetuadas por alguns ordenamentos jurídicos e regulamentos institucionais serão objeto da nossa análise, embora o foco principal desta Dissertação incida sobre a forma pela qual a LAV previu a possibilidade de intervenção de terceiros, o que se irá fazer num estreito diálogo com o mecanismo que se encontra previsto no CPC.

Summary in Afrikaans and English
Against the background of the volume of Third Party Claims instituted annually and considering the cost involved therein, it has become increasingly important that Industrial Psychologists be consulted to assist in the quantifying of such claims. From an Industrial Psychologist's view, these claims can be quantified by making use of certain Industrial Psychology techniques. These techniques include psychometrical evaluation, applying the knowledge on:- training, job analysis, interviewing and guidance, career planning and ergonomics. The purpose of this study was to liaise with the Legal Profession to identify the requirements and problem areas experienced in the establishing and quantifying of Third Party Insurance Claims. The needs thus identified served as the basis for this study. In the process of defining and categorising these problems, it became apparent that these requirements could be addressed satisfactorily by Industrial Psychologists. It was therefore possible also to determine whether Industrial Psychology as a Science, could contribute to solving these problems. To determine therefore whether Industrial Psychology could actually address and solve these problems and whether the Courts would recognise the contribution of Industrial Psychologists, an actual case study was made of a matter where two Industrial Psychologists had made evaluations. Researching the methods of evaluations employed, and viewing the finding of the Court thereafter, it became apparent that Industrial Psychology can satisfy the need encountered by the legal profession therein. It is further concluded that the curriculum of Industrial Psychology may be successfully applied as an accepted Science in the quantifying of Third Party Insurance Claims.
Teen die agtergrond van die hoeveelheid derdepartyeise wat jaarliks ingedien word, met inagneming van die koste verbonde, word dit toenemend belangrik dat bedryfsielkunde behulpsaam moet wees met die kwantifisering van sulke eise. Vanuit 'n bedryfsielkundige oogpunt kan hierdie eise gekwantifiseer word deur gebruik te maak van sekere bedryfsielkundige tegnieke. Hierdie tegnieke sluit in, psigometriese evaluering, kennis oor opleiding, posontleding, onderhoudvoering en voorligting, loopbaanbeplanning en ergonomika.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)