Thèses sur le sujet « Joint venture company »

Ett joint venture är ett avtal om samverkan mellan två eller flera parter och kan förekomma i tre olika former, nämligen contractual joint venture, partnership joint venture samt corporate joint venture. Gemensamt för de tre formerna av joint ventures är att de alla bygger på ett joint venture-avtal, i vilket samarbetets ramar och regler utformas. Ett contractual joint venture är ett rent avtalsbaserat samarbete (grundat på ett joint venture-avtal), medan de andra två formerna utöver joint venture-avtalet även bildar en form av bolag. I samtliga rättsordningar som studerats inom ramen för denna uppsats, konstituerar ett contractual joint venture, joint venture-avtalet, någon form av bolag. Av detta följer att ett corporate joint venture i samtliga rättsordningar bildar ett bolag med dubbel bolagsstruktur.

Har ett samarbete i form av ett joint venture ingåtts över landsgränser och en tvist uppstår, gäller det att veta vilket lands lag som skall tillämpas på tvisten. För att kunna bestämma vilket lands lag som är tillämplig måste det först avgöras vilken domstol som är behörig att avgöra tvisten. Vilken domstol som är behörig regleras olika beroende på om tvisten är av associationsrättslig eller kontraktsrättslig karaktär. Själva joint venture-bolaget regleras enligt associationsrättsliga regler, medan joint venture-avtalet kan komma att regleras av kontraktsrättsliga regler. Dock konstituerar joint venture-avtalet i alla de undersökta länderna en form av bolag och bör därmed regleras enligt associationsrättsliga regler. Enligt studier skall alla sorters bolag omfattas av reglerna om exklusiv behörighet, oavsett rättskapacitet.

När frågan om behörig domstol har utretts, kan fråga om tillämplig lag behandlas. Även här är det av betydelse att veta om tvisten rör associationsrättsliga eller kontraktsrättsliga frågor. Enligt vissa skall ett joint venture-avtal, trots att det konstituerar ett bolag, regleras enligt kontraktsrättsliga regler, och således falla under Romkonventionens tillämpningsområde. Andra anser dock att undantaget i Romkonventionen angående associationsrättsliga spörsmål skall tolkas strikt, vilket får till följd att alla bolag oavsett struktur faller utanför Romkonventionens tillämpningsområde. Enligt min mening bör det enkla bolaget tolkas på samma sätt vad gäller domsrätt respektive lagval, eftersom reglerna om lagval togs fram som ett komplement till domsrättsreglerna. Vidare bör det vara upp till den nationella rättsordningen att utreda huruvida fråga är om ett bolag eller inte. Undantaget i Romkonventionen uttryckligen gjorts flexibelt av den anledning att olika rättsordningar har olika tolkningar av vad som konstituerar ett bolag. Detta får inom svensk rätt till följd att det enkla bolaget skall omfattas av associationsrättsliga regler och således inte av Romkonventionen.

Vad gäller de schweiziska IP-reglerna i förhållande till de svenska reglerna skiljer sig dessa till viss del åt. Beträffande de associationsrättsliga reglerna tillämpas i båda länderna inkorporationsprincipen och regleringen är således densamma. När det gäller fråga om tillämplig lag för joint venture-avtal skiljer sig regleringen däremot åt. Inom svensk rätt konstituerar ett joint venture-avtal ett enkelt bolag och omfattas således av associationsrättsliga IP-regler. Även inom schweizisk rätt konstituerar ett joint venture-avtal en form av bolag. Här bestäms dock förhållandet mellan associationsrättsliga och kontraktsrättsliga regler av det konstituerade bolagets inre struktur. Finns en inre struktur, omfattas bolaget av de associationsrättsliga reglerna. Saknas en sådan inre struktur, tillämpas istället de kontraktsrättsliga principerna.

The purpose of the thesis is to provide an empirical study of a Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model that integrates strategies from western literature into a Chinese environment and cultural context. The findings and recommendations of the study aim to help foreign negotiators penetrate the important Chinese market through a systematic approach emerging from this Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model. The thesis provides a holistic view on Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation. Case study method was determined as the best methodology. The suitability of the Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model and the research protocol of this study were demonstrated via 5 in-depth interviews and a pilot test before the actual fieldwork. The major findings of this thesis suggest that foreign negotiators need to manage complex areas such as the Chinese environment, the company requirements of both organisations and the Chinese negotiating process. Besides, the foreign negotiators need to equip themselves with Problem Solving Attitude (PSA) and an understanding of Chinese cultural concepts, such as guanxi, face, renqing, reciprocity and trust so as to make the negotiation effective. Different strategies emerge at different stages of the process and there is no direct relationship between successful negotiation and joint venture outcomes. A model and strategies for joint venture establishment in China are provided, but the model itself has no predictive power on joint venture outcomes such as profit satisfaction.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis deals with the process and management of the joint venture project from a theoretical point of view and subsequently analyzes particular international joint venture of two automobile companies - Spanish SEAT S.A. and Czech Skoda Auto Inc. - into the Volkswagen Group. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the question why the SEAT S.A. after the integration into the Volkswagen Group did not become as successful as Skoda Auto achieved to be.

This thesis provides the analysis of the glass production company BAKU GLASS LLC located in the Republic of Azerbaijan, and proposes a possible expansion strategy that will enhance its international presence abroad. More specifically, it has been demonstrated in the thesis that Georgian glass market has a certain potential taking into account its fast growing economic growth and other areas of the economy. For this purpose, a thorough analysis of the most important sectors that include environmental study of the glass industry in Georgia was carried out. As a result the joint venture with the local firm has been chosen as the most suitable mode of entry to this market. I consider my work to be very helpful in understanding all the necessary areas and fields in the glass industry as such. Moreover, I created and described international expansion proposal for Baku Glass based on the study of various literature related to the topic. To my mind the value added of my work is comprised from detailed analysis, knowledge and foremost the chance to see the company from inside, which is always the most important and valuable element.

In today’s global market, international mergers are very common. Different companies with various cultures, start working together. There is a limited amount of literature about what really happens with the company culture when companies merge. There are also few case studies on culture integration of merging companies. Therefore, we would like to make such study and Sony Ericsson provides us with a perfect case, because of their cultural background.

The purpose with our dissertation is to investigate what happens with company culture when a company with high masculinity and a company with low masculinity merge. To study this subject we will try to identify important dimensions concerning masculinity and to develop hypotheses about what happens with company culture when the companies merge. Empirically, we want to try this theory by investigate the company culture, with focus on masculinity, at Sony Ericsson today, five years after their merger. Since Sony and Ericsson have roots in Japan and Sweden and these two countries are very dissimilar when it comes to company culture and the level of masculinity, this specific company provide us with the perfect example to study.

We have made a qualitative study at Sony Ericsson, because our research is descriptive. We conducted an interview and interviewed five persons at Sony Ericsson, one woman and four men.

After conducting our study we have concluded that the integration of masculinity at Sony Ericsson has been very successful. There have been no major culture shocks, according to our respondents.

Keywords: Merger, Company Culture, Masculinity

Cresce a cada dia o número de empresas no Brasil e no mundo que vêm se constituindo em redes, ou seja, se estruturando através de alianças múltiplas e de diferentes tipos. Nesse cenário, duas grandes empresas brasileiras - a Souza Cruz e a Ambev - líderes em seus segmentos, estabeleceram uma aliança criando uma nova empresa, o portal Agrega Inteligência em Compras, cujo objetivo primordial é a gestão de compras de materiais indiretos e de serviços para ambas, assim como para as empresas cliente. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o funcionamento do portal Agrega, suas contribuições e implicações estratégicas sobre o desempenho e desdobramentos em termos competitivos, de modo a contribuir para outros estudos sobre gestão de empresas inseridas neste tipo de aliança. A metodologia utilizada é o estudo de caso com triangulação de métodos; os dados foram coletados por meio de investigação documental/telematizada e levantamento de percepções, com auxílio de questionário predominantemente estruturado e entrevistas complementares. O tratamento do material associou métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A interpretação e a análise dos dados basearam-se no referencial teórico, com auxílio dos modelos integrativos de Macedo-Soares, em suas versões tradicional e relacional. Os resultados evidenciaram que a análise na ótica relacional, que leva em conta as implicações estratégicas das alianças, agrega valor à análise tradicional, contribuindo com novos insights para a tomada de decisão estratégica pelas empresas. O estudo propõe ainda um fluxograma de avaliação para empresas que procuram alavancar seus ganhos a partir das alianças do tipo joint-venture.
The number of companies in Brazil and in the world is growing made up of networks or, in another word, structuring themselves through multiple alliances and different company structures. With this in mind, two large Brazilian companies SC and Ambev, leaders in their fields established an alliance creating a new company, Agrega Inteligência em Compras, whose primary aim is the management of indirect purchases of materials and services for both, as well as for the client companies. The present research is how to analyse the working of Agrega, its contribution and strategic implications on the performance and the impact in competitor terms to help contribute to other studies about the administration of companies aligned with this type of alliance. The methodology used is the case study methods using triangulation; the data is collected by means of documetal investigation considering the outcome with the help of a predominantly structured questionnaire and follow up interviews. The material is used to associate quantitative and qualitative methods. The interpretation and data analyses are based on theoretical methods using Macedo Soares integrative models in its traditional and relational versions. The results show that the analysis of the relational model take into consideration the strategic implications of the alliances evaluating the traditional analyses contributing with new insights in the decision making strategy of companies. The study further proposes a fluxogram evaluation for companies looking to increase their gains through alliances of this joint venture type.

La trascendencia práctica del tema del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures es indudable. En los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, y más especialmente en España, las joint ventures remiten a una idea de mayor eficiencia económica, permitiendo a las empresas formar alianzas entre ellas, y así mejorar su competitividad, adaptando sus estructuras a las dimensiones crecientes de los mercados europeos y mundiales.

Las joint ventures no están reguladas como tales en ninguna legislación nacional europea. El derecho comunitario se concentra por su parte en el análisis de los efectos de estas operaciones sobre la competencia. Las joint ventures adquieren en la práctica, únicamente, su contenido jurídico.

Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis a la vez teórico y práctico del régimen jurídico de las joint ventures, intentando definir el "valor añadido" del trabajo del jurista profesional cuando interviene en la creación y el funcionamiento de las joint ventures. La adopción de esta óptica funcionalista permite integrar el análisis de los diversos aspectos jurídicos de las joint ventures, sus estructuras contractuales y societarias así como su tratamiento en derecho de la competencia, que se abordan tradicionalmente en estudios separados, e insistir en la interelación existente entre las diversas ramas del derecho afectadas. Este estudio se concentra esencialmente en las cuestiones planteadas por las joint ventures en el ámbito del derecho de las obligaciones y del derecho societario.

El jurista profesional desempeña, en primer lugar, una función de naturaleza organizativa, creando un conjunto de reglas obligatorias (reglas jurídicas) para todas las empresas participantes en la operación, de acuerdo con sus intereses estratégicos. El resultado puede ser, por ejemplo, la conclusión de un simple contrato, la constitución de una AEIE o la de una sociedad de capital. La complejidad de la organización jurídica de la joint venture impide estudiar de manera separada, como dos piezas aisladas, el llamado acuerdo de base de la joint venture por un lado, y la sociedad eventualmente constituida, la llamada filial común, por otro. El hecho de no entender la filial común como parte de un todo unitario y más complejo no permite describir correctamente las especialidades del régimen aplicable a dicha sociedad frente a sociedades constituidas en otros contextos económicos.

La organización compleja de las joint ventures se diferencia de otros negocios jurídicos complejos por razón de su finalidad económica específica, la de establecer una alianza entre empresas. Tal como indica el derecho comunitario de la competencia, la joint venture es una operación en la que: (i) participan dos o más empresas independientemente activas en el mercado; (ii) se agrupan recursos necesarios al desarrollo de una actividad económica común en el seno eventualmente, pero no obligatoriamente, de una entidad separada (la llamada empresa común"); (iii) las empresas participantes ejercen un control conjunto sobre dicha actividad económica común. Estos tres elementos forman el núcleo de la definición de la joint venture en derecho.

La cuestión de la validez y eficacia jurídica de los pactos presentes en el contrato complejo de joint venture, cuando implica la existencia de una sociedad de capital, es la que más dificultades plantea. El problema respecto a la joint venture, como respecto a muchos otros contratos complejos, es organizar un discurso sobre el uso de la libertad y sus consecuencias en el ámbito del derecho de sociedades.

Mientras el jurista profesional organiza la joint venture, atrae también la atención del legislador sobre las necesidades jurídicas de las empresas que deciden "aliarse" en el seno de una joint venture. Los pactos presentes en los contratos complejos de joint venture no dependen únicamente del contenido del derecho aplicable a la sociedad "filial común" por ejemplo, sino también de la creatividad de los juristas profesionales. Las finalidades a cubrir por el contrato lo serán en regla general mediante combinaciones originales y complejas de mecanismos jurídicos, demostrándose una vez más el papel relevante de la práctica en la formación del derecho.

Como consecuencia, puede observarse una tendencia a la flexibilización del derecho aplicable a las sociedades de capital, sobre todo en los países europeos continentales. Esta adaptación del derecho a la realidad práctica se observa también, y de manera significativa, en otras ramas del derecho, como en derecho de la competencia donde el legislador intenta introducir un tratamiento cada vez más pragmático de los efectos producidos por las joint ventures sobre los mercados.

El análisis de la organización jurídica de las joint ventures en la práctica demuestra, sin embargo, la falta de utilidad y de oportunidad de una ordenación legal de la joint venture como tal en Europa. Como en el caso de la organización de la empresa, basta con que los operadores "candidatos" a la alianza encuentren en el derecho positivo los legal tools, o instrumentos jurídicos, adaptados a los objetivos económicos legítimos que persiguen ( por ejemplo, diversas formas sociales, la AIE, la UTE, la cuenta en participación etc), y sobre la base de los cuales puedan conservar y reforzar el sentimiento de confianza que necesitan tener en la operación y en su "aliado" para alcanzar con éxito estos objetivos.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of both practical and theoretical legal issues raised by joint ventures in Europe. In the European Union member states and especially in Spain, joint ventures are viewed as a high efficient strategic operation - allowing alliances between firms, which may improve their competitiveness and adapt them to the growing dimensions of European markets and to the new global economy.

Joint ventures are not organised as such by any statute law in Europe. European law focuses on the analysis of the effects they may produce on competition. Joint ventures obtain a legal content only in practice.

The aim of this study is to define the "added value" of the practical work of lawyers, when they take part in processes of creation of joint ventures. This question allows to integrate the analysis of different legal aspects of joint ventures - their contractual and corporate structure as well as their legal treatment under competition law - which are traditionally treated in separate studies, and to point out the existence of on-going interfaces between them. This study focuses essentially on the contractual and corporate aspects of joint ventures.

Practitioners set up, first of all, mechanisms which are compulsory - i.e. legal rules - for the firms involved in the operation according to their strategic interests. The result may be, for instance, the creation of a mere "contractual joint venture", of an European Economic Interest Grouping, or the incorporation of a "joint venture company". The complexity of the joint venture legal organisation prevents from studying separately the so-called "joint venture agreement" on which is based the operation, and the company which may be incorporated within it. The joint venture company is only a part of a more complex ensemble, which needs to be understood as such in order to be correctly analysed.

The complex legal organisation of joint ventures differs from any other complex legal organisations because of its specific purpose, ie. establish a strategic alliance between firms. It aims to organise an operation in which: (i) participate two or more firms independently active on the market; (ii) are gathered the resources necessary to carry out a common business activity, possibly but not obligatory within a separate entity; and (iii) the participating firms jointly control the common business activity. Those three features are at the basis of the legal definition of joint ventures.

The question of the legal validity and efficiency of the terms and conditions present in incorporated joint venture agreements is the more problematic one for the practitioners. The main difficulty in relation with joint ventures like in relation with many other complex agreements is to determine the limits of use of contractual freedom in company law.

While organising the operation, the practitioners are also drawing the attention of the legislator on the legal needs of the firms willing to enter into alliances. The terms and conditions present in joint venture agreements depend not only on the content of the statute law applicable to the joint venture company for example, but also on the creative skills of the practitioners. The joint venture agreement needs to cover different purposes generally through original and complex combinations of legal mechanisms, proving once again the relevant role of practice in the generation of law.

As a result, it is possible to observe a certain "flexibilization" of the rules in company law, especially in continental Europe. This new tendency develops in parallel with the movement observed in competition law towards a more realistic and pragmatic analysis of joint venture effects on the markets.

The analysis of the legal organisations of joint ventures existing in practice demonstrates however the lack of necessity for a statutory regulation of this (strategic) operation in Europe. Like in the case of the organisation of a firm, the economic players willing to enter into strategic alliances only need to find in statute law different "legal tools" which may adapt their legitimate economic interests - such as different company forms, the Economic Interest Grouping, the partnership - and on the basis of which they can conserve and reinforce the confidence they need to have in their partner and in the operation in order to achieve successfully their purposes.

Through structural social anthropology lens, this thesis explored issues of international joint venture performance measurements and parent company learning through international joint ventures in the context of the Chinese automotive industry. It was a case study of the First Automotive Work FAW, a Chinese state-owned car manufacturing group and its joint venture with German car manufacturing group Volkswagen. Its focus was on the Chinese engineers working in both companies, who are on the frontier of technology transfer and knowledge learning through their work experience of localizing imported technologies. The methodology used was qualitative, primarily interviews, historical and technological background research, participant observation and the researcher’s lived experience of the encounters. The research argues and demonstrates that complexity matters on IJV performance measurements and organizational learning studies; and calls for closer attention to individuals through structural social anthropology theories. It describes in detail the indigenous engineers and managers’ perspective of the learning experience, learning outcomes, the purposes of learning and its relationship to parent companies as independent tribes. It affirms, contends and extends current concepts of IJV performance measurements and indigenous partner learning through IJV. It presents the complexity of how the IJV and its SOE parent company values knowledge and means of learning differently and how it relates to the ecological system of SOE and its IJV. It explores the independent tribalism in FAW-VW and the sacred and profane dichotomy of FAW that had led to the ecological structure of FAW. The thesis presents the structural social anthropology theories of the solidarity, sacred and profane dichotomy and tribalism as solution to some of the issues in current international business literature. It argues that the different ecological system lead to different interpretations of goals at the SOE and IJV. A human model that is useful for a deeper understanding of IJV performance measurements and indigenous parent learning through the social anthropological lens. It also analyzes the complexity of historical and hidden factors such as SOE corruption that contributes to such phenomenon.

Bakgrund: Svenska banker och försäkringsbolag spenderar stora summor och resurser på sina IT-system, vilka oftast sköts internt. IT-kostnaderna utgör för banker den näst största kostnadsposten i resultaträkningen och därmed utgör över 20 procent av den totala kostnadsmassan. Marginalerna inom bank och försäkringsbolag minskar i Sverige samtidigt som ITs komplexitet ökar med krav på integrering medgamla bank- och försäkringssystem. IT-outsourcing och joint venture med ett IT-företag är vanliga organiserings former och inget nytt fenomen i Finland inom bank och försäkringsbolag. IT-outsourcing har både för- och nackdelar.

Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera begreppet outsourcing kopplat till hur aktörerna på den finansiella marknaden i Sverige hanterar och bör hantera sin IT-verksamhet.

Metod: Vi har använt oss av en tvärsnittstudie och intervjuat de högsta ansvariga för IT inom bank och försäkring i Sverige och Finland. Vi har även intervjuat divisionschefer och IT-leverantörer på den nordiska marknaden.

Resultat: IT är inte för banker och försäkringsbolag någon kärnkompetens och utgör heller ingen hög specifik tillgång och är därför lämplig för en viss sorts outsourcing. De flesta svenska banker har uppnått skalfördelar inom IT- drift, men försäkringsbolagen är inte lika kostnadseffektiva och har inte uppnått skalfördelar i samma utsträckning som bankerna. IT-driften är en standard tjänst som är lättare att specificera i kontrakt och därmed är en god kandidat för outsourcing. IT-förvaltning och utveckling ligger närmare bankernas och försäkringsbolagens kärnkompetens och bör inte outsourcas. Däremot utgör vissa delar inom IT-utveckling och förvaltning inget unikt värde och är i princip en standard för alla aktörer och kan därmed outsourcas. Detta förutsätter att företaget bygger en professionell inköpsorganisation som kan hantera problemet. Genom att IT-utvecklingen blir mer komplex är ett joint venture förhållande med ett IT-företag en bra lösning. Den finska IT- outsourcing marknaden skiljer sig från den svenska på grund av att svenska banker och försäkringsbolag är större än de finska motsvarigheterna och de svenska aktörerna tappade förtroendet för IT-outsourcing på grund av dåliga avtal under början av 90-talet.

Background: Swedish banks and insurance companies have spent considerable amounts of money and resourceson their IT-systems. IT-costs constitute the second largest cost after personal costs for banks, which mean over 20 percent of the total costs. The margins in banking and insurance industry are diminishing in Sweden, and at the same time they are facing more complex applications that have to be integrated into 30 years old IT-systems. IT- outsourcing and joint ventures are common in Finland, whereas Swedish banks and insurance companies have the IT-function in- house. IT-outsourcing is not a new phenomenon, and it has both advantages and disadvantages.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate if IT-outsourcing is suitable for banks and insurance companies with a focus on the Swedish and Finnish market. Furthermore, analyses on which part of the IT-function is core and strategically important for banks and insurance companies, and which part of the IT-function is a standard procedure that does not create value.

Method: The paper has been carried out as a survey and interviews with the IT- responsible and divisional heads from the biggest Swedish and Finnish banks and insurance companies.

Results: IT-production is not a core competence nor high asset specificity for banks and insurance companies. Swedish banks have reached economic of scale in their IT-production, but insurance companies do not possess the high cost effectiveness that banks have in their IT-production. IT-production is a standard service and easy to specify in contracts, which have an effect on outsourcing decisions. Application management and development is near the core business and should not be outsourced. However, some parts in development are standard and could be outsourced if the company can build a good and competitive purchase organisation. Application development is such a complex matter and that is why joint venture with an IT-supplier will be preferred in the future. The Finnish IT-outsourcing market differs from the Swedish, because the Swedish companies have bigger IT-organisations, furthermore the Swedish IT- outsourcing market was destroyed in the beginning in the 90s. The bad experience in Sweden has led to loss of faith in IT-suppliers on the market, this has a large influence on outsourcing decisions.

This thesis deals with the consolidation of the financial statements in a situation where the unite does not fulfil the conditions for its processing yet, but in the near future it is likely to be confirmed. The thesis includes description of progressive time schedule of work while preparing the consolidated financial statements for the specific analyzed consolidation group headed by parent company ENVINET a.s..

The core topic of this master thesis is creation of Consolidated Financial Statement of particular company. I tis divided into two main parts; Firstly, it deals with theoretical grounds for the second part, which aims on creation of Consolidated Financial Statement itself. Lastly, there is an evaluation of the whole economical situation and this is compared to Parent Company.

The issue of Japan's heavy dependence on Middle Eastern oil has attracted a lot of attention in the political and academic circles for the reason that Japan is the second biggest consumer and the largest importer of oil in the world. Consequently, any action by Japan would not only have a major impact on petroleum markets, but also on international relations, security and on the Middle East itself. In the late 1960s Japan began negotiations with Iran, her biggest oil supplier at that time, about the establishment of a petrochemical joint venture. These negotiations led to the creation of the Iran Japan Petrochemical Company (UPC) in 1973. This study examines the different reasons why the main partners, Mitsui Bussan of Japan and the National Petrochemical Company of Iran as well as their respective governments, were so interested in the idea of a joint venture. It traces the troubled history of UPC from the preliminary negotiations in 1968, through two decades which saw the Iranian Revolution and the setting up of an Islamic state, the Iran-Iraq War, and two oil crises, until its dissolution in 1990. The research reveals conflicts of interest between Japanese and Iranian motivations behind the venture, between the goals of the privately owned Mitsui Bussan and the state-run National Petrochemical Company as well as their contrasting organisational and managerial styles, which led to the failure of UPC and its eventual dissolution. Using the case of IJPC as an example, the study argues that the setting up of a joint venture of this nature was an inappropriate response to the main purposes of each nation, i.e. the Japanese desire for a stable oil supply and the Iranian desire for rapid industrialisation and transfer of technology. Finally, it suggest alternative policies through which each country could achieve its respective ambitions.

There is a rising number of companies, which have to face the appeals of International Markets. It is not possible to stop the economic development in many sectors of the market. When the company wants to keep it´s lasting existence and success it is not sufficient to concentrate on the National Market only. If the company wants to enter the International Market it is necessary to assure a processing of appropriate analyses. Entering the International Market brings both the business opportunities and the mature market threats as well. The submitted Master´s thesis describes the partial activities – planning, supervision, organization and human resources management.

Thèse (M. Sc.) - Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Titre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 26 avril 2007). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de Maîtrise en gestion de projet. Comprend un résumé en français. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 126-131. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU

Cette étude tente de donner un aperçu général du développement historique, des particularismes et des principales problématiques du droit positif des investissements directs étrangers. En effet, une étude exégétique des textes législatifs et règlements portant sur des investissements étrangers est, certes, nécessaire pour la compréhension du régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers, mais sa connaissance ne suffit pas pour qu'un investisseur puisse réussir son investissement sur le territoire chinois. Le régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers est le fruit d'un travail d'imitation législative de systèmes de droits étrangers. Son développement est indéniablement lié aux éléments de la vie politique, culturelle, sociale et économique du pays. De la politique de l'économie planifiée à l'économie de marché, en quarante ans, le gouvernement a pu créer un droit quasiment exhaustif à partir du vide. Cependant, la rapidité du travail législatif n'est nullement une preuve de sa qualité. En effet, dans le but de rattraper son retard sur les systèmes juridiques des pays économiquement développés, le gouvernement a dû implanter les solutions étrangères, sans pour autant effectuer un travail approfondi d'adaptation ou d'harmonisation, diminuant ainsi la qualité et l'efficacité des lois.Initialement, le droit des investissements directs étrangers était uniquement constitué de trois lois distinctes et des règlements d'application desdites lois. Il s'agissait de la Loi sur les EJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application, la Loi sur les WFOE et son règlement d'application, et CJV sino-étrangères et son règlement d'application. Ce régime est ensuite complété par d'autres textes, chacun régissant qu'une seule forme spécifique d'entreprise à participation étrangère.Les litiges font partie de la vie courante non seulement des personnes morales, mais, également des personnes physiques, et permettent de mesurer l'efficacité de la justice au sein d'un État. Malgré le fait que les litiges constituent le moyen ultime de tester l'efficacité de la loi ou d'un système de droit, ils ne surviennent qu'en dernier ressort, surtout dans les États tels que la Chine, où l'histoire démontre une préférence constante envers les modes informelles de résolution des différends au détriment de la procédure étatique contentieuse.Après trois décennies de réforme, la Chine fait désormais partie intégrante de la scène internationale. Par conséquent, ses pratiques portant sur la résolution des différends sont de plus en plus en harmonie avec les standards internationaux. En d'autres termes, la recherche d'une résolution efficace des différends est similaire de celle des autres États occidentaux : idéalement un différend doit être résolu dans le délai court, à un coût bas et avec moins de stress que possible, mais, arrivant tout de même à un résultat acceptable.Le droit chinois des investissements directs étrangers a subi le plus de réformes législatives en Chine. Il est donc primordial de suivre constamment l'actualité juridique. En effet, les deux catalogues récent (2015 et de 2017) illustrent une tendance libéralisatrice du marché national en ouvrant de plus en plus les secteurs d'industrie aux investissements étrangers, et en introduisant un système proche de la " liste négative ". Puis la Réforme de 2016 est venue remplacer la procédure d'autorisation des projets d'investissements directs étrangers par un simple système d'enregistrement. Certes, ces éléments récents ont su apporter des solutions à des difficultés existantes, mais en raison du nombre de vices du droit positif, une réforme en profondeur est nécessaire. Le Projet de loi des investissements étrangers, publié par le Ministère du Commerce en 2015, a le potentiel d'effacer tous les défauts du régime actuel. Cependant, malgré les promesses du gouvernement, son futur demeure très incertain à l'heure actuelle
This study aims to give a general overview of the historical development, particularisms and main issues of the positive law of foreign direct investment, by looking at different areas of law, ranging from the history of law to the very content of foreign investment law, and through dispute settlement mechanisms for foreign investment. An exegetical study of laws and regulations on foreign investments is a necessary step for the understanding of the legal regime of foreign direct investment, but its knowledge of the law is not sufficient for an investor to succeed in his investment.Its development is undeniably linked to the elements of the political, cultural, social and economic aspects of the country. From the promotion of Marxist values of the Soviet system under the Mao Zedong period, to the adoption of legal pragmatism under the direction of Deng Xiaoping; from the policy of the planned economy to the market economy. In forty years, the government was able to create an entire legal system from almost nothing. However, the speed of legislative work is by no means a proof of its quality. Indeed, in order to catch up with the legal systems of the economically developed countries, the government had to implement foreign solutions, without carrying out any in-depth adaptation or harmonization work, thus reducing the value and the effectiveness of the law.Initially, the foreign direct investment law consisted only of three separate laws and their implementing regulations : Sino-Foreign EJV Law and its Implementing Regulation, the WFOE Law and its Implementing Regulation, and Sino-Foreign CJV and its Implementing Regulation. This was then competed by other laws and regulations, each governing only one specific form of foreign-invested enterprise.Litigation is part of everyday life which allows the legislator to measure the efficiency of justice within a State. Despite the fact that litigation is the ultimate means of testing the effectiveness a legal system, it is only a last resort, especially in states such as China, in which its history demonstrates a constant preference for alternative modes of dispute resolution to the detriment of contentious proceedings.After three decades of reform, China has become an integral part of the international scene. As a result, its practice of resolving disputes is increasingly aligned with international standards. The quest for effective dispute resolution is now similar to that of other Western states: ideally a dispute must be resolved in the short time frame, at a low cost and with as little stress as possible, but with an acceptable result.It is therefore essential to constantly follow legal news. Indeed, the two recent catalogs (2015 and 2017) illustrate a liberalizing trend of the national market by opening more sectors to foreign investments, and by introducing a system close to the "negative list". And the 2016 Reform replaced the authorization procedure for foreign direct investment projects with a simple registration system. While these recent developments have provided solutions to existing difficulties, due to the number of flaws in substantive law, a thorough reform is needed. The Draft Law on Foreign Investment, published by the Ministry of Commerce in 2015 for public commentary, has the potential to erase all the flaws of the current regime. However, despite the promises made by the government, its future remains very uncertain at the moment

This thesis analyses joint ventures which have been established between Greek enterprises and enterprises from Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and Russia. An international joint venture (IJV) is an enterprise established between two or more companies, one of which exercises its entrepreneurial activities in a foreign country. The core set of questions that this thesis addresses consist of motives for the establishment of joint ventures, partner selection criteria, control and conflict inside a joint venture, stability and performance. Another issue addressed is that of the problems which joint venturers face, as identified by Greek businessmen and academics. This framework is deployed upon an extensive body of primary source data gathered in 1994 by field work methods, using an administrated questionnaire largely within the Greek parent companies. Our research relates to evidence on 44 Greek enterprises, groups of companies, or individuals who established joint ventures with Eastern European partners after 1989. The questionnaire design is based on the notion that the expansion of the domestic boundaries of the firm abroad, and its decision to establish an IJV are the outcomes of strategic, financial and country specific motives. The key results of the thesis are that successful joint ventures in Eastern Europe have the following characteristics: 1. Dominant control by the Greek partner over the IJV, when the Eastern European partner is a bureaucrat. 2. Low perceived conflict as regards intensity and frequency over dimensions like transfer of knowledge. 3. High stability as measured by the percentage increase in share capital held by the Greek partner and by resistance to transformation to wholly owned subsidiary status of the IJV. 4. Good perceived financial performance. 5. Evolution of the IJV such that the Eastern European partner increasingly takes on a managerial role and becomes attuned to managerial modes of behaviour. 6. Shared decision making between partners to the IJV beyond the infant stage.

Master's thesis deals with the consolidation of the financial statements. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the implementation of the consolidated financial statements for the Czech part of the group. The second part analyzes the performance of the consolidated financial statements and the individual companies by financial indicators. The thesis also contains proposals to improve the economic situation of the holding or individual companies.

碩士
國立中央大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
95
The traditional industries are the main forces to drive Taiwan''s economic development. Recently, the industrial structure in Taiwan has tremendously changed. Many companies are relocated to the mainland China or south-east area Asia to accommodate the environment. To survive and thrive, the local enterprises are forced to implement the necessary reorganization to enhance within competitiveness and break through the dilemma for new business opportunities. The paper provided a case study with an aim to explore how the joint venture company of traditional industries could successfully avoid downfall and even improve their competition ability by ways of fund raising and IT upgrade in front of such a difficult external environment, ie, flat profit, customer industrial ''center of gravity'' shift, and cut-throat price competition. This case study is a local gas company, established in 1952, the company had always been a local enterprise and joint ventured with APCI since 1987. In 2002, it turned out to be a foreign-invested company after APCI bought most of its shares. This move brought a large of technologies and management knowledges from US to this company. The results are summarized as below: （1）The shareholding structure and knowledge gained have correlation. There is a significant impact on JT’s programs once share holding varies. （2）A health organization structure will facilitate org change while, a matrix organization demonstrates a positive influence on organizational learning. （3）Organizational learning is affected from various factors, such as, environment background, knowledge resource and self assimilated. Organizational learning can bring in performance improvement. （4）Staff communication is a must prior to any change management. No compulsory measures can be counted in. Otherwise, the negative side effects are expected. （5）Consisting of the four perspectives (finance perspective, customer perspective, internal businesses process perspective and learning and Growth perspective), the Balanced Score Card (BSC) retains measures for strategic management, ie. change management and organizational learning.

碩士
國立中央大學
企業管理學系在職專班
106
Facing the export decreased. Enterprise with sufficient resources will success in the worldwide commercial competition. The recourses can be sufficient funds, excellent employees, advanced technologies,etc. In the era of global competition and rapidly change commercial environment, global joint ventures have been the worldwide trend for enterprises to against Red Supply Chain. By cooperating globally, enterprises can overcome the trading obstacles with multiple resources and low cost. And reduce the business risks. By doing so, global joint ventures can make the best effectiveness. Discuss the mechanism of management for leading business of the global joint ventures. And have the discussion of practical management aspects toward different joint venture of vary businesses.Two mother companies of the joint venture may possess advantages with certain resources and abilities. But after long term cooperation and potential binding between the two, positions of the two mother companies will become fairer. If the joint venture was set up for the purpose of strategy, mother companies will participate actively.And try to get more relative resources from the joint venture as possible. Japanese owned enterprise has the profound relationship with Taiwan economics. But how do Japanese and Taiwanese work together with the differences for the social culture, social values,management, culture of association, thinking pattern, etc. This research will discuss about how global collaboration affect Taiwan mother companies and the changes of effectiveness.

碩士
銘傳大學
國際企業學系碩士班
92
This study attempts to use interaction between parent and parent to analyze my survey data if all these interaction factors are key determinant in affecting international joint venture performance. This study explores five critical parent-parent interaction factors for international joint venture performance. We utilized multiple regression analyze test main hypotheses empirically, the study reveals the following significant relationships. 1. Between parent and parent trust has a strong positive impact on international joint venture performance. 2. Between parent and parent conflict has a strong negative impact on international joint venture performance. 3. Between parent and parent different size has a strong negative impact on international joint venture performance. 4. Between parent and parent cooperation has a strong positive impact on international joint venture performance. 5. Between parent and parent resource complementary has no impact on international joint venture performance. We suggest that parent company could accomplish better international joint venture performance by developing trust and cooperation, reducing conflict, and having the same parent company size.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
98
As the new developing market is grouping, and the area from all parts of the world are being expected to raise prosperously, like Asia, the Middle East, North America, eastern Europe to build foundation actively, Because of globalization, construction industries should try to find opportunity to bid on international project. But international project tends to maximization, complicates, fund, skill and the difficulty of system combination is high, traditional consultant company can’t alone to bid, therefore toward International Joint Venture model, finding the foreign partner’s team. Shared resource, shares risk, technology passing on, specialized division of work, profit share, and some other advantages of cooperative partner on international joint ventures way, but members in different culture background to cause execution effect which serious influence international joint ventures. So must assess the cooperative partner brings the risk intensity, foundation of international joint venture partner selection. This paper using“Multi Criteria Prospect Model (MCPM)”consider decision maker risk preference and utility it characteristic, using the Fuzzy Preference Relations (FPR) method to find the risk preference of decision maker, and which finds the utility value for reference by using decision maker Probability Weighting Function and Utility Function, building “International Joint Venture Partner Selection Model”support decision maker selecting partner in international joint venture. Decision way is divided into two Phase: (1) Macro level Phase: Risk analysis for entering difference countries.(2)Project of select partner level Phase: Numerous potential cooperative partners bring the assessment of the greatest benefit for project. Prove, this research sets up the decision way of International Joint Venture Partner Selection Model through the real case, accord with the decision maker preference, consult the basis as the decision with effective follow-up.

This dissertation focuses on the management of cultural diversity in a joint venture (JV), formed in 2002, between a South African company, Sasol Chemical Industries and a Japanese company, Mitsubishi Chemical Cooperation (MCC). The reasons for the formation of the JV as well as the details are provided. One of the key threats identified for the JV is the challenges posed by the merging of two different cultures. Research studies indicate that the longevity of a JV is largely determined by the management of cross cultural conflicts. Unresolved cultural differences can have a detrimental effect on the success of the JV. This leads to the formulation of the following hypothesis "Proper Management of Cultural Diversity will result in the long term success of the JV between Sasol and MCC". According to Hofstede (1983), an evaluation of the management of cultural diversity requires an analysis of the managerial and cultural behaviour of both South African and Japanese culture. Questionnaires, comprising largely of rating scales, were administered to a population comprising of the senior, middle and junior management from Sasol that were directly involved in the JV. The aim of the questionnaire was to evaluate and compare the knowledge Sasol employees have about South African and Japanese business culture, determine the current level of cultural sensitivity and to evaluate the level of cross-cultural diversity training received. The results are then benchmarked and evaluated against those characteristics displayed by JV’s that adopt a third culture approach. Based on this information it was determined that the current management of cultural diversity was not adequate for the long term success of the JV. Differences emanating from managerial behaviour such as the differences in managerial style, decision making process, organisational structure and communication styles lead employees to become frustrated and unsure of what to do. Differences in Cultural behaviour such as the degree of Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity also resulted in misunderstanding of intentions that often lead to distrust and ethnocentric behaviour. These findings correlated when benchmarked against the ratings of those characteristics displayed by JV's that adopt a third culture (Graen, 1996). The hypothesis "the current level of management of cultural diversity is sufficient to ensure the long term success of the JV' was rejected with the final finding being that the current management of cultural diversity is not sufficient to ensure the long term success of the JV. Comments from participants indicated that there was indeed no management practice in place to manage cultural diversity. Most participants felt at a loss when handling diversity issues and were unsure of the level of sensitivity to display to other cultures. The key recommendation was the implementation of cultural training programs similar to that developed by Berrell (1999) and to develop an organisational culture that will assist employees in reducing behaviour variability.
Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

碩士
輔仁大學
企業管理學系管理學碩士在職專班
103
Under the trend of global economic liberalization, state-owned enterprises face fierce competition, extending the business scope to the upstream or downstream of industry value chain, combining with external resources to create competitive enterprise advantage. Therefore, the selection of the joint venture partner for "state-owned enterprise overseas joint venture strategy" is very vital for the future development of our country’s state-owned enterprises overseas joint ventures, which is worth discussing. The purposes of this paper are as following three: 1. Discuss the relation between the selection of overseas joint venture partner for Taipower company and the joint venture performance. 2. Analyze the influencing factors of the selection of overseas joint venture partner for Taipower company. 3. Try to seek an improvement plan, providing decision reference for the government and Taipower company on energy and mineral resources overseas joint venture in the future. Based on the Taipower company coal overseas joint venture process, this research explores consideration factors of overseas joint venture partner selection; it applies the in-depth interview method, content analysis and questionnaire investigation to exploratory research. It is expected to visit 3 staff who has engaged in or is engaged in coal joint venture overseas in Taipower company for more than 25 years; the scholars are selected from those who have in-depth study on state-owned enterprises; Government officials are chosen from the ministry of economic affairs as the interviewees. With in-depth interviews, the paper studies the status and difficulties of state-owned enterprises overseas joint venture partner selection. through inductive study, the paper finds the following main conclusions: 1. State-owned enterprises organization structure tends to be bureaucratic system, and the investment atmosphere is conservative, which is harder to find appropriate overseas joint venture partners; The state-owned enterprises have international reputation and organizational credit image, which is easier to find a suitable joint venture partner overseas for joint venture. 2. state-owned enterprises organizational structure tending bureaucratic system and conservative investment atmosphere will weaken the influence of state-owned enterprises overseas joint venture partner selection on joint venture performance; and state-owned enterprises with international reputation and organizational credit image will strengthen to impact of the joint venture partner selection on joint venture performance, only weakening influence degree is greater than the strengthening one. 3. The more complete process of overseas joint venture partner selection and more stable partnerships are, the higher the expected extent of the joint venture and the achievement of joint goals (mastering some coal fountainhead) are; while there is no positive relation to the average pre-tax profit rate, average sales revenue rate. 4. The key elements of the state-owned enterprises overseas joint venture success not only include careful selection of joint venture partner before joint venture, but also include complementary resources, mutual capacitance goal, mutual trust attitude and continuous interaction after the joint venture, by which only the success probability of state-owned enterprise overseas joint venture can be promoted.

碩士
國立中央大學
工業管理研究所在職專班
105
US. Aeronautical Composite Parts Repair Co. setting a joint venture company with a Taiwan Flag Carrier Progress-C company for example Thrust Reverser (abbreviation: TR) is one of the three key roles to stop the aircraft while landing. TR uses pneumatic or hydraulic power to engage the TR pivoting door moving to the opposite direction of the aircraft. Prompting the aircraft to use the reverse airflow on the ground to slow down immediately.TR is the most valuable assembly in the engines. It is made by composite materials. Each engine has 2 TR halves. Thus, twin engines has 4 TRs.4 engines aircraft has 8 TRs. Each TR maintenance cost around USD0.2M. There will cost around USD1.6M while 4 engines aircraft having 8 halves. There will cost around USD32M for 20ea B747-400.Full Services Carrier (abbreviation: FSC) maintenance division will try to set up Preliminary Level 1(LV1) and Middle Level 2(LV2) TR maintenance capabilities to eliminate TR maintenance cost efficiently once airlines conducting a certain size of aircrafts. FSC is traditionally well known as full services companies. It’s totally different to Low Cost Carrier (Called LCC).FSC provides full services like amount of luggage services, serving meals, provided business class etc. There are not always FSC having its maintenance division, such as All Nippon Airways (Called NH) and Asiana airlines (Called OZ). Actually, NH and OZ are focus on airliners operations which were not focus on aircraft maintenance services. NH and OZ outsource maintenance as much as they can. C company in this article has its own maintenance division. Japan Airlines and Korean Airlines are as the same maintenance division as C company. Preliminary LV1 maintenance means limited to Structure Repair Manual scheme where the mechanic could release the tasks. Middle LV2 maintenance means limited to Components Maintenance Manual scheme where the mechanic could release the tasks. Due to aeronautical manufacturer level extremely high, reverse engineering is difficult to reach it. It is impossible for a Middle LV2 maintenance organization to become a High LV3 if it used reversed engineering. TR OEM usually makes a matrix for charging Royalty fee, Joint Venture, and Full investment to protect the Intellectual Property (Called IP). Reverse engineering is a technical process which is focus on one product reversing analysis and researching to get the process, materials structure, function, effective and specifications to approaching a real one. High (Level 3 ; Called LV3)level TR maintenance capability is over behind Middle LV2 which shall include but not limited to TR manufacture blue print, composite materials gluing and curing process. The US. Aeronautical composite parts repair co. (Called N company) decides to deepen the relationship with a Taiwan flag carrier (Called C company) to set up a Joint Venture company after setting up LV1&LV2 composite capabilities over a decade for C company. We try to use this Joint Venture (Called JV) example to introduce the whole building up JV process, advantages, and disadvantages we faced to readers.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
管理研究所
97
This study explores the influence of the interaction between Taiwan and Japan’s parent companies on international joint ventures. I took a technology company which is cooperated by Taiwan and Japan as my sample. However, as the differences in the political, geographical and cultural environments, the business philosophy, managerial decision-making ideas and business behaviors in the two countries, Taiwan and Japan, also exist big discrepancies. Therefore, conflict between the two parent companies is inevitable. I expect this study can make readers understand more about the relationship between the two parent companies and their goals, and the influences on international joint ventures. From the empirical results of this case study, we can find that if the goals in the two parent companies consist with each other, and the level of trust and cooperation are higher, then this will reduce the frequencies of speculation behaviors, and the costs of coordination and monitoring. Moreover, the consistencies in goals, and high-level trust and cooperation also have a positive influence on the performance of the international joint ventures. As a result of the joint capital partner from the different nationality and the culture, the conflict is not easy to avoid. If between two parent companies exists seriously, and continues the conflict, will destroy the good interactive relations, and has to the international joint capital enterprise achievements negative influence. To sum up, for the maximization of both benefits, the enterprises should not only considerate the balance between costs and profits in business operation but also integrate both goals when performing joint ventures.

碩士
中華科技大學
經營管理研究所
105
This study explore that the factor of rate of return on joint venture property for construction company. We will understand that the factor of sales and cost of property. Further, we will discuss that construction characteristics, housing market, and construction policy effect the difference of sales and cost of property. Last, and also the most important, construction characteristics, housing market, and construction policy how moderate sales and cost of property and rate of return of property. The sample is evaluation of property from a construction company. The period is from January, 2012 to December, 2016. The evidences indicate the difference of rate of return of property from construction area, type of construction and period of construction. The construction policy will affect the sales and cost of property. Indeed, construction area will moderate sales and cost of property and rate of return of property. The type of construction, period of construction, scale of construction, housing market, and construction policy has not moderation effect. The result can provide reference that adopting evaluation of property for construction firms.

碩士
銘傳大學
金融研究所碩士在職專班
90
With rocketing development of information technology, the WTO’s advancement for liberalization of financial industry, and integration of European currency, global capital market is in the integration climate of forming joint alliances. The climate affected Group Deutsche Boers (DBAG) from Germany in 1993, Paris Bourse SBF SA from France in 1996, NOREX in 1998, NASDAQ-AMEX from the US in 1998, Singapore Exchange Ltd. (SGX) in 1999, Hong Kong Exchange and Clearing (HKEx) from Hong Kong in 2000, and Euronext in 2000.In order to expand market scale and increase global competition capability. New York Stock Exchange, global stock market leader, plans to achieve trading stock through fully electronic system and aims to build Global Equity Market (GEM). In the integration trend of global capital market joint alliance, many strategies are used. Some companies adopt method of strategy alliance to expand international competition capability. Others adopt method of joint venture or mergers & acquisitions to accomplish actual combination of industries in order to reduce costs, increase efficiency, and obtain actual synergy generated for economies scale or scope. Some adopt method of holding company and perform horizontally and vertically bilateral integration for spot market and derivative goods market at the same time. Combining trading procedures from trading, settlement of accounts for cash and securities, and business transactions into one consistent process, and at the same time, developing operational synergy for economies of scale and scope. Due to future trend of international capital market, simple procedure, convenient trading method, and integration of market resources are targets in order to increase global competition capability. The main target of the research is to analyze methods, including strategy alliance, joint venture, mergers & acquisitions, and holding company, used for strong integration tendency of international capital market in recent years and to generate and compare these methods. Exploring feasible possibilities for those integration methods, and presenting two conclusions as follows, 1. Due to increasing competition tendency of capital market globalization, “exchange holding company” is a feasible solution to increasing market competition capability; 2. Establishing transactions, settling accounts for cash and securities, and subsidiary computer companies of information technology as the main strength, followed by establishing departments including market inspection & audition, risk control & management, human resources, financial management, planning & research development beneath exchange holding company, and building newer organization form in order to follow global tendency. Generating five points to support using method of “exchange holding company” to integrate domestic market: 1. Adopting method of “exchange holding company” to integrate domestic market can reduce conflicts, costs, and time and can still receive synergy due to mergers & acquisitions, a means of mergers & acquisitions; 2. Holding company helps organize finance and manage benefit and increase efficiency of inner capital use and financing capability for exchange. Holding company also helps efficiently manage and improve finance and avoid restrictions occurred regarding corporate law and investment. Moreover, holding company helps block investment risk so investors can make their decisions more freely and efficiently; 3. Policy execution and industry performance are separated, therefore overall operating efficiency for exchange is increased. The manager’s responsibility is even clearer and brings fairly high effect, similar to cartel effect, to the whole industry; 4. Making clear distinctions of property rights for joint venture, and assigning fairly operating resources and identification of all subsidiaries. Pursuing most proper scale, and reducing monitoring and management costs; 5. Making organization more flexible, expanding career opportunities for exchange and level of globalization, and increasing international competition capability.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
95
As the component partners of the international joint venture (JV) are from different nationalities of which have the diversities of cultural and concepts and the other factors of societies or the political impact. All these factors not only increased the complexity in organization management, but also reduced efficiency of organization. The case company is an international JV specialized in the field of Environmental protection with professionalism recognition and reputation in Taiwan. The mutual cooperation between both parties mainly based on project execution with the foreign joint venture company providing specialized technique and know-how assistance in project execution. And the case company responsible for internal management mechanism and daily operation under mutual common consensus. However, learning after the execution of few joint venture projects, we found out further improvements could be taken in considering of the diversity of culture, concepts and management from both sides. This research is focused on how to efficiently implement the value of JV and gain competitive advantages via case study, the research conclusion summarized as below. 1.The cultural diversity from both sides mainly displays on ideology as well as the values aspect. Therefore, to enhance understanding with each other is necessary in order to effectively reduce the cultural diversity from both sides. To minimize the cultural diversity will increase harmony in communication and coordination and promote higher chance to avoid the possibility of potential conflicts. 2.Before the cooperation taking place, both parties should align their concepts in company goal as well as strategy, management, operation etc., to ensure the achievement of win-win situation. 3.The experience shares: The knowledge exchange and sharing will be contributive to both sides in the way of more understanding both present situations. In the process of mutual cooperation, the occurrences of miscommunication can be attributable to the foreign joint venture company does not fully understand the local market trend and is doubtful about its potential risks. To optimize the joint venture company to have a comprehension of Taiwan enterprises and to share the experiences gained from previous mutual cooperation to facilitate mutual understanding in view of each other standpoint. 4.Increases own organization wisdom capital: The foreign joint company indeed has more specialized technology and finance resources and always takes trust attitude on mutual cooperation. Nevertheless, the foreign joint company still has the hesitancy on the executive capability of project experiences of the case company. The case company should accelerate to accumulate its own organization wisdom capital on professionalism and the technical knowledge in order to lowering risk appraisal by the foreign joint venture company. In this regard, the case company could create more opportunities of mutual cooperation in future special case cooperation in terms of utilizing its own wisdom capital.

碩士
大同大學
事業經營學系(所)
93
The 21th century is an age of globalization and knowledge economy. With the increasingly competitive global market and for enhancing in competitive advantage, many companies take International Joint Venture (IJV) to acquire knowledge and technique of foreign companies. Knowledge is the critical resource of the future. A company’s stock of knowledge must include technical knowledge as well as knowledge about how to function in global markets, work with local laws, protect intellectual property, and operate successfully in various forms of partnerships. The international joint venture (IJV) is becoming a learning platform when firms enter the globalization market. Research framework is divided into six parts: (1) motive of IJVs; (2) knowledge protection; (3) organizational learning; (4) knowledge acquisition; (5) control mechanism; (6) learning effect. From this study, the 12 hypotheses were proposed for later test. The subject of this study was the parent companies of international joint venture in Taiwan. According to the large business ranking by China Credit Information Service, Ltd., and use the internet to search IJVs’ parent companies, then sent 680 questionnaires, of which 95 returned. By eliminating 7 invalid responses, there remained 88 copies, the final valid response rate was 12.94%. Research findings include the following: (1) the relationship between motive of IJVs and knowledge acquisition is positive; (2) the lower knowledge protection, parent companies will have the higher knowledge acquisition; (3) the relationship between organizational learning and knowledge acquisition is positive; (4) different control mechanisms moderate the relationship among motive of IJVs, knowledge protection and knowledge acquisition; (5) the relationship between knowledge acquisition and learning effect is positive. The contributions of this research have three points: (1) This study explores the parent companies perspective－motive of IJVs, knowledge protection, and organizational learning－to discuss the effect of knowledge acquisition. It is different from most research that explores IJVs’ view to examine knowledge acquiring from the partner; (2) This study explains the relation between knowledge acquisition from IJVs and learning effect. Reviewing the pervious research, many scholars explore the outcome of performance after knowledge acquisition. They always focus on the performance on finance, market share, and profit without discussing the learning effect; (3) Taking the construct of control mechanism in the IJV and explaining these mechanisms can facilitate knowledge acquisition from IJVs. This study uses the control mechanism to examine the influence of knowledge acquisition, and help parent companies not only administrate but also acquire know-how from IJV. Finally, the result of this study should be interpreted in light of some of its limitations as the following: (1) the limitation of tested subjects; (2) the limitation of industry; (3) the limitation of returned samples. The suggestion for future research we point out as follow: (1) the ownership structure for IJVs is not distributed equally. Future research can examine the different ownership structure, the different level of operation in IJVs that may influence parent companies on knowledge acquisition. Different ownerships may affect the model of knowledge acquisition and obtain different learning effects; (2) this study subject only contains Taiwan’s parent company. Future research can expand the research subject in order to compare the different nationalities, for knowledge acquisition has different issues. Firms of different nationalities would have different organization cultures. A different culture may have an effect on a firm’s openness to its partner or control in IJV. Further, its administration of IJV may also have different outcomes.

碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
104
With the fast-changing business environment in China, foreign companies have faced more and more challenge. To make the best benefit from the change, forming new business units becomes one of the solution for companies which already have set up joint ventures in China. Launching a new business unit is very complicated and involves each parties to put effort for analysis, communication, negotiation and continuous improvement to ensure the success. This thesis has derived a decision process starting from strategy forming, analysis and internal discussion to agreement negotiation and continuous improvement to increase the possibility of the success of a new business unit. Due to the limitation of the research, the thesis has focused on the analysis more from the perspective of the foreign company and less focus on the domestic company. The tools and key factors affecting the result of the new business unit have been summarized and analyzed for each stage of the decision process. In addition, recommendations for the case have also been made. The findings of this thesis can be useful to foreign firms in the manufacturing industry facing similar situation in China or other host countries.

L'économie de la Chine a connu au cours des trois dernières décennies une effervescence sans précédent. Dorénavant ouvert sur le monde, ce nouveau marché de près de 1,3 milliard d'individus possède un potentiel commercial et des perspectives de croissance n'ayant aucun équivalent en Occident. Toutefois, partir à la conquête de l'Empire du Milieu peut s'avérer être une aventure périlleuse pour celui qui ne maîtrise pas le cadre contextuel et légal dans lequel les affaires s'opèrent en ces lieux. Le présent mémoire se veut une étude en deux parties des considérations afin de mener à terme avec succès un projet d'investissement en sol chinois. Dans un premier temps, la présente étude tente de démystifier le climat économique, social et légal entourant le monde des affaires en Chine. L'investisseur étranger a tout intérêt à comprendre cet environnement dans lequel nos repères occidentaux sont parfois inexistants. Il s'agit donc, initialement, de comprendre l'évolution récente de ce pays et les transformations profondes que la Chine a connues dans les dernières décennies. Du socialisme à l'économie de marché, le plus grand marché potentiel sur terre s'est ouvert progressivement sur le monde. Sans délai, l'investissement étranger a alors afflué massivement en ces lieux. Fort de l'évolution de son environnement légal, qui se poursuit d'ailleurs toujours à l'heure actuelle, quels sont les principaux enjeux et défis pour un investisseur étranger en Chine? Parmi différentes considérations, l'investisseur étranger doit s'intéresser particulièrement à la place qu'occupent les autorités gouvernementales dans les transactions privées, à la force obligatoire des ententes commerciales et à la résolution de conflits éventuels. Dans un second temps, la présente étude couvre les principales formes juridiques d'investissement accessibles aux investisseurs étrangers afin d'exploiter ou de participer à l'exploitation d'une entreprise en sol chinois. Il s'agit, pour chacune d'entre elles, d'analyser le droit positif posé par le législateur ainsi que de le compléter avec certains éléments pratiques soulevés par des observateurs en la matière. Il s'ensuivra une analyse des différents mécanismes d'acquisition d'entreprise par les investisseurs étrangers. Ultimement, l'étude de cette seconde partie mènera à une analyse comparative des incidences pratiques relativement aux différentes formes d'établissement ou d'acquisition d'entreprise.
Over the last thirty years, turmoil is the key word that may well describe China's economic context. This sizable market of 1.3 billion people has now opened to the World and is boasting trade characteristics and growth potential beyond comparison with any Western market. However, it may become treacherous for anyone to set sail to conquer the Middle Kingdom without being aware of its business context. The present study intends to analyse the aspects which will help complete successfully an investment project in China. We will attempt in a first phase to demystify the economic, social and legal climate of the Chinese Business scene. A foreign investor will greatly benefit from acquiring a better sense of that environment in which our Western references are somehow limited. We will focus on the recent evolution in order to understand the major changes put in place in China over the last decade. One of the largest markets on Earth moved from a stiffly controlled economy to an open market economy with the immediate consequence that foreign investments from all over started to move in. Keeping in sight the constant development of the legal framework, we will identify the main challenges for a foreign investor in China. Among these considerations, we will analyse the role of the government in private transactions, the binding force of contracts and the settlements of disputes. In the second phase the present study, we will analyse the main investment forms available to foreign investors in order to operate or take part in the operation of a business in China. For every venture, the positive law set by the legislator must be analysed and reviewed in light of a number of elements pointed out by observers of that context. Following that, we will analyse the mechanisms available to foreign investors when acquiring a business. Finally we will complete the second phase with a comparative analysis of practical impacts regarding the establishement of different forms of enterprises or the acquisition of such enterprises.