Articles de revues sur le sujet « Juan Gabriel (1973-....) »

Este artículo ofrece un panorama de la obra y trayectoria tempranas del novelista colombiano Juan Gabriel Vásquez (Bogotá, 1973). Complementando la propuesta de pistas interpretativas para obras como Persona (novela, 1997), Alina Suplicante (novela, 1999) y Los amantes de Todos los Santos (cuentos, 2001) con datos contextuales sobre la vocación literaria, los procesos de publicación, la expatriación, las actividades laterales y las redes intelectuales, el recorrido crítico muestra cómo Vásquez fue estableciendo tanto las bases de su poética como las de su carrera literaria.

This article explores the under-researched intertextual and intermedial connections between Leonora Carrington’s transdisciplinary practice and the medium of film. The analysis focuses on the artist’s cameo appearances in two 1960s Mexican productions—There Are No Thieves in This Village (Alberto Isaac 1964) and A Pure Soul (Juan Ibáñez 1965)—which mark her creative collaborations with Surrealist filmmaker Luis Buñuel and Magic Realists Gabriel García Márquez and Carlos Fuentes. Carrington’s cameo roles are analyzed within a network of intertextual translations between her visual and literary works that often mix autobiographical and fictional motifs. Moreover, it is argued that Carrington’s cinematic mediations employ the recurring Surrealist tropes of anti-Catholic and anti-bourgeois satire. The article also investigates Carrington’s creative approach towards art directing and costume design, expressed in the Surrealist horror film The Mansion of Madness (Juan López Moctezuma 1973). The analysis examines the intermedial connections between Carrington’s practice of cinematic set design and her earlier experiments with theatrical scenography. Overall, this study aims to reveal undiscovered aspects of Leonora Carrington’s artistic identity and her transdisciplinary oeuvre.

The article presents a comparative analysis of two1970sfilms dedicated tothe sub-ject ofanepidemic: Zaraza (1971) by a Polish director Roman Załuski, with a screenplay by Jerzy Ambroziewicz and Załuski; and El año de la peste (1979) directed bya Mexican director Felipe Cazalsand co-writtenby Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Juan Arturo Brennan,and José Agustin. The article presentsahypothesis that the script forEl año de la peste was inspired by Zaraza and that, by tellinga story about ahypothetical courseof events during an epidemic inMexico City in 1970s,El añode la pesteenters intoa kind of dialogue with Zaraza–a film that coversactual events that tookplace in Wrocław in 1963

Conjunto de dieciséis cartas que fueron recibidas y enviadas entre 1943 y 1947 por Jorge Basadre. Entre los personajes encontraremos a los argentinos Ángel Rosemblat, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada y José Gabriel, peruanos como el historiador Guillermo Lohmann Villena, el ingeniero y matemático Cristóbal de Lozada y Puga y el importante librero Juan Mejía Baca, ex directores de la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, el polifacético Luis Alberto Sánchez, el etnólogo Luis E. Valcárcel, el escritor Sebastián Salazar Bondy, y el entonces joven Luis Bedoya Reyes.

Escrito, originalmente, em 1631, em latim, o tratado De Arte Voluntatis[1] (DAV) é uma das primeiras obras do sacerdote jesuíta Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (Fig. 1). Nelase encerra um conjunto de ideias estoicas, platônicas e cristãs sobre a educação da vontade[2] que, ao que tudo indica, compõem a base de seu pensamento. Conheceu inúmeras edições, até 1649 e duas traduções – uma para o francês (editada em 1657)[3]e outra para o italiano (editada em 1669)[4].A tradução que vem a público agora, quase quatrocentos anos depois de sua primeira edição, foi feita a partir da tradução realizada em 1657 por Louys Videl, e da edição latina do DAV de 1639[1] Cujo título completo, na verdade, é: De Arte Voluntatis libri sex: in quibus Platonicae, Stoicae, & Christianae Disciplina medulla digeritur, succo omni politioris Philosophia expresso ex Platone, Seneca, Epicteto, Dione, Chrysostomo, Plotino, Lamblicho; & aliis, Quorum sensa subtiliora artificiosius ordinantur; nonnulla emendantur; plurima adducuntur noue, & argute. Accedit ad calcem Historia Panegyrica de tribus Martyribus eius dem Societatis, in Urugaï pro fide occisis.[2] Cf. Didier, H. (1976). Vida y pensamiento de Juan E. Nieremberg (M. Navarro, Trad.). Madrid: Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca; Fundacion Universitaria Española (original de 1974).[3]Cujo título é L’art de conduire la volonté selon les preceptes de la morale ancienne & moderne, tirez des Philosophes payens & chrestiens...Foi traduzido por Louys Videl e publicado em Paris.[4] Cujo título é Dell'Arte per ben reggere la volontà, insegnata dal Padre Gio: Eusebio Nierembergh della Compagnia di Giesu, Libri Sei, Trasportati dalla Latina nella Lingua Italiana. All'Illustrissimo e Reverendissimo Signore Monsignore Daniello Delfino, Vescovo di Filadelfia, & Eletto Patriarca d'Aquileia. Foi traduzido por Gabriello Baba e publicado em Veneza.

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. 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A., Mexican Phoenix, our Lady of Guadalupe: image and tradition across five centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.Bugslag, J., “Material and Theological Identities: A Historical Discourse of Constructions of the Virgin Mary”, Théologiques, 17/2 (2009), pp. 19-67.Cadoret-Abeles, A., “Les apparitions du Palmar de Troya: analyse anthropologique dun phenómène religieux”, Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 17 (1981), pp. 369-391.Carrión, G., El lado oscuro de María, Alicante, Agua Clara, 1992.Chenaux, P., L´ultima eresia. La chiesa cattolica e il comunismo in Europa da Lenin a Giovanni Paolo II, Roma, Carocci Editore, 2011.Christian, W. A., “De los santos a María: panorama de las devociones a santuarios españoles desde el principio de la Edad Media a nuestros días”, en Lisón Tolosana, C. (ed.), Temas de antropología española, Madrid, Akal, 1976, pp. 49-105.Christian, W. 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Les couronnements de vierges de pèlerinage à l’époque contemporaine (XIXe et XXe siècles), Limoges, Presses universitaires de Limoges, 2011.D´Orsi, A., 1917, o ano que mudou o mundo, Lisboa, Bertrand Editora, 2017.De Fiores, S., Maria. Nuovissimo dizionario, Bologna, EDB, 2 vols., 2006.Delumeau, J., Rassurer et protéger. Le sentiment de sécurité dans l’Occident d’autrefois, Paris, Fayard, 1989.Dozal Varela, J. C., “Nueva Jerusalén: a 38 años de una aparición mariana apocalíptica”, Nuevo Mundo, Mundos Nuevos, 2012, s.p.Driessen, H., “Local Religion Revisited: Mediterranean Cases”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (2009), pp. 281-288.Driessen, H., “Local Religion Revisited: Mediterranean Cases”, History and Anthropology, 20/3 (2009), p. 281-288.González Sánchez, C. A., Homo viator, homo scribens. Cultura gráfica, información y gobierno en la expansión atlántica (siglos XV-XVII), Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2007.Grignion de Montfort, L. M., Escritos marianos selectos, Madrid, San Pablo, 2014.Harris, R., Lourdes. Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, London, Penguin Press, 1999.Harvey, J., Photography and Spirit, London, Reaktion Books, 2007.Hood, B., Supersense: Why We Believe in the Unbelievable, New York, HarperOne, 2009.Horaist, B., La dévotion au Pape et les catholiques français sous le Pontificat de Pie IX (1846-1878), Palais Farnèse, École Française de Rome, 1995.Kselman, T., Miracles and Prophecies in Nineteenth Century France, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1983.Lachapelle, S., Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931, Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press, 2011.Langlois, C., “Mariophanies et mariologies au XIXe siècles. Méthode et histoire”, en Comby, J. (dir.), Théologie, histoire et piété mariale, Lyon, Profac, 1997, pp. 19-36.Laurentin, R. y Sbalchiero, P. (dirs.), Dictionnaire des “aparitions” de la Vierge Marie, Paris, Fayard, 2007.Laycock, J. P., The Seer of Bayside: Veronica Lueken and the Struggle to Define Catholicism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.Levi, G., La herencia inmaterial. La historia de un exorcista piamontés del siglo XVII, Madrid, Nerea, 1990.Linse, U., Videntes y milagreros. La búsqueda de la salvación en la era de la industrialización, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2002.Louzao, J., “La España Mariana: vírgenes y nación en el caso español hasta 1939”, en Gabriel, P., Pomés, J. y Fernández, F. (eds.), España res publica: nacionalización española e identidades en conflicto (siglos XIX y XX), Granada, Comares, 2013, pp. 57-66.Louzao, J., “La recomposición religiosa en la modernidad: un marco conceptual para comprender el enfrentamiento entre laicidad y confesionalidad en la España contemporánea”, Hispania Sacra, 121 (2008), pp. 331-354.Louzao, J., “La Señora de Fátima. La experiencia de lo sobrenatural en el cine religioso durante el franquismo”, en Moral Roncal, A. M. y Colmenero, R. (eds.), Iglesia y primer franquismo a través del cine (1939-1959), Alcalá de Henares, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2015, pp. 121-151.Louzao, J., “La Virgen y la salvación de España: un ensayo de historia cultural durante la Segunda República”, Ayer, 82 (2011), pp. 187-210.Louzao, J., Soldados de la fe o amantes del progreso. Catolicismo y modernidad en Vizcaya (1890-1923), Logroño, Genueve Ediciones, 2011.Lowenthal, D., El pasado es un país extraño, Madrid, Akal, 1998.Lundberg, M., A Pope of their Own. El Palmar de Troya and the Palmarian Church, Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2017.Maravall, J. A., La cultura del Barroco, Madrid, Ariel, 1975.Martí, J., “Fundamentos conceptuales introductorios para el estudio de la religión”, en Ardèvol, E. y Munilla, G. (coords.), Antropología de la religión. Una aproximación interdisciplinar a las religiones antiguas y contemporáneas, Barcelona, Editorial Universitat Oberta Catalunya, 2003.Martina, G., Pio IX (1846-1850), Roma, Università Gregoriana, 1974.Martina, G., Pio IX (1851-1866), Roma, Università Gregoriana,1986.Martina, G., Pio IX (1867-1878), Roma, Università Gregoriana, 1990.Maunder, C., “The Footprints of Religious Enthusiasm: Great Memorials and Faint Vestiges of Belgium´s Marian Apparition Mania of the 1930s”, Journal of Religion and Society, 15 (2013), s.p.Maunder, C., Our Lady of the Nations: Apparitions of Mary in Twentieth-century Catholic, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2016.Mínguez, R., “Las múltiples caras de la Inmaculada: religión, género y nación en su proclamación dogmática (1854)”, Ayer, 96 (2014), pp. 39-60.Moreno Luzón, J., “Entre el progreso y la virgen del Pilar. La pugna por la memoria en el centenario de la Guerra de la Independencia”, Historia y política, 12 (2004), pp. 41-78.Moro, R., “Religion and Politics in the Time of Secularisation: The Sacralisation of Politics and the Politicisation of Religion”, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 6/1 (2005), pp. 71-86.Multon, H., “Catholicisme intransigeant et culture prophétique: l’apport des Archives du Saint Office et de l’Index”, Revue historique, 621 (2002), pp. 109-137.Osterhammel, J., The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.Oviedo Torró, L., “Natural y sobrenatural: un repaso a los debates recientes”, en Alonso Bedate, A. (ed.), Lo natural, lo artificial y la cultura, Madrid, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, pp. 151-166.Pelikan, J., María a través de los siglos. 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Fruto de un proceso de interacción de más de seis meses, el pasado 2 de diciembre de 2016 se formalizó la creación de la Red de Estudios Organizacionales Colombiana (REOC). Esta iniciativa, impulsada por profesores de las Universidades EAFIT, del Rosario y Jorge Tadeo Lozano, fue secundada en su creación por profesores de las Universidades Externado, Militar Nueva Granada y Nacional de Colombia (sedes Bogotá y Manizales). La Red surge en un momento clave para el fortalecimiento de la investigación en administración en el país y en Latinoamérica. Su objetivo es enriquecer las miradas más convencionales de la investigación organizacional, nutriéndolas desde las ciencias sociales, la reflexión crítica y la búsqueda de identidad nacional y latinoamericana. La formación de redes similares tuvo origen en Europa (European Group for Organizational Studies -ecos-, fundado en 1973[1]) y se ha expandido a México (Red mexicana de Investigadores en Estudios Organizacionales -Remineo-2), Brasil, entre otros3. En desarrollo de este proceso, se invitó a los miembros fundadores de la REOC a reflexionar sobre el alcance y contenido de los Estudios Organizacionales. Las siguientes líneas presentan una de tales reflexiones, cuya responsabilidad plena es de este editor.Partimos de admitir la existencia de un amplio grupo de personas, de ideas y de tradiciones de pensamiento, que lentamente ha consolidado teorías, metodologías y propuestas de explicación y comprensión de las organizaciones. Estas ideas han estado también sintonizadas con valores y posiciones concretas sobre la sociedad y el ser humano, así como sobre los objetivos que este debe perseguir y los mecanismos mediante los que opera la coordinación colectiva.Diferencias ontológicas, epistemológicas y metodológicas permiten caracterizar escuelas, tradiciones, paradigmas y programas de investigación sobre este asunto. La contraposición, surgida de procesos históricos diferentes, concepciones de la sociedad diversas y dinámicas de comprensión de las organizaciones diferenciadas, plantea una disyuntiva con asociación geográfica, que distingue a la tradición en teoría de las organizaciones de los Estados Unidos (en general Norteamérica) de su contraparte, los estudios organizacionales, de estirpe europea (González-Miranda, 2014). Esta diferenciación, que efectivamente se marca y que se hace evidente en ciertos aspectos, no reconoce la dinámica propia del campo de los estudios organizacionales, que también está presente en Estados Unidos. Por ello, la contraposición o demarcación geográfica es posiblemente incompleta e imprecisa. Algunos autores plantean otros criterios para establecer sus orígenes y tendencias actuales (Sanabria, Saavedra y Smida, 2014).La distinción sobre el campo que plantean Clegg y Hardy (1996), según la cual los estudios organizacionales cubren los problemas asociados a las organizaciones (como entes empíricos, socialmente construidos), la organización (como cuerpo conceptual) y el organizando (como el proceso social-contextual), resulta creativa y bien soportada desde criterios epistemológicos y axiológicos. También es aceptado que los estudios organizacionales implican una preocupación por la organización, asumiéndola como una red de relaciones e interacciones humanas, históricas y contextuales. De esta forma, las organizaciones pueden ser entendidas como carentes de un sentido teleológico unificado y atravesadas por los conflictos intrínsecos, propios de la condición y la psique humanas. Estos son entes emergentes, fruto de la complejidad de la acción social y de la permanente pugnacidad de las relaciones de poder que se manifiestan a través del conocimiento, las formas jurídicas y la subjetividad. Por esta razón, la dualidad de la acción humana, que se debate entre la estructura social y la agencia individual, está en el centro de los problemas que abordan los estudios organizacionales. Este es, por tanto, un campo de estudio inter y multidisciplinario en construcción, que integra los conocimientos de las ciencias sociales y que prioriza la comprensión, como un instrumento intrínseco de transformación a través del pensamiento como acción. Este campo de conocimiento es crítico, bien por una postura sobre las relaciones de dominación y explotación, bien por su espíritu de duda sistemática acerca de las ideas y las corrientes dominantes (mainstream). Algunas de las visiones más difundidas en las teorías de las organizaciones son cuestionadas (especialmente aquellas que asumen el individualismo metodológico y la visión economicista-determinista del comportamiento humano, tales como la racionalidad económica neoclásica), mientras que muchas otras teorías son complementadas y enriquecidas por los estudios organizacionales.Estamos convencidos de que la REOC promoverá procesos y articulará esfuerzos en beneficio de las preocupaciones académicas enfocadas en las organizaciones en nuestro contexto. Expresamos nuestro sentido agradecimiento a los compañeros de esta iniciativa, los profesores Diego René González, Juan Javier Saavedra, Diego Armando Marín, Mauricio Sanabria, Mariano Gentilín, Juan Carlos Cuartas, Andrés Hernández, Olga Lucía Anzola, José Gabriel Carvajal, Pedro Sanabria, Carmen Ocampo, Manuel Zevallos y Francisco Ortega.El actual número de INNOVAR está estructurado en cuatro secciones: Marketing; Estrategia y Organizaciones; Educación y Empleo, y Administración Pública. Publicamos nueve artículos, que esperamos resulten interesantes para nuestros lectores y relevantes para la comprensión-intervención de los problemas organizacionales.En la sección de Marketing, publicamos tres artículos de investigación, realizados por académicos de diversos países de la Iberoamérica.Desde España, los profesores Juan Miguel Alcántara y Salvador del Barrio-García, adscritos a la Universidad de Granada, aportan la investigación "El papel moderador del control de incertidumbre, la orientación a largo plazo y el individualismo en el efecto del riesgo percibido sobre la aceptación de un sitio web". Esta plantea un modelo de aceptación y procesamiento de la información de los clientes en un sitio web. Se busca identificar el papel que juegan ciertos valores culturales (concretamente el control de incertidumbre, la orientación al largo plazo y el individualismo) en la formación de actitudes hacia el sitio web, tales como la lealtad. Se realizó un diseño experimental con un sitio web ficticio, en el que participaron 491 sujetos de nacionalidad española y británica. La investigación concluye que las empresas que actúan en mercados internacionales a través de páginas de comercio electrónico deberían enfatizar en las diferencias culturales al diseñar sus estrategias de marketing.Los profesores Leslier Valenzuela y Eduardo Torres, vinculados a la Universidad de Chile, son los autores del artículo "Does Customer Value-oriented Management Influence Financial Results? A Supplier's Perspective". Este trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar la influencia de la gestión del valor para el cliente sobre los resultados financieros, a partir del precio de la acción, el margen de rendimiento y el retorno sobre el capital. Se realiza un trabajo empírico a partir de encuestas a 107 ejecutivos de cuenta de uno de los más grandes bancos en Chile. En el modelo se plantearon cuatro hipótesis relativas a la influencia que tiene la gestión orientada al valor para el cliente en el incremento en la tasa de retención de clientes, la mejora en el costo de la inversión en estos, la mejora en el ingreso generado por los clientes y, finalmente, el valor financiero de la empresa. El trabajo concluye que la gestión del valor orientado al consumidor-cliente tiene una influencia positiva en la tasa de retención y en la optimización de la consecución de clientes, así como en los resultados financieros de la empresa.El tercer trabajo de esta sección nos presenta la propuesta de "Escala mexicana de calidad en el servicio en restaurantes (EMCASER)", de los profesores mexicanos Jorge Vera y Andrea Trujillo, quienes se encuentran vinculados al Tecnológico de Monterrey en Ciudad de México. La investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una escala para la medición de la calidad del servicio en restaurantes en el contexto mexicano. El documento contiene la escala propuesta, que consta de 29 atributos, y los resultados de diferentes pruebas empíricas que permitieron ajustarla, incrementando su confianza y validez. La EMCASER contrasta con la escala que predomina en el ámbito internacional (SERVQUAL), ya que la primera se enfocaría en un sector específico y reconocería las condiciones culturales del contexto mexicano, aportando mejores elementos para la gestión de la lealtad hacia la marca.En la sección de Estrategia y Organizaciones de este número, se recogen dos trabajos, resultados de procesos de investigación.En una colaboración internacional, los profesores Melquicedec Lozano-Posso, de la Universidad Icesi, Colombia, y David Urbano, de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, España, aportan el artículo "Relevant Factors in the Process of Socialization, Involvement and Belonging of Descendants in Family Businesses". Esta investigación se enmarca en el estudio de las empresas familiares. La literatura académica ha identificado la existencia de tres etapas o fases en el proceso de relevo generacional en este tipo de empresas. Por ello, la investigación parte de la pregunta ¿qué relaciones causales se evidencian entre los factores que comprenden las tres etapas del proceso de socialización, participación y pertenencia de los descendientes? A partir de la metodología de estudio de caso, el trabajo aborda cuatro empresas familiares (dos medianas y dos grandes), en las que están involucrados descendientes de segunda y tercera generación. Fruto de este trabajo, se realiza una codificación y categorización de las relaciones causales, para luego realizar un contraste de hipótesis, con base en una muestra de 274 empresas familiares localizadas en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. El trabajo confirma la dependencia entre cada uno de los estados en la evolución de la empresa familiar, lo que permitiría optimizar la preparación de los descendientes para conseguir la continuidad del negocio.De la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Colombia, el profesor Diego Armando Marín participa en la presente edición con el trabajo titulado "Entendiendo la explotación y la exploración en el aprendizaje organizacional: una delimitación teórica". Este trabajo demarca teóricamente, a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, dos competencias centrales en el aprendizaje organizacional: la explotación y la exploración. Estas categorías, derivadas del trabajo seminal de March (1991), son centrales en el debate contemporáneo sobre la innovación, la gestión del conocimiento y la estrategia organizacional. El profesor Marín desarrolla una revisión analítica de la literatura y plantea una caracterización de las dos competencias, bien como sustitutas o como complementarias, en la comprensión del proceso de aprendizaje organizacional.Dos artículos componen la sección de Educación y Empleo para nuestra actual edición de la revista."Metodología para el análisis de problemas y limitaciones en emprendimientos universitarios" es el título del trabajo fruto de una colaboración chileno-española. Sus autores son los profesores Nikulin, Viveros, Dorochesi y Lay Bobadilla de la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Chile, y el profesor Adolfo Crespo de la Universidad de Sevilla, España. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una metodología estructurada, que permite contextualizar y analizar los emprendimientos universitarios, a partir de los recursos concretos (reales) con que cuenta, planteando una priorización de opciones-soluciones. El trabajo se soporta en el método desarrollado por la teoría de resolución de problemas de inventiva, ya que sus herramientas permiten comprender situaciones conflictivas en contextos de recursos limitados. El artículo, además, incluye el estudio de caso de un emprendimiento universitario en Valparaíso, Chile, que permite validar la metodología plateada.Los profesores Rivero, Dabos, Marino y Rodríguez, vinculados a la Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, participan con el artículo titulado "Impacto de la educación formal de postgrado en Management: análisis de las transiciones de carrera de los graduados de un Master of Business Administration". Con esta investigación se buscó explorar en profundidad los cambios y las transiciones de carrera que vivió un grupo de profesionales que estudiaron un prestigioso programa de Master of Business Administration (MBA), en Argentina. La muestra se conformó con 24 de los egresados de los últimos cinco años de ese programa. Con base en la teoría fundada, se identificaron tipologías dominantes de las transiciones de las carreras profesionales de los individuos estudiados, así como los motivos que impulsaron tales transiciones. Los resultados permiten estructurar un modelo teórico que explica las relaciones y condiciones en los procesos de transición de carreras profesionales que caracterizan el actual mundo del trabajo.Nuestra última sección, Administración Pública, está conformada por dos artículos académicos.Los profesores Francisco Azuero, de la Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, y Alexander Guzmán y María Andrea Trujillo, del Colegio de Estudios Superiores de Administración (CESA), Colombia, aportan el trabajo "Contratos de estabilidad jurídica en Colombia: un análisis desde la economía de la información y la economía política". En el contexto de cambios normativos que ha experimentado el país en los últimos diez años, con el objetivo promover la inversión privada, este trabajo analiza los Contratos de Estabilidad Jurídica (CEJ), desde la economía de la información y la economía política. Con un robusto análisis teórico y a partir de datos de fuentes secundarias, los autores concluyen que la creación y existencia de los CEJ son una manifestación de un sistema de redistribución de ingresos y de generación de rentas que beneficiaron a los empresarios firmantes. También expresan una inconsistencia intertemporal de los objetivos de la política pública que, en vez de conseguir la creación de capital físico en el largo plazo, promovieron un flujo de inversión de corto plazo, para mostrar resultados del Gobierno.Desde la Universidad de Granada, España, los profesores Alcaide-Muñoz, Rodríguez-Bolívar y López-Hernández aportan el resultado de investigación titulado "Análisis bibliométrico sobre la implementación de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en las administraciones públicas: aportaciones y oportunidades de investigación". Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre la evolución de la implementación de las TIC en la administración pública. El gobierno electrónico (e-Gobierno) se ha convertido en un instrumento central en los procesos de reforma de la administración pública en los últimos quince años. Ello se debe a su capacidad para modernizar los procesos administrativos o de gestión y para ampliar la rendición de cuentas. No obstante, cada vez se evidencian más vacíos y problemas conceptuales y prácticos en su implementación. Este trabajo destaca este bajo grado de madurez y plantea como una oportunidad para la investigación académica la necesidad de construir teorías más sólidas para el e-Gobierno y el desarrollo de trabajos cuantitativos.Esperamos que este número de INNOVAR sea del agrado de nuestros lectores y, como siempre, estamos prestos a recibir contribuciones académicas de profesores e investigadores de todas las regiones en español, inglés, francés y portugués, que se relacionen con el campo organizacional y empresarial, desde referentes amplios o particulares de las ciencias sociales.Notas1 http://www.egosnet.org/egos/about_egos/egos_history_short_overview.2 http://www.remineo.org/index.php/2016-02-14-09-18-25/nuestros-origenes.3 También en el 2016 se llevó a cabo la Sexta Reunión de Estudios Organizacionales en Latinoamérica y Europa (LAEMOS), en Viña del Mar, Chile.

Resumo: Farei uma abordagem da educação em Kierkegaard do ponto de vista filosófico sendo, portanto, uma introdução à filosofia de Kierkegaard. Educação é compreendida no sentido da paidéia grega. Assim como a paidéia se inclina para a areté, do mesmo modo a paidéia kierkegaardiana exige a modificação da existência. O método da comunicação indireta é a forma da educação e, assim, o ensinar do autêntico professor decorre de sua “originalidade adquirida” ao reduplicar em sua existência o que ensina apropriando-se, quer dizer, sendo, ele mesmo, aquilo que ensina. Ao contrário, o professor erudito possui apenas uma “originalidade imediata e primeira” e, por isso, apenas transmite e exibe seu vasto saber sem reduplicá-lo. A produção pseudônima e religiosa são os dois olhos de Kierkegaard para ver a mesma questão: o tornar-se si-mesmo e sua imbricação com a realidade efetiva.Palavras-chave: Paidéia kierkegaardiana. Si-mesmo. Areté. Modificação da existência. Originalidade adquirida. Originalidade imediata e primeira. Abstract: I will make an approach of the education in Kierkegaard's philosophical point of view, therefore, an introduction to Kierkegaard's philosophy. Education is understood in the sense of the Greek paidéia. Just as paidéia inclines toward the areté, in the same way Kierkegaardian paideia demands the modification of existence. The method of indirect communication is the form of education, and thus the teaching of the authentic teacher stems from his "acquired originality" by reduplicating into his existence, which teaches appropriating, that is, being himself, what he teaches. On the contrary, the learned teacher has only an "immediate and first originality" and, therefore, only transmits and exhibits his vast knowledge without reduplicating it. The pseudonymous and religious production are the two eyes of Kierkegaard to see the same question: to become self and its imbrication with effective reality.Keywords: Kierkegaardiana Paidéia. Self. Areté. Modification of existence. Originality acquired. Immediate and first originality. REFERÊNCIASAGOSTINHO, Santo. De la doctrina cristiana. In: AGOSTINHO, Santo. Obras de San Agustin. Tomo XV. Edición bilingüe. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1957.FOGEL, Gilvan. Notas a respeito da educação. In: Rev. Filosófica São Boaventura. v. 3, n. 1, p. 37-48, jan/jun, 2010.HEIDEGGER, Martin. Principios metafísicos de la lógica. Traducción de Juan José García Norro. Madrid: Editorial Síntesis, 2007.______ . Ser e Tempo. Tradução revisada de Márcia Sá Cavalcante Schuback. Volume Único. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2006.______ . Fenomenologia da vida religiosa. Tradução de Enio Paulo Giachini, Jairo Ferrandin, e Renato Kirchner. Bragança Paulista: Editora Universitária São Francisco; Petrópolis: Vozes, 2010.JAEGER, Werner. Paidéia: A formação do homem grego. Tradução de Artur M. Parreira. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1995.KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Lilien paa Marken og Fuglen under Himlen. In: Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter Elektronisk version 1.4, 2009. (SKS 11)_______. Sygdommen til Døden: en christelig psychologisk Udvikling til Opbyggelse og Opvækkelse. In: Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter Elektronisk. Version 1.7, 2012 (SKS 11)._______. Diario: 1851-1852, Vol. 9. 3ª ed. A cura di Cornelio Fabro. Brescia: Morcelliana, 1980. (D 9)._______. La dialectique de la communication étique et éthico-religieuse. In: KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Œuvres Complètes: Les Œuvres de l’amour; La dialectique de la communication étique et éthico-religieuse. Trad. Paul-Henri Tisseau e Else-Marie Jacquet Tisseau. Tome XIV, Paris: Édition de L’Orante, 1980 (OC 14)._______. La neutralité armée. In: KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Œuvres Complètes: L’École du cristianisme; La neutralité armée; Um article; Sur mon Œuvre d’écrivain. Trad. Paul-Henri Tisseau e Else-Marie Jacquet Tisseau. Tome XVII, Paris: Édition de L’Orante, 1982a (OC 17)._______. Sur mon Œuvre d’écrivain. In: KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Œuvres Complètes: L’École du cristianisme; La neutralité armée; Um article; Sur mon Œuvre d’écrivain. Trad. Paul-Henri Tisseau e Else-Marie Jacquet Tisseau. Tome XVII, Paris: Édition de L’Orante, 1982b (OC 17).KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Point de vue explicatif de mon oeuvre d’écrivain. In: Œuvres complètes de Søren Kierkegaard: Point de vue explicatif de mon oeuvre d’écrivain; Deus petits traités éthico-religieux; La maladie a la mort; Six discours. Tome XVI. Traduction Paul-Henri Tisseau e Else-Marie Jacquet Tisseau. Paris: Edition de L’orante, 1971 (OC 16)._______. Ponto de vista explicativo da minha obra de escritor: uma comunicação direta, relatório à História. Tradução de João Gama. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2002._______. As obras do amor: algumas considerações cristãs em forma de discursos. Tradutor Álvaro Luiz Montenegro Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2005._______. El lirio en el campo y el pájaro bajo el cielo. Tres discursos piadosos [1849]. In: Los lírios del campo y las aves del cielo. Traducción de Demetrio Gutiérrez Rivero. Madrid: Trotta, 2007._______. La enfermedad mortal: una exposición Cristiano-psicológica para edificar y despertar. Traducción de Demetrio Gutiérrez Rivero. Madrid: Trotta, 2008a._______. Migalhas filosóficas ou um bocadinho de filosofia de João Climacus. Tradução de Ernani Reichmann e Álvaro L. M. Valls. 2ª ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2008b._______. O conceito de angústia: uma simples reflexão psicológico-demonstrativa direcionada ao problema dogmático do pecado hereditário de Vigilius Haufniensis. Tradução de Álvaro L. M. Valls. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2010._______. La época presente. Introducción, traducción y notas de Manfred Svensson. Madrid: Trotta, 2012._______. Pós-escrito conclusivo não científico às migalhas filosóficas: coletânea mímico-patético-dialética, contribuição existencial, por Johannes Climacus. Vol. 1. Tradução de Álvaro Luiz Montenegro Valls e Marília Murta de Almeida. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2013.KIERKEGAARD, Søren. Pós-escrito conclusivo não científico às migalhas filosóficas: coletânea mímico-patético-dialética, contribuição existencial, por Johannes Climacus. Vol. 2. Tradução de Álvaro Luiz Montenegro Valls e Marília Murta de Almeida. Petrópolis: Vozes; Bragança Paulista: Editora Universitária São Francisco, 2016._______. O evangelho dos sofrimentos. In: Discursos edificantes em diversos espíritos: o que aprendemos dos lírios do campo e das aves do céu; O evangelho dos sofrimentos. Tradução de Álvaro Valls, e Else Hagelund. São Paulo: LiberArs, 2018.MARCEL, Gabriel. Aproximación al misterio del Ser: posiciones y aproximaciones concretas al mistério ontológico. Traducción, prólogo y notas de José Luis Cañas. Madrid: Ediciones Encuentro, 1987.PLATÃO. A república. 12ª ed. Introdução, Tradução e Notas de Maria Helena da Rocha Pereira. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2010.SCHOPENHAUER, Artur. Fragmentos sobre la historia de la filosofía. In: Parega y paralipómena: escritos filosóficos menores. Vol. 1. Traducción de Pilar López de Santa María. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 2006.

The aim of this study was to analyze how the customs´agenda were present in one of the official spaces, the twitter of ex-Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub, between April 2019 and June 2020. We dedicate to analyze the discourses in the posts - called tweets on this social network - that we identify as referring to customs´ agenda, linked to morality, having specificity to be related to some MEC action or not. As a result of this analysis, we find processes common to bolsonarism, such as the delegitimization of knowledge, especially in the Humanities and Arts, the alarmist theories about shambles in the Universities, the accusatory inversion against opponents and resentment marks expressed in discursive appropriations coming from social networks, like trolling and sealing. The ex-manager's performance exposes how this communicability with the mass of bolsonarist support placed him in a role of vice-leadership and at the same time impacted the actions of the Ministry, which guided his decisions on moral guidelines.ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi analisar como as pautas de costumes estiveram presentes em um dos espaços oficiais, o twitter do ex-Ministro da Educação Abraham Weintraub, que esteve à frente do Ministério da Educação, entre abril de 2019 e junho de 2020. Para tanto, nós nos dedicamos a examinar os discursos publicados nas postagens – chamadas de tuítes, nessa rede social – que identificamos como referentes a pautas de costumes, ligadas à moralidade, tendo especificidade de se relacionarem a alguma ação do MEC ou não. Como resultado dessa análise, encontramos processos comuns ao bolsonarismo, como a deslegitimação do conhecimento, em especial das Ciências Humanas e Artes, as teorias alarmistas sobre balbúrdia nas Universidades, a inversão acusatória contra opositores e marcas de rancor expressas em apropriações discursivas advindas das redes sociais, como a trollagem e a lacração. A atuação do ex-dirigente expõe como essa comunicabilidade com a massa de apoio bolsonarista o colocou num papel de vice-liderança e, ao mesmo tempo, impactou as ações do Ministério, o qual balizou suas decisões em pautas morais.Palavras-chave: Bolsonarismo, Educação, Redes Sociais, Moralidade.Keywords: Bolsonarism, Education, Social Networks, Morality.ReferencesALMEIDA, Ronaldo de. Conservadorismo, evangelismo e a crise brasileira. Novos Estudos CEBRAP, São Paulo, v.38, n.1, p. 185-213, jan.-abr. 2019.AVELAR, Idelber. O bolsonarismo e o Partido dos Trolls. Revista Cult. São Paulo, n.258, jun. 2020, s/p. Disponível em: https://revistacult.uol.com.br/home/o-bolsonarismo-e-o-partido-dos-trolls/ . Acesso em 10 jun.2020.BARRETO, Kri?cia Helena. Os memes e as interac?o?es sociais na internet: Uma interface entre pra?ticas rituais e estudos de face. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Letras. Programa de Po?s-Graduac?a?o em Lingui?stica, 2015. 147 fls.BARROS, Ronaldo Crispim Sena. Bolsonaro: o racismo fora do armário. In: AZEVEDO, José Sergio Gabrielli de; POCHMANN, Sérgio (Orgs.). Brasil: incertezas e insubmissão? São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2019, p. 421-439.CESARINO; Letícia. Identidade e representação no bolsonarismo: corpo digital do rei, bivalência conservadorismo-neoliberalismo e pessoa fractal. Rev. Antropol., São Paulo, v. 62 n. 3, p. 530-557, 2019.FERNANDES, Florestan. A Integração do Negro na Sociedade de Classes. Volume I. Ensaio de Interpretação Sociológica. 5. ed. São Paulo: Globo, 2008.FOUCAULT, Michel. A Ordem do Discurso: aula inaugural no Colle?ge de France, pronunciada em 2 de dezembro de 1970. 15. ed. São Paulo: Loyola, 2007.GOMES, Carla; SORJ, Bila. Corpo, geração e identidade: a Marcha das vadias no Brasil. Soc. estado., Brasília , v. 29, n. 2, p. 433-447, Ago. 2014.GUIMARÃES, Rafael. Moquecar (n)a pandemia. Pandemia Crítica, n-1 edições, n. 11, maio 2020. Disponível em: https://n-1edicoes.org/071. Acesso em 10 jul 2020.JUNQUEIRA, Rogério Diniz. A invenção da “ideologia de gênero”: a emergência de um cenário político-discursivo e a elaboração de uma retórica reacionária antigênero. Psicologia Política, São Paulo, v. 18, n. 43, p. 449-502, set.-dez. 2018.LIONÇO, Tatiana. Feminista, demoníaca, professora, psicóloga, inimiga pública. In: GUIMARÃES, Rafael Siqueira de et. al. (Orgs.). Gênero e Cultura: perspectivas formativas, vol. 3. Itapetininga: Hipótese, 2019, p. 79-97.MUNANGA, Kabenguele. Algumas considerações sobre “raça”, ação afirmativa e identidade negra no Brasil: fundamentos antropológicos. Revista USP, São Paulo, n.68, p. 46-57, dezembro/fevereiro 2005-2006.REIS, Daniel Aarão. Notas para a compreensão do bolsonarismo. Estudos Ibero-Americanos, Porto Alegre, v. 46, n. 1, p. 1-11, jan.-abr. 2020.RIBEIRO, Guilherme. Entre armas e púlpitos: a micropolítica do bolsonarismo. Revista Continentes (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, ano 9, n. 16, p.463-485, 2020.ROMANCINI, Richard. “vamos tirar a Educação do Vermelho”: o Escola Sem Partido nas redes digitais. E-compós, Brasília, v.21, n.1, p. 1-28, jan.-abr. 2018.SILVA, Emanuel Freitas da. Os direitos humanos no “bolsonarismo”: “descriminalização de bandidos” e “punição de policiais”. Conhecer: Debate entre o Público e o Privado, Fortaleza, n. 22, p.133-153, 2019.SILVA SOBRINHO, Helson Flávio da; OLIVEIRA, Ana Paula Santos de; SANTOS, Simone Natividade. Os ataques à Universidade e a defesa da educação: trajetórias de sentidos em diferentes posições-sujeitos. Crítica Cultural, Palhoça, v. 14, n. 2, p. 193-208, jul.-dez. 2019.SOLANO, Esther. Crise da democracia e extremismos de direita. Análise, São Paulo, n.42, 2018, p. 1-29.VALIM, Patrícia; FERNANDES, Felipe Bruno Martins. “Quanto mais purpurina melhor”: questões de gênero e sexualidade no Brasil do governo Bolsonaro. In: AZEVEDO, José Sergio Gabrielli de; POCHMANN, Sérgio (Orgs.). Brasil: incertezas e insubmissão? São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2019, p. 401-420.e4568140

The present writing was elaborated from speculations about possible encounters between philosophy, education and music. On the margins of music, where philosophy seeks some penetration, the theme of a supposed refusal to assimilation is announced, demanding the resumption of questions such as the permanence of a zone of indetermination not reached by the representational effort. This unavoidable opacity of the musical phenomenon moves it to a nocturnal dimension, a common destiny to everything that escapes the totalizing interests of a language committed to the objectifcation and nomination of things and of those conventionally called other. The nocturnal in philosophy and in music is object of reflections of Derrida and other thinkers, from which it is possible to glimpse a widening of the world, just where it is evident the merely formal character of the limits between what is said and unsaid, between what is human and what’s not. The text presented here includes some of these philosophical reflections, compared to musical creations that insinuate this nocturnal character, like those of Debussy. Additionally, possible consequences of the weakening of representational politics to subjectivation processes and alterity relations are highlighted, opening space for a thought about an education not compromised with the centrality of the human.ResumoA presente escrita foi elaborada a partir de especulações sobre possíveis encontros entre flosofa, educação e música. Nas margens da música, onde a flosofa busca alguma penetração, o tema de uma suposta recusa à assimilação se anuncia, exigindo a retomada de questões como a permanência de uma zona de indeterminação não alcançada pelo esforço representacional. Essa opacidade incontornável do fenômeno musical desloca-o para uma dimensão noturna, destino comum a tudo que escapa aos interesses totalizantes de uma linguagem comprometida com a objetivação e nomeação das coisas e dos que, a partir dela própria, se convencionou chamar de outros. O noturno na flosofa e na música é objeto de reflexões de Derrida e de outros pensadores, a partir das quais é possível vislumbrar uma ampliação do mundo, justamente onde se evidencia o caráter meramente formal dos limites entre o que é dito e não dito, entre o que é humano ou não. O texto aqui apresentado inclui algumas dessas reflexões filosóficas, cotejadas com criações musicais que insinuam esse caráter noturno, como as de Debussy. Adicionalmente, são destacadas possíveis consequências do enfraquecimento da política representacional para processos de subjetivação e relações de alteridade, abrindo espaço para um pensamento sobre educação não comprometido com a centralidade do humano.Keywords: Nocturne, Music, Philosophy, Subjectivation.Palavras-chave: Noturno, Música, Filosofia, Subjetivação.ReferencesBACHELARD, Gaston. A água e os sonhos: ensaio sobre a imaginação da matéria. Trad. Antonio P. Danesi. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1997.BULANCEA, Gabriel. Conexiones y divergencia entre el pensamiento de Claude Debussy y la estética impresionista y simbolista. Revista Filomusica, n.83, pp.1-4, abr.-jun. 2007.CABRERA, Honatan F. Dar la mano. Sobre algunos trazos y trances del poema en el pensamiento de la alteridade: Levinas, Celan, Derrida. 2013, 173f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Filosofia). Faculdade de Filosofia PUC-RS: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2013.DERRIDA, Jacques. O animal que logo sou. Trad. Fábio Landa. 2ed. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2011.DERRIDA, Jacques. Cette nuit dans la nuit de la nuit… Rue Descartes, n.42, Politiques de lacommunauté, pp.112-127, nov.2003, Disponível em http://www.jstor.org/stable/40978797, acessado em 09/11/2015.DERRIDA, Jacques. A voz e o fenômeno: introdução ao problema do signo na fenomenologia de Husserl. Trad. Lucy Magalhães. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Ed., 1994(a).DERRIDA, Jacques. “The Spatial Arts: An Interview with Jacques Derrida”. In: Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media, Architecture. Ed. Brunette, Peter y David Willis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994(b).DERRIDA, Jacques. Points de suspension. Entretiens. Elisabeth Weber (org). Paris: Galilée, 1992.DERRIDA, Jacques. “Cequi reste à force de musique”. In: Psyché. Inventions de l’autre. Paris: Galilée, 1987.DURÁN, Cristóban. Una voz temblorosa. Música y auto-afección en Jacques Derrida. Aisthesis, n.58, pp.45-58, 2015.GRAY, P.M.; KRAUSE, B.; ATEMA, J.; PAYNE, R.; KRUMHANSL, C.; BAPTISTA, L. The Music of Nature and the Nature of Music. Science, v.291, n.5501, p.52-54, jan. 2001.GUIGUE, Didier. Estética da sonoridade: a herança de Debussy na música para piano do século XX. São Paulo: Perspectiva; Brasília: CNPq; João Pessoa: UFPB, 2011.HANDKE, Peter. Numa noite escura saí da minha casa silenciosa. Cruz quebrada, Portugal: Casa das Letras, 2006.HARARI, Yuval N. Sapiens: uma breve história da humanidade. Trad. Janaína Marcoantonio. Editora J&PM, 2015.JANKÉLÉVITCH, Vladimir. La musique et l’ineffable. Paris: Seuil, 1983.JOÃO DA CRUZ, São. Obras completas. Tradução das Carmelitas descalças de Fátima (Portugal) e Carmelitas descalças do convento de Santa Tereza (Rio de Janeiro). Petrópolis: Vozes, 2002.LAMUR, Jorge P. Entre a vanguarda e a tradição: considerações sobre dois momentos na obra musical de Claude Debussy (1894-1915). Curitiba: Faculdade de Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 2010. Monografia.MALLET, Marie L. La musique en respect. París: Galilée, 2002.NIETZSCHE, Friedrich. Aurora: reflexões sobre preceitos morais. Tradução, notas e posfácio de Paulo César de Souza. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2004.OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. Nietzsche e a experiência musical: três momentos, três luminosidades. Primeiro momento A música: espelho da noite. II Colóquio Internacional Nietzsche, Pessoa, Rosa, Freud. Belo Horizonte: PUC Minas Gerais, 2015(a).OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. Atributos privativos e musicais do fenômeno noturno. Aletria, Belo horizonte, v.25, n.1, pp.165-182, 2015(b).OLIVEIRA, Clovis S. G. O elogio à noite em Vladimir Jankélévitch (1903-1985). Mirabilia, n.20. Arte, crítica e mística, pp.414-424. Jan.-jun. 2015(c).RODRIGUES, Felipe V. Fisiologia da música: uma abordagem comparativa. Revista de Biologia, v.2, pp.12-17, jun.2008.SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur. O mundo como vontade e representação. 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Compulsory notification provides a valuable means to monitor population health and indicate priorities for health policies and allocation of financial resources. Thus, it is also evident the need to stimulate adequate training, either at graduation or during professional practice. This study aimed to present the process of constructing an open educational resource on Compulsory Notification, created as a result of the lack of knowledge of the vast majority of students and health professionals and deficiency in teaching by higher education institutions on the subject. Materials and methods: this is an exploratory and descriptive study, which approach was qualitative, carried out in November 2018, from a discipline attended in a stricto sensu post - graduation course. Results: the construction of the resource occurred through six distinct steps presented throughout this article and which final product was the e-book about Compulsory Notification. Conclusion: The process of building the open educational resource presented in this article, along with the other information about Compulsory Notification, supports the learning of health professionals and students, who often need to overcome difficulties in their own knowledge and contribute to promotion and prevention strategies of the health of the Brazilian population.ResumoA Notificação Compulsória oferece um meio valioso para monitorar a saúde populacional e indicar prioridades para as políticas de saúde e alocação de recursos financeiros. Deste modo, evidencia-se também a necessidade de estimulação de uma formação adequada seja ainda na graduação ou durante o exercício profissional. Este estudo objetivou apresentar o processo de construção de um Recurso Educacional Aberto sobre Notificação Compulsória, criado em decorrência da falta de conhecimento da maioria dos estudantes e profissionais da saúde e da deficiência no ensino pelas Instituições de Ensino Superior sobre o tema. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, cuja abordagem foi qualitativa, realizado no mês de novembro de 2018, a partir de uma disciplina cursada em uma pós-graduação stricto sensu. Resultados: A construção do recurso ocorreu através de seis etapas distintas apresentadas ao longo deste artigo e cujo produto final foi o e-book acerca da Notificação Compulsória. Conclusão: O processo de construção do recurso educacional aberto apresentado neste artigo, juntamente com as demais informações sobre Notificação Compulsória oferecem suporte para aprendizagem de profissionais e estudantes da saúde, que muitas vezes precisam superar as dificuldades no próprio conhecimento e contribuir com as estratégias de promoção e prevenção da saúde da população brasileira.Palavras-chave: Ensino, Saúde, Recurso educacional aberto, Notificação compulsóriaKeywords: Teaching, Health, Open educational resource, Compulsory notificationReferencesAMANCIO FILHO, Antenor. Dilemas e desafios da formação profissional em saúde. Interface (Botucatu), Botucatu, v. 8, n. 15, p. 375-380, Ago. 2004. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-32832004000200019&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2019.BELMIRO, Celia Abicalil. A imagem e suas formas de visualidade nos livros didáticos de Português. Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 21, n. 72, p. 11-31, Ago. 2000. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-73302000000300002&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2018.BRASIL. Lei nº 6.259, de 30 de outubro de 1975. Dispõe sobre a organização das ações de Vigilância Epidemiológica, sobre o Programa Nacional de Imunizações, estabelece normas relativas à notificação compulsória de doenças, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 07 nov. 1975. p. 14.785. Disponível em: <http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/1970-1979/lei-6259-30-outubro-1975-357094-norma-pl.html>. Acesso em: 4 jul. 2018.BRASIL. Lei nº 6.437, de 20 de agosto de 1977. Configura infrações à legislação sanitária federal, estabelece as sanções respectivas, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 24 ago. 1977. p. 11.145. Disponível em: <http:// www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei/1970-1979/lei-6437-20-agosto-1977-357206-norma-pl.html>. Acesso em: 4 jul. 2018.BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Gabinete do Ministro. Portaria nº 204, de 17 de fevereiro de 2016. Define a Lista Nacional de Notificação Compulsória de doenças, agravos e eventos de saúde pública nos serviços de saúde públicos e privados em todo o território nacional, nos termos do anexo, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 18 fev. 2016. Disponível em: <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2016/prt0204_17_02_2016.html>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.BRASIL. Secretaria de Gestão do Trabalho e da Educação na Saúde. Departamento de Gestão e da Regulação do Trabalho em Saúde. Câmara de Regulação do Trabalho em Saúde / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Gestão do Trabalho e da Educação na Saúde. Departamento de Gestão e da Regulação do Trabalho em Saúde. Resolução nº 287 de 8 de outubro de 1998. Brasília; 2006. Disponível em: <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/cart_camara_regulacao.pdf>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.CARVALHO, Carolina Novaes; DOURADO, Ines; BIERRENBACH, Ana Luiza. Subnotificação da comorbidade tuberculose e aids: uma aplicação do método de linkage. Rev. Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 45, n. 3, p. 548-555, Jun. 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-89102011000300013&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 4 jul. 2019.CATANI, Afrânio Mendes; OLIVEIRA, João Ferreira de; DOURADO, Luiz Fernandes. Política educacional, mudanças no mundo do trabalho e reforma curricular dos cursos de graduação no Brasil. Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 22, n. 75, p. 67-83, Ago. 2001. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-73302001000200006&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2018.CAVALCANTE, Maria Tereza Leal; VASCONCELLOS, Miguel Murat. Tecnologia de informação para a educação na saúde: duas revisões e uma proposta. Ciênc. saúde coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v. 12, n. 3, p. 611-622, Jun. 2007. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232007000300011&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2019.CRUZ, Marly Marques da; TOLEDO, Luciano Medeiros de; SANTOS, Elizabeth Moreira dos. O sistema de informação de AIDS do Município do Rio de Janeiro: suas limitações e potencialidades enquanto instrumento da vigilância epidemiológica. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v.19, n. 1, p. 81-89, Fev. 2003. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2003000100009&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 26 jun. 2019.SCOSTEGUY, Claudia Caminha; PEREIRA, Alessandra Gonçalves Lisbôa; MEDRONHO, Roberto de Andrade. Três décadas de epidemiologia hospitalar e o desafio da integração da Vigilância em Saúde: reflexões a partir de um caso. Ciênc. saúde coletiva, Rio de Janeiro , v. 22, n. 10, p. 3365-3379, Oct. 2017 Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232017021003365&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2019.FERREIRA, Giselle Martins dos Santos; SA, Jaciara Carvalho de. recursos educacionais abertos como tecnologias educacionais: considerações críticas. Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 39, n. 144, p. 738-755, Set. 2018. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-73302018000300738&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2019.GIRIANELLI, Vania Reis; FERREIRA, Aldo Pacheco; VIANNA, Marcos Besserman; TELES, Nair; ERTHAL, Regina Maria de Carvalho; OLIVEIRA, Maria Helena Barros de. Qualidade das notificações de violências interpessoal e autoprovocada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009-2016. Cad. saúde colet., Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 3, p. 318-326, Jul. 2018. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-462X2018000300318&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 2 jul. 2019.GONSALES, Priscila. Recursos educacionais abertos (REA) e novas práticas sociais. Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação e Inovação em Saúde, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, Mar. 2016. ISSN 1981-6278. Disponível em: <https://www.reciis.icict.fiocruz.br/index.php/reciis/article/view/1078>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2019.HEREDIA, Jimena de Mello; RODRIGUES, Rosângela Schwarz; VIEIRA, Eleonora Milano Falcão. Produção científica sobre Recursos Educacionais Abertos. Transinformação, Campinas, v. 29, n. 1, p. 101-113, Abr. 2017. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0103-37862017000100101&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt>. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2019.JURDI, Andrea Perosa Saigh et al. Revisitar processos: revisão da matriz curricular do curso de Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Interface (Botucatu), Botucatu, v. 22, n. 65, p. 527-538, Abr. 2018. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-32832018000200527&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2018.LIMA, Romênia Kelly Soares de; EVANGELISTA, Aline Luiza de Paulo; MAIA, Jéssica Karen de Oliveira; TRAVASSOS, Priscila Nunes da Silva; PINTO, Francisco José Maia; MOREIRA, Francisco José Maia. Notificação compulsória de acidentes de trabalho: dificuldades e sugestões dos profissionais de saúde em Fortaleza, Ceará. Rev Bras Med Trab. v. 16, n. 2, p. 192-198, 2018. Disponível em: <http://www.rbmt.org.br/details/315/pt-BR>. Acesso em: 1 jul. 2019.MACEDO, Kelly Dandara da Silva; ACOSTA, Beatriz Suffer; SILVA, Ethel Bastos da; SOUZA, Neila Santini de; BECK, Carmem Lúcia Colomé; SILVA, Karla Kristiane Dames da. Active learning methodologies: possible paths to innovation in health teaching. Esc. Anna Nery. v. 22, n. 3, e20170435, 2018. Disponível em: <http://www.revenf.bvs.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1414-81452018000300704>. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2019.MIRANDA, Fernanda Moura D’Almeida; PURIM, Kátia Sheylla Malta; SARQUIS, Leila Maria Mansano; SHWETZ, Ana Claudia Athanasio; DELATORRE, Letícia Schlichting; SAALFELD, Rosangela Maria. Dermatoses ocupacionais registradas em sistema de notificação na região Sul do Brasil (2007 a 2016). Rev Bras Med Trab. V. 16, N. 4, p. 442-450. 2018. Disponível em: < http://www.rbmt.org.br/details/384/en-US>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2019.OLIVEIRA, Magda Lúcia Felix de; SILVA, Adaelson Alves; BALLANI, Tanimária Silva Lira; BELLASALMA, Ana Carolina Manna. Sistema de notificação de intoxicações desafios e dilemas. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ, 2003. Disponível em: http://books.scielo.org/id/sg3mt/pdf/peres-9788575413173-15.pdf. Acesso em: 16 jul. 2019.PEREIRA, Teresa Avalos et al. Uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação por Professores da Área da Saúde da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Rev. bras. educ. med., Rio de Janeiro, v. 40, n. 1, p. 59-66, Mar. 2016. Disponível em:<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-55022016000100059&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2018.Prüss-Üstün, Annette et al. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. Disponível em: <http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43840/9789241596435_eng.pdf;jsessionid=488714A30C7AC39333E5080F15DCF420?sequence=1>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.REBERTE, Luciana Magnoni; HOGA, Luiza Akiko Komura; GOMES, Ana Luisa Zaniboni. O processo de construção de material educativo para a promoção da saúde da gestante. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem, Ribeirão Preto, v. 20, n. 1, p. 101-108, Fev. 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-11692012000100014&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.SCHMIDT, Rosana Andreatta Carvalho. A questão ambiental na promoção da saúde: uma oportunidade de ação multiprofissional sobre doenças emergentes. Physis, Rio de Janeiro, v. 17, n. 2, p. 373-392, 2007. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-73312007000200010&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.SILVA, Geraedson Aristides da. Enfoque sobre a leptospirose na região nordeste do Brasil entre os anos de 2000 a 2013. Acta Biomedica Brasiliensia. v. 6, n. 1, p. 101-108, Jul. 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.actabiomedica.com.br/index.php/acta/article/view/105/78>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.SILVA, Geraedson Aristides da; OLIVEIRA, Cilmery Marly Gabriel de. O registro das doenças de notificação compulsória: a participação dos profissionais da saúde e da comunidade. Rev Epidemiol Control Infect. v.4, n. 3, p. 215-220, Jul-Set. 2014. Disponível em: <https://online.unisc.br/seer/index.php/epidemiologia/article/view/4578>. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2018.SIQUEIRA FILHA, Noêmia Teixeira de; VANDERLEI, Lygia Carmen de Moraes; MENDES, Marina Ferreira de Medeiros. Avaliação do Subsistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica em Âmbito Hospitalar no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde, Brasília, v. 20, n. 3, p. 307-316, Set. 2011. Disponível em <http://scielo.iec.gov.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-49742011000300005&lng=pt&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 1jul. 2019.ZANIN, Alice Aquino. Recursos educacionais abertos e direitos autorais: análise de sítios educacionais brasileiros. Rev. Bras. Educ., Rio de Janeiro, v. 22, n. 71, e227174, 2017. Disponível em <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-24782017000400230&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 26 jul. 2019.e3743016

El presente ensayo aborda problemas relacionados con la configuración narrativa y discursiva de Historia secreta de Costaguana (2007), novela histórica del escritor colombiano Juan Gabriel Vásquez (1973). A la luz de conceptos como “nueva novela histórica” y “metaficción historiográfica”, se aborda la búsqueda de las claves de una escritura en cuyo seno se debate la validez de los distintos discursos (historiográficos y ficcionales, centrales y periféricos, etc.) que pretenden dar cuenta de los hechos del pasado.

Analizamos la gestión del intelectual santafesino Juan Mantovani (San Justo, provincia de Santa Fe, 1898 - Alemania, 1961) entre 1938 y 1941como Ministro de Instrucción Pública y Fomento (en adelante MIPyF) de laprovincia de Santa Fe (Argentina) durante la gobernación del conservadorManuel de Iriondo (1937 - 1943). Mantovani impulsó en ese período un ambicioso programa tendiente a crear y consolidar instituciones culturales y de formación de artistas. Además, es conocido el apoyo brindado a Olga Cossettini que lo llevó a participar de diversas actividades realizadas por ella desde la dirección de la Escuela N° 69 “Dr. Gabriel Carrasco”.En este estudio consideramos como fuentes, los discursos de Juan Mantovani vinculados a su función ministerial, pronunciados y publicados en ese marco. Estos documentos ofrecen una vía de acceso a las ideas de Mantovani asociadas a la difusión de las artes y la cultura, en el despliegue de una política cultural, artística y educativa.Para el análisis aplicamos las claves metodológicas de la historia intelectual que permiten articular los rasgos de una política educativa más amplia con las líneas de los discursos que marcaron la trayectoria de Mantovani como funcionario, educador e intelectual, y su impronta en la definición de los campos pedagógico, artístico y cultural.

Finalizando el año 2019 nos encontramos con el número 3 la Revista del Museo de Antropología correspondiente al volumen 12, con lo cual estamos dando cumplimiento al objetivo de poder publicar un número cada 4 meses. Si bien esto ha implicado un desafío tanto para los editores como para los autores y evaluadores sin lugar a dudas este esfuerzo, realizado en un contexto adverso para la comunidad científica y tecnológica Argentina, redundará sin duda en una mejora del tiempo qué sucede entre que el autor envía el trabajo y es efectivamente publicado. En este sentido es importante tener en cuenta que además se ha realizado una actualización del sistema de gestión de la revista (Open Journal System) que también permitirá un mejor seguimiento de todas las partes del flujo de trabajo que corresponden a la gestión editorial. Este número en particular presentamos para la Sección Arqueología cuatro trabajos originales. La Sección Museología incluye un trabajo, la Sección Antropología Biológica también aporta un trabajo y por último se publican dos trabajos para la Sección de Antropología Social. Además sumamos un dossier dedicado a la figura de la antropóloga social noruega Marit Melhuus, coordinado por Rosana Guber y qué contiene seis notas relacionados con esta figura de la antropología internacional. Por último presentamos dos reseñas bibliográficas a cargo de Pablo Sendón y Guillermina Espósito. Dentro de la Sección Arqueología el primer trabajo es de María Cecilia Castellanos, Mirta Fátima Quiroga y Alexis Nieves. Este trabajo presenta información sobre una muestra de cerámica procedente del Valle Calchaquí relacionada con ocupaciones datadas entre el 1200 y 1600 después de Cristo. Con este trabajo se intenta aportar a la interpretación de los circuitos de interacción entre los poblados del Valle y sectores altos como la puna. El segundo trabajo de esta sección corresponde a los autores Gastón Lamas Rivero, Jimena Blasco Álvarez y Eugenia Villamarzo Andreatta. Los autores presentan una reflexión acerca del potencial que poseen colecciones arqueológicas y colecciones de museos para la investigación en esta disciplina. El interés de este trabajo es brindar ideas para la definición de cuestiones relacionadas con la gestión de colecciones medidas de conservación y el desarrollo de estrategias de musealización de estas colecciones centrado en el análisis de un caso de la República Oriental del Uruguay. El tercer trabajo corresponde a las autoras Juana Fuertes y Karen Liotta. Ellas presentan el resultado del análisis de los restos vegetales carbonizados de porotos procedentes de un poblado arqueológico del Valle de Hualfín. Por último y cerrando la sección María Paz Martinoli presenta un análisis sobre la explotación de pinnípedos en la Isla de los Estados. Representando a la Sección Museología encontramos el trabajo de Eva Lamborghini. En este caso la investigación se centra en el análisis de los museos y su relación con la representación de afrodescendientes en Argentina. En la Sección Antropología Biológica presentamos el trabajo de Ana Gabriela Millán, Nadia Mohamed y Silvia Dahinten. El trabajo trata sobre el análisis de una colección de restos humanos procedentes de un área de la provincia de Chubut conformada por un aficionado local. Debido a ello, los restos que la componen no poseen datos cronológicos ni de contexto asociados. No obstante ello el análisis efectuado por las autoras aporta datos para un área que posee escasos datos de este tipo. En la Sección Antropología Social el trabajo de Luisa Domínguez nos presenta un análisis de los discursos referidos a los pueblos indígenas que durante la primer parte del siglo XX fue pensado como parte del pasado de la historia Argentina. A los fines de analizar esta premisa la autora se focaliza en el estudio de las lenguas indígenas en el período comprendido entre 1930 y en 1950. Cerrando esta sección Luis Eduardo Maferra analiza un libro de agricultura escrito en el año 1617 en España a partir del cual intenta discutir los conceptos utilizados por las ciencias antropológicas para comprender los vínculos entre las personas y las plantas focalizando principalmente en los árboles. A continuación este número de la Revista del Museo de Antropología presenta un Dossier coordinado por Rosana Guber quién nos introduce, a través de un formato de escritura breve, a la interacción que ha tenido la antropóloga social noruega Marit Melhuus con colegas argentinos y noruegos. Este Dossier contiene escritos en forma de carta qué colegas cómo Marianne Elisabeth Lien, Kristi-Anne Stolen, Jorun Solheim, Signe Lise Howell, Celina Salas y la misma Rosana Guber escriben de modo personal construyendo de esta forma un reconocimiento a la trayectoria de investigaciones que Marit realizó desde la década 1970 en la provincia de Corrientes. Este Dossier intenta de esta manera presentar el trabajo de Marit a las nuevas generaciones de antropólogos. Por último se integran a este número 2 reseñas bibliográficas realizadas por Pablo Sendón quién comenta el libro “Comida, cohabitación y mundos andinos” de Guillermo Salas Carreño y Guillermina Espósito quién hace un análisis del libro “Exterminio y tutela. Procesos de formación de alteridades en el Brasil” de Joao Pacheco de Oliveira. Con esto cerramos esta editorial invitando, como es usual, a disfrutar de la lectura crítica de este material que ponemos a disposición de los interesados. Córdoba, 21 de diciembre de 2019

O processo de reparação óssea é controlado por mecanismos moleculares complexos que envolvem fatores sistêmicos e locais. Os adesivos fibrínicos, também conhecidos como selantes de fibrina ou cola de fibrina são produtos não citotóxicos, oriundos de proteínas do plasma humano, que mimetizam a via final da rede de coagulação. Os agentes antifibrinolíticos, tais como o ácido tranexâmico, inibem a fibrinólise e, conseqüentemente, impedem ou diminuem a formação dos produtos de degradação da fibrina e do fibrinogênio. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar histologicamente em ratos o efeito do ácido tranexâmico associado à cola de fibrina sobre o reparo ósseo. O experimento utilizou 60 (n=5) ratos machos em grupos assim constituídos: GI:Controle, GII: cola de fibrina, GIII:ácido tranexâmico e GIV: cola de fibrina/ácido tranexâmico. Defeitos ósseos (2.5mm de diâmetro) foram criados nas tíbias direitas. Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 7,14 e 30 dias pós-operatórios e as peças processadas em hematoxilina e eosina. Os resultados mostraram aos 7 dias pós-operatórios cavidade cirúrgica preenchida por tecido conjuntivo denso, rico em fibroblastos, permeado por delicadas trabéculas ósseas neoformadas, em percentual de 70-80% para GI, GII e GIII e 94.8% para GIV. Aos 14 dias pós-operatórios tecido ósseo neoformado foi encontrado entre 75-85% para GI, GII e GIII e em percentual acima de 95% para GIV. Aos 30 dias pós-operatórios GI e GIV apresentaram 95-100% de tecido ósseo maduro; GII e GIII em percentual próximo a 80-90%. Com base nos resultados obtidos e metodologia empregada conclui-se que a associação cola de fibrina/ácido tranexâmico tem ação positiva sobre a reparação óssea.Descritores: Cicatrização; Adesivo Tecidual de Fibrina; Ácido Tranexâmico.ReferênciasAbiraman S, Varma HK, Umashankar PR, John A. Fibrin glue as an osteoinductive protein in a mouse model. Biomaterials. 2002 ;23:3023-31.Alves-Rezende MC, Okamoto T: Effects of fibrin adhesive material (Tissucol) on alveolar healing in rats under stress. Braz Dent J. 1997; 8(1):13-9.Isogai N, Landis WJ, Mori R, Gotoh Y, Gerstenfeld LC, Upton J, Vacanti JP. Experimental use of fibrin glue to induce site-directed osteogenesis from cultured periosteal cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(3):953-63.Keating JF, McQueen MM. Substitutes for autologous bone graft in orthopaedic trauma. J Bone Jt Surg Br. 2001; 83: 3-8.Matras H - Fibrin sealant in maxillofacial surgery. Development and indications. A review of the past 12 years. Facial Plast Surg. 1985;2(4):297-313.Perka C, Schultz O, Spitzer RS, Lindenhayn K, Burmester GR, Sittinger M. Segmental bone repair by tissue-engineered periosteal cell transplants with bioresorbable fleece and fibrin scaffolds in rabbits. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 1145-53.Simson J, Crist J, Strehin I, Lu Q, Elisseeff JH . An orthopedic tissue adhesive for targeted delivery of intraoperative biologics. J Orthop Res. 2012 Oct 23. doi: 10.1002/jor.22247.Okamoto T, Alves-Rezende MC, Okamoto AC, Buscariolo IA, Garcia IR Jr: Osseous regeneration in the presence of fibrin adhesive material(Tissucol) and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA). Braz Dent J. 6(2):77-83, 1995Schmitz JP, Hollinger JO. The biology of platelet-rich plasma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001; 59: 1119-21.Shimojo N, Kondo C. Cytotoxicity analysis of a novel titanium alloy in vitro: Adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts. Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 17(4): 255-255. 2007ten Hallers EJ, Jansen JA, Marres HA, Rakhorst G, Verkerke GJ. Histological assessment of titanium and polypropylene fiber mesh implantation with and without fibrin tissue glue. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007 ;80(2):372-80.Okamoto T, Okamoto R, Alves-Rezende MC, Gabrielli MF: Interference of the blood clot on granulation tissue formation after tooth extraction. Histomorphological study in rats. Braz Dent J. 1994; 5(2):85-92.Dahlback B. Blood coagulation and its regulation by anticoagulant pathways: genetic pathogenesis of bleeding and thrombotic diseases. J Intern Med. 2005,57:209-223.Roberts I, Shakur H, Ker K, Coats T, CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Antifibrinolytic therapy for acute traumatic injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;1:CD004896.Homsen H. Ethanol-insoluble adenine nucleotides in platelets and their possible role in platelet function. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1972; 27:109-21.Alving BM; Weinstein MJ; Finlaynson JS; Menitone JE, Fratantoni JC: Fibrin sealant: summary of a conference on characteristics and clinical uses. Transfusion 1995; 35:783-90.Luz L, Sankarankutty A, Passos E, Rizoli S, Fraga GP, Nascimento Jr B, Ácido tranexâmico no tratamento da hemorragia no trauma. Rev Col Bras Cir. [periódico na Internet] 2012; 39(1). Disponível em URL: http://www.scielo.br/rcbcMartinowitz U; Saltz R: Fibrin sealant. Curr Opin Hematol. 1996; 3:396-402.Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in surgery and other indications. Drugs. 1999 Jun;57(6):1005-32.Hoylaerts M, Lijnen HR, Col.len D — Studies on the mechanism of the antifibrinolytic action of tranexamic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981;18:75-85.Levi M, Cromheecke EM, Jonge et al. Pharmacological strategies to decrease excessive blood loss in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of clinically relevant endpoints. Lancet 1999;354:1940-8.Bidolegui F, Arce G, Lugones A, Pereira S, Vindver G. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Open Orthop J. 2014; 8: 250-4. doi: 10.2174/ 1874325001408010250Scheibe PO. Number of samples-hypothesis testing. Nucl Med Biol. 2008; 35:3-9.Alves Rezende MCR, Kusuda R, Mari GG, Alves LMN, Marinho MLVD, Felipini RC, Okamoto R, Okamoto T, Alves Rezende LGR, Garcia da Silva TC, Alves Claro APR. Efeito do estresse crônico e benzodiazepínicos no reparo ósseo: estudo histológico em ratos. Rev Odontol Araçatuba 2010; 31(1):66-72.Yamada Y, Boo JS, Ozawa R, Nagasaka T, Okazaki Y, Hata K, Ueda M. Bone regeneration following injection of mesenchymal stem cells and fibrin glue with a biodegradable scaffold. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2003;31:27-33.You TM, Choi BH, Zhu SJ, Jung JH, Lee SH, Huh JY, Lee HJ, Li J. Platelet-enriched fibrin glue and platelet-rich plasma in the repair of bone defects adjacent to titanium dental implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2007;22(3):417-22.Hermeto LC, Rossi Rd, Pádua SB, Pontes ER, Santana AE.Comparative study between fibrin glue and platelet rich plasma in dogs skin grafts. Acta Cir Bras. 2012 Nov;27(11):789-94.Kalebo P, Buch P, Albrektsson T. Bone formation rate in osseointegrated titanium implants. Influence of locally applied haemostasis, peripheral blood, autologous bone marrow and fibrin adhesive system (FAS). Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 1988; 22 (1):53-60.Urban K, Povysil C, Spelda S. Effect of fibrin on osseointegration of bioactive glass-ceramic materials-experimental study. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2001; 68(3):168-75.Cox S, Cole M, Mankarious S, Tawil N. Effect of tranexamic acid incorporated in fibrin sealant clots on the cell behavior of neuronal and nonneuronal cells. J Neurosci Res. 2003 Jun 15;72(6):734-46.Furst W, Banerjee A, Redl H. 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This article investigates the prosthesis of identity through the process of branding. It examines cross-cultural manifestations of this phenomena from sixth millennium BCE Syria to twelfth century Japan and Britain. From the Neolithic Era, humanity has sort to extend their identities using pictorial signs that were characteristically simple. Designed to be distinctive and instantly recognisable, the totemic symbols served to signal the origin of the bearer. Subsequently, the development of branding coincided with periods of increased in mobility both in respect to geography and social strata. This includes fifth millennium Mesopotamia, nineteenth century Britain, and America during the 1920s.There are fewer articles of greater influence on contemporary culture than A Theory of Human Motivation written by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Nearly seventy-five years later, his theories about the societal need for “belongingness” and “esteem” remain a mainstay of advertising campaigns (Maslow). Although the principles are used to sell a broad range of products from shampoo to breakfast cereal they are epitomised by apparel. This is with refence to garments and accessories bearing corporation logos. Whereas other purchased items, imbued with abstract products, are intended for personal consumption the public display of these symbols may be interpreted as a form of signalling. The intention of the wearers is to literally seek the fulfilment of the aforementioned social needs. This article investigates the use of brands as prosthesis.Coats and Crests: Identity Garnered on Garments in the Middle Ages and the Muromachi PeriodA logo, at its most basic, is a pictorial sign. In his essay, The Visual Language, Ernest Gombrich described the principle as reducing images to “distinctive features” (Gombrich 46). They represent a “simplification of code,” the meaning of which we are conditioned to recognise (Gombrich 46). Logos may also be interpreted as a manifestation of totemism. According to anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, the principle exists in all civilisations and reflects an effort to evoke the power of nature (71-127). Totemism is also a method of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166).This principle, in a form garnered on garments, is manifested in Mon Kiri. The practice of cutting out family crests evolved into a form of corporate branding in Japan during the Meiji Period (1868-1912) (Christensen 14). During the Muromachi period (1336-1573) the crests provided an integral means of identification on the battlefield (Christensen 13). The adorning of crests on armour was also exercised in Europe during the twelfth century, when the faces of knights were similarly obscured by helmets (Family Crests of Japan 8). Both Mon Kiri and “Coat[s] of Arms” utilised totemic symbols (Family Crests of Japan 8; Elven 14; Christensen 13). The mon for the imperial family (figs. 1 & 2) during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia flowers (Goin’ Japaneque). “Coat[s] of Arms” in Britain featured a menagerie of animals including lions (fig. 3), horses and eagles (Elven).The prothesis of identity through garnering symbols on the battlefield provided “safety” through demonstrating “belongingness”. This constituted a conflation of two separate “needs” in the “hierarchy of prepotency” propositioned by Maslow. Fig. 1. The mon symbolising the Imperial Family during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia. "Kamon (Japanese Family Crests): Ancient Key to Samurai Culture." Goin' Japaneque! 15 Nov. 2015. 27 July 2019 <http://goinjapanesque.com/05983/>.Fig. 2. An example of the crest being utilised on a garment can be found in this portrait of samurai Oda Nobunaga. "Japan's 12 Most Famous Samurai." All About Japan. 27 Aug. 2018. 27 July 2019 <https://allabout-japan.com/en/article/5818/>.Fig. 3. A detail from the “Index of Subjects of Crests.” Elven, John Peter. The Book of Family Crests: Comprising Nearly Every Family Bearing, Properly Blazoned and Explained, Accompanied by Upwards of Four Thousand Engravings. Henry Washbourne, 1847.The Pursuit of Prestige: Prosthetic Pedigree from the Late Georgian to the Victorian Eras In 1817, the seal engraver to Prince Regent, Alexander Deuchar, described the function of family crests in British Crests: Containing The Crest and Mottos of The Families of Great Britain and Ireland; Together with Those of The Principal Cities and Heraldic Terms as follows: The first approach to civilization is the distinction of ranks. So necessary is this to the welfare and existence of society, that, without it, anarchy and confusion must prevail… In an early stage, heraldic emblems were characteristic of the bearer… Certain ordinances were made, regulating the mode of bearing arms, and who were entitled to bear them. (i-v)The partitioning of social classes in Britain had deteriorated by the time this compendium was published, with displays of “conspicuous consumption” displacing “heraldic emblems” as a primary method of status signalling (Deuchar 2; Han et al. 18). A consumerism born of newfound affluence, and the desire to signify this wealth through luxury goods, was as integral to the Industrial Revolution as technological development. In Rebels against the Future, published in 1996, Kirkpatrick Sale described the phenomenon:A substantial part of the new population, though still a distinct minority, was made modestly affluent, in some places quite wealthy, by privatization of of the countryside and the industrialization of the cities, and by the sorts of commercial and other services that this called forth. The new money stimulated the consumer demand… that allowed a market economy of a scope not known before. (40)This also reflected improvements in the provision of “health, food [and] education” (Maslow; Snow 25-28). With their “physiological needs” accommodated, this ”substantial part” of the population were able to prioritised their “esteem needs” including the pursuit for prestige (Sale 40; Maslow).In Britain during the Middle Ages laws “specified in minute detail” what each class was permitted to wear (Han et al. 15). A groom, for example, was not able to wear clothing that exceeded two marks in value (Han et al. 15). In a distinct departure during the Industrial Era, it was common for the “middling and lower classes” to “ape” the “fashionable vices of their superiors” (Sale 41). Although mon-like labels that were “simplified so as to be conspicuous and instantly recognisable” emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century their application on garments remained discrete up until the early twentieth century (Christensen 13-14; Moore and Reid 24). During the 1920s, the French companies Hermes and Coco Chanel were amongst the clothing manufacturers to pioneer this principle (Chaney; Icon).During the 1860s, Lincolnshire-born Charles Frederick Worth affixed gold stamped labels to the insides of his garments (Polan et al. 9; Press). Operating from Paris, the innovation was consistent with the introduction of trademark laws in France in 1857 (Lopes et al.). He would become known as the “Father of Haute Couture”, creating dresses for royalty and celebrities including Empress Eugene from Constantinople, French actress Sarah Bernhardt and Australian Opera Singer Nellie Melba (Lopes et al.; Krick). The clothing labels proved and ineffective deterrent to counterfeit, and by the 1890s the House of Worth implemented other measures to authenticate their products (Press). The legitimisation of the origin of a product is, arguably, the primary function of branding. This principle is also applicable to subjects. The prothesis of brands, as totemic symbols, assisted consumers to relocate themselves within a new system of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166). It was one born of commerce as opposed to heraldry.Selling of Self: Conferring Identity from the Neolithic to Modern ErasIn his 1817 compendium on family crests, Deuchar elaborated on heraldry by writing:Ignoble birth was considered as a stain almost indelible… Illustrious parentage, on the other hand, constituted the very basis of honour: it communicated peculiar rights and privileges, to which the meaner born man might not aspire. (v-vi)The Twinings Logo (fig. 4) has remained unchanged since the design was commissioned by the grandson of the company founder Richard Twining in 1787 (Twining). In addition to reflecting the heritage of the family-owned company, the brand indicated the origin of the tea. This became pertinent during the nineteenth century. Plantations began to operate from Assam to Ceylon (Jones 267-269). Amidst the rampant diversification of tea sources in the Victorian era, concerns about the “unhygienic practices” of Chinese producers were proliferated (Wengrow 11). Subsequently, the brand also offered consumers assurance in quality. Fig. 4. The Twinings Logo reproduced from "History of Twinings." Twinings. 24 July 2019 <https://www.twinings.co.uk/about-twinings/history-of-twinings>.The term ‘brand’, adapted from the Norse “brandr”, was introduced into the English language during the sixteenth century (Starcevic 179). At its most literal, it translates as to “burn down” (Starcevic 179). Using hot elements to singe markings onto animals been recorded as early as 2700 BCE in Egypt (Starcevic 182). However, archaeologists concur that the modern principle of branding predates this practice. The implementation of carved seals or stamps to make indelible impressions of handcrafted objects dates back to Prehistoric Mesopotamia (Starcevic 183; Wengrow 13). Similar traditions developed during the Bronze Age in both China and the Indus Valley (Starcevic 185). In all three civilisations branding facilitated both commerce and aspects of Totemism. In the sixth millennium BCE in “Prehistoric” Mesopotamia, referred to as the Halaf period, stone seals were carved to emulate organic form such as animal teeth (Wengrow 13-14). They were used to safeguard objects by “confer[ring] part of the bearer’s personality” (Wengrow 14). They were concurrently applied to secure the contents of vessels containing “exotic goods” used in transactions (Wengrow 15). Worn as amulets (figs. 5 & 6) the seals, and the symbols they produced, were a physical extension of their owners (Wengrow 14).Fig. 5. Recreation of stamp seal amulets from Neolithic Mesopotamia during the sixth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49.1 (2008): 14.Fig. 6. “Lot 25Y: Rare Syrian Steatite Amulet – Fertility God 5000 BCE.” The Salesroom. 27 July 2019 <https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/artemis-gallery-ancient-art/catalogue-id-srartem10006/lot-a850d229-a303-4bae-b68c-a6130005c48a>. Fig. 7. Recreation of stamp seal designs from Mesopotamia from the late fifth to fourth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49. 1 (2008): 16.In the following millennia, the seals would increase exponentially in application and aesthetic complexity (fig. 7) to support the development of household cum cottage industries (Wengrow 15). In addition to handcrafts, sealed vessels would transport consumables such as wine, aromatic oils and animal fats (Wengrow 18). The illustrations on the seals included depictions of rituals undertaken by human figures and/or allegories using animals. It can be ascertained that the transition in the Victorian Era from heraldry to commerce, from family to corporation, had precedence. By extension, consumers were able to participate in this process of value attribution using brands as signifiers. The principle remained prevalent during the modern and post-modern eras and can be respectively interpreted using structuralist and post-structuralist theory.Totemism to Simulacrum: The Evolution of Advertising from the Modern to Post-Modern Eras In 2011, Lisa Chaney wrote of the inception of the Coco Chanel logo (fig. 8) in her biography Chanel: An Intimate Life: A crucial element in the signature design of the Chanel No.5 bottle is the small black ‘C’ within a black circle set as the seal at the neck. On the top of the lid are two more ‘C’s, intertwined back to back… from at least 1924, the No5 bottles sported the unmistakable logo… these two ‘C’s referred to Gabrielle, – in other words Coco Chanel herself, and would become the logo for the House of Chanel. Chaney continued by describing Chanel’s fascination of totemic symbols as expressed through her use of tarot cards. She also “surrounded herself with objects ripe with meaning” such as representations of wheat and lions in reference prosperity and to her zodiac symbol ‘Leo’ respectively. Fig. 8. No5 Chanel Perfume, released in 1924, featured a seal-like logo attached to the bottle neck. “No5.” Chanel. 25 July 2019 <https://www.chanel.com/us/fragrance/p/120450/n5-parfum-grand-extrait/>.Fig. 9. This illustration of the bottle by Georges Goursat was published in a women’s magazine circa 1920s. “1921 Chanel No5.” Inside Chanel. 26 July 2019 <http://inside.chanel.com/en/timeline/1921_no5>; “La 4éme Fête de l’Histoire Samedi 16 et dimache 17 juin.” Ville de Perigueux. Musée d’art et d’archéologie du Périgord. 28 Mar. 2018. 26 July 2019 <https://www.perigueux-maap.fr/category/archives/page/5/>. This product was considered the “financial basis” of the Chanel “empire” which emerged during the second and third decades of the twentieth century (Tikkanen). Chanel is credited for revolutionising Haute Couture by introducing chic modern designs that emphasised “simplicity and comfort.” This was as opposed to the corseted highly embellished fashion that characterised the Victorian Era (Tikkanen). The lavish designs released by the House of Worth were, in and of themselves, “conspicuous” displays of “consumption” (Veblen 17). In contrast, the prestige and status associated with the “poor girl” look introduced by Chanel was invested in the story of the designer (Tikkanen). A primary example is her marinière or sailor’s blouse with a Breton stripe that epitomised her ascension from café singer to couturier (Tikkanen; Burstein 8). This signifier might have gone unobserved by less discerning consumers of fashion if it were not for branding. Not unlike the Prehistoric Mesopotamians, this iteration of branding is a process which “confer[s]” the “personality” of the designer into the garment (Wengrow 13 -14). The wearer of the garment is, in turn, is imbued by extension. Advertisers in the post-structuralist era embraced Levi-Strauss’s structuralist anthropological theories (Williamson 50). This is with particular reference to “bricolage” or the “preconditioning” of totemic symbols (Williamson 173; Pool 50). Subsequently, advertising creatives cum “bricoleur” employed his principles to imbue the brands with symbolic power. This symbolic capital was, arguably, transferable to the product and, ultimately, to its consumer (Williamson 173).Post-structuralist and semiotician Jean Baudrillard “exhaustively” critiqued brands and the advertising, or simulacrum, that embellished them between the late 1960s and early 1980s (Wengrow 10-11). In Simulacra and Simulation he wrote,it is the reflection of a profound reality; it masks and denatures a profound reality; it masks the absence of a profound reality; it has no relation to any reality whatsoever: it is its own pure simulacrum. (6)The symbolic power of the Chanel brand resonates in the ‘profound reality’ of her story. It is efficiently ‘denatured’ through becoming simplified, conspicuous and instantly recognisable. It is, as a logo, physically juxtaposed as simulacra onto apparel. This simulacrum, in turn, effects the ‘profound reality’ of the consumer. In 1899, economist Thorstein Veblen wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class:Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods it the means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure… costly entertainments, such as potlatch or the ball, are peculiarly adapted to serve this end… he consumes vicariously for his host at the same time that he is witness to the consumption… he is also made to witness his host’s facility in etiquette. (47)Therefore, according to Veblen, it was the witnessing of “wasteful” consumption that “confers status” as opposed the primary conspicuous act (Han et al. 18). Despite television being in its experimental infancy advertising was at “the height of its powers” during the 1920s (Clark et al. 18; Hill 30). Post-World War I consumers, in America, experienced an unaccustomed level of prosperity and were unsuspecting of the motives of the newly formed advertising agencies (Clark et al. 18). Subsequently, the ‘witnessing’ of consumption could be constructed across a plethora of media from the newly emerged commercial radio to billboards (Hill viii–25). The resulting ‘status’ was ‘conferred’ onto brand logos. Women’s magazines, with a legacy dating back to 1828, were a primary locus (Hill 10).Belonging in a Post-Structuralist WorldIt is significant to note that, in a post-structuralist world, consumers do not exclusively seek upward mobility in their selection of brands. The establishment of counter-culture icon Levi-Strauss and Co. was concurrent to the emergence of both The House of Worth and Coco Chanel. The Bavarian-born Levi Strauss commenced selling apparel in San Francisco in 1853 (Levi’s). Two decades later, in partnership with Nevada born tailor Jacob Davis, he patented the “riveted-for-strength” workwear using blue denim (Levi’s). Although the ontology of ‘jeans’ is contested, references to “Jene Fustyan” date back the sixteenth century (Snyder 139). It involved the combining cotton, wool and linen to create “vestments” for Geonese sailors (Snyder 138). The Two Horse Logo (fig. 10), depicting them unable to pull apart a pair of jeans to symbolise strength, has been in continuous use by Levi Strauss & Co. company since its design in 1886 (Levi’s). Fig. 10. The Two Horse Logo by Levi Strauss & Co. has been in continuous use since 1886. Staff Unzipped. "Two Horses. One Message." Heritage. Levi Strauss & Co. 1 July 2011. 25 July 2019 <https://www.levistrauss.com/2011/07/01/two-horses-many-versions-one-message/>.The “rugged wear” would become the favoured apparel amongst miners at American Gold Rush (Muthu 6). Subsequently, between the 1930s – 1960s Hollywood films cultivated jeans as a symbol of “defiance” from Stage Coach staring John Wayne in 1939 to Rebel without A Cause staring James Dean in 1955 (Muthu 6; Edgar). Consequently, during the 1960s college students protesting in America (fig. 11) against the draft chose the attire to symbolise their solidarity with the working class (Hedarty). Notwithstanding a 1990s fashion revision of denim into a diversity of garments ranging from jackets to skirts, jeans have remained a wardrobe mainstay for the past half century (Hedarty; Muthu 10). Fig. 11. Although the brand label is not visible, jeans as initially introduced to the American Goldfields in the nineteenth century by Levi Strauss & Co. were cultivated as a symbol of defiance from the 1930s – 1960s. It documents an anti-war protest that occurred at the Pentagon in 1967. Cox, Savannah. "The Anti-Vietnam War Movement." ATI. 14 Dec. 2016. 16 July 2019 <https://allthatsinteresting.com/vietnam-war-protests#7>.In 2003, the journal Science published an article “Does Rejection Hurt? An Fmri Study of Social Exclusion” (Eisenberger et al.). The cross-institutional study demonstrated that the neurological reaction to rejection is indistinguishable to physical pain. Whereas during the 1940s Maslow classified the desire for “belonging” as secondary to “physiological needs,” early twenty-first century psychologists would suggest “[social] acceptance is a mechanism for survival” (Weir 50). In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard wrote: Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal… (1)In the intervening thirty-eight years since this document was published the artifice of our interactions has increased exponentially. In order to locate ‘belongness’ in this hyperreality, the identities of the seekers require a level of encoding. Brands, as signifiers, provide a vehicle.Whereas in Prehistoric Mesopotamia carved seals, worn as amulets, were used to extend the identity of a person, in post-digital China WeChat QR codes (fig. 12), stored in mobile phones, are used to facilitate transactions from exchanging contact details to commerce. Like other totems, they provide access to information such as locations, preferences, beliefs, marital status and financial circumstances. These individualised brands are the most recent incarnation of a technology that has developed over the past eight thousand years. The intermediary iteration, emblems affixed to garments, has remained prevalent since the twelfth century. Their continued salience is due to their visibility and, subsequent, accessibility as signifiers. Fig. 12. It may be posited that Wechat QR codes are a form individualised branding. Like other totems, they store information pertaining to the owner’s location, beliefs, preferences, marital status and financial circumstances. “Join Wechat groups using QR code on 2019.” Techwebsites. 26 July 2019 <https://techwebsites.net/join-wechat-group-qr-code/>.Fig. 13. Brands function effectively as signifiers is due to the international distribution of multinational corporations. This is the shopfront of Chanel in Dubai, which offers customers apparel bearing consistent insignia as the Parisian outlet at on Rue Cambon. Customers of Chanel can signify to each other with the confidence that their products will be recognised. “Chanel.” The Dubai Mall. 26 July 2019 <https://thedubaimall.com/en/shop/chanel>.Navigating a post-structuralist world of increasing mobility necessitates a rudimental understanding of these symbols. Whereas in the nineteenth century status was conveyed through consumption and witnessing consumption, from the twentieth century onwards the garnering of brands made this transaction immediate (Veblen 47; Han et al. 18). The bricolage of the brands is constructed by bricoleurs working in any number of contemporary creative fields such as advertising, filmmaking or song writing. They provide a system by which individuals can convey and recognise identities at prima facie. They enable the prosthesis of identity.ReferencesBaudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. United States: University of Michigan Press, 1994.Burstein, Jessica. Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art. United States: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.Chaney, Lisa. Chanel: An Intimate Life. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited, 2011.Christensen, J.A. Cut-Art: An Introduction to Chung-Hua and Kiri-E. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1989. Clark, Eddie M., Timothy C. Brock, David E. Stewart, David W. Stewart. Attention, Attitude, and Affect in Response to Advertising. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.Deuchar, Alexander. British Crests: Containing the Crests and Mottos of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland Together with Those of the Principal Cities – Primary So. London: Kirkwood & Sons, 1817.Ebert, Robert. “Great Movie: Stage Coach.” Robert Ebert.com. 1 Aug. 2011. 10 Mar. 2019 <https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-stagecoach-1939>.Elven, John Peter. The Book of Family Crests: Comprising Nearly Every Family Bearing, Properly Blazoned and Explained, Accompanied by Upwards of Four Thousand Engravings. London: Henry Washbourne, 1847.Eisenberger, Naomi I., Matthew D. Lieberman, and Kipling D. Williams. "Does Rejection Hurt? An Fmri Study of Social Exclusion." Science 302.5643 (2003): 290-92.Family Crests of Japan. California: Stone Bridge Press, 2007.Gombrich, Ernst. "The Visual Image: Its Place in Communication." Scientific American 272 (1972): 82-96.Hedarty, Stephanie. "How Jeans Conquered the World." BBC World Service. 28 Feb. 2012. 26 July 2019 <https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17101768>. Han, Young Jee, Joseph C. Nunes, and Xavier Drèze. "Signaling Status with Luxury Goods: The Role of Brand Prominence." Journal of Marketing 74.4 (2010): 15-30.Hill, Daniel Delis. Advertising to the American Woman, 1900-1999. United States of Ame: Ohio State University Press, 2002."History of Twinings." Twinings. 24 July 2019 <https://www.twinings.co.uk/about-twinings/history-of-twinings>. icon-icon: Telling You More about Icons. 18 Dec. 2016. 26 July 2019 <http://www.icon-icon.com/en/hermes-logo-the-horse-drawn-carriage/>. Jones, Geoffrey. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002.Kamon (Japanese Family Crests): Ancient Key to Samurai Culture." Goin' Japaneque! 15 Nov. 2015. 27 July 2019 <http://goinjapanesque.com/05983/>. Krick, Jessa. "Charles Frederick Worth (1825-1895) and the House of Worth." Heilburnn Timeline of Art History. The Met. Oct. 2004. 23 July 2019 <https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wrth/hd_wrth.htm>. Levi’s. "About Levis Strauss & Co." 25 July 2019 <https://www.levis.com.au/about-us.html>. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Totemism. London: Penguin, 1969.Lopes, Teresa de Silva, and Paul Duguid. Trademarks, Brands, and Competitiveness. Abingdon: Routledge, 2010.Maslow, Abraham. "A Theory of Human Motivation." British Journal of Psychiatry 208.4 (1942): 313-13.Moore, Karl, and Susan Reid. "The Birth of Brand: 4000 Years of Branding History." Business History 4.4 (2008).Muthu, Subramanian Senthikannan. Sustainability in Denim. Cambridge Woodhead Publishing, 2017.Polan, Brenda, and Roger Tredre. The Great Fashion Designers. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009.Pool, Roger C. Introduction. Totemism. New ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969.Press, Claire. Wardrobe Crisis: How We Went from Sunday Best to Fast Fashion. Melbourne: Schwartz Publishing, 2016.Sale, K. Rebels against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution: Lessons for the Computer Age. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1996.Snow, C.P. The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959. Snyder, Rachel Louise. Fugitive Denim: A Moving Story of People and Pants in the Borderless World of Global Trade. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.Starcevic, Sladjana. "The Origin and Historical Development of Branding and Advertising in the Old Civilizations of Africa, Asia and Europe." Marketing 46.3 (2015): 179-96.Tikkanen, Amy. "Coco Chanel." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 19 Apr. 2019. 25 July 2019 <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Coco-Chanel>.Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions. London: Macmillan, 1975.Weir, Kirsten. "The Pain of Social Rejection." American Psychological Association 43.4 (2012): 50.Williamson, Judith. Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. Ideas in Progress. London: Boyars, 1978.

At a time when almost every human transgression, illness, profession and other personal aspect of life has been chronicled in autobiographical writing (Rak)—in 1998 Zinsser called ours “the age of memoir” (3)—writing about fat is one of the most recent subjects to be addressed in this way. This article surveys a range of contemporary autobiographical texts that are titled with, or revolve around, that powerful and most evocative word, “fat”. Following a number of cultural studies of fat in society (Critser; Gilman, Fat Boys; Fat: A Cultural History; Stearns), this discussion views fat in socio-cultural terms, following Lupton in understanding fat as both “a cultural artefact: a bodily substance or body shape that is given meaning by complex and shifting systems of ideas, practices, emotions, material objects and interpersonal relationships” (i). Using a case study approach (Gerring; Verschuren), this examination focuses on a range of texts from autobiographical cookbooks and memoirs to novel-length graphic works in order to develop a preliminary taxonomy of these works. In this way, a small sample of work, each of which (described below) explores an aspect (or aspects) of the form is, following Merriam, useful as it allows a richer picture of an under-examined phenomenon to be constructed, and offers “a means of investigating complex social units consisting of multiple variables of potential importance in understanding the phenomenon” (Merriam 50). Although the sample size does not offer generalisable results, the case study method is especially suitable in this context, where the aim is to open up discussion of this form of writing for future research for, as Merriam states, “much can be learned from […] an encounter with the case through the researcher’s narrative description” and “what we learn in a particular case can be transferred to similar situations” (51). Pro-Fat Autobiographical WritingAlongside the many hundreds of reduced, low- and no-fat cookbooks and weight loss guides currently in print that offer recipes, meal plans, ingredient replacements and strategies to reduce fat in the diet, there are a handful that promote the consumption of fats, and these all have an autobiographical component. The publication of Jennifer McLagan’s Fat: An Appreciation of a Misunderstood Ingredient, with Recipes in 2008 by Ten Speed Press—publisher of Mollie Katzen’s groundbreaking and influential vegetarian Moosewood Cookbook in 1974 and an imprint now known for its quality cookbooks (Thelin)—unequivocably addressed that line in the sand often drawn between fat and all things healthy. The four chapter titles of this cookbook— “Butter,” subtitled “Worth It,” “Pork Fat: The King,” “Poultry Fat: Versatile and Good For You,” and, “Beef and Lamb Fats: Overlooked But Tasty”—neatly summarise McLagan’s organising argument: that animal fats not only add an unreplaceable and delicious flavour to foods but are fundamental to our health. Fat polarised readers and critics; it was positively reviewed in prominent publications (Morris; Bhide) and won influential food writing awards, including 2009 James Beard Awards for Single Subject Cookbook and Cookbook of the Year but, due to its rejection of low-fat diets and the research underpinning them, was soon also vehemently criticised, to the point where the book was often described in the media as “controversial” (see Smith). McLagan’s text, while including historical, scientific and gastronomic data and detail, is also an outspokenly personal treatise, chronicling her sensual and emotional responses to this ingredient. “I love fat,” she begins, continuing, “Whether it’s a slice of foie gras terrine, its layer of yellow fat melting at the edges […] hot bacon fat […] wilting a plate of pungent greens into submission […] or a piece of crunchy pork crackling […] I love the way it feels in my mouth, and I love its many tastes” (1). Her text is, indeed, memoir as gastronomy / gastronomy as memoir, and this cookbook, therefore, an example of the “memoir with recipes” subgenre (Brien et al.). It appears to be this aspect – her highly personal and, therein, persuasive (Weitin) plea for the value of fats – that galvanised critics and readers.Molly Chester and Sandy Schrecengost’s Back to Butter: A Traditional Foods Cookbook – Nourishing Recipes Inspired by Our Ancestors begins with its authors’ memoirs (illness, undertaking culinary school training, buying and running a farm) to lend weight to their argument to utilise fats widely in cookery. Its first chapter, “Fats and Oils,” features the familiar butter, which it describes as “the friendly fat” (22), then moves to the more reviled pork lard “Grandma’s superfood” (22) and, nowadays quite rarely described as an ingredient, beef tallow. Grit Magazine’s Lard: The Lost Art of Cooking with Your Grandmother’s Secret Ingredient utilises the rhetoric that fat, and in this case, lard, is a traditional and therefore foundational ingredient in good cookery. This text draws on its publisher’s, Grit Magazine (published since 1882 in various formats), long history of including auto/biographical “inspirational stories” (Teller) to lend persuasive power to its argument. One of the most polarising of fats in health and current media discourse is butter, as was seen recently in debate over what was seen as its excessive use in the MasterChef Australia television series (see, Heart Foundation; Phillipov). It is perhaps not surprising, then, that butter is the single fat inspiring the most autobiographical writing in this mode. Rosie Daykin’s Butter Baked Goods: Nostalgic Recipes from a Little Neighborhood Bakery is, for example, typical of a small number of cookbooks that extend the link between baking and nostalgia to argue that butter is the superlative ingredient for baking. There are also entire cookbooks dedicated to making flavoured butters (Vaserfirer) and a number that offer guides to making butter and other (fat-based) dairy products at home (Farrell-Kingsley; Hill; Linford).Gabrielle Hamilton’s Blood, Bones and Butter: The Inadvertent Education of a Reluctant Chef is typical among chef’s memoirs in using butter prominently although rare in mentioning fat in its title. In this text and other such memoirs, butter is often used as shorthand for describing a food that is rich but also wholesomely delicious. Hamilton relates childhood memories of “all butter shortcakes” (10), and her mother and sister “cutting butter into flour and sugar” for scones (15), radishes eaten with butter (21), sautéing sage in butter to dress homemade ravoli (253), and eggs fried in browned butter (245). Some of Hamilton’s most telling references to butter present it as an staple, natural food as, for instance, when she describes “sliced bread with butter and granulated sugar” (37) as one of her family’s favourite desserts, and lists butter among the everyday foodstuffs that taste superior when stored at room temperature instead of refrigerated—thereby moving butter from taboo (Gwynne describes a similar process of the normalisation of sexual “perversion” in erotic memoir).Like this text, memoirs that could be described as arguing “for” fat as a substance are largely by chefs or other food writers who extol, like McLagan and Hamilton, the value of fat as both food and flavouring, and propose that it has a key role in both ordinary/family and gourmet cookery. In this context, despite plant-based fats such as coconut oil being much lauded in nutritional and other health-related discourse, the fat written about in these texts is usually animal-based. An exception to this is olive oil, although this is never described in the book’s title as a “fat” (see, for instance, Drinkwater’s series of memoirs about life on an olive farm in France) and is, therefore, out of the scope of this discussion.Memoirs of Being FatThe majority of the other memoirs with the word “fat” in their titles are about being fat. Narratives on this topic, and their authors’ feelings about this, began to be published as a sub-set of autobiographical memoir in the 2000s. The first decade of the new millennium saw a number of such memoirs by female writers including Judith Moore’s Fat Girl (published in 2005), Jen Lancaster’s Such a Pretty Fat: One Narcissist’s Quest to Discover If Her Life Makes Her Ass Look Big, or Why Pie Is Not the Answer, and Stephanie Klein’s Moose: A Memoir (both published in 2008) and Jennifer Joyne’s Designated Fat Girl in 2010. These were followed into the new decade by texts such as Celia Rivenbark’s bestselling 2011 You Don’t Sweat Much for a Fat Girl, and all attracted significant mainstream readerships. Journalist Vicki Allan pulled no punches when she labelled these works the “fat memoir” and, although Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson’s influential categorisation of 60 genres of life writing does not include this description, they do recognise eating disorder and weight-loss narratives. Some scholarly interest followed (Linder; Halloran), with Mitchell linking this production to feminism’s promotion of the power of the micro-narrative and the recognition that the autobiographical narrative was “a way of situating the self politically” (65).aken together, these memoirs all identify “excess” weight, although the response to this differs. They can be grouped as: narratives of losing weight (see Kuffel; Alley; and many others), struggling to lose weight (most of these books), and/or deciding not to try to lose weight (the smallest number of works overall). Some of these texts display a deeply troubled relationship with food—Moore’s Fat Girl, for instance, could also be characterised as an eating disorder memoir (Brien), detailing her addiction to eating and her extremely poor body image as well as her mother’s unrelenting pressure to lose weight. Elena Levy-Navarro describes the tone of these narratives as “compelled confession” (340), mobilising both the conventional understanding of confession of the narrator “speaking directly and colloquially” to the reader of their sins, failures or foibles (Gill 7), and what she reads as an element of societal coercion in their production. Some of these texts do focus on confessing what can be read as disgusting and wretched behavior (gorging and vomiting, for instance)—Halloran’s “gustatory abject” (27)—which is a feature of the contemporary conceptualisation of confession after Rousseau (Brooks). This is certainly a prominent aspect of current memoir writing that is, simultaneously, condemned by critics (see, for example, Jordan) and popular with readers (O’Neill). Read in this way, the majority of memoirs about being fat are about being miserable until a slimming regime of some kind has been undertaken and successful. Some of these texts are, indeed, triumphal in tone. Lisa Delaney’s Secrets of a Former Fat Girl is, for instance, clear in the message of its subtitle, How to Lose Two, Four (or More!) Dress Sizes—And Find Yourself Along the Way, that she was “lost” until she became slim. Linden has argued that “female memoir writers frequently describe their fat bodies as diseased and contaminated” (219) and “powerless” (226). Many of these confessional memoirs are moving narratives of shame and self loathing where the memoirist’s sense of self, character, and identity remain somewhat confused and unresolved, whether they lose weight or not, and despite attestations to the contrary.A sub-set of these memoirs of weight loss are by male authors. While having aspects in common with those by female writers, these can be identified as a sub-set of these memoirs for two reasons. One is the tone of their narratives, which is largely humourous and often ribaldly comic. There is also a sense of the heroic in these works, with male memoirsts frequently mobilising images of battles and adversity. Texts that can be categorised in this way include Toshio Okada’s Sayonara Mr. Fatty: A Geek’s Diet Memoir, Gregg McBride and Joy Bauer’s bestselling Weightless: My Life as a Fat Man and How I Escaped, Fred Anderson’s From Chunk to Hunk: Diary of a Fat Man. As can be seen in their titles, these texts also promise to relate the stratgies, regimes, plans, and secrets that others can follow to, similarly, lose weight. Allen Zadoff’s title makes this explicit: Lessons Learned on the Journey from Fat to Thin. Many of these male memoirists are prompted by a health-related crisis, diagnosis, or realisation. Male body image—a relatively recent topic of enquiry in the eating disorder, psychology, and fashion literature (see, for instance, Bradley et al.)—is also often a surprising motif in these texts, and a theme in common with weight loss memoirs by female authors. Edward Ugel, for instance, opens his memoir, I’m with Fatty: Losing Fifty Pounds in Fifty Miserable Weeks, with “I’m haunted by mirrors … the last thing I want to do is see myself in a mirror or a photograph” (1).Ugel, as that prominent “miserable” in his subtitle suggests, provides a subtle but revealing variation on this theme of successful weight loss. Ugel (as are all these male memoirists) succeeds in the quest be sets out on but, apparently, despondent almost every moment. While the overall tone of his writing is light and humorous, he laments every missed meal, snack, and mouthful of food he foregoes, explaining that he loves eating, “Food makes me happy … I live to eat. I love to eat at restaurants. I love to cook. I love the social component of eating … I can’t be happy without being a social eater” (3). Like many of these books by male authors, Ugel’s descriptions of the food he loves are mouthwatering—and most especially when describing what he identifies as the fattening foods he loves: Reuben sandwiches dripping with juicy grease, crispy deep friend Chinese snacks, buttery Danish pastries and creamy, rich ice cream. This believable sense of regret is not, however, restricted to male authors. It is also apparent in how Jen Lancaster begins her memoir: “I’m standing in the kitchen folding a softened stick of butter, a cup of warmed sour cream, and a mound of fresh-shaved Parmesan into my world-famous mashed potatoes […] There’s a maple-glazed pot roast browning nicely in the oven and white-chocolate-chip macadamia cookies cooling on a rack farther down the counter. I’ve already sautéed the almonds and am waiting for the green beans to blanch so I can toss the whole lot with yet more butter before serving the meal” (5). In the above memoirs, both male and female writers recount similar (and expected) strategies: diets, fasts and other weight loss regimes and interventions (calorie counting, colonics, and gastric-banding and -bypass surgery for instance, recur); consulting dieting/health magazines for information and strategies; keeping a food journal; employing expert help in the form of nutritionists, dieticians, and personal trainers; and, joining health clubs/gyms, and taking up various sports.Alongside these works sit a small number of texts that can be characterised as “non-weight loss memoirs.” These can be read as part of the emerging, and burgeoning, academic field of Fat Studies, which gathers together an extensive literature critical of, and oppositional to, dominant discourses about obesity (Cooper; Rothblum and Solovay; Tomrley and Naylor), and which include works that focus on information backed up with memoir such as self-described “fat activist” (Wann, website) Marilyn Wann’s Fat! So?: Because You Don’t Have to Apologise, which—when published in 1998—followed a print ’zine and a website of the same title. Although certainly in the minority in terms of numbers, these narratives have been very popular with readers and are growing as a sub-genre, with well-known actress Camryn Manheim’s New York Times-bestselling memoir, Wake Up, I'm Fat! (published in 1999) a good example. This memoir chronicles Manheim’s journey from the overweight and teased teenager who finds it a struggle to find friends (a common trope in many weight loss memoirs) to an extremely successful actress.Like most other types of memoir, there are also niche sub-genres of the “fat memoir.” Cheryl Peck’s Fat Girls and Lawn Chairs recounts a series of stories about her life in the American Midwest as a lesbian “woman of size” (xiv) and could thus be described as a memoir on the subjects of – and is, indeed, catalogued in the Library of Congress as: “Overweight women,” “Lesbians,” and “Three Rivers (Mich[igan]) – Social life and customs”.Carol Lay’s graphic memoir, The Big Skinny: How I Changed My Fattitude, has a simple diet message – she lost weight by counting calories and exercising every day – and makes a dual claim for value of being based on both her own story and a range of data and tools including: “the latest research on obesity […] psychological tips, nutrition basics, and many useful tools like simplified calorie charts, sample recipes, and menu plans” (qtd. in Lorah). The Big Skinny could, therefore, be characterised with the weight loss memoirs above as a self-help book, but Lay herself describes choosing the graphic form in order to increase its narrative power: to “wrap much of the information in stories […] combining illustrations and story for a double dose of retention in the brain” (qtd. in Lorah). Like many of these books that can fit into multiple categories, she notes that “booksellers don’t know where to file the book – in graphic novels, memoirs, or in the diet section” (qtd. in O’Shea).Jude Milner’s Fat Free: The Amazing All-True Adventures of Supersize Woman! is another example of how a single memoir (graphic, in this case) can be a hybrid of the categories herein discussed, indicating how difficult it is to neatly categorise human experience. Recounting the author’s numerous struggles with her weight and journey to self-acceptance, Milner at first feels guilty and undertakes a series of diets and regimes, before becoming a “Fat Is Beautiful” activist and, finally, undergoing gastric bypass surgery. Here the narrative trajectory is of empowerment rather than physical transformation, as a thinner (although, importantly, not thin) Milner “exudes confidence and radiates strength” (Story). ConclusionWhile the above has identified a number of ways of attempting to classify autobiographical writing about fat/s, its ultimate aim is, after G. Thomas Couser’s work in relation to other sub-genres of memoir, an attempt to open up life writing for further discussion, rather than set in placed fixed and inflexible categories. Constructing such a preliminary taxonomy aspires to encourage more nuanced discussion of how writers, publishers, critics and readers understand “fat” conceptually as well as more practically and personally. It also aims to support future work in identifying prominent and recurrent (or not) themes, motifs, tropes, and metaphors in memoir and autobiographical texts, and to contribute to the development of a more detailed set of descriptors for discussing and assessing popular autobiographical writing more generally.References Allan, Vicki. “Graphic Tale of Obesity Makes for Heavy Reading.” Sunday Herald 26 Jun. 2005. Alley, Kirstie. How to Lose Your Ass and Regain Your Life: Reluctant Confessions of a Big-Butted Star. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2005.Anderson, Fred. From Chunk to Hunk: Diary of a Fat Man. 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Introduction Mentors play a role in real life, just as they do in fiction. They also feature in reality television, which sits somewhere between the two. In fiction, mentors contribute to the narrative arc by providing guidance and assistance (Vogler 12) to a mentee in his or her life or professional pursuits. These exchanges are usually characterized by reciprocity, the need for mutual recognition (Gadamer 353) and involve some kind of moral question. They dramatise the possibilities of mentoring in reality, to provide us with a greater understanding of the world, and our human interaction within it. Reality television offers a different perspective. Like drama it uses the plot device of a mentor character to heighten the story arc, but instead of focusing on knowledge-based portrayals (Gadamer 112) of the mentor and mentee, the emphasis is instead on the mentee’s quest for ascension. In attempting to transcend their unknownness (Boorstin) contestants aim to penetrate an exclusive creative class (Florida). Populated by celebrity chefs, businessmen, entertainers, fashionistas, models, socialites and talent judges (to name a few), this class seemingly adds authenticity to ‘competitions’ and other formats. While the mentor’s role, on the surface, is to provide divine knowledge and facilitate the journey, a different agenda is evident in the ways carefully scripted (Booth) dialogue heightens the drama through effusive praise (New York Daily News) and “tactless” (Woodward), humiliating (Hirschorn; Winant 69; Woodward) and cruel sentiments. From a screen narrative point of view, this takes reality television as ‘storytelling’ (Aggarwal; Day; Hirschorn; “Reality Writer”; Rupel; Stradal) into very different territory. The contrived and later edited (Crouch; Papacharissi and Mendelson 367) communication between mentor and mentee not only renders the relationship disingenuous, it compounds the primary ethical concerns of associated Schadenfreude (Balasubramanian, Forstie and van den Scott 434; Cartwright), and the severe financial inequality (Andrejevic) underpinning a multi-billion dollar industry (Hamilton). As upward mobility and instability continue to be ubiquitously portrayed in 21st century reality entertainment under neoliberalism (Sender 4; Winant 67), it is with increasing frequency that we are seeing the systematic reinvention of the once significant cultural and historical role of the mentor. Mentor as Fictional Archetype and Communicator of ThemesDepictions of mentors can be found across the Western art canon. From the mythological characters of Telemachus’ Athena and Achilles’ Chiron, to King Arthur’s Merlin, Cinderella’s Fairy Godmother, Jim Hawkins’ Long John Silver, Frodo’s Gandalf, Batman’s Alfred and Marty McFly’s Doc Emmett Brown (among many more), the dramatic energy of the teacher, expert or supernatural aid (Vogler 39) has been timelessly powerful. Heroes, typically, engage with a mentor as part of their journey. Mentor types range extensively, from those who provide motivation, inspiration, training or gifts (Vogler), to those who may be dark or malevolent, or have fallen from grace (such as Michael Douglas’ Gordon Gekko in Wall Street 1987, or the ex-tribute Haymitch in The Hunger Games, 2012). A good drama usually complicates the relationship in some way, exploring initial reluctance from either party, or instances of tragedy (Vogler 11, 44) which may prevent the relationship achieving its potential. The intriguing twist of a fallen or malevolent mentor additionally invites the audience to morally analyze the ways the hero responds to what the mentor provides, and to question what our teachers or superiors tell us. In television particularly, long running series such as Mad Men have shown how a mentoring relationship can change over time, where “non-rational” characters (Buzzanell and D’Enbeau 707) do not necessarily maintain reciprocity or equality (703) but become subject to intimate, ambivalent and erotic aspects.As the mentor in fiction has deep cultural roots for audiences today, it is no wonder they are used, in a variety of archetypal capacities, in reality television. The dark Simon Cowell (of Pop Idol, American Idol, Britain’s Got Talent, America’s Got Talent and The X-Factor series) and the ‘villainous’ (Byrnes) Michelin-starred Marco Pierre White (Hell’s Kitchen, The Chopping Block, Marco Pierre White’s Kitchen Wars, MasterChef Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) provide reality writers with much needed antagonism (Rupel, Stradal). Those who have fallen from grace, or allowed their personal lives to play out in tabloid sagas such as Britney Spears (Marikar), or Caitlyn Jenner (Bissinger) provide different sources of conflict and intrigue. They are then counterbalanced with or repackaged as the good mentor. Examples of the nurturer who shows "compassion and empathy" include American Idol’s Paula Abdul (Marche), or the supportive Jennifer Hawkins in Next Top Model (Thompson). These distinctive characters help audiences to understand the ‘reality’ as a story (Crouch; Rupel; Stradal). But when we consider the great mentors of screen fiction, it becomes clear how reality television has changed the nature of story. The Karate Kid I (1984) and Good Will Hunting (1998) are two examples where mentoring is almost the exclusive focus, and where the experience of the characters differs greatly. In both films an initially reluctant mentor becomes deeply involved in the mentee’s project. They act as a special companion to the hero in the face of isolation, and, significantly, reveal a tragedy of their own, providing a nexus through which the mentee can access a deeper kind of truth. Not only are they flawed and ordinary people (they are not celebrities within the imagined worlds of the stories) who the mentee must challenge and learn to truly respect, they are “effecting and important” (Maslin) in reminding audiences of those hidden idiosyncrasies that open the barriers to friendship. Mentors in these stories, and many others, communicate themes of class, culture, talent, jealousy, love and loss which inform ideas about the ethical treatment of the ‘other’ (Gadamer). They ultimately prove pivotal to self worth, human confidence and growth. Very little of this thematic substance survives in reality television (see comparison of plots and contrasting modes of human engagement in the example of The Office and Dirty Jobs, Winant 70). Archetypally identifiable as they may be, mean judges and empathetic supermodels as characters are concerned mostly with the embodiment of perfection. They are flawless, untouchable and indeed most powerful when human welfare is at stake, and when the mentee before them faces isolation (see promise to a future ‘Rihanna’, X-Factor USA, Season 2, Episode 1 and Tyra Banks’ Next Top Model tirade at a contestant who had not lived up to her potential, West). If connecting with a mentor in fiction has long signified the importance of understanding of the past, of handing down tradition (Gadamer 354), and of our fascination with the elder, wiser other, then we can see a fundamental shift in narrative representation of mentors in reality television stories. In the past, as we have opened our hearts to such characters, as a facilitator to or companion of the hero, we have rehearsed a sacred respect for the knowledge and fulfillment mentors can provide. In reality television the ‘drama’ may evoke a fleeting rush of excitement at the hero’s success or failure, but the reality belies a pronounced distancing between mentor and mentee. The Creative Class: An Aspirational ParadigmThemes of ascension and potential fulfillment are also central to modern creativity discourse (Runco; Runco 672; United Nations). Seen as the driving force of the 21st century, creativity is now understood as much more than art, capable of bringing economic prosperity (United Nations) and social cohesion to its acme (United Nations xxiii). At the upper end of creative practice, is what Florida called “the creative class: a fast growing, highly educated, and well-paid segment of the workforce” (on whose expertise corporate profits depend), in industries ranging “from technology to entertainment, journalism to finance, high-end manufacturing to the arts” (Florida). Their common ethos is centered on individuality, diversity, and merit; eclipsing previous systems focused on ‘shopping’ and theme park consumerism and social conservatism (Eisinger). While doubts have since been raised about the size (Eisinger) and financial practices (Krätke 838) of the creative class (particularly in America), from an entertainment perspective at least, the class can be seen in full action. Extending to rich housewives, celebrity teen mothers and even eccentric duck hunters and swamp people, the creative class has caught up to the more traditional ‘star’ actor or music artist, and is increasingly marketable within world’s most sought after and expensive media spaces. Often reality celebrities make their mark for being the most outrageous, the cruelest (Peyser), or the weirdest (Gallagher; Peyser) personalities in the spotlight. Aspiring to the creative class thus, is a very public affair in television. Willing participants scamper for positions on shows, particularly those with long running, heavyweight titles such as Big Brother, The Bachelor, Survivor and the Idol series (Hill 35). The better known formats provide high visibility, with the opportunity to perform in front of millions around the globe (Frere-Jones, Day). Tapping into the deeply ingrained upward-mobility rhetoric of America, and of Western society, shows are aided in large part by 24-hour news, social media, the proliferation of celebrity gossip and the successful correlation between pop culture and an entertainment-style democratic ideal. As some have noted, dramatized reality is closely tied to the rise of individualization, and trans-national capitalism (Darling-Wolf 127). Its creative dynamism indeed delivers multi-lateral benefits: audiences believe the road to fame and fortune is always just within reach, consumerism thrives, and, politically, themes of liberty, egalitarianism and freedom ‘provide a cushioning comfort’ (Peyser; Pinter) from the domestic and international ills that would otherwise dispel such optimism. As the trials and tests within the reality genre heighten the seriousness of, and excitement about ascending toward the creative elite, show creators reproduce the same upward-mobility themed narrative across formats all over the world. The artifice is further supported by the festival-like (Grodin 46) symbology of the live audience, mass viewership and the online voting community, which in economic terms, speaks to the creative power of the material. Whether through careful manipulation of extra media space, ‘game strategy’, or other devices, those who break through are even more idolized for the achievement of metamorphosing into a creative hero. For the creative elite however, who wins ‘doesn’t matter much’. Vertical integration is the priority, where the process of making contestants famous is as lucrative as the profits they will earn thereafter; it’s a form of “one-stop shopping” as the makers of Idol put it according to Frere-Jones. Furthermore, as Florida’s measures and indicators suggested, the geographically mobile new creative class is driven by lifestyle values, recreation, participatory culture and diversity. Reality shows are the embodiment this idea of creativity, taking us beyond stale police procedural dramas (Hirschorn) and racially typecast family sitcoms, into a world of possibility. From a social equality perspective, while there has been a notable rise in gay and transgender visibility (Gamson) and stories about lower socio-economic groups – fast food workers and machinists for example – are told in a way they never were before, the extent to which shows actually unhinge traditional power structures is, as scholars have noted (Andrejevic and Colby 197; Schroeder) open to question. As boundaries are nonetheless crossed in the age of neoliberal creativity, the aspirational paradigm of joining a new elite in real life is as potent as ever. Reality Television’s Mentors: How to Understand Their ‘Role’Reality television narratives rely heavily on the juxtaposition between celebrity glamour and comfort, and financial instability. As mentees put it ‘all on the line’, storylines about personal suffering are hyped and molded for maximum emotional impact. In the best case scenarios mentors such as Caitlyn Jenner will help a trans mentee discover their true self by directing them in a celebrity-style photo shoot (see episode featuring Caitlyn and Zeam, Logo TV 2015). In more extreme cases the focus will be on an adopted contestant’s hopes that his birth mother will hear him sing (The X Factor USA, Season 2, Episode 11 Part 1), or on a postal clerk’s fear that elimination will mean she has to go back “to selling stamps” (The X Factor US - Season 2 Episode 11 Part 2). In the entrepreneurship format, as Woodward pointed out, it is not ‘help’ that mentees are given, but condescension. “I have to tell you, my friend, that this is the worst idea I’ve ever heard. You don’t have a clue about how to set up a business or market a product,” Woodward noted as the feedback given by one elite businessman on The Shark Tank (Woodward). “This is a five million dollar contract and I have to know that you can go the distance” (The X Factor US – Season 2 Episode 11, Part 1) Britney Spears warned to a thirteen-year-old contestant before accepting her as part of her team. In each instance the fictitious premise of being either an ‘enabler’ or destroyer of dreams is replayed and slightly adapted for ongoing consumer interest. This lack of shared experience and mutual recognition in reality television also highlights the overt, yet rarely analyzed focus on the wealth of mentors as contrasted with their unstable mentees. In the respective cases of The X Factor and I Am Cait, one of the wealthiest moguls in entertainment, Cowell, reportedly contracts mentors for up to $15 million per season (Nair); Jenner’s performance in I Am Cait was also set to significantly boost the Kardashian empire (reportedly already worth $300 million, Pavia). In both series, significant screen time has been dedicated to showing the mentors in luxurious beachside houses, where mentees may visit. Despite the important social messages embedded in Caitlyn’s story (which no doubt nourishes the Kardashian family’s generally more ersatz material), the question, from a moral point of view becomes: would these mentors still interact with that particular mentee without the money? Regardless, reality participants insist they are fulfilling their dreams when they appear. Despite the preplanning, possibility of distress (Australia Network News; Bleasby) and even suicide (Schuster), as well as the ferocity of opinion surrounding shows (Marche) the parade of a type of ‘road of trials’ (Vogler 189) is enough to keep a huge fan base interested, and hungry for their turn to experience the fortune of being touched by the creative elite; or in narrative terms, a supernatural aid. ConclusionThe key differences between reality television and artistic narrative portrayals of mentors can be found in the use of archetypes for narrative conflict and resolution, in the ways themes are explored and the ways dialogue is put to use, and in the focus on and visibility of material wealth (Frere-Jones; Peyser). These differences highlight the political, cultural and social implications of exchanging stories about potential fulfillment, for stories about ascension to the creative class. Rather than being based on genuine reciprocity, and understanding of human issues, reality shows create drama around the desperation to penetrate the inner sanctum of celebrity fame and fortune. In fiction we see themes based on becoming famous, on gender transformation, and wealth acquisition, such as in the films and series Almost Famous (2000), The Bill Silvers Show (1955-1959), Filthy Rich (1982-1983), and Tootsie (1982), but these stories at least attempt to address a moral question. Critically, in an artistic - rather than commercial context – the actors (who may play mentees) are not at risk of exploitation (Australia Network News; Bleasby; Crouch). Where actors are paid and recognized creatively for their contribution to an artistic work (Rupel), the mentee in reality television has no involvement in the ways action may be set up for maximum voyeuristic enjoyment, or manipulated to enhance scandalous and salacious content which will return show and media profits (“Reality Show Fights”; Skeggs and Wood 64). The emphasis, ironically, from a reality production point of view, is wholly on making the audience believe (Papacharissi and Mendelson 367) that the content is realistic. 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