Articles de revues : « Lead local authority »

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Burger, Mariekie. « Information campaigns and local authorities ». Communicare : Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 17, n^o 1 (3 novembre 2022) : 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v17i1.1887.

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The new constitution links the duties of local governments to development,implying that the financial dilemma of local authorities caused by theculture of non~payment for municipal services, should be seen in the lightof the deve/opment~rientated situation in South Africa. As the failures ofthe authoritarian top-down development approach became evident, it is not'8 solution to remove the electricity cables of non-payers, neither is it asolution to modify behaviour only. The motivation behind a campaignaiming at correcting the situation should focus on the capacity building inthe community, which is in line with participatory development and DSCthinking. This can only be· done in a participatory situation, whereinformation is released about the operations of the local authority, and thecommunity is educated about the functions and processes taking place inthe local authority. In a workshop situation, the needs of the communityshould be prioritised, in order to address those needs. It is believed that byunderstanding the various functions and operations of the local authority,attitudes of the community will change towards the local authority, and thatsuch change might lead to a change in the culture of non~payment.

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McAllan, William, et Rhoda MacRae. « Learning to lead ». Social Work and Social Sciences Review 14, n^o 2 (20 décembre 2012) : 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v14i2.490.

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This article discusses the impact of a leadership development programme that attempted to develop leaders and leadership amongst actual and prospective managers within a large local authority social work service. It concentrates on empirical findings that illustrate the forms of change that took place at the level of the individual and those that extended beyond leader development and into leadership behaviours that involved collective and collaborative action. It sets the discussion in the context of previous studies into leadership development activities before briefly discussing the methods of evaluating training and education activities. The evaluation aimed to assess the impact the programme had on individual leadership practice, the participants’ teams and on the provision of services through attempting to evidence observable performance outcomes. The findings suggest that there were elements of the programme that had sustainable impact at the level of the individual and in wider operational terms within the service.

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Sharkawi, Nasrudin, Mohamad Sufian Hasim, Hamimah Adnan, Hikmah Kamarudin et Rostam Yaman. « The Commitment of Local Authority Offices toward Sustainable Energy Practices ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1067, n^o 1 (1 octobre 2022) : 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1067/1/012025.

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Abstract Globally, there is a strong trend among local authority offices towards focusing on energy sustainability. This movement is vital as they faced challenges in managing their assets due to financial constraints and declining resources. This study aims to investigate the commitments of the local authority offices in Malaysia towards sustainable energy practices. The objective of this study was to identify the sustainable energy initiatives implemented within the selected local authorities in Malaysia as a case study. For this research context, ‘the commitment’ refers to the extent of information found concerning sustainable energy initiatives undertaken to manage their assets. Eight (8) semi-structured interviews with FM practitioners representing the eight local authorities from the City Hall and Municipal Council categories were conducted. Generally, the commitment of the local authority offices in Malaysia towards sustainable energy implementation was still at an initial stage, with seven (7) related initiatives identified. However, the introduction of energy-saving techniques, energy-saving technology, energy-saving equipment, and encouraging the involvement of officers and staff in energy-saving was the most significant initiatives identified. Therefore, given this perspective, the proactive role of local authorities is needed towards sustainable energy implementation. Indeed, this organisation have to take the lead in achieving sustainability goal.

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Koropets, Nadezhda V. « Areas of Concern in Exercising the Reliable Heat Supply Management Powers by Local Self-Government Authorities ». Energy Law Forum, n^o 3 (2023) : 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.61525/s231243500027976-1.

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The Law On Heat Supply grants local governments the authority to organize reliable heat supply. The problematic aspect of the implementation of this authority is, first of all, the fact that currently there is no uniform approach to the implementation of the authority of local governments to organize reliable heat supply in the legislation and law enforcement practice. The legislator does not specify what actions should be taken by the local government to ensure reliable heat supply. This article suggests to consider, on the basis of examples from court practice, the ways of implementing the local government’s authority to organize reliable heat supply, which are not mentioned in the Law On Heat Supply: the practice of the local government to subsidize heat supply organizations and heat consumers; the practice of the local government to establish legal entities, commercial organizations, which are engaged in activities on heat supply to consumers, and to exercise subsequent control; the practice of withdrawing and granting the status of a unified heat supply organization without observing the procedure established by law with reference to a man-made emergency. The identified problems lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the current regulation. Formalization of the ways of implementation of the local government’s authority to organize reliable heat supply will significantly reduce the use of controversial practices of implementation of this authority by local governments, will make it impossible for law enforcers to interpret Article 6 of the Law On Heat Supply in a broad way, as well as to exclude the interference of the local government in the economic activities of heat supply organizations. All conclusions drawn by the author in this article are the subjective opinion of the author and do not reflect the official position of her employer.

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Sugar, Katherine, et Janette Webb. « Value for Money : Local Authority Action on Clean Energy for Net Zero ». Energies 15, n^o 12 (15 juin 2022) : 4359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124359.

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Local authorities are well placed to realise co-benefits of integrated local energy systems; however, in the UK they have no statutory energy mandate. Planning and developing clean energy are discretionary, and persistent budget reductions, combined with the lack of strategic direction from the UK government for more localised energy provision, limit local capacity, expertise and resources. Nevertheless, some local authorities have led energy initiatives but have been unable to stimulate investment at the pace and scale required to align with net zero greenhouse gas targets. Using evidence from such initiatives, this paper discusses the institutional changes needed to enable local authorities to act. It examines existing climate and local energy plans, and their integral socio-economic value. Using this evidence, investment opportunities from locally led net zero programmes are identified. EU technical assistance funds provided a particularly successful route to local energy developments: based on value of investment secured against initial funding, it is estimated that GBP 1 million technical assistance funding to every local authority would lead to GBP 15 billion investment in local energy. Other potential funding innovations are assessed and the paper concludes with recommendations for policy and resource measures needed to convert local ambition into clean energy and energy saving investment at scale.

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Franey, John. « Ethical mindfulness and professional development in local education authority psychology services ». Educational and Child Psychology 19, n^o 1 (2002) : 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2002.19.1.46.

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AbstractThis article takes as its focus the place of ethics within the profession of educational psychology. It argues that ethics within educational psychology is very much an embryonic field of inquiry, even though in their distinctive ways, ethics and educational psychology have much in common as critiques of human behaviour. Generic “at risk” situations which may lead to ethical complications are identified – unforeseen dilemmas, inadequate anticipation, unavoidable dilemmas, unclear dilemmas, inadequate sources of guidance and loyalty clashes. Drawing upon the literature and professional experiences it is then suggested that there are common ethically troubling issues and situations which educational psychologists have to confront – confidentiality, questionable interventions, competence, testing and assessment, resource allocation, collusive practice, conduct of colleagues and provision. Ways and means to promote greater ethical mindfulness among individual educational psychologists (EPs) and within local education authority (LEA) psychology services are suggested. These include planned continuing professional development (CPD) which takes as its foci the importance of ethical insight, ethical principles and ethical decision-making. It is also proposed that psychology services consider a range of organisational arrangements to heighten ethical mindfulness – the formal adoption of professional codes of conduct, ethics education during induction, the establishment of an ethics committee, a charter of users’ rights, the use of an ethical ombudsman and mentors, and the establishment of ethical case conferences along with the elevation of professional supervision to increase the opportunities for conscious consideration of ethical issues.

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Anderson et Paul Kwaku Larbi. « The Trajectory of Traditional Authority in Contemporary Governance ; The Ghanaian Experience ». International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, n^o 05 (2022) : 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6505.

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The role of traditional authorities in local governance has evolved steadily in different parts of Africa. It is assumed that, in most parts of the continent, traditional authorities’ legitimacy enables them to play a lead role in local governance and development. This study scrutinizes the trajectory of traditional authority in contemporary governance. The objective is to review how social construction rooted in tradition is made to fit into contemporary society. Accordingly, an interpretive approach was adopted within a qualitative methodological framework which informed a case study as the research design type. Respondents were purposefully selected from the traditional council and local government functionaries in Nsawam-Adoagyiri, Suhum, and Cape Coast Municipalities in Ghana’s eastern and central regions. Data were obtained through one-on-one interviews, non-participant observation, documents, and material culture analysis. The findings of this study revealed that even though the role of traditional authorities in the community has evolved, post-colonial governments have not fully incorporated it into the local governance structure thereby restricting them to mere advisors and consultants on customs and traditions. Notwithstanding, traditional authorities are highly revered within the Ghanaian society with strong social bonds providing support as partners in development at the local level. Given that, this study recommends an operative institutional framework that not only involves traditional authority in local governance but duly involves and aptly defines their mandate in the community.

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Ishak, Nurfaika. « IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPERVISION OF OFFICIAL DISCRETION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ». Al Daulah : Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Ketatanegaraan 8, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2019) : 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/ad.v8i2.11293.

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AbstractDiscretion is particularly vulnerable to the misuse of authority by officials which could lead to collusion, corruption and nepotism and made the administration of government no longer aims for public’s benefit and interest but for the advantage of a few and conflict interest of corrupt people. Therefore, the clear procedures related to the implementation for supervision of the discretion, especially on local government in the the Republic of Indonesia.This study aims to provide a more in-depth understanding of the issues of implementation and supervision of discretion of government officials. The form of legal research used in this study is juridical-normative research. Juridical-normative legal research consists of research on principles, systematics, and legal synchronization. This study also based on laws and regulations related to the implementation and supervision of discretion by officials. This study shows that every official of the state administration in performing their duties shall be based on legitimate authority, which is provided by laws and regulations. Governance should be based on law (wet matigheid van bestuur = legality principle = le rincile de la egalite de'l administration). The supervision of the discretion of government officials is prohibited to the abuse of authority. Government Officials are prohibited from misusing authority. Supervision is carried out by internal control apparatus. The results of supervision are: no errors; there are administrative errors; or there are administrative errors with a financial loss to the state.Keywords: Discretion, Supervision, Local Government.

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Karianga, Hendra. « New Paradigm for Local Financial Management : A Review of Local Budgeting System ». Hasanuddin Law Review 2, n^o 3 (26 décembre 2016) : 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v2i3.700.

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Fiscal decentralization gives authority to the head of region and regional parliament to manage the local budget. The outcomes of the research indicate that the Good Financial Governance principle has been subject to frequent study in its understanding as a new paradigm for local financial management. As it turns out in practice, however, it has certain weaknesses, particularly in view of the accountability and legitimacy aspects of its establishment. In fact, the local budget has become a vehicle for corruption by the state administration is in the center of power, local autonomy shift some corruptor from the center to the local. The issue is how to manage the local budget in order to minimize corruption. If the commitment of the management of local budget is based on new principles in the local financial management, it believed that the local budget is governed annually by the local government will lead to the people’s welfare in the region. Based on such view, the Good Financial Governance principles appears to be the ideal approach to be applied in managing the local budgeting system.

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Dotsey, Andrews, Olivia Kwapong, David Addae et Issahaka Fuseini. « Perceptions of Local and Traditional Government Leaders for Enhancing Community Development ». International Journal of Leadership and Governance 4, n^o 4 (12 novembre 2024) : 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijlg.3078.

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Purpose: There are two key governance forms in Ghana, specifically traditional governance and democratic governance. Accelerating development in the local communities requires effective collaboration and the fusion of the two governances divide to harness the unique capabilities and opportunities embedded within each paradigm. The perceptions hold by local and traditional leaders about each other is fundamental to collaborative efforts. Such perceptions speak to the psychosocial, convictional and behaviour of local leaders. Methodology: This study through a field survey samples the views of two leadership divide about each other in terms of their ability to drive positive change in the community to drive accelerated community development. The study was conducted among three select districts specifically, the Accra Metropolis, Kumasi Metropolis and the Tamale Metropolis using key informant interviews, and focus group discussions to gather the data. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that there are shared perceptions of strengths of both systems of governance for developing local communities. The traditional leaders are seen to be strong on cultural legitimacy, moral authority, communication competence, and historical knowledge, all of which helps in social mobilization within the local communities. The local government leaders were found to exercise strength in the areas of access to money and resources, legal authority, and enforcement authority. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: We conclude that there are opportunities to harness each of these strengths such that a successful fusion of local and traditional systems of government will lead transformative leadership for sustainable local development.

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Larson, Deborah Welch. « Can China Change the International System ? The Role of Moral Leadership ». Chinese Journal of International Politics 13, n^o 2 (2020) : 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjip/poaa002.

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Abstract Yan Xuetong’s Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers argues that China should follow moral values in its foreign policy in order to attain international leadership. Drawing on ancient Chinese thought, Yan makes the case that China should strive for humane authority, influencing other states by leading through moral example and attracting supporters through providing benefits rather than using coercion. This essay evaluates the feasibility of China’s attainment of humane authority, which is related to status. Humane authority follows norms consistently toward rivals as well as friendly states whereas a hegemon uses a double standard. But double standards may not be so easily avoided because they derive from inherent psychological bias. The option of acquiring followers by providing them with security guarantees is not available to China in East Asia because of the prior existence of the US alliance system. Yan predicts that China’s growth will lead to a bipolar structure but points out that the conditions for a Cold War are absent. Nevertheless, technological competition between the US and China could lead to a ‘new Cold War’, which would hamper China’s efforts to widen its circle of followers. To be a humane authority, China should also avoid a war with the USA. There is a risk that naval competition could lead to local conflicts as a result of security dilemma dynamics. The two states should control status rivalry through a division of labour, by accepting the other’s pre-eminence in different areas through social cooperation.

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LEIS, Alexander V. « LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN NEW CONSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS ». Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, n^o 4 (2021) : 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-4-235-252.

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In 2020, a constitutional reform was carried out in Russia, the provisions of which significantly affected the regulation of local self-government, as well as the entire system of state structure of the country. At first glance, the changes are not fundamentally new, since many of them are the consolidation of the provisions of the current legislation or the established policy of the state. Nevertheless, constitutional norms significantly expand the discretionary powers of state authorities, which may lead to a lack of constitutional guarantees for individual institutions. The formulation in the text of the constitution of a unified system of public authority is one of the most important changes that can affect the future of local self-government in Russia. Public authorities enter the system based on the principles of consensual interaction and coordination of activities within interests of the population. The novelty of the article is determined by an integrated approach to the study of the essence of the unified system of public authority, of assigning citizens a central place in the system, as well as of introducing the category «unified system of public authorities» into the nomenclature. The main changes are examined through the prism of increasing the level of citizens’ involvement in participation in local self-government, which will have a positive impact on the legal culture of society. The author touches upon the problems of the implementation of local self-government in the federal territories and proposes possible ways of improving the legislation. The author also analyzes the American experience of local self-government regulation and approaches to placement of municipal authorities in the federal system. The formal legal method, being the basic one for legal science, is used to study the essence of local self-government, as an element of a unified system of public authority, and the placement of citizens in this system on the basis of studying and interpreting the norms of domestic legislation. When applying the elements of the comparative legal method, the relation between the approaches to understanding certain issues in Russia and in the United States will be taken into consideration.

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Johnston, Derek. « Scottish Local Government Reform and Instrumental Music Instruction ». Scottish Educational Review 33, n^o 2 (18 mars 2001) : 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-03302004.

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Research concerned with Scottish local government reform has largely ignored the implications for one aspect of education provision – instrumental music instruction. This paper attempts to focus on this area through exploring the main policy issues with regard to the delivery of this service during a period of change. It is argued that the experience of music tuition under Scotland’s new unitary authority structure is an example of how local government can misinterpret its responsibilities towards the local community and, in doing so, threaten its continued influence over the formation of education policy. It is suggested that the administration of music instruction could supply local authorities with the opportunity to strengthen local democracy through empowering communities in the policy formation process. However, inadequate delivery may lead to the intervention of central government and councils’ loosing control over an area of their education provision.

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Ghimire, Dipesh Kumar. « Decentralization and Corruption : Does Decentralization Lead to Corruption in Local Level in Nepal ? » Molung Educational Frontier 8 (3 décembre 2018) : 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v8i0.22438.

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Federalism has been constitutionally uniting separate political communities in a limited by encompassing political community (Kincaid and Tarr 2005). Federalism as a mode of governance is concerned with combining 'self-rule and shared rule' (Elazar, 1987), where by the constituent members of the federal union can govern themselves autonomously while they and their citizen also participate together in the common national governing regime, which is autonomous within its sphere of constitutional authority (Kincaid, 2011). Federalism is the extreme form of decentralization. Similarly, corruption is defined as exercise of official powers against public interest or the abuse of public office for private gain. Corruption is a symptom of degeneration of the relationship between the state and the people, characterized by bribery, extortion and nepotism (Altas, 1968). Similarly, Sen (1999) defines corruption or corrupt behavior as "the violation of established rules for personal gains and profits". This article tries to explore the relationship among federalism, decentralization and corruption. My finding is: constitutional, political and spatial decentralization is very strong and fiscal decentralization is very weak in Nepal. Fiscal decentralization plays vital role to improve quality of governance. However, lack of proper fiscal decentralization and highly constitutional, political and spatial federalism or decentralization promote corruption in the local level. Similarly the monitoring mechanism and vertical controls system are very weak in Nepal. It shows that the localization process motivate to corrupt behavior among public authorities.

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Bracher, David. « Becoming a learning organisation in the context of local education authority psychology services ». Educational and Child Psychology 18, n^o 4 (2001) : 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.4.47.

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AbstractA key question addressed by this paper is to what extent an educational psychology service (EPS) can become a learning organisation if the local education authority (LEA) has not yet become a learning organisation, thereby informing its host? Theoretically, an EPS is in a very influential position to become a learning organisation, directly influencing an LEA in also becoming a learning organisation, principally because of the collective expertise and experience of its members. Of the many ways an EPS can achieve this major objective, two of the most powerful ways are via ‘environmental scanning’ and by undertaking and disseminating research. The way in which the research role of the educational psychologist (EP) has been viewed is critical, as there is a common perception amongst EPs that their research role is often marginalised at best, and certainly underused, a view supported by Webster and Beveridge (1997).Summarising the principal issues, the evidence from the literature is that contemporary organisations (e.g. LEAs) may wish to become learning organisations. The perceived advantages may include general effectiveness, and within the schools context, meeting ‘targets’ and outcome measures. At a deeper, systemic level, the advantages could include improved functioning of the complex processes which lead to educational outcomes. LEAs may also wish to ensure the psychological health of its members, through personal motivation, professional satisfaction and helping them to meet their personal aspirations. Through the involvement of its EPS, an LEA could more effectively carry out its statutory and some non-statutory responsibilities, particularly in the light of the recommendations of the DfEE (2000) working group regarding the future role of educational psychology services (England).

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McWilliam, Andrew. « Marginal Governance in the Time of Pemekaran : Case Studies from Sulawesi and West Papua ». Asian Journal of Social Science 39, n^o 2 (2011) : 150–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x565869.

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AbstractOne of the outcomes of the radical decentralisation policies accompanying political reform and democratisation in Indonesia is a sustained administrative programme known by the term pemekaran, or a ‘blossoming’ of new administrative and budgetary units that extend to the farthest corners of the nation. This paper explores aspects and impacts of the pemekaran process as it unfolds in two remote corners of Indonesia, namely the sub-district of Routa in Konawe Regency of Southeast Sulawesi and the newly-established district of Bintuni in the swamp lands of Bintuni Gulf, West Papua. In both regions the strategic possibilities that accompany pemekaran have fostered a vibrant local politic based around appeals to established patterns of landed authority. But the logic of pemekaran can lead to fragmentation and confusion over jurisdictional authority. Critics argue that the process dilutes capacity and political authority. Supporters acknowledge the limits but applaud the extension of development funding into areas which otherwise would remain isolated and impoverished. The paper explores some of the dimensions of this debate and the role of pemekaran in shaping local experience on the margins of the state.

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Graczyk, Waldemar. « "Arbitrzy i nie tylko...". Duchowni na kartach księgi ławniczej miasta Płocka w latach 1489-1517 ». Saeculum Christianum 24 (10 septembre 2018) : 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2017.24.11.

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There are nineteen clerics on the pages of the Plock’s book of assessors in the years 1489-1517. There were primarily associated with the local church environment. Their involvement as arbiters in conflicts is evident; they are also present as the executors of the testaments or the addressee of testament legate, the contractors of acts of buy-sell, the holders of deposits or prudent guardians looking after goods of the Church. The inscription in the Plock’s book of assessors in which we see the clergy, lead to the conclusion that the local representatives of the Church enjoyed trust and authority among the local people.

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McCoy, Alfred William. « Philippine Populism : Local Violence and Global Context in the Rise of a Filipino Strongman ». Surveillance & ; Society 15, n^o 3/4 (9 août 2017) : 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i3/4.6638.

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To explore the overlooked role of political violence in global "populism," the essay explores the rise of Rodrigo Duterte from long-serving mayor of a provincial city to an exceptionally powerful Philippine president. Using an analytical frame that juxtaposes localized violence with international influence, the essay examines not only the political dynamics that elevated Duterte to power but the tensions that are already circumscribing his authority after only a year in office. Application of this model to comparable cases could both highlight the parallel role of political violence in contemporary populism and indicate the forces likely to lead to its decline.

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Muzari, Washington, Mandivamba Rukuni, Oniward Svubure, Wirimayi Gatsi, Daniel Jambwa, Godwin Mavima, Tatenda Tsiko et al. « An Investigation into the Efficiency of Functioning of the Local Authority as a Crucial Element of Community Resilience to Climate-related Disasters ». South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 21, n^o 3 (31 janvier 2024) : 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2024/v21i3780.

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Aims: The main objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between the efficiency of operation of the local authority (independent variable) and community resilience to agriculture-threatening hydro-climatic natural disasters (dependent variable), with particular focus on droughts and floods in Lower Muzarabani District of the Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe. Study Design: The study was designed based on the stratified random sampling technique. Linear regression and correlation analyses were used for hypothesis testing. Place and Duration of Study: The study was part of a PhD in Development Studies (Leadership for Africa’s Development) that was conducted jointly at the University of Africa in Lusaka, Zambia, and BEAT Doctoral Academy in Harare, Zimbabwe. Sponsorship was provided by Chinhoyi University of Technology under a Staff Development Fellowship, between August 2016 and November 2020. Methodology: The survey was conducted in Lower Muzarabani District of the Zambezi Valley in Zimbabwe, on a sample of 200 rural households. A structured questionnaire was used to determine resilience scores for the dependent variable (community resilience) and independent variable (efficiency of functioning of the local authority), based on a 5-point Likert Scale. Results: Linear regressions between the dependent and independent variables exceeded 2 for each of the three scenarios; and correlations were greater than 0.5 for each scenario. These results were true at P = 0.000, that is at P < 0.001. Scenarios were delineated by the disaster governance legislation in operation during three different time-periods. The results therefore indicated a strong, positive impact of efficiency of functioning of the local authority on community resilience to the climate-related disasters of droughts and floods. Conclusion: The results indicate that there is considerable potential for raising community resilience by improving the efficiency of functioning of the local authority. First, local government autonomy in Lower Muzarabani should be improved. Secondly, income sources for local government development projects need to be diversified. Thirdly, the participation of traditional leaders such as chiefs, headmen and village heads in rural development processes should be enhanced. Fourth, local authorities should ensure good governance by being effective, transparent, accountable, and institutionally coherent. Fifth, ministerial powers should be devolved to local authorities. Sixth, a clear national framework for local economic development should be provided through effective fiscal, political and legal recognition and access to an equitable share of national resources by local authorities. The efficiency of operation of the local authority could also be enhanced through building and connecting commodity value chains, improving agricultural productivity and marketing, and developing agro-enterprises. The expeditious and effective implementation of the above measures can significantly improve the efficiency of operation of the local authority. Ultimately, this should lead to higher community resilience to the prevailing hydro-climatic disasters of droughts and floods in Lower Muzarabani District and areas with similar agro-ecological, demographic, socio-economic, cultural and political characteristics.

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Gao, Hong, et Adam Tyson. « Administrative Reform and the Transfer of Authority to Social Organizations in China ». China Quarterly 232 (3 juillet 2017) : 1050–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574101700087x.

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AbstractIn this article, we examine the administrative functions that have been carried out by social organizations (SOs) in China since 2013. We use evidence from Guangdong to demonstrate that the transfer of authority to SOs is selective, tends to create more burdens for local government, and generally does not lead to greater autonomy for SOs. We focus on five types of SOs that are undertaking new administrative functions with varying degrees of operational autonomy, which relates to the consultative authoritarian model proposed by Jessica Teets. Consultative authoritarianism allows for the expansion of relatively autonomous SOs and the development of indirect state control mechanisms. The model is designed to improve governance without democratization by expanding the role played by intermediaries such as SOs in public administration and service delivery. The evidence from Guangdong permits us to conclude that the transfer of authority to SOs allows for innovations in public administration, but that politics continues to motivate government decisions as to which functions are suitable for SOs to undertake, casting doubt on the ability of the Chinese Communist Party to achieve sustainable improvements in local governance and public service provision.

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Do, Quoc-Anh, Kieu-Trang Nguyen et Anh N. Tran. « One Mandarin Benefits the Whole Clan : Hometown Favoritism in an Authoritarian Regime ». American Economic Journal : Applied Economics 9, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2017) : 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130472.

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We study patronage politics in authoritarian Vietnam, using an exhaustive panel of ranking officials from 2000 to 2010 to estimate their promotions' impact on infrastructure in their hometowns of patrilineal ancestry. Native officials' promotions lead to a broad range of hometown infrastructure improvement. Hometown favoritism is pervasive across all ranks, even among officials without budget authority, except among elected legislators. Favors are narrowly targeted toward small communes that have no political power, and are strengthened with bad local governance and strong local family values. The evidence suggests a likely motive of social preferences for hometown. (JEL D72, H76, O15, O17, O18, P25, Z13)

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Kurar, Ihsan. « RESEARCH ON THE DETERMINATION OF RECREATIONAL EXPERIENCE PREFERENCES, EXPECTATIONS, AND SATISFACTION LEVELS OF LOCAL PEOPLE ». International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge 9, n^o 1 (30 juin 2021) : 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v9i1.122.

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This study aims to determine Recreational Experience Preferences (REP) of the local people in Alanya, their leisure constraints, their expectations for recreational activities from the local authority, and the level of their satisfaction with recreational areas. Within the scope of the study, the data was collected via a questionnaire from 384 participants who visit recreational areas in Alanya through a convenience sampling method. The most preferred recreational activities of the local people are going on a picnic, visiting friends, and internet surfing. However, the three most important variables limiting the participation of the local people in recreational activities have been identified as lack of leisure time, not enough money, and pollution of toilets, fountains, and wash-hand basins in the region. The three most important expectations of the local people from the local authority in terms of recreational activities are the construction of new recreational areas, ensuring that everyone benefits from the facilities, and cleaning toilets, fountains, and wash-hand basins in the region. In addition, it has been determined that three of the most important motivations that lead the local people to recreational activities are having a good time, mental relaxation, and family togetherness experiences. According to the findings of this study, the level of satisfaction of the local people with the recreational areas is quite low. Besides, The ANOVA results indicated that people demographic characteristics had a significant influence on recreation experience preference.

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Jamaluddin, N. B., Y. A. Abdullah, H. Yakob, N. Nasrudin, M. A. Hassan et K. Zainudin. « Low Carbon City (LCC) Governance through Administrative and Operational Approaches by Malaysian Local Government ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1217, n^o 1 (1 juillet 2023) : 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1217/1/012026.

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Abstract In Malaysia, the current practice of delivering low-carbon city approaches usually is administered and managed by the planning department in each local authority. However, this current practice may also lead to the problem of unorganized institutional administration and management. Simultaneously, the Malaysian government, through Low-carbon City Master Plan, has mentioned the need for governance restructuring for low-carbon city delivery. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the practice of Low Carbon City (LCC) in terms of administrative and operational practices. Three (3) objectives were established for this study; (i) assessing the governance for low-carbon city approaches and; (ii) examining the operational practices of LCC initiatives at the local level, and (iii) determining the application of policies and strategies for low-carbon development by the local authority. The study applies the purposive sampling approach, using the technique of an in-depth interview with two (2) core local authorities endeavoring on low-carbon development in the state of Selangor; Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) and Subang Jaya City Council (MBSJ). The result of this study shows that the governance of low-carbon cities can be categorized into three (3) main dimensions: administrative, operational, and policy application. From the administration feature, the findings indicated that the current administration practice needs to be restructured to enable a more effective delivery system. Moreover, the current way of delivering a low-carbon city was ineffective due to long-standing systems, coordination among the agencies, and the feasibility of the strategies planned to achieve the low-carbon status. Since this study converges on the governance aspect from the perspective of the local authority, future research may look deeper into the whole framework involving the delivery support system, contributing to the effectiveness of low-carbon delivery practices.

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Brunning, Maurice, John Fischetti et Maxwell Smith. « Renewing the Promise and Potential of School-Based Management ». NASSP Bulletin 104, n^o 3 (septembre 2020) : 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192636520956717.

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School-based management (SBM) remains a “hot topic” in educational circles. This article explores the reality of SBM internationally. It focusses on the perceptions of selected Australian public secondary principals who reflect on the drivers and impediments affecting their capacity to lead school-based innovation. While broadly supportive of SBM, the participants indicated that authority to make effective local decisions was ambiguous and inhibiting in the face of the managing system’s policies, procedures, and supervisory processes.

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Bhattarai, Krishna Prasad, et Binod Pokharel. « Inclusive Governance at Local Level : A Case Study of Local Policymaking Process in Kirtipur Municipality ». Tribhuvan University Journal 37, n^o 1 (20 septembre 2022) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v37i1.48057.

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Inclusive policies lead local governments to function in public service effectively. This study explored the process and inclusive practices during the formulation of policies at a local level. Taking the case of Kirtipur Municipality, one of the local governments in Kathmandu valley, the primary tools, and techniques for data collection were the Key Informant Interview (KII) with municipal executive members, Focused Group Discussions (FGD) with women network members, and Dalit network members, and reviews of policies formulated by the municipality. The finding has shown that inclusive policymaking is imperative in local government, which demonstrate uncovers a system of governance and creates inopportunity to deliver public services inclusively to people in general and priority groups. It concludes that a specific group of people developed local policies with legitimate authority but without comprehensive consultations and engagement with women and disadvantaged people. The participation and representation of women and Dalits in the policy-making process have been ignored and as a result, local policies failed to grasp the inclusive perspective due to the dominance of the patriarchal mindset among policymakers and weak policy-influencing capacities of women, Dalits, and disadvantaged communities. The failure further resulted in continued subordination of women, Dalit, and disadvantaged people, reinforcing existing patterns of exclusion and disengagement.

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Stanton, John. « The Big Society and Community Development : Neighbourhood Planning under the Localism Act ». Environmental Law Review 16, n^o 4 (décembre 2014) : 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2014.16.4.225.

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Bringing into force crucial aspects of the Coalition's ‘Big Society’, the Localism Act 2011 introduces changes to neighbourhood planning through which it seeks to decentralise power to the lowest possible level and afford local communities the opportunities to take the initiative with regards to developing local areas in line with local needs and issues. This article examines the neighbourhood planning provisions of the Act and considers the extent to which they achieve their aims and realise the objectives of the Big Society. It argues that, whilst seeking to decentralise power and empower communities to lead forward local development, the Act leaves a great deal of autonomy in the hands of central government and local authorities, meaning that the communities themselves are constrained by higher authority; it fails also to tackle sufficiently, issues relating to citizen and community engagement.

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Khlaifat, Ahmad, Hala Abu Taleb, Zeyad Makhamreh et Deya Qtiashat. « Analysis of the Urban Management Practices and Sustainable Development in the Local Municipalities in Jordan : Case Study - Salt City ». Modern Applied Science 12, n^o 4 (28 mars 2018) : 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v12n4p109.

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The urbanization processes and the accelerated growth in the Arab countries, during the last five decades, have resulted in negative social impact represented in the high rates of unemployment and poverty. This was accompanied with problems related to the provision of infrastructure and social facilities, inadequate housing for low-income persons and other environmental problems. Therefore, there is a need to apply and activate the role of decentralization processes to manage the cities under emerging modern urban services and activities, in order to identify policies and cope with innovative plans that suit for sustainable urban development. Incorporations of local people and decision makers in improving social, economic and environmental conditions, and participation of local people in decision making can lead to find the appropriate solution that can promote sustainable urban processes, and facilities the implementation of the local communities’ activities. Consequently, this will lead to improve the urban services in appropriate quality and economic visibility and sustain social consistency and environmental resources in the cities. In order to achieve a sustainable development practices in the municipalities, it is recommended to focus on local community resources, increase financial income, develop local human resources proficiency, and finally empower the local people authority and decision –making process, which can be achieved by the application of decentralization governance system.

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Husain, Ishrat. « Adapting Public Sector Services to Local Delivery ». LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 17, Special Edition (1 septembre 2012) : 359–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2012.v17.isp.a15.

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This article describes the local government system established in the 2001 Devolution Plan and its evolution over the period 2002-07, with a focus on two essential public services, education and health. We believe that the devolution of service delivery functions, delegation of financial powers, decentralization of authority, and deconcentration of executive powers, can, together, lead to better accountability of results and, hence, to improved public service delivery to the poor and marginalized. The Devolution Plan made inroads toward these goals, particularly in education, but their achievement was incomplete due to a number of factors, among those incomplete fiscal decentralization, limited targeting of backward areas, and centralizing tendencies of the provincial departments and civil service. Recommendations are offered on how to further develop the local government system more generally, with an eye towards increasing accountability and improving coordination both across local governments and between tiers. For this, complementary reforms to simplify business processes and revamp human resource management policies are needed; introducing a district level civil service is among the suggested changes. The article concludes with detailed recommendations on improving the decentralized delivery of education and health services.

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Hutchcroft, Paul D. « Colonial Masters, National Politicos, and Provincial Lords : Central Authority and Local Autonomy in the American Philippines, 1900–1913 ». Journal of Asian Studies 59, n^o 2 (mai 2000) : 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658657.

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When the united states embarked on a campaign of overseas colonial conquest a century ago, it was for some Americans an unquestionably righteous venture in political tutelage. “[God] has made [the English-speaking and Teutonic peoples] adept in government that we may administer government among savage and senile peoples,” proclaimed Indiana Senator Albert J. Beveridge. “And of all our race He has marked the American people as His chosen nation to finally lead in the regeneration of the world” (Snyder 1962). The largest and most important U.S. colony was of course the Philippines, where a campaign of military conquest began in 1898 and continued into the early years of the new century.

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Bailey, Nick. « Competitiveness, Partnership - and Democracy ? » Local Economy : The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 12, n^o 3 (novembre 1997) : 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949708726393.

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The division of the powers and responsibilities of government in London has been a constant source of friction and debate between central and local government. In the wake of the abolition of the Greater London Council, the Conservative government waited for the corporate sector to take the lead. When this failed to materialise, a complicated array of unelected agencies and partnerships were constructed to promote London, deliver services and allocate expenditure. This paper reviews the nature and function of these organisations and examines proposals for regional development agencies and an elected strategic authority for the capital arising from the election of a Labour government in May 1997. While pointing to considerable organisational innovation, for instance in the setting up of the Government Office for London, it is argued that, during 18 years of Conservative government, the emphasis on policy delivery through a variety of discrete partnership agencies deliberately overlooked issues of subsidiarity and local accountability. Thus the debate about the relationship between central and local government in London reflects substantial philosophical differences between the two parties. The Labour government's proposals for a strategic authority and regional development agency will require a substantial reallocation of powers and functions between a number of overlapping and competing agencies and a redefinition of what are legitimately local and central functions.

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Harris, Spencer, et Barrie Houlihan. « Delivery networks and community sport in England ». International Journal of Public Sector Management 27, n^o 2 (10 février 2014) : 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-07-2013-0095.

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Purpose – The paper aims to utilise Adam and Kriesi's network approach to policy analysis to examine the range of exogenous factors that affect interactions in the community sport policy process from a local authority perspective. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based upon two case studies. Each case study involved semi-structured interviews with three local authority middle/senior managers, three senior County Sport Partnership (CSP) representatives, and eight regional/county national governing bodies of sport (NGB) representatives. Findings – While the two cases exhibit distinctive socio-economic and structural profiles they provide valuable evidence regarding the operation of the network of partners involved in community sport and also illustrate the utility of Adam and Kriesi's analytical framework. In relation to Adam and Kriesi's power/interaction model both cases illustrate the fragmentation of power at the community level although interaction in one case exhibits a pattern best characterised as “competition” whereas interaction in the other is more closely associated with “horizontal cooperation”. Research limitations/implications – The paper highlights the need for improved theorisation of partnership arrangements in community sport, in particular: examining the relationship between issues such as resources, organisational capacity, and traditional involvement in sport development and attitudes toward the community sport policy process; linked to this, mapping the causal relationships in partnerships, i.e. what factors lead to what actions or behaviours; and investigating the utility of various strategies in developing a more cohesive and effective sub-regional policy system. Originality/value – Local authority perspectives of community sport policy is an under-researched topic. It is timely to study these perspectives due to the refreshed community sport policy for 2013-2017, the traditional status of local government as the major funder of community sport, and the public sector budget reductions and reported implications for non-statutory services, such as community sport

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Kashwan, Prakash. « Forest Policy, Institutions, and REDD+ in India, Tanzania, and Mexico ». Global Environmental Politics 15, n^o 3 (août 2015) : 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00313.

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This article investigates forest policies and institutions surrounding REDD+ in three heavily forested countries: India, Tanzania, and Mexico. The comparative analysis leads to three key insights. First, each of the case study countries has multiple land tenure statutes that result in different distributions of the costs and benefits of forest protection for key stakeholders. Second, land tenure regimes that offer local communities the most secure forest rights are not necessarily those associated with benefit-sharing mechanisms outlined in national REDD+ policy proposals. Third, a credible commitment by government to share REDD+ benefits with forest-dependent people is contingent on the interests of key actors involved in the policy process. Political and administrative structures that limit the power and authority of forest government bodies lead to more responsive and accountable policy outcomes.

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Carmeli, Abraham. « Relationship between Organizational and Structural Characteristics and Local Authorities Fiscal Health ». Public Administration Quarterly 26, n^o 4 (décembre 2003) : 426–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073491490302600402.

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This study explores the fiscal health of local authorities, it: Israel as a function of three factors.: demographic characteristics; residents' socioeconomic status: and perceived organizational reputation. The results showed that each factor was independent to its prediction of the fiscal health of the local authorities examined. When the three factors entered together in the equation, they explained 51.2% of the variance in the fiscal health of the local authorities. Arab-Druze authorities were found to have inferior fiscal health in relation to Jewish local authorities. A high correlation between residents' socioeconomic status and fiscal health was also found. Finally, it was demonstrated that perceived favorable organizational reputation and fiscal health are highly associated. The results may lead us to a better understanding of why so many Israeli local authorities have been in an inferior financial position compared to others. The findings call for further investigation of the differences between Arab-Druze and Jewish local authorities. The study urges local authority heads to invest their efforts in creating a solid and favorable organizational reputation.

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Korać, Velibor. « Competitive Jurisdictions of Local Administration Authorities and Notaries for the Certification Purposes in Montenegro ». Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, n^o 3 (22 juillet 2021) : 439–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.3.439-459(2021).

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With the adoption of the new Law on Certification of Signatures, Manuscripts and Transcripts the Montenegrin legislator did not take into account the fact of introducing the notary services into the legal system of Montenegro. Unlike most of the comparative legislations, certification of signatures, transcripts and manuscripts have not been transferred to the exclusive competence of notaries, but a competitive competence of notaries, local administration authorities and the courts in carrying out these assignments has been retained. Further retention of competitive jurisdiction in this matter is not justified any more. The analysis of this decision has shown that it leads to an unequal position, depending on the authority before which the certification is performed, whereas the obligations and professional competences of officials and notaries are different. Notarial certifications contribute to greater legal certainty and besides are more available to the citizens and not more expensive. Parallel jurisdiction is not a standard of notarial services in European continental law which has adopted the Latin model of notary as a independent profession having public authorities. This solution does not lead to building a legal certainty, protection of public interest and relieving the work of courts and administrative authorities, which has been the underlying legal political reason for introducing notariat.

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Borch, Kristian, Julia Kirch Kirkegaard et Sophie Nyborg. « Three Wind Farm Developments, Three Different Planning Difficulties : Cases from Denmark ». Energies 16, n^o 12 (12 juin 2023) : 4662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124662.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a new perspective on the conditions for the multiple dimensions of concerns and to understand why some wind power projects run smoothly, while others lead to unexpected outcomes due to local resistance. The paper considers three Danish wind farm developments with different planning difficulties, from “smooth” to intensified resistance and conflicts between local communities and the planning authority. To better understand the different planning pathways, we use a research framework where social acceptance is viewed from a conflict management theory perspective, with a focus on the uniqueness and different dimensions of conflicts. The paper discusses how the framing of the planning system considers specific types of tangible concerns, while more intangible concerns are neglected, and how this leads to escalating conflicts. The paper is concluded with several policy recommendations on how to avoid conflicts and how authorities and politicians should reflect on their own agency in provoking conflicts, which can be avoided by proactively involving affected communities at early stages.

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Winengan, Winengan. « Local Political Democratization Policy : Voter Participation in the Direct Regional Head Elections ». Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 22, n^o 1 (5 septembre 2018) : 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsp.31222.

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The regional head election, a local political event and a symbol of democratic government, is a contest for a legitimized power of regional leaders, who are given authority and responsibility to administer and lead the regional apparatus and development. Since the Indonesian reformation era, the policy regarding the regional head election has shifted from being elected by the local legislative assembly (representative system) to being elected by the people directly (direct election). Anchored in the quantitative descriptive research design, in which the data was garnered from documentation, this study aims to examine the extent to which the people partook in the first round of the direct and simultaneous regional head election in 2015. The collected data was analyzed by means of the participatory and democracy approach within the local political landscape. The empirical findings showed that the public participation in the local election remained low given the statistical evidence (64.02% of the total voters). The study demonstrates that despite the provision of the political stage within the local scope, it does not fully encourage the people to exercise their political rights.

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SAMSUDIN, PUTERI YULIANA, NUR'QHAIRANIE JAMIL, NOOR SYARAFINA SALLEHUDIN et WAN NUR RUKIAH MOHD. ARSHAD. « EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCAL FOOD IN PROMOTING CULTURAL HERITAGE TOURISM PRODUCT IN BANDAR MAHARANI, MUAR, JOHOR ». Borneo Akademika 7, n^o 2 (1 décembre 2023) : 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ba/v7i2/89637.

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Cultural tourism is based on collecting products classified as 'culture' offered in a destination area. Tourism products are one of the main attractions for tourists to travel to a place that produces or introduces tourism products. This study focuses on the potential of local food as a cultural heritage tourism product in introducing the identity of Bandar Maharani, Muar Johor. This paper explores the perceptions of local residents and tourists on local food. The existence of local food can attract tourists to try and taste the differences and uniqueness of the local food. The research was conducted in Bandar Maharani, Muar District. This study utilised qualitative and quantitative methods: observation and questionnaire surveys. Probability sampling in the form of a random sample was employed. The data analysis utilised the SPSS software. The findings lead to recommendations for improvements in tourism development in Bandar Maharani, such as promoting local food through social media and upgrading tourism facilities around Bandar Maharani. This study can also help the local authority plan and boost the tourism sector in Bandar Maharani, Muar, Johor. Keyword(s) : local food; tourism product; cultural and heritage tourism

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Harun, Harsya. « PENYELENGGARAAN URUSAN PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH STUDI PENYELENGGARAAN URUSAN BIDANG PENDIDIKAN MENENGAH DI KOTA PALOPO PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN ». DIALEKTIKA : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial 3, n^o 1 (15 mai 2018) : 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36636/dialektika.v3i1.81.

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Penyelenggaraan kewenangan pemerintah daerah telah bergeser ke arah prinsip ultra vires doctrine yang nampak pada perumusan kewenangan pemerintah daerah menjadi urusan pemerintah daerah, dan pembagian kewenangan pemerintah pusat dan daerah mengedepankan prinsip yang kongkuren.Kondisi ini ditandai dengan penyelenggaraan urusan pendidikan yang terbagi antara pemerintah kabupaten/kota dengan pemerintah provinsi, dimana untuk pendidikan dasar diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah kabupaten/kota sedang pendidikan menengah dikelola oleh pemerintah provinsi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan motode kualitatif melalui observasi dan kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan penyelenggaraan urusan pendidikan menengah yang dialihkan kepada pemerintah provinsi akan menimbulkan sejumlah kecenderungan baru dalam pengelolaannya baik pada pemerintah daerah maupun pada pemerintah provinsi. Pertama, bahwa kebijakan â€“ kebijakan yang selama ini dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah daerah terkait bidang pendidikan tidak seluruhnya akan diakomodir oleh pemerintah provinsi. Kedua, kecenderungan pada meningkatnya alokasi anggaran pada pemerintah provinsi sebagai ekses pengalihan kewenangan tersebut. Ketiga, proses evaluasi, pengawasan dan pengendalian penyelenggaraan pendidikan menengah oleh pemerintah provinsi yang akan semakin berat dilihat dari sisi letak geografis wilayah, dan keempat kekhawatiran akan kurang terakomodirnya muatan kearifan lokal dalam penerapan kurikulum, dimana sebelumnya setiap kabupaten/kota tentunya memiliki karakteristik budaya yang berbeda sebagai bentuk kearifan lokal yang dapat menjadi penguat dalam penyusunan kurikulum pendidikan. Key Words : Penyelenggaraan Urusan Pemerintahan, Pendidikan Menengah Abstract Implementation of local government authority has shifted towards the principle of ultra vires doctrine which appears on the formulation of local government authority to the affairs of local government, and the division of central and local government authority put forward the principle of kongkuren. This condition is characterized by the implementation of educational affairs divided between district / municipal governments and provincial governments, where basic education is administered by district / municipal governments while high school is managed by the provincial government. This research was conducted with qualitative motive approach through observation and literature review. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of secondary education affairs transferred to the provincial government will lead to new trends in the management of both local government and provincial governments. First, that the policies that have been issued by local governments related to the education sector will not be entirely accommodated by the provincial government. Second, the tendency to increase budget allocation to the provincial government as an excess of the transfer of authority. Third, the process of evaluation, supervision and control of the implementation of high school by the provincial government will be more severe in terms of geographical location of the region, and the four concerns will be less accommodated local wisdom content in the application of the curriculum, where previously each district government / different as a form of local wisdom that can be a reinforcement in the preparation of educational curriculum. Key Words :Implementation of Government Affairs, High School

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Solnick, Steven L. « The Breakdown of Hierarchies in the Soviet Union and China : A Neoinstitutional Perspective ». World Politics 48, n^o 2 (janvier 1996) : 209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0005.

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Why did modest attempts to decentralize the centrally administered Soviet system lead to its collapse, while more far-reaching decentralization in China left central political and administrative hierarchies intact? This article analyzes the disintegration of centrally planned organizations in the context of a neoinstitutional model of the breakdown of authority within hierarchies. An agency model of hierarchy is presented that incorporates the ambiguous property rights, authority relations, and risk-sharing conditions that prevailed under central planning and then persist during postcommunist transitions. This model suggests that decentralizing reforms could trigger an organizational “bank run,” prompting local agents to seize organizational assets under their control. The article also considers reputation-preserving strategies that central authorities might use to avert disintegration.As an application of this model, the collapse of Soviet political, industrial, and state fiscal hierarchies are considered and compared with the experience of analogous sectors in China. Reforms in both states transferred significant autonomy from the center to local field agents. In the Soviet case these agents appropriated organizational assets with little interference from the center. In China, by contrast, the center preserved both its capacity for monitoring and its reputation for disciplining transgressions; and the rise of hybrid ownership forms made expropriation of state and Party assets far less attractive.

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Harke, Sayali, Ajit Pawar et Yojana Y. Patil. « Quality and Adulteration in Ethnic Spices and Food Ingredients in Local Market ». International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, n^o 3 (30 septembre 2023) : 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i3.155.

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The quality of Food depends on the nature of the ingredients used to prepare it, if the ingredient remains in best eminence without any adulteration then only we can get the pure quality food. This study aimed to detect the quality and adulterants in commonly used food ingredients and spices from local markets of Kolhapur city of India, which are usually used to prepare local ethnic food. Some tests from (the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) are performed to check adulterants like insoluble impurities, chalk powder, washing soda, red lead salts, brick powder, and artificial colors in food ingredients. 5 sugar samples, 8 chili powder samples, 3 Jaggery samples, 6 turmeric powder samples, 6 common salt samples, 2 black pepper samples, 2 ghee or butter samples, 3 dal samples, 3 wheat flour samples, 2 honey samples, 2 cinnamon samples, and 3 coffee powder samples were analyzed. 2 chili, 1 black pepper, 1 cinnamon, 1 Jaggery 1 Honey, and 1 coffee powder samples are found with adulterants whereas most were without adulterants. Most of the local food ingredients are of good quality.

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Iafrati, Steve. « Displaced and vulnerable : a case study of “out of area” housing ». Housing, Care and Support 23, n^o 3/4 (18 septembre 2020) : 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-05-2020-0005.

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Purpose The purpose of study is to explore how structural problems within housing supply and the marketisation of housing for the poorest and most vulnerable households affect households and can lead to negative outcomes for some households. The research highlights the experiences of out of area (OOA) households that can be below the radar in debates regarding housing crisis. Design/methodology/approach The research features a case study approach focusing on the experiences of a single household, which is supplemented with an interview with the household’s local authority housing manager. Additionally, freedom of information data is used to analyse the local authority placing the household OOA. The case study is transferable and the additional evidence validates the household’s experiences. Findings The research finds that OOA housing can be disruptive for households and negatively affect well-being as well as facilitate social cleansing. The case study, while examining the lived experience of OOA housing, also recognises structural causes of the housing crisis within neoliberal housing policy. Furthermore, the case study recognises the positions of local authorities placing households OOA and receiving these households. Originality/value The research is original in using a case study to explore OOA housing. OOA housing is an under-researched area where households are not homeless but are housed in a manner detrimental to their well-being. The case study brings together interviews and freedom of information data to highlight findings currently missing in housing research.

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Mesquitela, Joao, Luis B. Elvas, Joao C. Ferreira et Luis Nunes. « Data Analytics Process over Road Accidents Data—A Case Study of Lisbon City ». ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, n^o 2 (16 février 2022) : 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020143.

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Traffic accidents in urban areas lead to reduced quality of life and added pressure in the cities’ infra-structures. In the context of smart city data is becoming available that allows a deeper analysis of the phenomenon. We propose a data fusion process from different information sources like road accidents, weather conditions, local authority reports tools, traffic, fire brigade. These big data analytics allow the creation of knowledge for local municipalities using local data. Data visualizations allow big picture overview. This paper presents an approach to the geo-referenced accident-hotspots identification. Using ArcGIS Pro, we apply Kernel Density and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) tools, identifying the existence of black spots in terms of location and context conditions, and evaluate the possible human, environmental and circumstantial factors that may influence the severity of accidents. The results were validated by an expert committee. This approach can be applied to other cites wherever this data is available.

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Gustian Isvardo, Enrico, et Ridham Priskap. « KEWENANGAN PELAKSANA TUGAS (Plt) BUPATI/WALIKOTA DALAM SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN DAERAH BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2014 ». Limbago : Journal of Constitutional Law 2, n^o 3 (31 octobre 2022) : 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/limbago.v2i3.20084.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine the implementation of the local government system by the Plt Regent; 2) determine the limits of the Plt regent’s authority in the regional government system based on law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government. The research is juridical normative with Statuta approach, Conceptual approach and Pendekatan kasus case approach and analyzed descriptively. The result of this study was: 1) the implementation of the local government system by the Plt Regent still causes problems such as Plt that have not carried out their duties properly so that they do not provide changes to the regions they lead, as well as errors in the formation of policies that actually violate the limits of authority. 2) the limits of the Plt regent’s authority in the regional government system based on law number 23 of 2014 concerning regional government has not been explained in detail in the law on local government, but it is regulated in law number 30 of 2014 concerning government administration, SK BKN 26/2016 and government regulation number 49 of 2008 and the limitation of Plt authority in the regional government system is administrative in nature. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk: 1) mengetahui pelaksanaan sistem pemerintahan daerah oleh (Plt) Bupati/Walikota; 2) mengetahui batasan kewenangan (Plt) Bupati/Walikota dalam sistem pemerintahan Daerah berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis normative dengan pendekatan Perundang-Undangan (Statuta approach), pendekatan konseptual (Conceptual approach) dan Pendekatan kasus (case approach) dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian adalah: 1) Pelaksanaan sistem pemerintahan daerah oleh (Plt) Bupati/Walikota masih menimbulkan permasalahan seperti masih adanya Plt yang belum menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik sehingga tidak memberikan perubahan bagi daerah yang dipimpin, serta kesalahan dalam pembentukan kebijakan yang justru melanggar Batasan kewenangan. 2) Batasan-batasan kewenangan (Plt) Bupati/Walikota dalam sistem pemerintahan Daerah berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah belum dijelaskan secara terperinci dalam Undang-Undang tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, melainkan diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, SK BKN 26/2016 dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 49 Tahun 2008 dan batasan kewenangan Plt Bupati dalam system pemerintahan daerah adalah hanya bersifat administratif.

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Grainger, Alex. « Land Control, Authority and Political Economy, and a Planned Petroleum Infrastructure Project in Timor-Leste ». Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 1, n^o 2 (30 janvier 2018) : 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v1i2.6281.

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Land in Timor-Leste had been a subject of national importance even before the government first announced a planned petroleum infrastructure ‘mega-project’ in 2009, the ‘Tasi Mane’ project, on the country’s south coast in Suai, Betano and Beaco. This project has brought again into sharp relief the question of land and its control. Much recent work has focussed on ‘land grabs’ or how foreign capital and the state have played a significant role in dispossessing smallholders of arable land in other settings. This paper highlights three aspects which are inherent in the process of control. First, authority lies at the heart of land control alongside political-economic factors that lead to relocation of residents from land in project areas. Second, problems of recognition of land rights in project areas have led to more strident claims to authority locally. This issue I demonstrate by showing the historical legacy of two communities that occupy Beaco land. Third, the case study of the two communities sheds light on the social relations inherent in local property relations and subsequent disputes catalysed by contests over land control.

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Sulaiman, Zamharira, Azlan Shah Ali et Faizah Ahmad. « Abandoned Housing Project : Assessment On Resident Satisfaction Toward Building Quality ». Open House International 37, n^o 3 (1 septembre 2012) : 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2012-b0008.

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Abandoned buildings which are exposed to weather and human threat may lead to deterioration in building quality. Indirectly, the buyer is not satisfied when the abandoned buildings is completed and occupied. This study seeks to assess residents' satisfaction towards residential building quality which was abandoned. This research combined quantitative and qualitative methods. Respondents are randomly selected based on reports and information obtained through the Ministry Housing and Local Government (MHLG) and Local Authority (LA). Subsequently thirty (30) housing projects were selected to answer the questionnaires. Based on thirty (30) housing projects which have been completed, only three (3) housing projects ranged between six (6) months to two (2) years and have been occupied by the buyers. A total of ten (10) developers were interviewed with respect to rehabilitation of abandoned projects. Thus 194 respondents were randomly selected to achieve the objective of the study. The data was analysed through descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. This research demonstrated that abandoned housing project can lead to residents' satisfaction towards building quality. In order to rehabilitate abandoned housing, the study subsequently suggested build then sell approach towards achieving better housing quality.

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Susantri, Yulia. « Comparison Of Election Of Local Head Before And After Amendment To The 1945 Constitution ». Syiah Kuala Law Journal 6, n^o 1 (7 avril 2022) : 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i1.26268.

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The election of local heads (KDH) is a democratic process that must be carried out to determine who will lead the regions and determine the management of the state in the regions so that the aspirations of the people are achieved. The history of the election of KDH from year to year, both before the amendment to the 1945 Constitution and after, is interesting to explore to find out the intent and purpose of the legislators. This type of research is a normative research that portrays law as a prescriptive discipline which only looks at the law from the point of view of its norms. The data that has been obtained will be analyzed in a normativequalitative manner, namely by interpreting and constructing statements contained in documents and laws and regulations. The results showed that prior to the amendment to the 1945 Constitution, the mechanism for regional head elections was not contained in the Constitution. The election method for KDH from 1974 followed the nuances of democracy at that time. In 1974 where Pancasila democracy was implemented, the appointment of KDH was the authority of the president together with the DPRD. At the beginning of the reform era, democracy was implemented making the KDH election mechanism the full authority of the DPRD due to the demands for reform to involve wider community participation in KDH elections. Starting in 2007 after the amendment to the 1945 Constitution, the election of KDH was carried out using a direct election mechanism by the people. Various new arrangements emerged in accordance with political and social developments such as the simultaneous election of KDH, individual candidates and single candidates in the implementation of KDH elections

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Masanja, Felix George. « Technical Challenges Facing Water Users in Accessing Water Services from the Public Water Supply Authority in Dodoma City, Tanzania ». Asian Research Journal of Arts & ; Social Sciences 21, n^o 3 (4 novembre 2023) : 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2023/v21i3481.

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Water service is essential for human survival. For it to be easily accessed with adequate amount in an increasing population, there are number of challenges that need to be addressed with existing expertise, protocols and operations. Thus, this study aimed to examine the Technical Challenges Facing Water Users on Accessing Water Service from the Public Water Supply Authority in Dodoma City namely Dodoma Urban Water and Sanitation Authority (DUWASA). The study employed a mixed research approach where a cross sectional research design was used to collect data at one time from July to August 2021. A sample size of the study was 96 respondents drawn from three wards in Dodoma City who are clients of DUWASA, 3 local government leaders and 5 officials from DUWASA. A Multi-stage random sampling was chosen to collect data accurately represents the technical water-related challenges faced by water users. Three wards were selected to represents Dodoma City residents, two streets were then selected from each of the three wards. Sixteen households were randomly selected from one street in each ward, resulting in a total of 32 households per ward. The study used purposive technique in selection of 5 key informants who are the DUWASA officials, one local ward leaders from each of the selected wards. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques were employed in the study. Using descriptive statistical analysis, the findings revealed that, limited number of days and number of hours, limited water resources, poor infrastructures which leads to the loss of water through water leakage as technical challenges hindering accessibility of water services. The study recommends for construction of modernized water networks and efforts to increase more sources of water that will lead to exploit more water.

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Sukarman, Sukarman. « Optimization Strategy of Implementation Fundamental Duty, Function and Authority Forest Ranger ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 6, n^o 3 (2 octobre 2018) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl36103-111.

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Increasing disturbances in forest sustainability lead to the notion that the implementation of the main duties, functions, and authorities of the forestry police (polhut) is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation and identify and find alternative strategies for optimizing the implementation of the main duties, functions, and authorities of the forest police in Way Kambas National Park (TNWK). Data retrieval is done by interview, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the internal elements of the polhut have the strength is the protection of laws and regulations that are strong enough by the legislation that applies so that the element of weakness is lack of financial support, facilities, and infrastructure. The external element of opportunity is the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2004 concerning Forest Protection and Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning forestry, while the threat factors are poverty and unemployment. The choice of strategies found is maximizing and increasing the ability of the forest police, maximizing the infrastructure facilities and utilizing the opportunity to receive cooperation from partners. Optimization program strategy by maintaining and developing existing programs, developing the participation of local communities and indigenous peoples, and integrating all Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2004 concerning Forest protection and Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry.polhutKeyword: strategy of optimalization, polhut, national park

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Mironova, S. M., A. I. Mordvintsev et I. A. Eremenko. « Improvement of the external municipal financial control system in the context of public authority reform ». Law Enforcement Review 5, n^o 1 (17 avril 2021) : 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(1).96-107.

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The subject. The implementation of external municipal financial control cannot be called fully competent in Russia. Many practical problems are currently being addressed mainly through the transfer of powers to implement external financial control to a higher level. Amendment to Art. 131–133 of the Russian Federation's Constitution in terms of clarifying the powers of local self-government and incorporating it into public authority, predetermines subsequent amendments to the legislation on local self-government, which can be aimed, among other things, at improving the system of external municipal financial control. The aim of the article is to confirm or disprove the following hypothesis. The reform of public authority will lead to a change in the system of external municipal financial control. Therefore it is possible to propose ways to improve the activities of municipal auditing and accounting authorities on the basis of constitutional novels and the analysis of the existing problems of implementing external municipal financial control. The methodology. The authors apply general scientific methods of comparative, logical and statistical research. The study is based on the analysis of academic literature, statistical data about the practice of the auditing and accounting bodies of municipalities. Russian judicial practice is also analyzed. The main results, scope of application. The organization of a modern system of external municipal financial control shows that it actually works only at the level of urban districts and municipal regions, and that is not always effective. Municipal control and accounting bodies are not created in settlements and the authority to exercise external financial control is transferred either to the level of the municipal district or to the level of the region of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The municipal auditing and accounting body should retain the authority to exercise control without transferring it to the level of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. However, at the same time, its role should be strengthened by increasing its status (for example, fixing at the federal level the criteria for the number of employees of the control and accounting body, financial support guarantees).

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ATAIDE, GABRIELA VIEIRA DE TOLEDO LISBOA, et PATRÍCIA CAMPOS BORJA. « SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN BASIC SANITATION : A VIEW ON MUNICIPAL PLANNING EXPERIENCES ». Ambiente & ; Sociedade 20, n^o 3 (septembre 2017) : 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc74r1v2032017.

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Abstract The study makes a reflection on the links between planning in the field of sanitation and the promotion of social and environmental justice. In coordination with analytical categories of social and environmental justice, it is built an analytical matrix to study the experiences in the municipalities of Alagoinhas-BA and Belo Horizonte-MG. Based on interviews with several actors and content analysis, the results indicate that the links between the implementation of municipal sanitation plans and the promotion of social and environmental justice are related to the empowerment of the society; supra-local articulations; political interests; correlation of forces; institutional/political capacity of the local authority; mechanisms to protect services from market logic and economic efficiency. It marks, therefore, the importance of social practices to establish strategies to the appropriation of instruments that could lead to the transformation of the reality towards a fairer society with social participation.

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