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1
Yablonski, Maya, et Michal Ben-Shachar. « The Morpheme Interference Effect in Hebrew ». Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing 11, no 2 (18 juillet 2016) : 277–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.2.05yab.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An extensive body of psycholinguistic research suggests that word reading involves morphological decomposition: Individual morphemes are extracted and lexically accessed when skilled readers are presented with multi-morphemic orthographic stimuli. This view is supported by the Morpheme Interference Effect (MIE): Responses to pseudowords that contain real morphemes are slower and less accurate than responses to pseudowords that contain invented morphemes. The MIE was previously demonstrated in several languages with linear morphologies. Here, we examined whether the MIE applies to Hebrew, a language with an interleaved morphology, and whether it generalizes across the nominal and verbal domains. Participants performed a lexical decision task on visually presented Hebrew words and pseudowords derived from real or invented roots. The results showed robust MIEs in both the verbal and nominal domains. Specifically, pseudowords derived from real roots induced significantly lower accuracy and longer response times compared to pseudowords derived from invented roots. Participants’ verbal and nominal MIEs were significantly correlated, suggesting that the MIE captures a general sensitivity to morphological structure.
2
Safarova, U. « Lexical Contamination in French : Morphological Aspect ». Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no 12 (15 décembre 2019) : 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/49/64.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The author studies the complex of contaminated formations of various levels in the linguistic system taking into consideration principles, revealing their pragmatic peculiarities on the level of speech realization. The author notes that morphological base of contaminated words is provided by joining of morphemes with partial pushing of one into another. With this, one common starting morpheme is formed of two root morphemes of starting material. In order to form joint words free syntactic construction is used, its stereotype character and frequent reiteration in various spheres of linguistic communication.
3
Lee, Gary Geunbae, Jeongwon Cha et Jong-Hyeok Lee. « Syllable-Pattern-Based Unknown-Morpheme Segmentation and Estimation for Hybrid Part-of-Speech Tagging of Korean ». Computational Linguistics 28, no 1 (mars 2002) : 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120102317341774.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Most errors in Korean morphological analysis and part-of-speech (POS) tagging are caused by unknown morphemes. This paper presents a syllable-pattern-based generalized unknown-morpheme-estimation method with POSTAG (POStech TAGger), 1 which is a statistical and rule-based hybrid POS tagging system. This method of guessing unknown morphemes is based on a combination of a morpheme pattern dictionary that encodes general lexical patterns of Korean morphemes with a posteriori syllable trigram estimation. The syllable trigrams help to calculate lexical probabilities of the unknown morphemes and are utilized to search for the best tagging result. This method can guess the POS tags of unknown morphemes regardless of their numbers and/or positions in an eojeol (a Korean spacing unit similar to an English word), which is not possible with other systems for tagging Korean. In a series of experiments using three different domain corpora, the system achieved a 97% tagging accuracy even though 10% of the morphemes in the test corpora were unknown. It also achieved very high coverage and accuracy of estimation for all classes of unknown morphemes. 1 The binary code of POSTAG is open to the public for research and evaluation purposes at http://nlp.postech.ac.kr/. Follow the link OpenResources→DownLoad.
4
Bybee, Joan. « Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change ». Language Variation and Change 14, no 3 (octobre 2002) : 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394502143018.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The literature on frequency effects in lexical diffusion shows that even phonetically gradual changes that in some cases are destined to be lexically regular show lexical diffusion while they are in progress. Change that is both phonetically and lexically gradual presents a serious challenge to theories with phonemic underlying forms. An alternate exemplar model that can account for lexical variation in phonetic detail is outlined here. This model predicts that the frequency with which words are used in the contexts for change will affect how readily the word undergoes a change in progress. This prediction is tested on data from /t, d/ deletion in American English. Finally, the effect of bound morphemes on the diffusion of a sound change is examined. The data suggest that instances of a bound morpheme can affect the rate of change for that morpheme overall.
5
Gafni, Chen, Maya Yablonski et Michal Ben-Shachar. « Morphological sensitivity generalizes across modalities ». Mental Lexicon 14, no 1 (11 novembre 2019) : 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18020.gaf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract A growing body of psycholinguistic research suggests that visual and auditory word recognition involve morphological decomposition: Individual morphemes are extracted and lexically accessed when participants are presented with multi-morphemic stimuli. This view is supported by the Morpheme Interference Effect (MIE), where responses to pseudowords that contain real morphemes are slower and less accurate than responses to pseudowords that contain invented morphemes. The MIE was previously demonstrated primarily for visually presented stimuli. Here, we examine whether individuals’ sensitivity to morphological structure generalizes across modalities. Participants performed a lexical decision task on visually and auditorily presented Hebrew stimuli, including pseudowords derived from real or invented roots. The results show robust MIEs in both modalities. We further show that visual MIE is consistently stronger than auditory MIE, both at the group level and at the individual level. Finally, the data show a significant correlation between visual and auditory MIEs at the individual level. These findings suggest that the MIE reflects a general sensitivity to morphological structure, which varies considerably across individuals, but is largely consistent across modalities within individuals. Thus, we propose that the MIE captures an important aspect of language processing, rather than a property specific to visual word recognition.
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Gerner, Matthias, et Zhang Ling. « Zero morphemes in paradigms ». Studies in Language 44, no 1 (6 mai 2020) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.16085.ger.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This paper sheds a new light on the notion of zero morphemes in inflectional paradigms: on their formal definition (§ 1), on the way of counting them (§ 2–3) and on the way of conceptualizing them at a deeper, mathematical level (§ 4). We define (zero) morphemes in the language of cartesian set products and propose a method of counting them that applies the lexical relations of homophony, polysemy, allomorphy and synonymy to inflectional paradigms (§ 2). In this line, two homophonic or synonymous morphemes are different morphemes, while two polysemous and allomorphic morphemes count as one morpheme (§ 3). In analogy to the number zero in mathematics, zero morphemes can be thought of either as minimal elements in a totally ordered set or as neutral element in a set of opposites (§ 4). Implications for language acquisition are discussed in the conclusion (§ 5).
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Iverson, Gregory K. « The Revised Alternation Condition in Lexical Phonology ». Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, no 2 (décembre 1987) : 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500001633.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present paper makes a case for retention of the (Revised) Alternation Condition in Lexical Phonology, a theory in which any single rule which presebts beytralizing, lexical effects restricted to derived forms along with allophonic, derivationally unterstricted dffects is cominally impossible. However, Korean obstruent palatalization does display both of these properties, whereby /t, th/ neutralize with /ĉ, ĉh/ before [i], but only if the [i] occurs in another morpheme (cf. /path + i/→ [paĉhi] ‘field-SUBJ’ vs. monomorphemic [pathi] ‘endure’), whereas / s / acquires the palatal allophone [∫[ before [i] both within ([∫i] ‘poem’) and between (/os + i/→ [o∫i] ‘cloth-SUBJ’) morphemes. The Revised Alternation Condition alone imposes just this restriction on a single palatalization rule functioning both lexically and post-lexically in Korean, which suggests that its removal from the theory is premature.
8
Myers, James. « Chinese as a natural experiment ». Mental Lexicon 5, no 3 (31 décembre 2010) : 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.5.3.09mye.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Chinese lexicon is characterized by its typologically unique one-to-one-to-one mapping of morphemes, syllables, and orthographic characters. This architecture poses practical difficulties for the psycholinguist wanting to study lexical processing in Chinese. More seriously, seen as a natural experiment, Chinese challenges assumptions that processing models traditionally make about the roles of phonemes, morphemes, lemmas, and words in lexical access. It is argued that cross-linguistic variation in lexical processing cannot be accommodated by simply modifying lexical processing models, but instead what is needed is a universal learning model. Suggestions are given for how such a model could be tested empirically by extending methods already used for testing language-specific lexical processing.
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QUÉMART, PAULINE, et SÉVERINE CASALIS. « Visual processing of derivational morphology in children with developmental dyslexia : Insights from masked priming ». Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no 2 (16 mai 2013) : 345–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641300026x.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACTWe investigated whether children with dyslexia rely on derivational morphology during visual word recognition and how the semantic and form properties of morphemes influence this processing. We conducted two masked priming experiments, in which we manipulated the semantic overlap (Experiment 1) and the form overlap (Experiment 2) between morphologically related pairs of words. In each experiment, French dyslexic readers as well as reading-level matched and chronological-age matched children performed a lexical decision task. Significant priming effects were observed in all groups, indicating that their lexicon is organized around morpheme units. Furthermore, the dyslexics’ processing of written morphology is mainly influenced by the semantic properties of morphemes, whereas children from the two control groups are mainly influenced by their form properties.
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HASENÄCKER, JANA, et SASCHA SCHROEDER. « Syllables and morphemes in German reading development : Evidence from second graders, fourth graders, and adults ». Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no 3 (21 novembre 2016) : 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000412.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACTChildren have been found to use units such as syllables and morphemes in fine-grained reading processes, before they transition to a coarse-grained, holistic route. Which units they prefer at different stages in reading development is unresolved. The present study compares the use of syllables and morphemes. Second graders, fourth graders, and adults performed a lexical decision task on multimorphemic and monomorphemic words and pseudowords that were visually disrupted either syllable-congruent or syllable-incongruent (i.e., morpheme-congruent in multimorphemic items). Syllables turned out to be the preferred unit of fine-grained processing for second graders, while fourth graders also used morphemes when morphemes were emphasized by the presentation format. Moreover, the study supports the assumption that children rely more on fine-grained processing, while adults have more coarse-grained processing.
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Baumann, Andreas, et Kamil Kaźmierski. « A dynamical-systems approach to the evolution of morphonotactic and lexical consonant clusters in English and Polish ». Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 2, no 1 (1 septembre 2016) : 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2016-0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Consonant clusters appear either lexically within morphemes or morphonotactically across morpheme boundaries. According to extant theories, their diachronic dynamics are suggested to be determined by analogical effects on the one hand as well as by their morphological signaling function on the other hand. This paper presents a mathematical model which allows for an investigation of the interaction of these two forces and the resulting diachronic dynamics. The model is tested against synchronic and diachronic language data. It is shown that the evolutionary dynamics of the cluster inventory crucially depend on how the signaling function of morphonotactic clusters is compromised by the presence of lexical items containing their morpheme internal counterparts.
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Funnell, Elaine. « Morphological Errors in Acquired Dyslexia : A Case of Mistaken Identity ». Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no 3 (août 1987) : 497–539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401801.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Morphological errors in oral reading have been used to support theories of lexical access in which root morphemes and affixes are independently represented in the orthographic lexicon. No support for such theories was found in this study, which examined the morphological errors made by two patients with different patterns of acquired dyslexia. Instead, it was shown that the probability of making a morphological error depended upon the absolute levels of imageability and word frequency of the affixed word and the relative levels of its root morpheme. These properties also affected the oral reading of words without affixes. It was concluded that so-called “morphological” errors reflect the properties of the reading system which influence lexical orthographic access for both affixed and unaffixed words and further reflect the functional level of the lexical pathways available to the patient.
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Wijnen, Frank. « Woordvormanalyse Door Kinderen ». Lexicon en taalverwerving 34 (1 janvier 1989) : 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.34.12wij.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Early word form representations are assumed to be unanalyzed 'routines'. Around age 2 1/2, when the first 50 to 100 words have been acquired, the organization of the mental lexicon starts to change. Word form representations are segmented into their constituent linguistic substructures: syllable and phonemes. Gradually the network-like structure which is thought to capture the mature mental lexicon emerges. Peters (1983, 1985) has proposed two heuristics that may be employed by children for segmenting words, both during this 'reorganization' and afterwards, when new words are acquired and inserted into the rapidly expanding lexicon. The first employs word stress, the second is based on matches between a new form and lexical items that have already been acquired. This study investigates in an experimental fashion whether children use stress and formal similarities in segmentation. Children (4, 5 and 6 yrs. old) were asked to alter syllable onsets in trisyllabic words with stress on either of the three syllables, and in trisyllabic complex words in which at least one morpheme could be expected to be known by the subjects. It appeared that word-internal onsets of stressed syllables were more often altered than onsets of unstressed syllables. These results are supportive of the 'stress' heuristic. Also, syllable onsets which coincided with word-internal lexical morpheme boundaries (i.e., boundaries between known and unknown parts which can also occur independently) were more often altered than non-boundary onsets. However, syllable onsets at root-suffix boundaries were not altered more frequently than non-boundary onsets. This difference between lexical morpheme boundaries and suffix boundaries is not predicted by a segmenting heuristic based on formal match. It is therefore suggested that in fact prosodic characteristics of the final morphemes in the complex words factors could be responsible for the difference: all first (or only) syllables of the right-hand lexical morphemes were stressable, whereas the suffixes were not. This conjecture was tested in a second experiment in which 7 and 8 year old children were asked to alter syllable onsets in derivations consisting of a bisyllabic root and a monosyllabic suffix. Some suffixes were stressed, others were unstressed and still others caused stress in the stem morphemes to be shifted to the second syllabe. It was found that stressed suffixes yielded more alterations than unstressed suffixes. Second, stressed syllables, in general, yielded more onset alterations than unstressed syllables, regardless of whether stress was assigned by the stem morpheme or by derivation with a stress-shifting suffix. Finally, syllables which had 'lost' stress as a result of dervational stress shift produced more alterations than unstressed syllables that were not stressed, in the stem morpheme either. These results support the conjecture that the apparent effects of formal match on segmentation behavior in the first experiment can be explained by reference to stress. Consequently, it is concluded that stress is the primary cue in word segmentation. This conclusion is in accordance with 'prosodic bootstrapping' theory, which claims that children are 'programmed' to use prosodic features as clues to linguistic structure.
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Lin, Zi, et Yang Liu. « Implanting Rational Knowledge into Distributed Representation at Morpheme Level ». Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17 juillet 2019) : 2954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012954.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Previously, researchers paid no attention to the creation of unambiguous morpheme embeddings independent from the corpus, while such information plays an important role in expressing the exact meanings of words for parataxis languages like Chinese. In this paper, after constructing the Chinese lexical and semantic ontology based on word-formation, we propose a novel approach to implanting the structured rational knowledge into distributed representation at morpheme level, naturally avoiding heavy disambiguation in the corpus. We design a template to create the instances as pseudo-sentences merely from the pieces of knowledge of morphemes built in the lexicon. To exploit hierarchical information and tackle the data sparseness problem, the instance proliferation technique is applied based on similarity to expand the collection of pseudo-sentences. The distributed representation for morphemes can then be trained on these pseudo-sentences using word2vec. For evaluation, we validate the paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of morpheme embeddings, and apply the obtained embeddings to word similarity measurement, achieving significant improvements over the classical models by more than 5 Spearman scores or 8 percentage points, which shows very promising prospects for adoption of the new source of knowledge.
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Bozsahin, Cem. « The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon ». Computational Linguistics 28, no 2 (juin 2002) : 145–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120102760173634.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Grammars that expect words from the lexicon may be at odds with the transparent projection of syntactic and semantic scope relations of smaller units. We propose a morphosyntactic framework based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar that provides flexible constituency, flexible category consistency, and lexical projection of morphosyntactic properties and attachment to grammar in order to establish a morphemic grammar-lexicon. These mechanisms provide enough expressive power in the lexicon to formulate semantically transparent specifications without the necessity to confine structure forming to words and phrases. For instance, bound morphemes as lexical items can have phrasal scope or word scope, independent of their attachment characteristics but consistent with their semantics. The controls can be attuned in the lexicon to language-particular properties. The result is a transparent interface of inflectional morphology, syntax, and semantics. We present a computational system and show the application of the framework to English and Turkish.
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SENGUPTA, P., et B. B. CHAUDHURI. « A MORPHO-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BASED LEXICAL SUBSYSTEM ». International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 07, no 03 (juin 1993) : 595–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000303.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A lexical subsystem that contains a morphological level parser is necessary for processing natural languages in general and inflectional languages in particular. Such a subsystem should be able to generate the surface form (i.e. as it appears in a natural sentence) of a word, given the sequence of morphemes constituting the word. Conversely, and more importantly, the subsystem should be able to parse a word into its constituent morphemes. A formalism which enables the lexicon writer to specify the lexicon of an inflectional language is discussed. The specifications are used to build up a lexical description in the form of a lexical database on one hand and a formulation of derivational morphology, called Augmented Finite State Automata (AFSA), on the other. A compact lexical representation has been achieved, where generation of the surface forms of a word, as well as parsing of a word is performed in a computationally attractive manner. The output produced as a result of parsing is suitable for input to the next stage of analysis in a Natural Language Processing (NLP) environment, which, in our case is based on a generalization of the Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). The application of the formalism on inflectional Indian languages is considered, with Bengali, a modern Indian language, as a case study.
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Zellou, Georgia. « Moroccan Arabic borrowed circumfix from Berber : investigating morphological categories in a language contact situation ». Linguistica 51, no 1 (31 décembre 2011) : 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.231-244.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Moroccan Arabic (MA) has a derivational noun circumfix /ta-...-t/ that is borrowed from the neighboring Berber languages. This circumfix is highly productive on native MA noun stems but not productive on borrowed Berber stems (which are rare in MA). This pattern of productivity is taken to be evidence in support of direct borrowing of morphology (c.f. Steinkruger and Seifart 2009) and against a theory where borrowed morphology enters a language as part of unanalyzed complex forms which later spread to native stems (c.f. Thomason and Kaufman 1988; Thomason 2001); furthermore, it challenges the principle of a "borrowability hierarchy" (c.f. Haugen 1950) where lexical morphemes are borrowed before grammatical morphemes. Additionally, the prefixal portion of the MA circumfix, ta-, is a complex (presumably unanalyzed) form from the Berber /t-/ feminine + /a-/ absolute state. Moreover, the morpheme in MA has been borrowed as a derivational morpheme while the primary functions of the donor morphemes in Berber are inflectional. This case of a borrowed circumfix is examined as an instance which does not conform to traditional typologies of language change through contact patterns and how the boundaries between morphological categories (i.e. inflectional/derivational) are transformed in a language contact situation.
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Geary, Jonathan A., et Adam Ussishkin. « Root-letter priming in Maltese visual word recognition ». Mental Lexicon 13, no 1 (10 août 2018) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18001.gea.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract We report on a visual masked priming experiment designed to explore the role of morphology in Maltese visual word recognition. In a lexical decision task, subjects were faster to judge Maltese words of Semitic origin that were primed by triconsonantal letter-strings corresponding to their root-morphemes. In contrast, they were no faster to judge Maltese words of non-Semitic origin that were primed by an equivalent, but non-morphemic, set of three consonant letters, suggesting that morphological overlap, rather than simple form overlap, drives this facilitatory effect. Maltese is unique among the Semitic languages for its orthography: Maltese alone uses the Latin alphabet and requires that all vowels are written, making such triconsonantal strings illegal non-words to which Maltese readers are never exposed, as opposed to other Semitic languages such as Hebrew in which triconsonantal strings often correspond to real words. Under a decomposition-based account of morphological processing, we interpret these results as suggesting that across reading experience Maltese readers have abstracted out and stored root-morphemes for Semitic-origin words lexically, such that these morphemic representations can be activated by exposure to root-letters in isolation and thus prime morphological derivatives.
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Burhansyah, Burhansyah. « The Lexical Morpheme Acquisition of a Learner of English as a Second Language ». Journal of ELT Research 3, no 1 (6 février 2018) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/jer_vol3issue1pp58-67.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present study aims to examine the acquisition of English lexical morphemes - i.e. past –ed marker and plural –s marker on nouns, in L2 (second language) English within the framework of Processability Theory (henceforth PT). The participant of this research was LE, an Indonesian learner learning English as L2 in an instructional context. The data in the form of essay written by LE was collected longitudinally at four points in time during the period of four months. Based on the data, a distributional analysis was carried out, and then the findings were analysed by using the implicational scaling in accordance with the emergence criterion in order to determine the points of acquisition of the two morphological forms under scrutiny. The research finding indicates that the acquisition points of the lexical morphemes appear to follow PT’s predictions, where the emergence point of past –ed marker and plural –s marker occurred at comparatively the same point in time as hypothesised in PT. Moreover, the finding of this research reveals that the predictions of PT seem to be followed in L2 written English; it indicates PT’s capacity to account for morphological acquisition in both written and spoken language production.
Keywords: processability theory, L2 acquisition, lexical morpheme
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Colé, Pascale, Juan Segui et Marcus Taft. « Words and Morphemes as Units for Lexical Access ». Journal of Memory and Language 37, no 3 (octobre 1997) : 312–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2523.
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PLAG, INGO, JULIA HOMANN et GERO KUNTER. « Homophony and morphology : The acoustics of word-final S in English ». Journal of Linguistics 53, no 1 (4 juin 2015) : 181–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226715000183.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recent research has shown that homophonous lexemes show systematic phonetic differences (e.g. Gahl 2008, Drager 2011), with important consequences for models of speech production such as Levelt et al. (1999). These findings also pose the question of whether similar differences hold for allegedly homophonous affixes (instead of free lexemes). Earlier experimental research found some evidence that morphemic and non-morphemic sounds may differ acoustically (Walsh & Parker 1983, Losiewicz 1992). This paper investigates this question by analyzing the phonetic realization of non-morphemic /s/ and /z/, and of six different English /s/ and /z/ morphemes (plural, genitive, genitive-plural and 3rd person singular, as well as cliticized forms ofhasandis). The analysis is based on more than 600 tokens extracted from conversational speech (Buckeye Corpus, Pitt et al. 2007). Two important results emerge. First, there are significant differences in acoustic duration between some morphemic /s/’s and /z/’s and non-morphemic /s/ and /z/, respectively. Second, there are significant differences in duration between some of the morphemes. These findings challenge standard assumptions in morphological theory, lexical phonology and models of speech production.
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Sheng, Yimin. « The Location morpheme-demonstrative cycle in Wu dialects ». International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2, no 1 (10 juillet 2015) : 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.2.1.05yim.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article focuses on the Location morpheme-Demonstrative Cycle in Wu dialects. Wu dialects have a set of locational demonstratives that are formed from two morphemes, one denoting deixis and the other location. The demonstrative morpheme can often be dropped, in which case the location morpheme per se has to bear the function of the whole complex locational demonstrative. Further, the existence of ‘locational demonstratives + classifier + noun’ construction encoding locational possessive relation in Wu dialects provides an ideal context where the location morpheme can evolve into a basic demonstrative, thus forming a cycle of grammaticalization. The conclusion part further discusses various types of lexical renewal in different languages from the typological perspective.
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Agheyisi, Rebecca N. « Verb serialization and lexical reanalysis the case of compound verbs in Edo ». Studies in African Linguistics 17, no 3 (1 décembre 1986) : 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v17i3.107483.
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This paper examines a category of compound verbs which features a particular kind of affix morpheme, with a view to determining the nature of the relation between this affix and other homophonous forms in the language which synchronically belong to different grammatical categories. In line with findings from similar studies of serial verb constructions in languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Yoruba, we have shown through our Edo data not only that certain verbs undergo grammaticalization and lexical re-analysis historically in the context of serial constructions to become prepositional case markers and adverbs synchronically, but also that some of these grammaticalized forms do undergo further lexical reanalysis and semantic depletion and ultimately become incorporated as affixal morphemes in compound verbs.
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Muncer, Steven J., David C. Knight et John W. Adams. « Lexical decision and the number of morphemes and affixes ». Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 54, no 5 (5 juillet 2013) : 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12064.
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Blust, Robert A. « Lexical Reconstruction and Semantic Reconstruction ». Diachronica 4, no 1-2 (1 janvier 1987) : 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.4.1-2.05blu.
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SUMMARY In their book of 1974, Lexical Reconstruction: The case of the Proto-Athapaskan kinship system, Isidore Dyen and David F. Aberle developed a methodology for matching reconstructed morphemes with semantic categories. The promise that their contribution holds out to the linguist and to the culture-historian is that of a rigorous tool of historical inference free from the arbitrariness sometimes associated with the linguistic treatment of meaning. In fact, Dyen & Aberle themselves arbitrarily exclude the possibility that a proto-meaning could differ from the meanings of all its reflexes and yet be inferrable. As a consequence, they are concerned not with semantic reconstruction, but with the matching of reconstructed forms and predetermined semantic categories. In this paper the Dyen-Aberle approach to diachronic semantics ('lexical reconstruction1) is juxtaposed with a less formalized but more widely employed approach ('semantic reconstruction') in which meaning is not presupposed, but is defined by contrast. Each approach is applied to five Austronesian cognate sets that are widely distributed in the meaning "house". It is concluded that the semantic history of these forms cannot be represented adequately, and is in certain respects seriously obscured by the method of lexical reconstruction. RÉSUMÉ Dans leur livre Lexical Reconstruction: The case of the Proto-Athapas-kan kinship system (Cambridge, 1974), I. Dyen et D. F. Aberle ont développe une méthodologie pour accorder des morphemes reconstruits avec des categories semantiques. La promesse d'une telle approche est de donner au linguiste et a l'historien d'une civilisation un outil rigoreux de deduction historique depourvu de l'arbitraire parfois associe avec le traitment linguistique du sens. En effet, Dyen & Aberle eux-memes exclurent arbitrairement la possibilité qu'un proto-sens pourrait differer de toutes de ses reflexes et qu'il serait pourtant deductible. Par consequence, ils ont affaire a l'accorde-ment des formes reconstruites avec des categories semantiques predeterminees et non pas avec la reconstruction semantique. Dans cet article, 1'approche de Dyen & Aberle à la semantique diachronique — la 'reconstruction lexicale' — est juxtaposee avec une approche moins formalisee mais plus largement employee — la 'reconstruction semantique' — dans laquelle le sens n'est pas predetermine, mais defini par contraste. Les deux approches sont appliquees a des ensembles lexicaux tires de cinq langues austro-asiennes apparentees qui sont dispersees dans le sens de "maison". La conclusion de la comparai-son entre ces deux approches est que l'histoire semantique de ces formes ne peut pas etre representee d'une facon adequate et que la methode de reconstruction lexicale rend 1'analyse semantique serieusement obscure en plusieurs egards. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In ihrem Buch d.J. 1974, Lexical Reconstruction: The case of the Proto-Athapaskan kinship system, Isidore Dyen und David F. Aberle entwickelten ei-ne Methodologie, urn rekonstruierte Morpheme mit semantischen Kategorien in Einklang zu bringen. Ihr Ansatz versprach dem Linguisten und dem Kulturhis-toriker ein rigoroses Werkzeug historischer Inferenz an die Hand zu geben, welches frei von der Willkür ist, die man oftmals der sprachwissenschaftli-chen Behandlung der Bedeutung vorwirft. In der Tat schlieBen Dyen & Aberle selbst auf willkiirliche Weise die Moglichkeit aus, daB eine urspriingliche Bedeutung von den von ihr abgeleiteten Bedeutungen verschieden ist, jedoch dennoch von ihnen abgeleitet werden kann. M.a.W. Dyen & Aberle behandeln keine semantische Rekonstruktion, sondern begniigen sich mit einem Versuch, rekonstruierte Formen mit vorherbestimmten semantischen Kategorien in Dek-kung zu bringen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird der Dyen-Aberle'sche Ansatz einer diachronen Semantik ('lexikalische Rekonstruktion') mit einem weniger formalisierten, jedoch weitlaufigerem Ansatz kontrastiert, namlich dem der 'semantischen Rekonstruktion', in der die Bedeutung nicht vorausgesetzt, sondern durch kontrastiven Vergleich gewonnen wird. Beide Ansatze werden auf lexikalische Gruppen von fiinf miteinander verwandten austronesischen Sprachen angewendet, die alle die Bedeutung "Haus" in irgendeiner Weise zum Inhalt haben. Die SchluBfolgerung aus diesem Vergleich der beiden Ansatze ist, daB die Bedeutungsgeschichte dieser Formen nicht angemessen wiederge-geben werden kann und daB in vielen Hinsichten die Methode der 'lexikali-schen Rekonstruktion' diese darüberhinaus noch verdunkelt.
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Gabriel Martínez Vera, Gabriel. « On competing degree morphemes in verbs of change in Southern Aymara ». ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (1 janvier 2018) : 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.488.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this paper, I address verbal predicates of change in Southern Aymara, an understudiedAndean language. I concentrate on verbs that are derived with the suffix -cha. Thissuffix derives degree achievements and creation predicates. I propose that they should be analyzeduniformly as degree achievements. The main empirical point of this paper is that thereare two degree morphemes that combine with verbs with -cha, namely, a covert positive morphemev.POS and an overt suffix -su. The latter is a degree morpheme that restricts the standardof comparison to lexical or contextual maximal degrees. I propose an analysis in terms of MaximizePresupposition: v.POS and -su constitute lexical alternatives where the latter is preferredover the former when maximal values are reached. v.POS is thus felicitous when no maximumis reached. The discussion bears on how telicity is achieved cross-linguistically when degreeachievements are considered, thus enriching our typologies on the topic.Keywords: degree achievement, creation predicate, telicity, Maximize Presupposition, Aymara.
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Guillaume, Antoine. « The grammatical expression of emotions in Tacana and other Takanan languages ». Morphology and emotions across the world's languages 42, no 1 (19 avril 2018) : 114–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.00005.gui.
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Abstract This paper studies four grammatical markers of emotions in Tacana, an Amazonian language from the Takanan family spoken in Northern Bolivia. Two markers express positive emotions, chidi ‘affection’ and ichenu ‘compassion’. The other two express negative emotions: base ‘depreciation 1’ and madha ‘depreciation 2’. The paper also provides a historical-comparative study of similar morphemes in the other Takanan languages (Araona, Cavineña, Ese Ejja and Reyesano). The Tacana affection morpheme is probably reconstructible to a diminutive marker in proto-Takanan. The compassion and two depreciation morphemes are not reconstructible but recent grammaticalizations of lexical items still used in the different Takanan languages. Interestingly, these lexemes do not display any synchronic or diachronic link with the expression of “diminutivization” or “augmentativization”. Therefore, this paper suggests that the morphological expression of emotions should be studied in its own right, and not necessarily as a subtype of the evaluative field of research.
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Scheer, Tobias. « On the Difference between the Lexicon and Computation (Regarding Slavic Yers) ». Linguistic Inquiry 50, no 1 (janvier 2019) : 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00303.
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This article discusses three concerns regarding Becker and Gouskova’s (2016) analysis of Russian yers that relies on cluster-based yer vocalization and two sublexicons (morphemes with and without yers), to which lexically specific constraints refer. First, it misses the basic generalization about Slavic yers expressed by the established analysis (Lower): yer vocalization is triggered by five different mechanisms, instead of one mechanism under Lower. It is further shown that the major objection against Lower disappears when the existence of final empty nuclei is recognized. Second, Becker and Gouskova confound generalizations about the lexical distribution of yers in morphemes and the computational mechanism that decides which yers appear on the surface. They argue that Lower was established before relevant cluster-based generalizations were discovered, hence misses out on relevant empirical material that invalidates its central idea, that clusters are irrelevant for yer vocalization. However, the phenomena their argument is based on do not concern yer vocalization (computation): they are lexical in kind and therefore confirm the irrelevance of clusters for yer vocalization, supporting Lower. Third, although generalizations about yer-deletion-created clusters are central for Becker and Gouskova’s analysis, they are irrelevant for learners (children or adults). The authors’ experimental evidence precisely shows that speakers are happy to lexicalize and compute sequences (such as yerCC) that are absent from the lexicon. The gaps at hand are thus accidental, rather than systematic.
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Jönsson-Steiner, Elisabet, et Aditi Lahiri. « Tonal accents and rhyme in 18th-century Swedish ». Nordic Journal of Linguistics 31, no 1 (juin 2008) : 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586508001819.
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In Modern Swedish certain groups of morphemes are systematically involved in word forms that would be expected to get Accent 2 but that surface with Accent 1. Thus, Swedish infinitives usually get Accent 2 (grip-a ‘seize’), but in combination with certain prefixes, that were borrowed from Middle Low German, infinitives will always be Accent 1 (be-grip-a ‘comprehend’). The dominance and systematic occurrence of Accent 1 suggests viewing it as the lexically specified accent. In this article we are looking for historical facts about these types of words and morphemes to see if we can draw any conclusions concerning lexical accent specification for native vs. non-native morphemes. By investigating the comments on rhymes and accents in the 18th-century poetic manual by Anders Nicander (1707–1781) in combination with his own rhymed verse we can provide information about 18th-century and modern tonal oppositions in Swedish.
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Veselovská, Ludmila. « Morphological taxonomy in the present-day generative framework : A case study of English and Czech nominalization ». Topics in Linguistics 19, no 2 (1 décembre 2018) : 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2018-0007.
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Abstract This paper addresses the classification of morphemes in a generative framework. Referring to existing theoretical models of generative morphosyntax (e.g. Distributed Morphology), it demonstrates that a traditional long-standing taxonomic distinction reflects formal, i.e. structural (and derivational) distinctions. Using the well-known examples of the English multi-functional nominalizer -ing and some parallel data in Czech, the study reinterprets morphological taxonomy in terms of three levels, namely the (i) lexical, (ii) syntactic and (iii) post-syntactic insertion of grammatical formatives. It shows that the level of insertion in a syntactic derivation results in predictable (and attested) diagnostics for the multi-morpheme exponents.
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Kretov, A. A. « ON THE SO-CALLED “VINOKUR CRITERION” ». Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no 3 (28 juillet 2016) : 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-3-150-154.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of direction of lexical derivation. The system methodology was used to describe the “Vinokur criterion”; it turned out that the criterion can not be used to identify the derivation direction. Also the existence of morphemes apocope technique in Russian derivation is refuted and the term interfix is replaced by epenthesis. It is suggested to use the quantity of morphemes instead of the “Vinokur criterion”: the derived stem is different from the stem of the same root in one additional terminal affix. As a result the morphemic analysis is defined as the first stage and the obligatory condition of the derivative analysis. If the “Vinokur criterion” is interpreted correctly, it can be used in lexicography to describe the semantics of derived words. It may also be the indicator of derived word de-etymologization. The problem of the direction of lexical derivation is also connected with the problem of words existence-inexistence in language and speech, with the problem of synchrony and diachrony of word-formation system and also with the necessity for differentiation of the systems of onims and appellatives and for consideration of each derivative as an element of the whole language system.
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LIU, PHIL D., et CATHERINE McBRIDE-CHANG. « Morphological processing of Chinese compounds from a grammatical view ». Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no 4 (27 août 2010) : 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000159.
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ABSTRACTIn the present study, morphological structure processing of Chinese compounds was explored using a visual priming lexical decision task among 21 Hong Kong college students. Two compounding structures were compared. The first type was the subordinate, in which one morpheme modifies the other (e.g., 籃 球 [laam4 kau4, basket-ball, basketball]), similar to most English compounds (e.g., a snowman is a man made of snow and toothpaste is a paste for teeth; the second morpheme is the “head,” modified morpheme). The second type was the coordinative, in which both morphemes contribute equally to the meaning of the word. An example in Chinese is 花 草 (faa1 cou2, flower grass, i.e., plant). There are virtually no examples of this type in English, but an approximate equivalent phrase might be in and out, in which neither in nor out is more important than the other in comprising the expression. For the subordinate Chinese compound words, the same structure in prime and target facilitated the semantic priming effect, whereas for coordinative Chinese compound words, the same structure across prime and target inhibited the semantic priming effect. Results suggest that lexical processing of Chinese compounds is influenced by compounding structure processing.
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Li, Wenshan. « The procedural syntax of fake modification constructions in Chinese ». Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no 1 (9 février 2021) : 91–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.36.
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AbstractThe clitic morpheme de in Mandarin Chinese has various uses. Typically, it is cliticized to a phrase whether the phrase is nominal or adjectival; it can also occur between two noun phrases when there is no relation of semantic modification. The constructions that involve the latter use of de, known as fake modification constructions, have been theoretically characterized many a time. In the existing characterizations, the morpheme is treated either as a mysteriously inserted lexical item, a modification marker, or a genitive morpheme. The existing accounts suffer from a variety of theoretical and empirical problems. Evidence is presented that in some other constructions and in fake modification constructions, de, while having no lexical semantic content of its own, occupies a position that is otherwise occupied by a two-place predicate. Based on this observation, a partially unitary theoretical account of fake modification constructions is formulated from a parsing perspective in the framework of Dynamic Syntax. In this account, four de-morphemes in fake modification constructions are recognized with different syntactic distributions; however, they all contribute a semantically underspecified predicate that is updated by syntactically constrained or context-based inference.
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Næss, Åshild. « Beyond roots and affixes ». Studies in Language 41, no 4 (31 décembre 2017) : 914–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.16087.nae.
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Abstract This paper discusses the analysis of a particular class of morphemes in the Oceanic language Äiwoo, and argues that the difficulties in accounting for them in traditional terms such as nominalisation, compounding, relative clauses, or classifiers is due to their status as bound lexical morphemes, also known as bound roots, an under-discussed category in linguistic literature. It proposes some parameters of variation within bound lexical morphemes as a class and shows that the Äiwoo facts can be best accounted for by reference to these parameters, both in terms of language-internal description and crosslinguistic comparability. It argues that understanding crosslinguistic morphological structure in terms of a dichotomy between “roots” and “affixes” underplays the existing variation in linguistic structure, and that a more detailed examination is necessary of forms which do not fit clearly into this dichotomy; the discussion of the Äiwoo data aims to provide a starting-point for such an examination.
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Boudelaa, S. « Abstract morphemes and lexical representation : the CV-Skeleton in Arabic ». Cognition 92, no 3 (juillet 2004) : 271–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.08.003.
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Sőrés, Anna. « « Articles contractés » ou « preposizioni articolate » ? » Revue Romane / Langue et littérature. International Journal of Romance Languages and Literatures 55, no 1 (12 avril 2018) : 70–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rro.15012.sor.
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Abstract The morphemes such as the French au or the Italien nel are designed by different terms in grammars of Romance languages, which shows that it is difficult to identify the lexical category of this type of fusional morpheme. The aim of this paper is to propose a detailed analysis of these contracted forms. I suggest that the fusion occurs during a secondary grammaticalization. This process involves, on the one hand, the definite article, i.e. a grammatical element, and, on the other hand, some prepositions which, semantically, can be functional or lexical but which function syntactically as grammatical elements. The analysis shows that case inflection of nominals has been transferred to the preposition while the other categories appear in the article which merged with prepositions. Therefore, the fusional forms can be considered as prepositions marked by the grammatical categories of gender, number and definiteness.
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Seifart, Frank. « The principle of morphosyntactic subsystem integrity in language contact ». Diachronica 29, no 4 (14 décembre 2012) : 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.4.03sei.
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This paper describes a case of non-lexical borrowing in the Northwest Amazonian language Resígaro (Arawakan), which has borrowed from the unrelated Bora language entire paradigms of noun class, gender, and number markers, as well as associated bound grammatical roots, while all other morphosyntactic subsystems of Resígaro are virtually unaffected. To account for this case of massive morphological borrowing (and others that have previously been described), this paper proposes the Principle of Morphosyntactic Subsystem Integrity (PMSI), which predicts that in situations where various grammatical morphemes are borrowed, these tend to be morphosyntactically interrelated, rather than being random collections of forms or sets of forms that are best described by well-known borrowability hierarchies, e.g. lexical before grammatical morphemes or derivational before inflectional markers.
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Robison, Richard E. « The Primacy of Aspect ». Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, no 3 (septembre 1990) : 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100009190.
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Studies of first and second language acquisition have indicated that when verbal morphemes first appear, they tend to mark aspectual distinctions in non-native-like ways. This study tested the hypothesis that in L2 acquisition, verbal morphemes initially mark lexical aspect—the temporal features inherent in the semantics of a predicate, independent of the time line—regardless of their function in the target language. To reduce the subjectivity that has weakened previous studies, operational tests—which entailed inserting a base-form verb phrase into a frame and then judging whether the result is acceptable—were used to determine lexical aspect for each of over 550 verb tokens in the corpus, based on an interlanguage sample from a native speaker of Spanish. The results of a chi-square test allow rejection of the null hypothesis—that lexical aspect and morphology are independent—at the .001 confidence level. Past marking was found to correlate with punctual aspect, -ing with durative.
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Kheir, Afifa Eve. « The Matrix Language Turnover Hypothesis : The Case of the Druze Language in Israel ». Journal of Language Contact 12, no 2 (14 août 2019) : 479–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01202008.
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This study examines the language of the Druze community in Israel as going through the process of convergence and a composite Matrix Language formation, resulting in a split language, a.k.a. mixed language, based on Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language turnover hypothesis (2002). Longitudinal data of Palestinian Arabic/Israeli Hebrew codeswitching from the Israeli Druze community collected in 2000 and 2017 indicate that there is a composite Matrix Language formation resulting in a split language. Such a composite involves convergence features in congruence with stage ii of the hypothesis, resulting in a composite morphosyntactic frame. The main features of convergence are the introduction of Israeli Hebrew system morphemes, including early system morphemes, bridge system morphemes and outsider late system morphemes-in some cases appearing independently, but in most cases, in conjunction with content morphemes. There are features of lexical conceptual structures and morphological realization patterns as well. Sociolinguistic factors are suggested as potential motivators for such composite and split language formation.
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Barrett-Keach, Camillia N. « Phonological allomorphy in Swahili on the form of inanimate pronominal clitics ». Studies in African Linguistics 18, no 3 (1 décembre 1987) : 263–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v18i3.107469.
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Swahili has two forms of inanimate pronominal clitics. One, like the relative pronouns, typically ends with /o/ and the other, like the subject agreement affixes, are never /o/ final. According to the traditionalists, a semantic feature associated with /o/ differentiates two sets of clitics semantically as well as phonetically. The present account argues that the two sets do not form separate morphemes. They are instead allomorphs of the same morpheme derived by a phonological rule, o-Epenthesis, which suffixes /o/ onto any constituent final pronominal clitic. This virtually exceptionless account provides synchronic evidence for a dual constituent analysis of the verbal complex. The discussion of such well known forms adopts basic assumptions from lexical and auto segmental phonology.
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Abraeva, Shakhnoza Esonovna. « Linguistic Features Of Latin And Greek Synonymous Morphemes In The Lexical System Of The French Language (Based On Medical Texts) ». American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no 05 (30 mai 2021) : 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue05-33.
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This article discusses the use of medical terminology, which includes Latin and Greek terms and morphemes. Because Latin and Greek terms are becoming a major part of medical terminology. The article also states that the main function of medical terms is to express a scientific concept in one sense. Latin-Greek morphemes play an important role in the formation of medical lexicon. In addition to the most common methods of term formation, there are also some methods, the results of which are abbreviations, homonyms, synonyms, eponyms, and so on. To understand the meaning of these medical terms, we are required to become familiar with their morphology.
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Abu-Rabia, Salim, et Fadi Saliba. « The lexical status of basic Arabic verb morphemes among dyslexic children ». Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties 13, no 2 (novembre 2008) : 115–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19404150802380589.
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Askerov, I. « FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF SOME NON-PRODUCTIVE SUFFIXES OF RUSIAN-EUROPEAN ORIGIN IN THE AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGE ». EurasianUnionScientists 9, no 4(73) (12 mai 2020) : 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.9.73.718.
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Morphologically, word creation has an ancient history. Among the branch morphemes involved in this process, along with national suffixes, suffixes of derivative origin also develop. However, the use of suffixes in the Azerbaijani language appeared in connection with the relatively later development of the history of the language. Among such suffixes, they have a special role in suffixes of Russian-European origin, and are mainly used in conjunction with words of derived origin. The development of some of these forms in the Azerbaijani language dates back to the early twentieth century. Postpositive elements of Russian-European origin, used as suffixes in the Azerbaijani language, are not in harmony, they are written in the same way, phono variants are non-existent. Moreover, branch morphemes belonging to this group do not have the ability to form verbs. Thus, all the postpositive elements of the suffix character found in the Azerbaijani literary language have the ability to form nouns, or rather, nouns and adjectives. In this regard, the words formed by these morphemes have a special weight in terms of studying the lexical structure of the Azerbaijani language, especially the types of lexical meanings of nouns and adjectives.
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PINE, JULIAN M., GINA CONTI-RAMSDEN, KATE L. JOSEPH, ELENA V. M. LIEVEN et LUDOVICA SERRATRICE. « Tense over time : testing the Agreement/Tense Omission Model as an account of the pattern of tense-marking provision in early child English ». Journal of Child Language 35, no 1 (3 janvier 2008) : 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008252.
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ABSTRACTThe Agreement/Tense Omission Model (ATOM) predicts that English-speaking children will show similar patterns of provision across different tense-marking morphemes (Rice, Wexler & Hershberger, 1998). The aim of the present study was to test this prediction by examining provision rates for third person singular present tense and first and third person singular forms of copula BE and auxiliary BE in longitudinal data from eleven English-speaking children between the ages of 1 ; 10 and 3 ; 0. The results show, first, that there were systematic differences in the provision rates of the different morphemes; second, that there were systematic differences in the rate at which all of the three morphemes were provided with pronominal and lexical subjects; and, third, that there were systematic differences in the rate at which copula BE and auxiliary BE were provided with the third person singular pronominal subjects It and He and the first person singular subject pronoun I. These results replicate those of Wilson (2003), while controlling for some possible objections to Wilson's analysis. They thus provide further evidence against the generativist view that children's rates of provision of different tense-marking morphemes are determined by a single underlying factor, and are consistent with the constructivist view that children's rates of provision reflect the gradual accumulation of knowledge about tense marking, with much of children's early knowledge being embedded in lexically specific constructions.
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Bottineau, Didier. « The Cognemes of the Spanish Language : Towards a Cognitive Modelization of the Submorphemic Units in the Grammatical Words of the Spanish Language ». Public Journal of Semiotics 1, no 2 (1 juillet 2007) : 50–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2007.1.8820.
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This study will apply to the description of Castilian Spanish grammatical words and morphemes a paradigm of principles which were originally elaborated in morphological analyses of English morphemes (Bottineau 2002, 2003a, 2004, 2006) and then evolved into typological instruments for general morphology. Before starting out on the language it is therefore necessary to summarize the way in which they apply to English. This will be done firstly for lexical units and secondly for grammatical ones. For each, the Spanish data will be set against the English ones.
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Heathcote, Lauren, Kate Nation, Anne Castles et Elisabeth Beyersmann. « Do ‘blacheap’ and ‘subcheap’ both prime ‘cheap’ ? An investigation of morphemic status and position in early visual word processing ». Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no 8 (1 janvier 2018) : 1645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1362704.
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Much research suggests that words comprising more than one morpheme are decomposed into morphemes in the early stages of visual word recognition. In the present masked primed lexical decision study, we investigated whether or not decomposition occurs for both prefixed and suffixed nonwords and for nonwords which comprise a stem and a non-morphemic ending. Prime–target relatedness was manipulated in three ways: (1) primes shared a semantically transparent morphological relationship with the target (e.g., subcheap-CHEAP, cheapize-CHEAP); (2) primes comprised targets and non-affixal letter strings (e.g., blacheap-CHEAP, cheapstry-CHEAP); and (3) primes were real, complex words unrelated to the target (e.g., miscall-CHEAP, idealism-CHEAP). Both affixed and non-affixed nonwords significantly facilitated the recognition of their stem targets, suggesting that embedded stems are activated independently of whether they are accompanied by a real affix or a non-affix. There was no difference in priming between stems being embedded in initial and final string positions, indicating that embedded stem activation is position-independent. Finally, more priming was observed in the semantically interpretable affixed condition than in the non-affixed condition, which points to a semantic licensing mechanism during complex novel word processing.
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Grimstad, Maren Berg, Terje Lohndal et Tor A. Åfarli. « Language mixing and exoskeletal theory : A case study of word-internal mixing in American Norwegian ». Nordlyd 41, no 2 (8 avril 2015) : 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/12.3413.
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This paper discusses word-internal mixing in American Norwegian. The data show that the functional vocabulary is Norwegian whereas many of the lexical content items come from English. We argue that language mixing provides important evidence for grammatical theory: Specifically, the data support a late-insertion exoskeletal model of grammar like Distributed Morphology, in which the primitives of syntax are abstract feature bundles (morphemes) and bare roots. In such a theory, the structure is a separate entity, a sort of skeleton or frame, built of abstract morphemes. The phonological exponents of the roots and abstract morphemes are inserted late into designated slots. We show how such a model can explain the observed pattern for mixing within verb phrases and noun phrases in American Norwegian.
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West, Donna E. « Elicited imitation as a measure of morphemic accuracy : Evidence from L2 Spanish ». Language and Cognition 4, no 3 (septembre 2012) : 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2012-0011.
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AbstractThis study measures whether number and type of morphemes in an elicited imitation string result in a greater number of modifications with L2 experience. Rationale is drawn from L2 working memory processing limitations at distinct levels of proficiency. 38 subjects (L2 Spanish university students) comprise three proficiency groups: beginning, undergraduate majors and graduate students. Number of morphemes was varied within each syllable count; and responses were either correct or modified (lexemically/inflectionally as deletions or substitutions). One or two way ANOVAs determined significance between mean proportions for each group. Findings indicate that increases in number of morphemes yielded significant differences, and that while the lowest proficiency group produced higher proportions of lexical deletions, the modifications made by more advanced groups were inflectional substitutions.
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Berg, Thomas. « The (in)compatibility of morpheme orders and lexical categories and its historical implications ». English Language and Linguistics 2, no 2 (novembre 1998) : 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000873.
Texte intégralRésumé :
English testifies to a remarkable pattern of lexical gaps. In quite a few cases, particlestem nouns (e.g. the income) and adjectives (e.g. incoming) exist in the current language whereas their corresponding verbs (e.g. *to income) do not. Verbs with the opposite morpheme order (e.g. to come in) are, of course, attested. Since most relevant nouns and adjectives are derivatives of verbs, the word-class shift must either have entailed an inversion of the morphemes, or the verbs must have dropped out of the language. A diachronic analysis does indeed reveal that particle-stem verbs have a lower ‘life-expectancy’ than the corresponding nouns and adjectives. This difference is claimed to follow from differing degrees of compatibility between word classes and morpheme orders. The criterion of syntacticity shows particle-stem nouns and stem-particle verbs to be internally consistent but stem-particle nouns and particle-stem verbs to be inconsistent. This inconsistency gives rise to the observed historical instability of particle-stem verbs. While also disfavoured in this framework, the currency of stem-particle nouns (e.g. the handout) can be attributed to a conspiracy of several facilitatory effects which tend to override the arguments against this word type. The fact that linguistic units may fall into disuse necessitates certain revisions of the notion of optimality as the backbone of Optimality Theory.
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Сидорук, Галина Іванівна. « Developing word-consciousness through learning Latin and Greek morphemes ». Філологічні студії : Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету 7, no 2 (20 novembre 2012) : 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/filstd.v7i2.655.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article consideres, analyzes and classifies Latin-Greek affixes and roots, which are the main components of morphemes of English scientific and technical terms that require memorization for successful translation and interpretation. Innovativeness of this study is in grounding the necessity for students to understand – "feel" the internal structure and semantics of terms and "construct" a word with meaningful morphological elements without need to "learn by heart" lexical units unclear for them.