Thèses sur le sujet « Limited Partners »

Background: This paper examines contemporary changes and challenges within the Swedish private equity industry and reasons of their existence. Our research stems from the past years’ industry reports pointing out substantial inflows of capital on financial markets as one of the drivers behind high valuations and extended holding periods. Aim: The aim of this paper was to examine and analyse changes on the Swedish private equity market and how Swedish private equity participants experience how demand from investors have transformed and affected the industry. Completion: For this paper, we conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve actors at twelve different private equity firms operating on the Swedish private equity market. The participants were asked about their experiences regarding changes within the Swedish private equity market. Results: Through in-depth interviews we found that there are different views on whether there is too much capital on the private equity market. Frequent opinions were that demand for private equity investments from limited partners have increased, successful general partners see greater access to funding, the funds have increased in size, holding periods have extended and competition for portfolio companies has increased. We also found that some general partners think that the industry is at the top of a private equity cycle and faces a correction in the near future.
Bakgrund: Denna uppsats undersöker samtida förändringar och utmaningar i den svenska private equity-branschen samt orsaken till att dessa finns. Vår undersökning utgår från de senaste årens branschrapporter som pekar ut kraftiga kapitalinflöden på finansiella marknader som en av drivkrafterna bakom höga bolagsvärderingar och allt längre innehavsperioder. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka och analysera förändringar på den svenska private equity-marknaden och hur svenska private equity-aktörer upplever att efterfrågan från investerare har förändrats och påverkat sektorn. Genomförande: För studien har vi genomfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolv aktörer på tolv olika private equity-bolag verksamma på den svenska private equity- marknaden. De medverkande tillfrågades om hur de upplever förändringar på den svenska private equity-marknaden. Resultat: Genom djupgående intervjuer fann vi att det råder delade meningar om huruvida det finns för mycket kapital på private equity-marknaden. Återkommande åsikter var att efterfrågan på private equity-investeringar hos limited partners har ökat, att framgångsrika general partners har lättare att få finansiering till sina fonder, att fonderna har vuxit i storlek, innehavsperioderna har förlängts och konkurrensen om portföljbolag har ökat. Vi fann även att vissa general partners anser att branschen befinner i toppen av en private equity-cykel och står inför en korrigering inom en snar framtid.

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The partners of a limited liability company s negotiate the company s features when they enter into the articles of association, which must observe the limits provided by applicable legislation. However, the articles of association are not the only and exclusive means the partners have for regulating their rights and obligations insofar as they may enter into other contracts, complementary and accessory to the articles of association. Among these complementary agreements, we accent the quotaholders agreement. The quotaholders agreement is the contract entered into by partners of a limited liability company to discipline their rights and obligations, taking into consideration, in varying degrees, the corporate relationship derived from the company. The present study aimed at analyzing the legal regime applicable to the quotaholders agreement, in view of the doctrine that divides agreements in three spheres (existence, validity and effectiveness) and, also, pursuant to applicable legislation, especially regarding the application of Law 6,404/76 to limited liability companies. We conclude that the quotaholders agreement (i) exists when partners of a limited liability company enter into an agreement, in parallel to the articles of association, in order to discipline their rights and obligations; (ii) is valid when it does not violate applicable legislation or the articles of association, nor is used to harm third parties; and (iii) effects, always, the contracting parties and, provided that certain requisites are observed (filing with the company s headquarters and register before the Public Commercial Board), third parties, including the company
A escolha das características de uma sociedade limitada é realizada pelos sócios quando da sua contratação, formalizada por meio do contrato social, pautado pelos limites impostos pelo ordenamento jurídico. Entretanto, o contrato social não esgota todas as possibilidades dos sócios pactuarem acerca dos seus direitos e obrigações, vez que os sócios podem realizar outros negócios jurídicos, de caráter complementar e acessório ao contrato social, dentre os quais se destaca o acordo de sócios. O acordo de sócios consiste no pacto firmado por pessoas titulares de direitos de sócio de uma sociedade limitada, o qual tem por fim disciplinar direitos e obrigações entre suas partes, visando, em menor ou maior grau, a relação societária derivada da sociedade limitada. O presente trabalho buscou analisar qual o regime jurídico do acordo de sócios, levando em conta a divisão do negócio jurídico em três planos (existência, validade e eficácia), bem como as características da sociedade limitada e a legislação aplicável ao caso, em especial a aplicabilidade das disposições da Lei 6.404/76 à sociedade limitada. Concluímos, assim, que, o acordo de sócios (i) passa a existir quando titulares de direitos de sócios de uma sociedade limitada firmam um acordo onde disciplinam, à margem do contrato social, o exercício de direitos e deveres dos sócios; (ii) será válido quando não descumprir qualquer preceito legal ou do contrato social, tampouco for utilizado para prejudicar terceiros; e (iii) será eficaz, sempre, perante as partes signatárias e, desde que preenchimentos certos requisitos (arquivamento na sede da sociedade e registro Junta Comercial), perante terceiros, inclusive a sociedade

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of water and sanitation service delivery in resource-limited settings using two different social theories (modernization and world system). Understanding that barriers to effectiveness are rooted in global structures that tend to present at local levels helps redefine the problem leading to comprehensive policies and practices. The guiding research questions included an identification of an effectiveness gap in services delivered in developed countries compared to those in developing countries. This study included a survey of water and sanitation professionals gauging their opinions on trends within the sector. Survey respondents demonstrated that the sector tends to align with localized (i.e. modernist) approaches. This may explain the perpetuation of differential patterns in water and sanitation access and associated diseases and deaths in developing countries. Through a case study of Partners In Health (PIH), a medical-oriented non-governmental organization used as a proxy for water and sanitation organizations, this work illustrated why personal and organizational philosophies and perspectives influence how we organize and act. It concludes with a discussion of engineering decision making through the lenses offered by modernization and world system theories; presents an organizational structure that allows organizations to overcome theoretical and geographic boundaries; and offers a set of recommendations learned from PIH and those the sector does well. This research shows how water and sanitation organizations, practices, and policies that consider local and global forces are more effective at delivering services in developing countries than those focusing solely on local forces.
Ph. D.

Using data of first time fund in venture capital in United States from 1995 to 2015, I explore characteristics of the funds in relation to the fund performances. Three groups of characteristics that examined are fund characteristics, manager characteristics and limited partners’ characteristics. The paper also incorporates the time effects to show if market cycles have influences in these relationships. Some of the critical findings include that fund sizes have essentially zero impact on the fund return. In manager characteristics, it is very helpful to have a lead manager with MBA or equivalent degree. For limited partners, it is useful to have school endowments as limited partners which could influence the funds’ return positively. Both general partners and limited partners could learn from this paper and be more mindful of certain factor when investing in first time fund.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar a regulamentação da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio na sociedade empresária limitada no direito brasileiro, tendo como núcleo da pesquisa a incidência e aplicação das disposições do artigo 1.085 do Código Civil sobre o tema, a partir do qual são abordados os requisitos de ordem material e procedimental necessários para que se possa lançar mão de tal ferramenta jurídica, que tem por principal objetivo a proteção da empresa e de sua continuidade diante dos atos de inegável gravidade praticados pelos sócios minoritários. Busca-se analisar os elementos que permitam uma compreensão do instituto a fim de facilitar e disseminar sua utilização. Para tanto, aborda-se no primeiro capítulo os pressupostos deontológicos do contrato de sociedade limitada no direito brasileiro, com a análise dos deveres dos sócios e da utilização do fim social como parâmetro interpretativo da conduta dos sócios frente tais deveres. No segundo capitulo é abordada a justa causa da exclusão extrajudicial de sócio no Código Civil brasileiro, sendo realizada a apresentação das justas causas da exclusão judicial e extrajudicial de sócio, para que, posteriormente, seja abordado o conceito de atos de inegável gravidade que coloquem em risco a continuidade da empresa. No terceiro parágrafo são analisados os requisitos prévios ao conclave no qual será tomada a deliberação de exclusão de sócio. Finalmente, no quarto capítulo são abordados os requisitos formais relativos ao conclave no qual a deliberação do sócio será tomada.
This master thesis proposes to examine the regulation of the non-judicial expel of a partner from the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law. The research has as its core the provisions of the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code, from which it examines the material and the procedural requirements for the company to use the legal tool represented by the non-judicial expel of a partner. The main purpose of such non-judicial expel is to protect the company and the continuity of its enterprise, regarding the undeniable gravity of acts committed by the minority of shareholders. This essay aims to analyse the elements that allow an understanding of the institute to facilitate and disseminate their use. For that, it is discussed in the first chapter the ethical assumptions of the limited liability companies in the Brazilian Law, with the analysis of the partners duties and the use of the company purposes as an interpretative parameter of the members conduct considering those duties. In the second chapter it is addressed the cause of the non-judicial expel of a partner in the Brazilian Civil Code. In this part of the essay, the causes of judicial and non-judicial expel of a partner will be compared to gather the elements to analyse the concept used by the article 1085 of the Brazilian Civil Code: the acts of undeniable gravity to bring the enterprise continuity into risk. In the third chapter, the requirements prior to the conclave, in which the determination of expel of a partner will be taken, are analysed. Finally, the fourth chapter examines the formal requirements concerning the conclave in which the expel of the partner will be decided.

Abstrakt Syftet med studien är att undersöka herrelitföreningarnas beroende av yttre partners. Samtidigt lyfta fram elitföreningarnas användning av kommersiell verksamhet och hur det påverkar deras ekonomi. Studien kommer också att diskutera fördelar och nackdelar som de undersökta föreningarna ser med införandet av idrottsaktiebolag, eftersom idrottsföreningens går mot ett mer företagsliknande förhållningssätt. Studien är förankrad i den osäkra miljön som bildas när kommersialisering och det ideella idealet ställs mot varandra inom svensk idrott. Forskning instämmer i att idrotten måste skapa en balans mellan kommersialisering och ideell idealet. Å andra sidan råder en viss oenighet om kommersiella intäkter handlar om vinstmaximering eller nyttomaximering. Resource Dependence Theory används för att förklara hur partners minskar deras beroende och osäkerheter i miljön de arbetar i förhållande till yttre partners. Metoden som används är en blandning av kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning, genom ett frågeformulär som innehåller frågor i en blandning av enkätfrågor och semistrukturerade intervjufrågor. Sexton respondenter deltog i studien. Studien visar att herrelitföreningar tycker att samarbete med externa partners är något att sträva efter, men att det också skapar ett beroende av dessa externa partners. Det verkar också som om beroendet är oförändrat oavsett sammansättningsform.
Abstract The purpose of the study is to investigate the dependence of associations on external organizations. At the same time highlight the sports associations' use of commercial activities and how it affects their finances. The study will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages that the surveyed associations see with the incorporation of sports associations, as the sports associations world is moving towards a more corporate-like approach. The study is rooted in the uncertain environment that is formed when commercialization and the non-profit ideal are set against each other within Swedish sports. Research agrees that sport needs to strike a balance between commercialization and the non-profit ideal. On the other hand, there is disagreement as to whether commercial revenue is about profit maximization or utility maximization. Resource Dependence Theory is used to explain how organizations reduce their dependence and uncertainties in the environment they operate in relation to external partners. The method applied is a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research, through a questionnaire containing questions in a mixture of survey and semi-structured interview questions. Sixteen respondents participated in the study. The study shows that elite sports associations find that collaboration with external organizations is something to strive for, but that it also creates a dependency on these external organizations. It also appears that the dependency is unchanged regardless of the form of association.

A dissertação examina o regime jurídico do direito de retirada de sócios de sociedade simples e de sociedade limitada a partir da vigência do CC/2002. Para tanto, parte do estudo de sua natureza jurídica e de uma releitura dos fundamentos jurídicos deste instituto. Serve-se, ainda, de considerações sobre a evolução histórica do direito de retirada tanto no direito nacional quanto em ordenamentos estrangeiros (Alemanha, Espanha, França, Itália e Portugal). Assume especial relevo neste percurso o tratamento dado ao direito de retirada de sócio de sociedade limitada e a construção pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência do instituto da dissolução parcial stricto sensu sob a vigência do Decreto n° 3.708/1919 e do Código Comercial de 1850, respectivamente. Com base nos pressupostos acima, a dissertação passa a abordar de forma pormenorizada o direito de retirada de sócios de sociedade simples e sociedade limitada previsto no CC/2002, identificando as hipóteses em que é legalmente autorizada e aprofundando-se no exame do seu regime jurídico em cada tipo societário. Por fim, analisando as hipóteses de dissolução total de sociedades previstas pelo CC/2002, procura definir se e em quais hipóteses o instituto da dissolução parcial stricto sensu ainda é aplicável.
This dissertation examines the legal framework of the right of partners to withdraw from a simple company (sociedade simples) and from a limited liability company (sociedade limitada) under the current Brazilian Civil Code (CC/2002). For such purposes, the dissertation starts by studying its legal nature and revisits its legal basis. It also considers the historical development of the right to withdraw under Brazilian law and that of certain other jurisdictions (Germany, Spain, France, Italy and Portugal). In the context of this historical analysis, it assumes special importance the right of partners to withdraw from a limited liability company (sociedade limitada) and the doctrinal and case law creation of the institute of partial dissolution (dissolução parcial stricto sensu) under Decree No 3,708/1919 and the Commercial Code of 1850, respectively. Having regard such review, the dissertation addresses, in detail, the right of partners to withdraw from a simple company (sociedade simples) and a limited liability company (sociedade limitada), as contemplated by the current Brazilian Civil Code (CC/2002), thereby also identifying when the same is authorized in each type of corporate vehicle and each applicable legal framework. Finally, by analyzing the scenarios for dissolution of companies contemplated by the current Brazilian Civil Code (CC/2002), it seeks to identify whether and in which scenarios the partial dissolution (dissolução parcial stricto sensu) is still applicable.

The thesis clarifies the operation of the limited partnership in the Czech law system. In particular, it explains the establishment, the operation and the expiration of the limited partnership. There are stated the basic characteristics of the limited partnership and there are described the differences between unlimited partner and limited partner. The establishment of the limited partnership from the limited liability company by the change of the legal form is explained on the concrete example. In conclusion, there is the explanation of the various manners of expirations.

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The present study has as its objective to analyze the responsibility limitation of the partners, the managers and the administrators for the company liabilities of the private limited companies regarding the Social Security. It will be analyzed the debtor of the tax liability, its concept and choosing way, differentiating taxpayers and responsible persons for the Social Security credit, against the company, within the aspects as outlined by the National Tax Code. The personality of the corporate body will be analyzed in order to point out its main attribution: the patrimonial autonomy, an attribution that is of the essence for the correct ascribing of responsibility to the individuals regarding the fiscal debts as assumed. The autonomy of the corporate body is of utmost importance for the economic development as it limits the investor s responsibility. Consequently, the theme of the partners responsibility will also be approached, under an economic prism, through the analysis of the relationship between the limitation of the partners responsibility and the economic efficiency, taking into account the fact that the rule, that establishes the partners limited responsibility for the company liabilities, is focused on enhancing and fomenting the economic activities, becoming an instrument that results from the capitalist structure. The controversy of the subject matter is shown very clearly when we take a quick look at the scenery of the status of companies in the country, being pressed by a growing increase in the taxation burden and by the successive economic plans that do not promote, be directly or indirectly, the development of the economy. It is not without a reason that there is tax default, being presently shown, in the massive majority of cases, the impossibility by the corporate bodies to cover the existing debts with their assets, giving an opportunity to the Tax Bureau to involve the partners and other individuals in the tax foreclosures, having a purpose more intimidating than efficacious. The theory of the corporate entity disregard will be approached with the objective of outlining criteria for its correct application, considering that the Article 50 of the 2002 Civil Code was an advance in order to guide the correct application of the theory as it brought the necessary effectiveness to the Law professionals. The concern, that was pointed out by the doctrine on an on-going basis, was how the theory of the corporate entity disregard has been utilized by our Courts, in order that it is not indiscriminately applied, being kept the principle of the corporate body autonomy, to be disregarded only in exceptional cases. The issue of the responsibility of the partners and other individuals rotates around the Article 135, item III of the National Tax Code. In accordance with such provision, the administrators of limited companies become personally liable for the fiscal debts of the company as from the time they start taking action with excessive powers or with violation to the law. It will be analyzed the hypothesis in which the partner is liable for obligations that, in theory, should belong to the company, that is, 10 the hypothesis as established on the Article 13 of the Law 8,212/93. Therefore, it is necessary the joint analysis of the Articles 124, 128 and 135 of the National Tax Code with the Article 13 of the Law 8,212/91. It will still be approached the question of the unconstitutionality of this specific Article 13 which, due to the fact of legislating as regards to general rules of Tax Law, violates what is established by our Constitution, on Article 146, item III, subitem b , requiring a complementary law to the Constitution in order to legislate about the matter. And, finally, at a practical level, it will be analyzed the question related to the necessary inclusion of the name of partners, managers and administrators on the executive document of the Tax Bureau, under penalty of nullity of the registration and consequent collection action
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo examinar a limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios, gerentes e administradores pelas obrigações sociais das sociedades limitadas perante a Previdência Social. Será analisado o sujeito passivo da obrigação tributária, seu conceito e forma de eleição, diferenciando-se contribuintes e responsáveis pelo crédito previdenciário, dentro dos aspectos delineados pelo Código Tributário Nacional. Será analisada a personalidade da pessoa jurídica a fim de se destacar sua principal atribuição: a autonomia patrimonial, atribuição fundamental para a correta responsabilização das pessoas físicas pelas dívidas fiscais contraídas. A autonomia da pessoa jurídica é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento econômico, uma vez que limita a responsabilidade do investidor. Assim, o tema da responsabilidade dos sócios também é analisado sob um prisma econômico, através da análise da relação da limitação da responsabilidade dos sócios e da eficiência econômica, considerando-se o fato de que a norma que prescreve a responsabilidade limitada dos sócios pelas obrigações sociais destina-se a acentuar e fomentar as atividades econômicas, constituindo instrumento resultante da estrutura capitalista. A controvérsia do tema mostra-se evidente quando vislumbramos o panorama em que se encontram as empresas no país, pressionadas por um crescente aumento da carga tributária e pelos sucessivos planos econômicos que não favorecem, seja direta ou indiretamente, o desenvolvimento da economia. 7 Não é sem razão que há inadimplência de tributos, mostrando-se presente na maciça maioria dos casos a impossibilidade das pessoas jurídicas arcarem com seus bens os débitos existentes, ensejando a provocação pela Fazenda Pública dos sócios e demais pessoas físicas nas execuções fiscais, com intuito muitas vezes mais intimidador do que eficaz. Será abordada a teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, com o objetivo de traçar critérios para a sua correta aplicação, considerando-se que o artigo 50 do Código Civil de 2002 representou um avanço para nortear a correta aplicação da teoria, pois trouxe aos operadores do Direito a efetividade necessária. A preocupação constantemente destacada pela doutrina é como a teoria da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica tem sido utilizada pelos nossosossos Tribunais, a fim de que não seja aplicada indiscriminadamente, mantendo-se o princípio da autonomia da pessoa jurídica para, somente em casos excepcionais, desconsiderá-la. A questão da responsabilidade dos sócios e demais pessoas físicas gira em torno do artigo 135, III do CTN. De acordo com tal dispositivo, os administradores de sociedades por quotas passam a ser pessoalmente responsáveis pelos débitos fiscais da empresa, a partir do momento em que agem com excesso de poderes ou com infração à lei. Será examinada a hipótese em que o sócio responde por obrigações que, em tese, deveriam caber à sociedade, qual seja, a hipótese prevista no artigo 13 da Lei 8.212/93. Assim, necessária a análise conjunta dos artigos 124, 128 e 135, do CTN, com o artigo 13 da Lei 8.212/91. Será abordada, ainda, a questão da inconstitucionalidade deste mesmo artigo 13, que, pelo fato de dispor a respeito de normas gerais sobre Direito Tributário, 8 viola o quanto determinado pela nossa Carga Magna, no artigo 146, III, b , exigindo lei complementar para o trato da matéria. E, por fim, numa esfera prática, será tratada a questão da necessária inclusão do nome dos sócios, gerentes e administradores no título executivo da Fazenda Pública, sob pena de nulidade da inscrição e conseqüente ação de cobrança

One in every 4 people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are women. The leading cause of infection is heterosexual contact. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to examine the relationship between gender ratio perception and masculine ideology and a woman's decision to use condoms during her sexual activity. The theory of gender and power and the theory of planned behavior served as the theoretical frameworks for this study. The perceptions of gender ratios, as measured by the Gender Ratio Imbalance Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (GRIBBS) subscale, GRIBeliefs, and masculine ideologies, as measured by the Gender Role Beliefs Scale (GRBS), served as independent variables, while condom use behaviors, as measured by the Gender Ratio Imbalance Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (GRIBBS) subscale, GRIBehaviors, served as the dependent variable. Covariates included demographic factors, as well as behavioral factors. A purposeful, convenience sample (n=55) via the Walden University research pool was utilized, enabling researchers to use readily available data that represented college educated women. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, correlational analysis, as well as multiple linear regression were used to examine the aforementioned perceptions of study participants. Correlation analyses and multiple regression indicated no statistically significant correlations between gender ratio imbalance, masculine ideology, and condom use, while controlling for race, employment status, religion, religious devoutness, sexual orientation, relationship status, STD history (self), and partner STD history. Social change is indicated via the results illustrating the possible empowerment of women regarding their sexual health.

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Trata-se de estudo com visão histórica e do estágio atual da controvertida questão da exclusão de sócios minoritários de sociedade limitada, especialmente daquela que se dá extrajudicialmente. Buscando as origens remotas do instituto e as principais teorias que pretendem explicar o fenômeno, pretende-se a demonstração da possibilidade da exclusão de sócio, ainda que extrajudicialmente, porém dentro de certos limites, suas conseqüências para a sociedade e para o excluído, bem como os meios de defesa deste. A questão, que, em superficial análise, parece ser bastante pontual, toma vulto quando se tem em mente que a sociedade limitada (designação do Código de 2002) é inegavelmente o modelo social mais difundido no direito societário br asileiro, sendo os problemas inerentes à sua constituição e dissolução bastante atuais e até corriqueiros nos meios forenses, facilitados que são, em muito, pelo desenvolvimento da economia e a globalização do comércio cada vez mais ágil e voraz. O estudo, então, inicia pela anotação do atual perfil das sociedades limitadas e conceituação do fenômeno da exclusão de sócio, com distinção de institutos afins. São demonstradas, também, as principais teorias levantadas sobre o tema, bem como a sua regulamentação em países estrangeiros, onde já se inicia o cerne do estudo, com a análise da evolução legislativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial da questão, que desaguou no regulamento específico do art. 1.085 do Código Civil de 2002. Durante o desenvolvimento da tese p retende-se introduzir no leitor dados suficientes para induzi-lo à observação de que o tema é verdadeiramente intrincado posto que envolve a delicada questão das obrigações do sócio para com os demais consortes e o ente social, bem como àquela de seus direitos patrimoniais daí decorrentes. Com o objetivo de que não se percam as conquistas...
It is a study with historical vision and the current level of the contro verted subject of the minority partners' of limited society exclusion, especially of the one that occurs in an extrajudicial way. Looking for the remote origins of the institute and the main theories that intend to explain the phenomenon, the demonstration of the possibility of partner's exclusion is intended, although in an extrajudicial way, however with certain limits, its consequences for the society and for excluded partner, as well as his defense means. The subject, that, in superficial analysis, seems to be quite punctual, increases when we have in mind that the limited society (designation of the Code of 2002) is, undeniably, the most spread social model in the Brazilian corporate law, being the problems concerning its constitution and dissolution q uite current and even ordinary in the forensic environments, facilitated by the development of the economy and the trade globalization which is more and more agile and voracious. The study, then, begins for the annotation of the current profile of the limited societies and conception of the phenomenon of partner's exclusion, with distinction of similar institutes. The main theories on the theme are also demonstrated, as well as its regulation in foreign countries, where the basis of the study has already be gun, with the analysis of the legislative, doctrinaire and jurisprudential evolution of the subject, which got to the specific regulation of the art. 1.085 of the Civil Code of 2002. During the development of the theory it is intended to introduce in the r eader information enough to induce him to the observation that the theme is truly difficult, since it involves the delicate subject of the partner's obligations to the other consorts and the social being, as well as to that of his patrimonial rights. With the objective that the current conquests of years of debates do not get lost for the mere resistance to the new.

This master dissertation is dedicated to the main characteristics and to the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and Germany and to the comparison of these two national legal forms. The goal of this work is to compare Czech and German Ltd. in a very clear way, so the reader can understand what the differences of this type of company in the national legal forms mentioned above are and what have on the contrary in common. The work deals also with the Czech and German Ltd. in separated chapters in order to be the comparison for the reader comprehensible. In the end of the master dissertation is expressed the author's opinion, which national legal form of this type of company is better and in what way.

This diploma thesis describes the legal position of partners in a limited liability company, through the analysis of theirs rights and duties. For a complete view of main theme the part of this thesis is devoted to the basic characteristics of a limited liability company. The diploma thesis also reflects the changes in the Czech legal order and the impacts of these changes on the concept of limited liability companies and the rights and duties of theirs partners.

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The State in order to receive the tax credit open, due by legal entities, when in default, includes the managing partner as a subject supportive liabilities of obligation, causing his personal property to meet the tax debt, together with the legal person, just by the company to close its doors without communicating the board of trade, assuming uneven dissolution of the company. Such an understanding has remained pacified the Superior Court of Justice through summary 435. This work seeks to bring the true tax liability of the managing partner of the limited partnership addressing the legality of the court decision and the state action, supported by the doctrine and jurisprudence, within the parameters legal and seeking a framework of equality for both parties. The text was developed as a major scientific method deductive approach in the proposed theme and research used the bibliographical and electronic, from material published consists of doctrinal books, and data available via the Internet, especially legislation and jurisprudence understandings. It was concluded that the interpretation given by the Superior Court, according to the study, undermines the principle of legality to which the State is bound, as there is edited law permitting such action, causing the government does not compete on equal terms with the private having privileges in relation to the receipt of your claim.
O Estado com intuito de receber o crédito tributário em aberto, devido por pessoas jurídicas, quando da inadimplência, inclui o sócio administrador como sujeito passivo solidário da obrigação, fazendo com que seus bens pessoais se respondam pela dívida tributária, juntamente com a pessoa jurídica, bastando apenas que a empresa feche suas portas sem que comunique a junta comercial, presumindo dissolução irregular da sociedade. Tal entendimento já restou pacificado no Superior Tribunal de Justiça através da súmula 435. Este trabalho busca trazer a verdadeira responsabilidade tributária do sócio administrador da sociedade limitada abordando a legalidade da decisão judicial e da ação do Estado, amparado pela doutrina e jurisprudência, dentro dos parâmetros legais e buscando um contexto de igualdade para ambas as partes. O texto foi desenvolvido como método científico preponderante o dedutivo na abordagem do tema proposto e na pesquisa utilizou-se o bibliográfico e eletrônico, a partir de material publicado constituído de livros doutrinários, e dados disponíveis via internet, principalmente legislação e entendimentos jurisprudenciais. Concluiu-se que a interpretação dada pela corte superior, segundo o estudo, fere o princípio da legalidade a que o Estado está vinculado, pois não existe lei editada que permita tal atitude, fazendo com que a administração pública não concorra em igualdade com o particular, tendo privilégios em relação ao recebimento do seu crédito.

Orientador: Luiz Antônio Soares Hentz
Banca: Gustavo Saad Diniz
Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo
Resumo: Trata-se de estudo com visão histórica e do estágio atual da controvertida questão da exclusão de sócios minoritários de sociedade limitada, especialmente daquela que se dá extrajudicialmente. Buscando as origens remotas do instituto e as principais teorias que pretendem explicar o fenômeno, pretende-se a demonstração da possibilidade da exclusão de sócio, ainda que extrajudicialmente, porém dentro de certos limites, suas conseqüências para a sociedade e para o excluído, bem como os meios de defesa deste. A questão, que, em superficial análise, parece ser bastante pontual, toma vulto quando se tem em mente que a sociedade limitada (designação do Código de 2002) é inegavelmente o modelo social mais difundido no direito societário br asileiro, sendo os problemas inerentes à sua constituição e dissolução bastante atuais e até corriqueiros nos meios forenses, facilitados que são, em muito, pelo desenvolvimento da economia e a globalização do comércio cada vez mais ágil e voraz. O estudo, então, inicia pela anotação do atual perfil das sociedades limitadas e conceituação do fenômeno da exclusão de sócio, com distinção de institutos afins. São demonstradas, também, as principais teorias levantadas sobre o tema, bem como a sua regulamentação em países estrangeiros, onde já se inicia o cerne do estudo, com a análise da evolução legislativa, doutrinária e jurisprudencial da questão, que desaguou no regulamento específico do art. 1.085 do Código Civil de 2002. Durante o desenvolvimento da tese p retende-se introduzir no leitor dados suficientes para induzi-lo à observação de que o tema é verdadeiramente intrincado posto que envolve a delicada questão das obrigações do sócio para com os demais consortes e o ente social, bem como àquela de seus direitos patrimoniais daí decorrentes. Com o objetivo de que não se percam as conquistas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: It is a study with historical vision and the current level of the contro verted subject of the minority partners' of limited society exclusion, especially of the one that occurs in an extrajudicial way. Looking for the remote origins of the institute and the main theories that intend to explain the phenomenon, the demonstration of the possibility of partner's exclusion is intended, although in an extrajudicial way, however with certain limits, its consequences for the society and for excluded partner, as well as his defense means. The subject, that, in superficial analysis, seems to be quite punctual, increases when we have in mind that the limited society (designation of the Code of 2002) is, undeniably, the most spread social model in the Brazilian corporate law, being the problems concerning its constitution and dissolution q uite current and even ordinary in the forensic environments, facilitated by the development of the economy and the trade globalization which is more and more agile and voracious. The study, then, begins for the annotation of the current profile of the limited societies and conception of the phenomenon of partner's exclusion, with distinction of similar institutes. The main theories on the theme are also demonstrated, as well as its regulation in foreign countries, where the basis of the study has already be gun, with the analysis of the legislative, doctrinaire and jurisprudential evolution of the subject, which got to the specific regulation of the art. 1.085 of the Civil Code of 2002. During the development of the theory it is intended to introduce in the r eader information enough to induce him to the observation that the theme is truly difficult, since it involves the delicate subject of the partner's obligations to the other consorts and the social being, as well as to that of his patrimonial rights. With the objective that the current conquests of years of debates do not get lost for the mere resistance to the new.
Mestre

lt;p align="justify"gt; Este estudo discute os impactos sócio-ambientais provocados pelo turismo nas comunidades do entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, particularmente no distrito de Bom Jesus do Madeira, município de Fervedouro – MG, e no Município de Araponga – MG Brasil. Especificamente observou as percepções sócio-ambientais e turísticas dos residentes, comerciantes e visitantes das comunidades de acesso ao Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro. As variáveis de referência para o estudo foram as seguintes: cultura, economia, preservação dos atrativos, infra-estrutura turística e urbana e a conservação do meio natural. Para atender os objetivos propostos foram utilizados três questionários semi-estruturados, sendo dois para cada categoria de indivíduo avaliado (residentes, comerciantes e turistas). Os dados obtidos foram analisados de forma descritiva, visando identificar aspectos relevantes capazes de incrementar as descrições. Apontam-se como principais resultados a falta de um planejamento participativo, carência de treinamento profissionalizante, de sensibilização turística direcionada para as pessoas que prestam serviços ou residem nas comunidades estudadas e deficiência de infra-estrutura básica para receber os visitantes. Portanto, concluí-se que é necessário realizar um planejamento turístico sustentável, que deverá incluir propostas que permitam reduzir os possíveis impactos que as comunidades poderão sofrer em decorrência do aumento do fluxo turístico na região após a inauguração da nova sede do Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro.lt;/pgt;
lt;p align="justify"gt; This study discusses the socioenvironmental impacts provoked by the tourism in the communities of around the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro, particularly in the district of Bom Jesus do Madeira, municipal district of Fervedouro – MG, and in the Municipal district of Araponga – MG. Specifically it had as main purposes to evaluate the socioenvironmental and touristic perceptions of residents, merchants and visitors of the access communities to the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro. The reference variables for the study were the following ones: culture, economy, preservation of the attractions, tourist and basic urban infrastructure and the conservation of the natural environment. To catch the proposed objectives three semi-structured questionnaires were used, two for each category of individuals evaluated (residents, merchants and tourists). The obtained data were analyzed in a descriptive way, seeking to identify relevant aspects capable to increase the discussions. They have pointed as main results the lack of a participative planning, lack of social, commercial and of the tourism service training of people who work or live in the studied communities and deficiency of basic infrastructure to receive the visitors. Therefore, it was concluded that it is urgent the need to accomplish a participative touristic planning, which should be elaborated and implanted by a professional in tourism, this planning should include proposals which allow the reduction of the possible impacts that the communities can suffer due to the increase of the touristic flow.lt;/pgt;

Under item response theory, three types of limited information goodness-of-fit test statistics – M2, Mord, and C2 – have been proposed to assess model-data fit when data are sparse. However, the evaluation of the performance of these GOF statistics under multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models with polytomous data is limited. The current study showed that M2 and C2 were well-calibrated under true model conditions and were powerful under misspecified model conditions. Mord were not well-calibrated when the number of response categories was more than three. RMSEA2 and RMSEAC2 are good tools to evaluate approximate fit. The second study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Religious Commitment Inventory-10 (RCI-10; Worthington et al., 2003) within the IRT framework and estimate C2 and its RMSEA to assess global model-fit. Results showed that the RCI-10 was best represented by a bifactor model. The scores from the RCI-10 could be scored as unidimensional notwithstanding the presence of multidimensionality. Two-factor correlational solution should not be used. Study two also showed that religious commitment is a risk factor of intimate partner violence, whereas spirituality was a protecting factor from the violence. More alcohol was related with more abusive behaviors. Implications of the two studies were discussed.

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The issue of partners liability in limited liability companies is object of extensive considerations of the part of entrepreneurs, in view of the likelihood of being made liable and having their properties, gathered throughout their lives, seized, due to exceptions to the rule provided for in article 1,052, Civil Code. Pursuant thereto, the partners are jointly liable for paying the capital stock, and, once it has taken place, the liability shall be limited to the share of each one. This paper will examine the main aspects of such liability, its exceptions, the cases that may arise from this legal provision and those arising from the mere jurisprudential construction. As for the Disregard Doctrine, we will review the application of existing theories to concrete cases. Finally, we will make a comparison review between Partners Liability in Limited Liability Companies and the Theory of Disregard of Legal Entity, by attempting to show the difference between such two institutions
A questão da responsabilidade dos sócios na sociedade limitada é objeto de grande reflexão por parte dos empreendedores, ante a possibilidade de serem responsabilizados e terem constritos os seus bens, que foram amealhados ao longo de uma vida inteira, em razão das exceções à regra contida no artigo 1.052 do Código Civil, segundo a qual os sócios são solidariamente responsáveis pela integralização do capital social, mas, uma vez efetivada, a responsabilidade estará limitada à quota de cada um. Esta dissertação abordará os principais aspectos dessa responsabilidade, suas exceções, as hipóteses oriundas da expressa previsão legal e aquelas provenientes de mera construção jurisprudencial. No que diz respeito à Disregard Doctrine, examinar-se-á a aplicação das teorias existentes à casuística. Por derradeiro, haverá análise comparativa entre a Responsabilidade dos Sócios na Sociedade Limitada e a Teoria da Desconsideração da Personalidade Jurídica, buscando demonstrar a diferença existente entre os dois institutos

An evaluation of how sensitive some ATLAS searches for new physics are to a new beyond standard model (BSM) vector-like quark (VLQ) and a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) scalar. This was done by simulating a signal containing these new particles and making a recast of it onto existing verified ATLAS searches for new physics at center-of-mass (CM) energy of 13 TeV (Run 2) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Signals for recasting were tailored such that their final states would be appropriate in relation to each respective ATLAS search in order to use the same selection criteria as applied in the existing searches. The results are summarized in the form of significances (Z) for each masspoint of the new top-partner and S particle. Significances did not show any expectiation of excluding any masspoint in the examined mass range for the recasts at 95% CL. This suggests that a dedicated search for these particles in the considered masspoints would be required.

La SARL dispose d’un encadrement juridique assez précis, tout en offrant à ses utilisateursdes espaces de liberté non négligeables. La liberté statutaire accordée aux associés peut être envisagéesous deux aspects principaux, le premier relatif au financement de la société et le second portant surl’organisation des pouvoirs au sein de la structure. En premier lieu, le législateur a cherché, depuis unedécennie, à faciliter la création de SARL en diminuant la contrainte financière que constituait la fixationd’un capital légal minimum. Toutefois, la libre détermination de ce montant est susceptible de fragiliserl’assise financière de certaines entreprises au point de les exposer parfois au risque d'une souscapitalisation.En présence d’un capital symbolique, il est au demeurant permis de s’interroger sur laprésence même des éléments constitutifs du contrat de société. En outre, d’autres incidences négativessont susceptibles d’apparaître, telles que la mise en oeuvre de la responsabilité des associés et desgérants au titre de l’insuffisance d’actif ou l’obtention par les banques de garanties prises sur lepatrimoine personnel des dirigeants ou des associés préalablement à l'octroi de crédits à la société. Laconséquence de cette situation est alors une sensible altération du principe de responsabilité limitéepourtant initialement recherchée par les fondateurs de SARL. Par ailleurs, si la loi a permis il y a peu derecourir à l’emprunt obligataire et à l’apport en industrie, ces techniques juridiques ne permettent pasd’accroître véritablement la solidité financière d’une entreprise. Dès lors, n'est-ce pas sur le fondementde la liberté statutaire que pourraient être instaurés des mécanismes spécifiques de financement del'activité? En second lieu, l’exercice de cette même liberté présente un intérêt particulier aux fins decirconscrire, dans l’ordre interne, les pouvoirs des gérants légalement définis en des termes très larges. Ilreste que le principe de l’inopposabilité aux tiers des clauses limitatives de pouvoirs constitue une limiteimportante à la pleine efficacité de tels aménagements. En définitive, si le régime de la SARL offre deréelles opportunités d'amélioration des règles d’organisation et de fonctionnement de la société, il n'endemeure pas moins que la liberté statutaire recèle elle-même certains inconvénients qui devraientappeler une intervention du législateur
If the French SARL (limited liability company) is governed by a precise legal framework,their users benefit from appreciable areas of freedom to adapt them to specific needs. The purpose ofthis thesis is to investigate two main aspects of the statutory freedom granted to SARL: the way thiscompany can be funded and how powers are organised. Firstly, if the legislator has facilitated thecreation of SARL by reducing the financial constraint of a minimum legal share capital for a decadenow, this statutory freedom can weaken the financial basis of companies leading them to undercapitalization.In case of a share capital fixed at a nominal value, the assets can be regarded asinsufficient and the constituent elements of the partnership agreement can be questioned. The mainconsequences of this situation are possible recourse against partners and managers in terms ofresponsibility, additional guaranties demanded by the banks on their personal assets to cover company’sloans. These corporate risks finally put the SARL in contradiction with their objects. Besides, if thelegislator allows issuance of bonds and sweat equity, these legal instruments are insufficient to increasecompanies’ financial bases. Hence, couldn't specific funding methods be introduced on the basis ofstatutory freedom? Secondly, as the legal framework grants to SARL’s managers a large representationpower, statutory freedom allows to limit it and to place managers under the control of the partners. Butthis organisational freedom is itself limited by the fact that it is not enforceable against third-parties. Asa whole, if the legal system governing the SARL offers real opportunities in order to improve the rulesof organization and management, the intervention of the legislator would be appropriate in order tosolve statutory freedom’s shortcomings

Bakgrund: I Sverige år 2012 gjordes 28 000 anmälningar av misshandel mot kvinnor över 18 år. Våld i nära relationer utövas vanligast av en man mot en kvinna. Det finns fysiskt, psykiskt, sexuellt och socialt våld som negativt påverkar kvinnan på olika sätt. Varje år tvingas 12 000 -14 000 kvinnor i Sverige att uppsöka sjukvård till följd av skador som uppstått när de utsatts för våld i nära relation. Syfte: Att undersöka hur kvinnors liv påverkas utav mäns våld i nära relationer genom att identifiera vilka de fysiska, psykiska, sociala och sexuella komplikationer detta resulterar i. Metod: En litteraturstudie där inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklar kvalitetsgranskats. Artiklarnas resultat har sedan analyserats och presenterats i fyra huvudteman utifrån frågeställningen. Huvudresultat: Enligt litteraturstudiens resultat ansågs det psykiska våldet och dess konsekvenser vara värst för kvinnan. De komplikationer som förekommer mest frekvent är att kvinnan drabbas av psykiska tillstånd såsom ångest (42-91%), depression (64-76%), posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (19-86%) och att kvinnan är ekonomiskt begränsad (22-86%) samt känner rädsla (42-70%), skam (36-79%) och förtvivlan (14-63%). Slutsats: Mäns våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer bidrar till negativa hälsokonsekvenser för den våldsutsatta kvinnan både, fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och sexuellt. Kvinnorna skuldbelade sig själva för våldet och skämdes för situationen vilket gjorde att de undanhöll att berätta om våldet för någon och lät bli att söka hjälp. Detta visar att identifieringen, bemötandet och behandlingen av våldsutsatta kvinnor kan bli bättre. Genom att vårdpersonal får möjlighet till mer utbildning och kunskap i våld i nära relationer kan detta arbetet förbättras.
Background: In Sweden in 2012 were 28,000 complaints of abuse against women over 18 years. Domestic violence is exercised frequently by a man against a woman. There are physical, psychological, sexual and social violence that negatively affect women in different ways. Every year, 12,000 -14,000 women in Sweden seek medical help as a result of injury incurred of domestic violence. Aim: To examine how women's lives are affected by male violence in intimate relationships by identifying the physical, psychological, social and sexual complications. Method: A literature review, were included articles reviewed and quality determined. Articles results were then analyzed and presented in four main themes based on the issue. Main results: According to the result of the literature study, psychological violence and its consequences was the worst for the woman. The complications that occur most frequently is that women suffer from mental disorders such as anxiety (42-91%), depression (64-76%), post-traumatic stress disorder (19-86%) and that the woman are economic limited (22-86%) and feels fear (42-70%), shame (36-79%) and despair (14-63%). Conclusion: Men's violence against women in intimate relationships contribute to negative health consequences for the abused woman both physically, mentally, socially and sexually. The women were blaming themselves for the violence and were ashamed of the situation. That made them not to tell anyone about the violence and did not seek help. This shows that the identification and treatment of abused women can be better. By giving the medical staff more education and knowledge of domestic violence, the work can be improved.

Thesis on the topic of Choice of legal forms of business for an individual entrepreneur from accounting and tax side deals with legal forms for small entrepreneurs. After the first analyze the main topic becomes an entrepreneur who does business on the basis of its legal personality and a partner who is the only owner of limited company. Single chapters analyze the issue from the point of accounting, tax and legal. The practical part of the thesis contains model examples. The first part of examples compares tax burden of the partner and entrepreneur and the second part of examples shows evidence of the most usually transaction which can arise on the beginning of business, at first in the tax record and then in accounting.

Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar os mútuos como direitos creditórios dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas na legislação nacional e o tratamento dado pela legislação falimentar brasileira a esses direitos de crédito, à luz dos mesmos conceitos existentes no Direito Comparado, especificamente na Alemanha e nos Estados Unidos da América. A eleição dos referidos dois países para a análise do Direito alienígena justifica-se porque: (i) a Lei de Insolvência Alemã (Insolvenzordnung InsO), de 5.10.1994, em vigor desde 1.1.1999 e editada em substituição à antiga legislação datada de 1877, que previa os institutos da falência e concordata de forma muito semelhante ao sistema falimentar brasileiro do Decreto-lei nº 7.661, de 21.6.1945 (Decreto-lei 7.661/45), veio a regulamentar os institutos da recuperação e liquidação de empresas, com objetivos também muito semelhantes aos da Lei nº 11.101, de 9.2.2005 (Lei de Recuperação de Empresas e Falências), tendo ainda passado por recente reforma em novembro de 2008; (ii) o Bankruptcy Code, que compõe o Título 11 do United States Code, em vigor desde a reforma inserida no sistema concursal norte-americano por meio do Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, foi utilizado como base para muitos dos dispositivos da Lei de Recuperação de Empresas e Falências, seja quanto ao instituto da recuperação extrajudicial, da recuperação judicial ou da falência. Para o estudo do Direito Comparado elegeu-se, assim, um país do direito continental, com legislação bastante avançada e aproximada da nossa; e um país do common law, que foi pioneiro em vários aspectos do direito falimentar, sobretudo na concepção de reorganização de empresas em crise, tendo sua legislação servido de modelo para diversos outros países, além de para o Brasil. Os tipos de sociedades eleitos - sociedades anônimas e limitadas - justificam-se por serem os tipos societários mais utilizados no Brasil e, resguardadas algumas características específicas que assumem em cada ordenamento jurídico, pode-se dizer que são os tipos societários mais utilizados mundialmente; seja sob a denominação, respectivamente, de limited liability partnership e corporation, nos Estados Unidos da América; Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) e Aktiengesellschaft (AktG), na Alemanha; e denominações diversas em outros países. O trabalho (i) busca a intersecção dos seguintes temas: direitos creditórios dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas, direitos patrimoniais dos sócios das sociedades limitadas e dos acionistas das sociedades anônimas, capital social, subcapitalização e, finalmente, direitos creditórios dos sócios e acionistas na falência das sociedades limitadas e anônimas, dentre estes especialmente os contratos de mútuo entre sócios ou acionistas e a sociedade falida; e (ii) estuda os mencionados temas à luz do Direito pátrio e do Direito comparado. Com base nos conceitos acima, este trabalho pretende contribuir para a interpretação das normas que dispõem sobre os direitos creditórios dos sócios e acionistas na falência das sociedades limitas e anônimas, tendo por princípio a adequação da cifra do capital social à realização do objeto social (em oposição à subcapitalização das sociedades), e visando à concessão de crédito, sobretudo mútuos, à prestação de serviços e ao fornecimento de bens à sociedade por seus próprios sócios e acionistas, estes na qualidade de terceiros perante a sociedade, respeitando-se o princípio da separação da personalidade jurídica.
The purpose of this study is to analyze loans as credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) under Brazilian law and the treatment granted by the Brazilian bankruptcy law to those credits rights, in view of the same concepts existing under foreign Law, specifically in Germany and in the United States of America. Both countries were chosen for the analysis of the foreign Law due to the facts that: (i) the Insolvency German Law (Insolvenzordnung InsO), as of 10.5.1994, in effect since 1.1.1999 and edited to replace the former legislation of 1877, which foresaw the bankruptcy and concordata institutes in a very similar way to the Brazilian bankruptcy system of Decree-law No. 7.661, of 6.21.1945 (Decree-law 7.661/45), came into force to regulate the institutes of business reorganization and liquidation of companies, also with similar objectives to the ones of the Law No. 11.101, of 2.9.2005 (Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law), having passed through a recent reform in November 2008; (ii) the Bankruptcy Code, which composes Title 11 of the United States Code, in effect since the reform brought into effect in the North-American bankruptcy system by means of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, and which has been used as basis for many rules of the Brazilian Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law, regarding the institutes of out-of-court business reorganization, judicial business reorganization and bankruptcy. Thus, for the study of the foreign Law, two countries were elected: one of continental right, with a very advanced legislation and very similar to ours; and the other of common law, pioneer in many aspects of the bankruptcy law, especially with regard to the concept of business reorganization of companies in financial distress, having its legislation as standard for many other countries besides Brazil. The types of companies corporations (sociedades anônimas) and limited liability partnerships (limitadas) were chosen due to the fact that they are the corporate types more used under Brazilian law and, besides some specific features that they assume under each legal system, some may say that they are the corporate types more used worldwide being nominated, respectively, as limited liability partnership and corporation, in the United States of America, or Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) and Aktiengesellschaft (AktG) in Germany; or with other nominations in other countries. This study (i) searches the intersection of the following subjects: credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), patrimonial rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), corporate capital, undercapitalization/thin-capitalization and, finally, credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) in bankruptcy proceedings, especially with regard to loans granted by partners or shareholders to the bankrupt company; and (ii) studies the referred subjects in view of the national Law and the foreign Law. With basis on the concepts referred above, the study intends to contribute with the interpretation of the rules about credits rights of partners and shareholders in bankruptcy proceedings of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and corporations (sociedades anônimas), having as principle the adequacy of the amount of the corporate capital to the accomplishment of the corporate subject (opposed to the undercapitalization of companies), and aiming the granting of credit, the granting of services and the supply of goods to the company by its own partners or shareholders in the capacity of third parties before the company, in accordance with the principle of separation of the corporate entity from its partners or shareholders.

The master's thesis deals with the characteristics of a limited liability company in the Czech Republic and Germany. It focuses primarily on the issues of establishment and incorporation of the company and looks for and comments the possible differences in the legislation of the both countries. The thesis is divided into thematic units to be synoptic, where within each unit characterizes in the first instance the Czech legislation, thereafter German legislation and then subsequently are the both legislations compared. The aim of the thesis is to familiarize the readers with the basic differences in the both legislations.

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This study aims to discuss the possibility of rescissory action based on article 485, V, of the Code of Civil Procedure, under the justification of jurisprudential divergence. It defends that the merit decision transited in rem judicatam may be rescinded if it is contrary to prevailing jurisprudence at the time, considering analogous situations and incurred in a similar historical and social moment, under penalty of offense to the principle of isonomy, not applicable the Supreme Court Precedent Nr. 343 as being unconstitutional. Under the same argument, it presents the possibility of rescissory action against decision that does not obey the binding precedent and decision contrary to prevailing jurisprudence determined later. It also defends the possibility of rescissory action against sentence based on rule of law later declared unconstitutional and against decision declaring unconstitutional rule of law later declared constitutional. The study is presented in three main parts. The first one relates to the concepts and legal nature of the rescissory action, its admissibility presuppositions and the traditional assumptions of rescissory action. The second part addresses the issue of the possibility of rescissory action based on jurisprudential divergence. Finally; the third part is dedicated to the concepts of the rescissory action elements (parties, cause of action and claim - ius rescindens and ius rescissorium), as well as it address the jurisdiction and the suspension of effects of the rescinded decision
O presente 'trabalho tem por objeto discutir a possibilidade de ação rescisória, fundamentada no artigo 485, V, do Código de Processo Civil, sob a, justificativa de -', divergência jurisprudencial. Defende que a decisão de mérito transitada em julgado pode ser rescindida se for contrária à jurisprudência dominante à época, considerando situações análogas e havidas em um idêntico momento histórico e social, sob pena de ofensa ao princípio da isonomia, não sendo aplicável a Súmula. 343 do STF, por ser inconstitucional. Sob esse mesmo argumento, apresenta a possibilidade de ação rescisória contra decisão que não obedecer a súmula vinculante, além de decisão contrária a jurisprudência dominante fixada posteriormente. Também defende a possibilidade de ação rescisória contra sentença fundada em norma posteriormente declarada inconstitucional e contra decisão que considerou inconstitucional norma posteriormente declarada constitucional. O trabalho se apresenta em três grandes partes. A primeira diz respeito aos conceitos e natureza jurídica da ação rescisória, seus pressupostos de admissibilidade e as hipóteses tradicionais da ação rescisória. Na segunda parte, aborda o tema da possibilidade de ação rescisória fundamentada em Divergência jurisprudencial. Por fim, a parte final é dedicada aos conceitos da competência da ação rescisória e da suspensão dos efeitos da decisão rescindenda

The master thesis "Comparison of the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria" deals with the main characteristics and the process of establishment of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The goal of this thesis is to compare the process of establishment in a clear way to enable the reader to understand the similarities and differences between the process of establishment in the Czech Republic and in Austria. The thesis is divided into thematic units to be synoptic, the development of legal regulation of Private Limited Company in the Czech Republic and in Austria is shortly described in the first one. The following chapters focus separately on the process of establishment in the Czech Republic and in Austria and the last chapter compares both legislations.

The diploma thesis focuses on the optimization of the income payment the partner (shareholder), who is also the executive heads of a trading company with limited liability. An analysis of the incomes paid according to their amount and type is fundamental for the choice of the optimum variants in the particular trading company. The result achieved is a reduction of the costs associated with the payment of the company´s and the partner´s financial resources. The thesis will help founders of companies to save costs related to expenditure incurred in the disbursement of financial resources for their personal use.

This diploma thesis poses the question of the legal status of partners in a private limited liability company compared to the legal status of partners (shareholders) in a joint stock company. Although both companies are in a theory of Czech business law classified as capital corporations, which means that they have much in common, the legal enactments which are regulating the area of the partner's legal status in both legal forms contain many significant differences. Some of them may well be considered as slight, unimportant details, whereas the others represent fundamental differences, which, for the partner's legal status, are more than crucial. The partner's participation in the company's activities and in its management could be mentioned as one of the examples. Meanwhile, the partners in a private limited liability company typically participate in the whole life of their corporation, the shareholders in a joint stock company only influence the life of their corporation implicitly, through their influence over the personal structure of the executive body (called board of directors), which is entrusted with the power of the company's management. The members of this executive body are usually represented by people outside of the company; the theory talks about professional, hired management, which is leading to a phenomenon called corporate governance. This diploma thesis not only contains chapters on the legal status of partners in the given types of corporations, it also includes a general interpretation of the terms private limited liability company and joint stock company. Only a correct representation of these terms can lead to an accurate understanding of the partner's legal status. Finally, there are also several comparative thoughts and tables, including some decisions of the business courts added at the end of the paper. Through the means of the above mentioned business court's decisions the author is attempting to demonstrate how the partner's rights and obligations are being performed in practice.

碩士
國立中正大學
財務金融系研究所
107
Using the perspective of a limited partner, this study examines the impact of public pension funds on the follow-on financing of initial private equity (PE) companies. Based on the supervision and profession of limited partners, we expect through LPs actions to improve the quality of private equity and provide signals to potential investors to increase the success rate of follow-on fundraising. However, this paper doesn’t provide evidence of the link between public pension funds and subsequent fundraising activities to initial private equity companies.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
A frustração da responsabilidade ilimitada de pessoas singulares, a transparência fiscal, ou melhor, a não verificação de dupla tributação económica, e a transição material engenhosa da posição de domínio da administração para a esfera dos sócios comanditários explicam, quase integralmente, o sucesso da GmbH & Co. KG na Alemanha. Em Portugal, a “Lda. (S.A.) & Comandita (por Ações)”, embora não signifique qualquer vantagem fiscal, permite também a uma sociedade por quotas ou a uma sociedade anónima assumir a posição de sócia comanditada e, por isso, a de gerente da comandita, frustrando-se, ainda, a responsabilidade ilimitada de pessoas singulares. Ademais, a lei garante ao conjunto dos sócios comanditados (ou à sociedade sócia comanditada única) um mínimo de 1/3 do total de votos, totalmente desvinculado das respetivas partes até estas atingirem 1/3 do capital social. Por conseguinte, a “Lda. (S.A.) & Comandita (por Ações)” constitui um mecanismo de perpetuação da posição de poder do grupo de controlo – sendo que, diante de aumentos de capital com entrada de novos sócios, a perda de domínio sobre o capital não é acompanhada por uma perda de controlo na mesma medida –, bem assim como um mecanismo defensivo preventivo da OPA hostil, no caso da comandita por ações, porque (i) o grupo de controlo controla a administração, (ii) esta administração não pode ser destituída sem justa causa pelo novo comanditário emergente da OPA hostil sem o seu consentimento e (iii) o grupo de controlo terá sempre um poder de voto direto e indireto cumulado superior a 1/3 do total de votos, o que configura uma minoria de bloqueio de todas as deliberações estruturantes que partam da iniciativa do novo comanditário hostil.
The frustration of unlimited liability of natural persons, tax transparency, or rather, the absence of economic double taxation, and the ingenious material transition of the position of management dominance to the sphere of limited partners explain almost entirely the success of the GmbH & Co. KG in Germany. In Portugal, the "Lda. (S.A.) & Comandita (por Ações)", although it does not come with any tax advantage, also allows a private limited company or a public limited company to assume the position of general partner and, therefore, that of manager of the limited partnership, also thwarting the unlimited liability of natural persons. Moreover, the law guarantees general partners (or sole general partner company) a minimum of 1/3 of the total votes, totally dissociated from the respective stakes in the share capital until they reach 1/3 of the share capital. Therefore, “Lda. (S.A. ) & Comandita (por Ações)” constitutes a mechanism to perpetuate the position of power of the control group – given that in the face of capital increases with the entry of new partners, the loss of control over the capital is not accompanied by a loss of control or dominance to the same extent - as well as a preventive defensive mechanism against a hostile takeover bid in the case of the partnership limited by shares, because (i) the control group controls the management, (ii) this management cannot be dismissed without just cause by the new limited partner emerging from the hostile takeover without its consent, and (iii) the control group will always have a cumulative direct and indirect voting power of more than 1/3 of the total votes, which constitutes a blocking minority of all the structuring resolutions that are the initiative of the hostile new limited partner.

This study is an interpretive form of qualitative research that is founded in educational connoisseurship and criticism, which uses the author’s personal experiences as a holistic educator in a public school to connect theory and practice. Key research questions include: How do I, as a teacher, work with the Ontario curriculum to make it more holistic? What strategies have I developed in order to teach a more holistic curriculum? What kinds of difficulties interfere with my practice as I attempt to implement my holistic philosophy of education? This dissertation seeks to articulate a methodology for developing holistic curriculum that is in conformity with Ontario Ministry guidelines and is also responsive to the multifaceted needs of the whole student. The research findings will serve to inform teachers who wish to engage in holistic education in public schools and adopt a curriculum that is transformative while still being adaptable within mainstream education.