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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Married women – Employment – Germany »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 10 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 19 juillet 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Cristina Samper and Michaela Kreyenfeld. "Marriage migration and women's entry into the German labour market." Journal of Family Research 33, no. 2 (2021): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20377/jfr-491.

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Objective: We analyse the employment patterns of childless first-generation migrants to Germany. In particular, we focus on the behaviour of female "marriage migrants". Marriage migrants are defined as individuals who married after their spouse had moved to Germany.
 Background: Demographic studies have illustrated that marriage migrants have particularly high childbirth rates upon arrival. There is, however, little empirical evidence on how the childbearing behaviour of migrant women is related to their employment behaviour.
 Method: We use event history techniques to study women's labour market entry after migration in relation to their childbearing behaviour. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). The analytical sample is restricted to immigrant women who moved while childless to Germany between 1990 and 2016 (n=981).
 Results: Compared to other groups, marriage migrants have very low chances of entering the labour market. Only 32 per cent of the migrants in our sample had ever participated in the labour market in the five-year period after their arrival in Germany. A large share of the differences between these migrants and other migrants can be attributed to the socio-demographic composition of these women, and to their tendency to transition to parenthood soon after their arrival.
 Conclusion: We argue that the low employment rates of female marriage migrants must also be viewed in the context of Germany’s migration policies, which do not provide many routes for female third-country nationals to move to Germany. One of the few available channels is that of marriage migration. We conclude by discussing the social policy implications of these findings at a time when Germany is gradually becoming a dual-earner society.
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Afary, Janet, and Roger Friedland. "Critical theory, authoritarianism, and the politics of lipstick from the Weimar Republic to the contemporary Middle East." Critical Research on Religion 6, no. 3 (2018): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303218800374.

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In 2012–13, we signed up for Facebook in seven Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and used Facebook advertisements to encourage young people to participate in our survey. Nearly 18,000 individuals responded. Some of the questions in our survey dealing with attitudes about women’s work and cosmetics were adopted from a survey conducted by the Frankfurt School in 1929 in Germany. The German survey had shown that a great number of men, irrespective of their political affiliation harbored highly authoritarian attitudes toward women and that one sign of authoritarianism was men’s attitude toward cosmetics and women’s employment. We wanted to know if the same was true of the contemporary MENA. Our results suggest that lipstick and makeups as well as women’s employment are not just vehicles for sexual objectification of women. In much of MENA world a married woman’s desire to work outside the house, and her pursuit of the accoutrement of beauty and sexual attractiveness, are forms of gender politics, of women’s empowerment, but also of antiauthoritarianism and liberal politics. Our results also suggest that piety among Muslims per se is not an indicator of authoritarianism and that there is a marked gender difference in authoritarianism. Women, it seems, are living a different Islam than men.
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FRANKEL., H. "THE EMPLOYMENT OF MARRIED WOMEN." Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics & Statistics 4, no. 9 (2009): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1942.mp4009002.x.

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Macpherson, David A. "Self-employment and married women." Economics Letters 28, no. 3 (1988): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90132-2.

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Warren, Lynda W., and Lyla McEachren. "Derived Identity and Depressive Symptomatology in Women Differing in Marital and Employment Status." Psychology of Women Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1985): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1985.tb00866.x.

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Derived identity, defined as a sense of self that is overly influenced by and dependent upon relationships with significant others, and depressive symptomatology, measured by the CES-D scale, were assessed in a sample of 564 adult women classified into one of six marital-employment status groups: married professional, single professional, married nonprofessional, single nonprofessional, married nonemployed, and single nonemployed. Married women were found to report more derived identity than single women and, when age effects were controlled, married women also had higher CES-D scores than single women. Employment status results in aggregate indicated that for women of equal education: (1) employment outside the home, whether it be professional or nonprofessional, is related to a more autonomous sense of self than nonemployment and (2) employment outside the home is not associated with lower CES-D scores than nonemployment. Derived identity and depression were also found to be significantly correlated within the total sample and within each marital-employment status group.
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Demoussis, Michael, and Nicholas Giannakopoulos. "Employment dynamics of Greek married women." International Journal of Manpower 29, no. 5 (2008): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720810888562.

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Jain, Bandana Kumari. "Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 35, no. 2 (2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v35i2.36196.

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The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.
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Khazanah, Uswatun, and Firmansyah Firmansyah. "Labor Supply Analysis: Case Study of Married Women Workers." Economics Development Analysis Journal 13, no. 2 (2024): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v13i2.78969.

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Women in the labor market contribute to labor as part of the production factors in economic activities. Women's participation in the labor market cannot be separated from their role and status in the family. Personal characteristics, socio-economic conditions, and demographics influence women's decisions to work. The research aim is to analyze the supply of married women workers in Indonesia. The data used is secondary data originating from Sakernas February 2022. The method used is Logit Regression. The variables used in this research are the supply of married women workers, location, household members, women's age, women's education, employment status, wages, working hours, and training. The research results show that the variables of women's age, education, working hours, and training positively and significantly influence the supply of married women workers. The variables location, number of household members, employment status, and wages negatively and significantly influence the supply of married women workers. In general, the tendency of married women to work is higher among married women who live in rural areas, have few household members, are older, have a higher level of education, formal employment status, low wages, working hours are high, and have training experience.
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August, Andrew. "How Separate a Sphere? Poor Women and Paid Work in Late-Victorian London." Journal of Family History 19, no. 3 (1994): 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900305.

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The essay traces patterns of poor women's employment in late-nineteenth-century London. It shows that employment was common among single, married and widowed women, except among mothers of young children. Unpaid domestic work and paid employment dovetailed into a constant burden of work facing poor women. This challenges the prevalent argument that married women earned wages only at moments of severe crisis in the household economy. It reveals a culture of women's work among the poor that contrasts sharply with the ideology of separate spheres that excluded middle-class women from employment.
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Ngo, Hang-Yue. "Employment Status of Married Women in Hong Kong." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 3 (1992): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389330.

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This paper examines the choices married women in Hong Kong make concerning their employment status. We attempt to relate such choices to wives' role constraints in the family. It is hypothesized that, given their primary responsibilities for child care and domestic labor, married women are likely to choose an employment status that best accomodates their familial obligations. The analysis of recent census data supports this expectation. Waged employment and self-employment are found to be in conflict with women's domestic responsibilities, whereas outworking and unpaid work in family enterprises are not. The last two employment statuses are characterized by a higher degree of work flexibility and, thus, working wives are in a better position to balance the demands of family and paid work.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Usuda, Akiko History &amp Philosophy Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Inconsistencies and resistance: Japanese husbands?? views on employment of married women." Publisher:University of New South Wales. History & Philosophy, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43313.

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This thesis investigates Japanese married men??s views on their wives?? employment and married women??s employment in general. I was inspired to undertake this study by the relatively low rate of wives, particularly mothers, in full-time employment in Japan. 291 Japanese husbands in Kawasaki and the Tokyo area answered the questionnaire. Their occupations were company employees, teachers and self-employed men and their ages ranged from the 20s to 50s. The results of my survey revealed that these Japanese husbands did not actively participate in housework and childcare. Their participation increased somewhat when wives were highly educated or older. However, a wife??s higher income was the most powerful incentive to encourage their participation. Husbands also participate in these tasks in accordance with their preferences rather than their expressed abilities. With respect to their views on married women and employment, many husbands acknowledged a general relationship between power and finance (that is, that income-earning is connected with domestic power), yet denied that it applied to themselves when asked about it. The majority showed supportive or sympathetic attitudes towards full-time housewives, which were rarely extended to employed wives except for those who work (part-time) due to clear financial necessity. Concerning men??s views on their wives, they were likely to appreciate a wife??s additional income. Nonetheless, a majority wanted their wives either to earn less than themselves or to have no income, even though the majority had income-earning wives. Their most popular employment status for a wife was part-time employment. The study revealed that most of these husbands had a strong identity as the ??breadwinner?? or ??head of the house??. In this study I explored a new dimension to Japanese husbands?? perceptions of their wives?? employment: the possibility that husbands?? attitudes and preferences were militating against their wives?? employment. My study demonstrated that husbands especially resist full-time employment for their wives, and seek to maintain traditional gender roles because this sustains their self-esteem. This is clearly one significant reason for the comparatively low rate of participation of Japanese wives in full-time employment.
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Ali, El-kharouf Amal Mahummed. "Factors influencing the employment of women, from the view of employed and non-employed women and managers in Amman City, Jordan." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536647.

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Zhang, Huiping, and 张会平. "Relative income and marital quality among urban Chinese women: a meaning-oriented resource exchange model." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46090241.

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Krieger, Magdalena. "A Gendered Look at Integration: The Employment of Immigrant Women and Men in Germany." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22872.

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Weltweit migrieren Männer und Frauen, ihre Arbeitsmarktintegration ist jedoch grundsätzlich verschieden. Erklärungen hierfür sind bislang unzureichend. Daher entwickelt diese Dissertation ein Konzept zu Migration, Geschlecht und Erwerbstätigkeit, dessen Kernargument ist, dass sich Geschlechterunterschiede über die Immigration reproduzieren. Die Papiere der Dissertation testen drei Mechanismen, die diesen Prozess bedingen können. Im ersten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die folgende Frage: Wie wirken sich Dynamiken in den Migrationsentscheidungen von Paaren auf deren Erwerbstätigkeit aus? Das Papier diskutiert diese Frage im Licht der tied migration theory. Zur empirischen Analyse zieht das Papier Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) heran. Es zeigt sich, dass Männer, die die treibende Kraft der Entscheidung waren, nach Migration beruflich erfolgreicher sind als Männer, deren Partnerin die Entscheidung traf. Das zweite Papier fragt: Wie entwickelt sich die Zeit, die Frauen und Männer auf Hausarbeit verwenden, über den Migrationsprozess? Hierfür bezieht sich das Papier theoretisch auf Neoklassische Theorie und Verhandlungstheorie sowie auf Ideen der Geschlechterkonstruktion und integriert migrationsspezifische Aspekte. Für die Analysen verwendet das Papier Daten des SOEP und Angaben zur Zeitverwendung. Die Resultate des Papiers zeigen, dass die Hausarbeit für Männer und Frauen nach Migration stark ansteigt, jedoch nur kurzfristig. Im dritten Papier betrachtet diese Dissertation die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen. Das Papier fragt: Wie beeinflusst die Sozialisierung von Migrantinnen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit? Die theoretische Herleitung des Papiers beruht auf der Sozialisationstheorie, die Analysen beruhen auf Daten des SOEP. Das Papier schlussfolgert, dass die Sozialisierungsanstrengungen von Müttern gesellschaftliche Effekte abfedern können. Zusammenfassend verdeutlicht diese Dissertation die Bedeutung von geschlechtsspezifischer Integrationsforschung.<br>Women and men are on the move, yet their employment experiences after migration differ. To date, evidence on underlying reasons is scarce. Hence, this dissertation develops a framework for understanding migration, gender, and employment. This framework argues that gender inequalities are reinforced across migration. In its empirical chapters, this dissertations tests three mechanisms hypothesized to drive this process. This dissertation’s first paper addresses the following question: How do dynamics in couples’ decision to migrate impact the employment of migrant women and men? Theoretically, this puzzle is discussed with regard to tied migration theory. Empirically, the paper analyzes data on couples’ migration decisions from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). The results show that migrant men who drove decisions are vocationally more successful after migration than men whose partners initiated migration. The second paper of this dissertation asks: How does migration impact the time spent on domestic work of immigrant women and men? Therefore, the paper draws on theoretical notions of Neoclassical Economic and Bargaining Theory, ideas of Gender Construction, and integrates migration-specific aspects. For its analyses, the paper uses SOEP data and couples’ time use. The results of this paper indicate that the time spent on domestic work increases drastically for migrant women and men after migration, yet only in the short-term. The third empirical paper of this dissertation looks at female migrants’ socialization. It asks: How does adolescent socialization impact the employment of immigrant women? The paper’s hypotheses are based on Socialization Theory, it bases its analyses on SOEP data. The paper concludes that mothers and their socialization efforts can buffer societal impacts. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes the significance of gendered integration research and the necessity to further explore the differential employment of migrant women and men.
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Xiang, Xiaoping, and 向小平. "The changing life experience of migration, intimacy and power among married female migrant workers in China: therise of dagongsao." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47147155.

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Proulx, Francine Pamela. "The impact of farm women's external employment on farm and family functioning: a case study of Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45922.

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<p>Many American farmers have faced financial stress in the early 1980s unprecedented since the Depression. Simultaneously, farm wives have joined the off-farm labor market at rates exceeding urban women. Since prior research has found different correlates of family functioning and of external employment for rural and urban families, this descriptive study of Virginia farm wives (N = 128) investigated the impact of farm wives' external employment on the functioning of the farm and the farm family. While the sample did not represent the total Virginia farm population, it did appear to represent the financially stressed farm population. A comparison of employed farm wives (E = 57) and non-employed wives (N = 71) was analyzed to determine differences. Dependent variables affecting farm functioning included the farm's debt-to-asset ratio indicating the financial _ stress level, the wife's mental strain due to economic pressures, and lifestyle satisfaction. Dependent variables affecting family functioning were the wife's marital adjustment, psychological well being, and overall life satisfaction. The results indicated that the wife's external employment had a significantly negative impact on farm functioning. Wives working off the farm were more likely to come from farms with greater financial stress and were less satisfied with the equity factor of their lifestyle satisfaction. While mental strain was not significantly higher, more than one-third of employed wives experienced high mental strain. A signficantly negative impact on family functioning was not found although employed farm wives reported lower marital adjustment and overall life satisfaction with proportionately fewer employed farm wives than nonemployed wives reporting positive psychological well-being.</p><br>Master of Science
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Krieger, Magdalena [Verfasser]. "A Gendered Look at Integration: The Employment of Immigrant Women and Men in Germany / Magdalena Krieger." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233986252/34.

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Schnittger, Maureen H. "Role strain and coping among dual-career men and women across the family life cycle." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77831.

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Differences in role strain and coping across five family life cycle stages were assessed using responses from 329 dual-career women and men. MANOVA on role strain confirmed a significant effect by gender. Women reported a significantly higher level of personal role strain than men. Coping strategy use differed significantly by gender and life cycle stage. Women utilized the coping strategies Cognitive Restructuring, Delegating Responsibility, Limiting Responsibility, and Using Social Support significantly more often than men. Dual-career men and women without children at home used Balancing Work and Family significantly less frequently than men and women with children. Respondents whose oldest child was under 6 reported less use of Delegating Responsibility than those with an oldest child age 13-18. Limiting Responsibility was used less by participants with children under age 6 than by those with older children. Bivariate correlational patterns for male and female respondents were similar across roles. The results are discussed from a family life cycle perspective.<br>Ph. D.
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Lappin, Chelsea Michelle. "‘Irreconcilable Differences’?: The Experiences of Middle-Class Women Combining Marriage and Work in Post-War English Speaking Canada (1945-1960)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38594.

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Following the Second World War, middle-class married women in English speaking Canada became for the first time a significant proportion of the labour force. Nonetheless, society still encouraged them to take up their domestic roles as housewives and mothers. They were subjected to discriminatory government policy, justified by traditional gender norms supported by academic research and popular social commentators. As a result, their lives became increasingly divorced from the prescriptions that encouraged them to remain at home. The differences meant that their work, and its associated challenges, went unrecognized. Drawing on a broad range of sources, this thesis explores how and why middle class women – especially married ones- entered the workforce, the public’s reactions to their work, and how they negotiated the difference between prescriptions and their lives. It demonstrates that the 1950s were a watershed moment for women’s labour. Married women gained greater recognition of their place in the workforce, and obtained incremental changes to minimize discriminatory policy, practice, and attitudes. Accordingly, their efforts were foundational for the future women’s labour movements and Second Wave Feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Evans, Amelia. "The subjective well-being and experience of life roles of white employed married mothers: a multiple case study." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/290.

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The number of women who choose to combine careers and traditional roles as mothers has been increasing steadily over the last number of years. As a result, the subjective wellbeing of these women has been the focus of many research projects over the last number of years. Subjective well-being has been defined in various ways by different authors. One definition describes subjective well-being as people's evaluations of their lives, which includes happiness, pleasant emotions, life satisfaction, and a relative absence of unpleasant moods and emotions. The current study, which took the form of a multiple case study, attempted to explore and describe White employed married mothers’ subjective experience of their well-being. The study also explored these women's experiences of combining the roles of employee and motherhood. The sample was obtained through the snowballing technique, and both qualitative (in-depth interviews) and quantitative techniques (two questionnaires - the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory) were utilized. The analysis of the data that was gathered was done by means of thematic and content analyses.
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Livres sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Untiedt, Gerhard. Das Erwerbsverhalten verheirateter Frauen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Ein mikroökonometrische Untersuchung. Physica-Verlag, 1992.

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von, Schuttenbach Liliane, and Karlsen Ann-Cathrin, eds. Die Rolle der mittätigen Unternehmerfrauen in der mittelständischen Wirtschaft: Eine empirische Untersuchung in Baden-Württemberg. Physica-Verlag, 1996.

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Federspiel, Ruth. Soziale Mobilität im Berlin des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts: Frauen und Männer in Berlin-Neukölln 1905-1957. W. de Gruyter, 1999.

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Klein, Viola. Britain;s married women workers. Routledge, 1998.

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Michaud, Pierre-Carl. Employment dynamics of married women in Europe. IZA, 2005.

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Narang, Sandhya. Coping with role-conflicts: Employed married women. M.D. Publications, 1996.

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Jones, Larry E. Why are married women working so much? Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2003.

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Narang, Sandhya. Dilemma of married women teachers in India. Himanshu Publication, 1994.

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Wiesner, Merry E. Working women in Renaissance Germany. Rutgers University Press, 1986.

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Scarlett, Epstein T., ed. Women, work, and family inBritain and Germany. St. Martin's Press, 1986.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Graham, Philip. "3. An Academic Marriage." In Susan Isaacs. Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0297.03.

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Susan was not happy at Cambridge, where, for two years from 1912, she was attached to Newnham College. Compared to Manchester, she found it élitist and patriarchal. Her research project, a study of the use of imagery in spelling, was uninspiring, but she completed it over two years, and a peer-reviewed paper emerged from the findings. She was to carry out no further experimental work. In 1914, she obtained a post as Mistress of Method in the Infant Department of Darlington Training College. Here she made an impression on her students as a gifted, inspiring, demanding teacher. While at Manchester, Susan had begun a relationship with William Brierley, a brilliant botany student. They had many common interests. She had continued to visit him while at Cambridge and, during her year at Darlington, they decided to marry. At that time, it was not permitted for women to remain in employment after marriage, so in 1914 Susan resigned her job after a year. The couple lived in a suburb of Manchester for the first year of their married life, while they both worked in academic departments in the University there. Shortly after their marriage, war with Germany was declared and William enlisted. He was invalided out of the Army in 1916. In the meantime, he had been appointed to a post as a botanist in Kew Gardens. Shortly afterwards, in 1918, he was appointed Head of the Department of Mycology in the newly established agricultural research station in Rothamsted, Hertfordshire.
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Ma, Xinxin. "Market Wage, Child Care and the Employment of Married Women." In Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6904-7_2.

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Buchholz-Will, Wiebke. "Why Do Women Organise Through Trade Unions in Germany?" In Computer-aided Manufacturing and Women’s Employment: The Clothing Industry in Four EC Countries. Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1837-4_14.

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Davis, Angela. "Childminders and the Limits of Mothering as Experiential Expertise, England c. 1948–2000." In Palgrave Studies in the History of Experience. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64987-5_5.

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AbstractThis chapter will explore how childminders were seen as experts in the care of young children. Focusing on three key pieces of legislation—the Nurseries and Child-Minders Regulation Act (1948), the Health Service and Public Health Act (1968) and the Children Act (1989)—it will trace the ways in which their experiential expertise was constructed and the limits of their characterisation as experts. The portrayal of childminders also reveals wider concerns about gender, class and race as they often intersected in the figure of the childminder and her clients. The chapter will therefore explore whether the experiential expertise of all childminders (and the mothers who employed them) was viewed equally. Recent research has explored how the growing number of working married women encouraged debate over how their employment and domestic responsibilities should best be combined. Yet childminders have rarely been written about within historical scholarship. Based on an analysis of parliamentary papers, medical and sociological literature and press reports, this article will therefore add to existing scholarship by focusing on childminders themselves and exploring the notion of childminders’ status as experts in the care of young children.
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Kleinert, Corinna, Kathrin Leuze, Ann-Christin Bächmann, Dörthe Gatermann, Anna Erika Hägglund, and Kai Rompczyk. "Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market." In Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9_13.

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AbstractIn Germany, the structuring principle connecting the educational system and the labour market is occupations. In theory, this occupational principle is gender-neutral, because both women and men are channelled into jobs according to the occupations for which they are trained. In practice, however, it means that patterns of occupational sex segregation in the education system are reproduced in the labour market. As a consequence, occupational sex segregation has important consequences for the subsequent employment biographies and life courses of women and men. In this chapter, we study the relevance of occupational sex segregation for the (re-)production of gender inequalities in the German labour market. More specifically, we examine long-term trends in occupational sex segregation, how occupational sex segregation is causally linked to other occupational characteristics, how these occupational characteristics translate into gender inequalities regarding non-monetary labour market outcomes, and how these occupational characteristics affect the gender wage gap.
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Pfau-Effinger, Birgit, and Thordis Reimer. "The interplay of welfare state policies with supply- and demand-side factors in the production of marginalised part-time employment among women in Germany." In Dualisation of Part-Time Work. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0010.

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In the early 2000s, Germany's Red-Green government introduced a new type of marginal employment in the form of 'Minijob' legislation. In the context of the dualisation strategy of the German welfare state, Minijob legislation has supported firms in extending the secondary segment of marginal jobs. However, Minijobs are associated with particularly low social security and high poverty risks, and these positions are primarily staffed by women. Therefore, the extension of the Minijob system has contributed to the persistence of traditional structures of gender inequality. This empirical study examines how demand and supply side factors interact with welfare state institutions and politics in the production of marginal employment of women in part-time jobs. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we used logistic regression to analyse women's risk of working in Minijobs based on family, educational, biographical and workplace characteristics. The research results identify both supply side and demand side factors as being significant in shaping a situation whereby married women with small children and lower levels of education who work in small, non-public firms are particularly exposed to the risks of marginal employment in Minijobs.
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Rublack, Ulinka. "Married Life." In The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208860.003.0006.

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Drobnič, Sonja, and Ewa Fratczak. "Employment Patterns of Married Women in Poland." In Careers of Couples in Contemporary Societies. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244911.003.0012.

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Abstract New household economics (Becker 1993; Cigno 1991) draws attention to the fact that an individual's allocation of time to the market and unpaid work in the home can be best understood within the context of the family, taking the interdependence of family members into account. A core feature of this model is that spouses tend to specialize within the marriage because specialization is the most efficient productive strategy and maximizes the utility for the household as a whole. The economic theory of the family predicts that specialization of a husband and a wife towards either market or unpaid household work will follow the principle of comparative or relative efficiency.
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Bernardi, Fabrizio. "The Employment Behaviour of Married Women in Italy." In Careers of Couples in Contemporary Societies. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244911.003.0006.

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Abstract THE aim of this study is to analyse the mechanism that accounts for married women’s participation in the labour market. More specifically I will be studying the processes that take some women out of the labour market as housewives, as well as the processes taking or keeping other women in it. It has recently been shown that the employment behaviour of married women is strongly dependent on events related to the family life course and, particularly, the partner’s parallel career (Bernasco 1994; Bernasco et al. 1998). Following this longitudinal approach, in my analysis of the mechanism responsible for female participation in the labour market, I focus on two questions. First,
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Fine-Davis, Margret. "Social-psychological predictors of employment status of married women 1." In Women and Work in Ireland. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315103679-3.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Rochani, Dewi. "The Effects of Children's Age on the Non-employment Duration of Married Women In Indonesia." In 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Economy and Development (ICIED 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icied-17.2018.12.

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Gökçek Karaca, Nuray, and Erol Karaca. "The Future Expectations and Laboration of Migrant Women From Turkey in Germany." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01490.

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This study sought to investigate future expectations and laboration of the migrant women from Turkey in Germany. The research was carried out with 570 migrant women from Turkey in Germany in 2012-2013. The data were collected by using a questionnaire developed by the researcher based on a literature review. Data were analyzed with factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS. According to the research results, a significant number of women said that they are housewives but not working. This result points out the continuity of perception and evaluation of being a housewife “as not a profession and form of labor”. The data about women except from housewives reveals the difficulties in their labor life and also the effectiveness of informal networks on laborization process. Overwhelming majority of these women have experienced various jobs and indicated lower and inadequate wages as the reason of these experiences. In addition, the most effective means in the process of finding jobs is the circle of acquaintances rather than job-creating agencies, trainings and employment tests. As a result of the inadequacy of formal structure, a significant number of women has to work with low wages and not obtained sufficient social benefits. In spite of the difficulties faced by women in their laborization process, a great majority of women have the social security right. The presence of social security, however, could not prevent feeling insecure about their future and negative evaluation about their economic conditions.
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Alazab, Seham, and Norah Almosaed. "WHY STAY? SAUDI WOMEN’S ADAPTIONS TO VIOLENCE." In SSHRA 2024 – Social Science & Humanities Research Association International Conference, 07-08 May, Kuala Lumpur. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.247248.

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The study investigates the reasons why women continue to live with an abusive husband and examines the relationship between their reasons and a number of variables that support one’s ability to cope with spousal violence. These variables include employment status, educational level, number of children, marriage duration, the social status of the wife's family and the number of violent incidents. A demographic survey and a spousal violence adaption scale were administered to a sample of 114 abused wives. The results revealed that all of the variables and several of the dimensions represented by the violence adaption scale affected the women’s decisions. The impact of these variables was more obvious among nonworking wives and the lesser educated, women with a greater number of children, those who had been married longer, those who senatal families had a low social status, and those who were subjected to violence more frequently. Keywords: adaptation to violence, marital violence, Saudi Arabia, spousal violence, violence against women in Saudi Arabia, why women stay in violent relationships.
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Tazkiyah, Iftah, and Sudarto Ronoatmodjo. "http://theicph.com/id_ID/122-siti-zakiah-zulfa-cesa-septiana-pratiwi/." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.12.

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Background: Menopause was the time of life when menstrual cycles cease and are caused by reduced secretion of the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. the proportion of women aged menopause increases with increasing age. This study aimed to find the relationship between employment status, age at first delivery, number of children and smoking status to the incidence of early menopause in women aged 30 to 40 years. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted from secondary data Indonesian Health Data Survey (IDHS), 2017. The inclusion criteria were female respondents 30-40 years old with who are married and use contraceptives. The dependent variable was early menopause. The independent variables were employment status, age at first delivery, number of children and smoking status. The data were analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression. Results: This study found that women aged 30-40 years who had menopause were 10.3%. From the multivariate results, it was found that women who had more than 2 children had a 1.4 times greater risk of early menopause (OR= 1.43, 95% CI= 1.43 to 1.26). Women who have jobs have a 0.5 times greater risk of premature menopause than women who do not work (OR= 0.55, 95% CI= 0.49 to 0.61). The most dominant variable related to the incidence of menopause is the number of children. Conclusion: The family planning program needs to be increased in order to provide counseling on long-term family planning and how to plan to have children and prepare for menopause. Keywords: early menopause, number of children, childbirth age, smoking Correspondence: Iftah Tazkiyah. Master program in Public Health, University of Indonesia. Pondok Cina, Beji district, Depok city, West Java 12345. E-mail: tazkiyah88@gmail.com. Mobile: 08118002454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.12
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"Professional Life of Information System Graduates—Impressions and Experiences." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4325.

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Aim/Purpose: We explore impressions and experiences of Information Systems graduates during their first years of employment in the IT field. The results help to understand work satisfaction, career ambition, and motivation of junior employees. This way, the attractiveness of working in the field of IS can be increased and the shortage of junior employees reduced. Background: Currently IT professions are characterized by terms such as “shortage of professionals” and “shortage of junior employees”. To attract more people to work in IT detailed knowledge about experiences of junior employees is necessary. Methodology: Data from a large survey of 193 graduates of the degree program “Information Systems” at University od Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover (Germany) show characteristics of their professional life like work satisfaction, motivation, career ambition, satisfaction with opportunities, development and career advancement, satisfaction with work-life balance. It is also asked whether men and women gain the same experiences when entering the job market and have the same perceptions. Findings: The participants were highly satisfied with their work, but limitations or re-strictions due to gender are noteworthy. Recommendations for Practitioners: The results provide information on how human resource policies can make IT professions more attractive and thus convince graduates to seek jobs in the field. For instance, improving the balance between work and various areas of private life seems promising. Also, restrictions with respect to the work climate and improving communication along several dimensions need to be considered. Future Research: More detailed research on ambition and achievement is necessary to understand gender differences.
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Rafique, Samia, Jecha Suleiman Jecha, and Hui Lyu. "Evaluation of ergonomic needs among female sewing machine operators in garments industry of Bangladesh: a pilot study." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003037.

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The enrichment of the garments industry in Bangladesh has given employment to millions of people, especially women. With cellular manufacturing, enhanced productivity accompanies increased musculoskeletal disorders risk (Shaheen A., Mohammad Z.R, 2014). Sewing operators working posture is a vital factor related to musculoskeletal symptoms (Dianat et al., 2015). However, there is limited research on the ergonomic needs evaluation among Bangladesh female sewing machine operators.Seven female sewing machine operators in a garment manufacturing unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh, were recruited for this pilot study. A combined survey sheet was developed to record demographic information and CMDQ questionnaires. The demographics included age, weight, height, marital status, and education level. CMDQ is a survey sheet to evaluate the rating of symptoms in specific body parts (neck, shoulder, arm, upper back, lower back, leg) by multiplying the frequency, severity, and interference scores. Anthropometric measurement and sewing facilities (table and chair) dimension measurement were conducted. Subjects were interviewed about their subjective opinions on the ergonomic functions of sewing machine facilities.Participants were 31.6±8.8 years old, 56.4±8.4 kg, and 5.27±0.35ft. They are married, and their educational levels range from class 5 to 8. A typical daily work process of a female sewing machine operator in a garment manufacturing unit in Bangladesh is constantly sitting for more than 10 hours with a 1-hour lunch break. They hardly move around, only to pick up their work in the morning and submit their production to their supervisor at the end of the day. After a whole day of work, four people reported lower back pain, while three reported neck pain, 2 with leg pain, and 1 with arm pain. Lower back got the highest discomfort score (26.5), followed by neck (10), arm (7), and leg (3). The mismatch computations between body and facility dimensions showed that the current design of sewing facilities is unsuitable for female workers. The seat height is too low, and the hip width is too narrow for them. According to interviews, subjects complained about their current working chair without elbow rest which was quite uncomfortable for them to work. It could be one of the reasons that a worker is facing severe arm pain. Consistent with anthropometric measurement results, several subjects mentioned that the seat and desk height was inappropriate for them. They had to use a cushion on the seat to make them more comfortable.In conclusion, female sewing operators in Bangladesh's garment industry face a high risk of musculoskeletal disorders with mismatched facility dimensions and little consideration of their ergonomic design. A better understanding of their ergonomic needs involving sewing operations can potentially impact workers' quality of life and national productivity.
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Jakovljević, Milena, Bojana Matejić, and Anđa Ćirković. "Factors related to unmet dental health care needs in the Republic of Serbia in 2019: A cross-sectional analysis." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24170j.

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Background: Ensuring timely and equal access to quality dental health care is an important public health issue. This study provides insight into significant individual factors associated with unmet dental health needs in Serbia in 2019. Method: The study is a secondary analysis of data from Survey of income and living conditions 2019, conducted as a cross-sectional study on a sample of 13,733 respondents aged 16+ (source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia). The outcome variable is self-reported unmet need for dentist's service during last 12 months. Multivariate logistic regression is used to identify factors significantly related to unmet needs. Demographic, socioeconomic factors and health status, which have been found to be significant for outcome in univariate logistic regression, have been entered in final analysis. Results: Sex, age, educational level, marital, employment status, income and health status were shown to be significant factors for unmet needs. Compared to men, women were less likely to report unmet need, OR=0.7(CI=0.7-0.8). Compared to 16-24 age group, aged 45-64 had higher odds for unmet need, OR=1.7(CI=1.3-2.4), as well as 65+ age group, OR=1.5(CI=1.0-2.2). Those with master's/ PhD degrees, OR=0.2(CI=0.1-0.5), postsecondary, OR=0.4(CI=0.3-0.5), and secondary educational level, OR=0.6(CI=0.5-0.7), were less likely to report unmet need than the least educated group. Separated/divorced had higher odds for unmet needs than married ones, OR=1.4(CI=1.1-1.7); as well as unemployed than employed, OR=1.2(CI=1.0-1.4). Fewer odds were proven for pupils/ students, OR=0.2(CI=0.1-0.4), and retirees, OR=0.6(CI=0.5-0.8). Those from 5th quintile, based on equalized disposable household income, were less likely to report unmet need compared to the 1st quintile, OR=0.4(CI=0.3-0.5). A gradient across all quintiles was proven (for 4th quintile OR=0.5(CI=0.4-0.6), for 3rd OR=0.6(CI=0.5-0.7), for 2nd OR=0.7(CI=0.6-0.9)). Compared to participants with very good/good health, those who perceive own health as very poor/poor had 2.2 times higher odds (CI=1.8-2.6) to report unmet need; for those with average health OR was 1.9 (CI=1.6-2.2). Suffering from chronic illness increases odds 1.5 times (CI=1.3-1.7). Conclusion: The highest probability for unmet dental needs was established across most vulnerable groups. It is necessary to address these inequalities in future strategic and operational documents focused on oral health of population.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Married women – Employment – Germany"

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Blau, Francine, and Adam Grossberg. Wage and Employment Uncertainty and the Labor Force Participation Decisions of Married Women. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3081.

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Bradley, Cathy, David Neumark, Zhehui Luo, and Heather Bednarek. Employment-Contingent Health Insurance, Illness, and Labor Supply of Women: Evidence from Married Women with Breast Cancer. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11304.

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Schwartz, J. B., D. B. Bell, Paul A. Gade, and Zita M. Simutis. Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Earnings of Married Women: A Comparison of Military and Civilian Wives. Defense Technical Information Center, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226270.

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Bender, Stefan, Annette Kohlmann, and Stefan Lang. Women, work, and motherhood: changing employment penalties for motherhood in West Germany after 1945 - a comparative analysis of cohorts born in 1934-1971. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-006.

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Un, Leang, Somolireasmey Saphon, and Serey Sok. Gender Analysis of Survey on Cambodia’s Young and Older Generation: Family, Community, Political Knowledge and Attitudes, and Future Expectations. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2019. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.117.201909.

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Cambodia, following more than two decades of impressive economic performance and development, is fast becoming one of Asia’s new tiger economies. Sustained robust GDP growth of over 7 percent has supported improvements in physical infrastructure (economic and social) and substantial poverty reduction. This economic improvement, mostly made possible by rapid manufacturing (garment industry), construction and tourism growth, is paving the way for rapid urbanisation. The pace of urbanisation combined with demographic change, improved access to education, and widespread internet use is playing a significant role in shaping and changing perceptions, thoughts and behaviours, especially among women. This report attempts to observe these changes through a gendered analysis of a nationally representative survey, conducted by CDRI from October 2017 to January 2018, of 1,600 Cambodian citizens (aged 16 to 65 years) in 101 (72 rural, 29 urban) villages in five provinces and Phnom Penh (Eng et al. 2019). The survey questionnaire comprised 101 questions covering six sections: demographics, identity and values, trust and respect, outlook, political participation, and media. This report uses the survey responses as its sole primary data and classifies them into four main themes: family, attitudes towards community, political knowledge and attitudes, and future expectations. Each theme is divided into subthemes for detailed analysis, as follows: Family:generational gap, decision making in the family, decision making about marriage. Attitudes towards community: trust and caring about country, community participation. Political knowledge and attitudes: gender perspectives on leadership and social and political participation, concern about social issues and services. Future expectations: the country’s future direction, individuals’ future prospects. The following techniques and methods were used to analyse the data: Women were not treated as a homogeneous group, but as equipped with seven different attributes: age, place of residence, level of education, marital status, type of employment, employment status, mobility and internet use. The aim was to observe whether or not women with different attributes have different perceptions towards certain issues. For place of residence, the survey question was open, but for this report, responses were categorised into Phnom Penh residents and non-Phnom Penh residents. For level of education, the survey categories were 1) never attended school, 2) primary school, 3) secondary school, 4) high school, 5) vocational training, 6) university (tertiary education), 7) other, 8) no response. This nominal data was changed into basic education or lower, and higher than basic education.1 For marital status, the survey categories were 1) single (never been married), 2) married, 3) widow, 4) separated/divorced, 5) no response. These were converted into single and non-single. For type of employment, the survey categories were 1) self-employed (own business), 2) homemaker/family caretaker, 3) working in family business/farm, 4) paid government employee, 5) paid employee for non-profit organisation, 6) paid employee for a private business/for profit, 7) unemployed, 8) student, 9) no response. The report converted these into paid and non-paid employment. For mobility, the survey focused on migration, which was converted into mobility. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and crosstab was applied to generate comparative data on the seven selected attributes across the four themes selected for the study. Independent Sample T-Test was applied to compare the mean scores of two independent groups on each variable, data allowing. Crosstabulation generated 567 tables, analysis of which was beyond the scope of this report. The following criteria were therefore used to reduce the number of tables: Relevance of the survey questions to the four themes selected for the study. Percentage differences between the responses against each attribute. Data allowing, differences were ascertained with statistical testing; otherwise, a 10 percent difference was used as the threshold. Frequency with which the same or similar questions are raised, discussed and prioritised by government, scholars, research surveys and studies.
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