Thèses sur le sujet « Mécanismes d’oxydation »
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Ronzani, Filippo. « Réactions d’oxydation photosensibilisée : espèces transitoires réactives et mécanismes aux interfaces ». Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3020/document.
Texte intégralThe main aim of the work carried out during this PhD project was to develop, characterize and analyze original materials for photosensitized oxidation reactions. Particular attention was paid to the determination of the photophysical properties of the selected photosensitizers (PSs) and the effect induced by the immobilization on an inert support (silica). The reactive species formed upon irradiation were identified and analyzed. Singlet oxygen production was monitored by two complementary methods. The solid-supported sensitizers were employed, in the form of either monoliths or powders, for the photooxidation of dimethyl sulfide at the gas-solid interface and of -terpinene at the liquid-solid interface. Singlet oxygen was the main reactive oxygen species formed by the selected PSs; nonetheless, the reaction products were analyzed and other possible mechanistic scenarios investigated
Martignac, Marion. « Dégradation de médicaments dans l’eau par un procédé d’oxydation avancée photochimique ». Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30321.
Texte intégralSeveral pharmaceutical compounds have been found in surface waters (sea, rivers…), ground waters and drinking water at low concentrations (ng L-1). These compounds are from human and veterinary origin, as the consumption of the administrated drugs results in their excretion, into both urine and faeces, either unaltered as the parent compounds or as metabolites. Contamination may also originate from manufacturing wastes. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is currently not designed for the removal of these compounds at trace level. Oxidation processes could be a solution for the degradation and removal of these pollutants. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using catalytic and photochemical methods have led to an improvement in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds. AOPs comprise a range of strategies for water treatment to achieve complete mineralization of organic pollutants. Oxidation of organic pollutants by the combination of UV radiation and oxidants (ozone, H2O2…) implies in most cases generation of hydroxyl radicals. These radicals are one of the most reactive and non selective oxidizing species. Besides the generation of hydroxyl radicals, organic free radicals are produced and their trapping by molecular oxygen initiates the chain of oxidative degradation. We investigated the removal of different pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, carbamazepine, penicillin, bortezomib and 5-fluorouracil) by a photochemical advanced oxidation process. We used several analytic methods like liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in order to follow the kinetic and the mechanism of degradation. Experiments were performed in annular photochemical reactor lab version of a reactor at pilot scale Loïlyse®, the obtained results validated the application domain
Berenguer--Besnard, Priscilla. « Etude de la cinétique et des mécanismes de suroxydation des oxydes mixtes (U,Pu)O2 ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EMSEM052.
Texte intégralMulti-recycling of plutonium in Pressurised Water Reactors is an option currently being studied in France, which would enable the plutonium inventory to be stabilised. This strategy requires the development of innovative processes to enable the reprocessing of spent MOX (mixed uranium and plutonium oxide) fuel at industrial rates. One of the solutions envisaged is an oxidising thermal treatment that would extract the spent fuel from its cladding prior to the dissolution process in order to increase its reactivity in contact with nitric acid. The aim is to take advantage of the phase transitions that occur during oxidation to collapse the fuel into a more reactive powder. However, the distribution of plutonium within the current MOX microstructure is heterogeneous. Understanding the oxidation behaviour of these fuels means understanding the behaviour of the main “pseudo-phases” that make them up.To this end, the approach adopted in this work was to study the oxidation of four model compounds (MC) U1-yPuyO2 with different Pu contents (y = 0; 0.11; 0.27 and 0.44), representative of the “pseudo-phases” in the MOX fuel. The objectives of this work were to study the effect of Pu content, temperature and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) on the nature of the newly formed oxides, their formation kinetics and the mechanisms involved
Ishida-Blanc, Naoko. « Mécanisme de l’enzyme d’oxydation de l’eau ». Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112307.
Texte intégralPhotosystem II uses solar energy to drive water oxidation and atmospheric O2 production. Its catalytic center comprises a cluster of four manganese and one calcium ions. The Mn4Ca cluster goes through five sequential oxidation states (S0 to S4) before O2 is evolved during the S4 to S0 transition. Although the Ca2+ ion is detected in the actual crystallographic structures, its role still needs to be clarified. A second cofactor is involved: the chloride, whose localization and role in the O2 evolution are unclear. To study both cofactors, we replaced biosynthetically the Ca2+ and the Cl- by Sr2+ and Br- in the cyanobacteria Thermosynechococcus elongatus. In the substituted PSII, the O2 evolution under continuous illumination is decreased. In chapter III, we explain this activity decrease by a kinetic limitation of some of the electron transfer steps, in particular the S3 to S0 transition during which a lag phase is put in evidence. The significant slow down of the kinetics goes with a decrease of the free energy level of the S3 state. In chapter IV, chloride is biochemically substituted with iodide. We observe a decrease of the catalytic activity due to the slowing down of the Mn4Ca cluster oxidation kinetics. The thermodynamic properties of PSII are also modified by the iodide. In chapter V, we focus on the structural aspects of the biosynthetically modified PSII samples. We highlight the direct implication of Ca2+ in the binding of the substrate water molecules, and protonation phenomena during the cycle. . We show that our results support the existence of two halide binding sites
Leray, Alexis. « Identification des mécanismes physico-chimiques impliqués dans le post-traitement plasma des gaz d'échappement et études comparatives des différentes technologies plasma ». Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2049.
Texte intégralThe new HCCI combustion mode is well adapted to improve nitrogen oxide and particulate matter reduction from Diesel engine in order to meet future emission regulations adopted in the Euro zone. However, HCCI engines emit relatively high amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide due to lower engine exhaust temperature increasing the catalyst light-off time and decreasing the average efficiency of the Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In this environmental and economic context, the combination of plasma with DOC has been considered especially for intermittent use during the cold start. The thesis presents the combination of nonthermal plasma upstream Diesel oxidation catalyst (Pt-Pd/Al2O3) applied to the treatment of simulating Diesel HCCI exhaust gas (O2-NO-H2O-CO-CO2-CH4-C3H6-C7H8-C10H22-N2). The studies were conducted at atmospheric pressure with a pilot-scale dielectric barrier discharge reactor (DBD) on two experimental devices. The first is a laboratory scale set-up (low flow rate : 20 Lmin−1) used to understand the physico-chemical involving the plasma and the catalyst by focusing on the by-products reactions. The second is an industrial scale (gas flow rate up to 260 Lmin−1) used to study the feasibility and the efficiency of the plasma-DOC system under conditions similar to those encountered in Diesel exhaust engine. The effects of the plasma, the DOC and the plasma-DOC systems on the exhaust gas have been investigated under various conditions. The main contribution of the plasma was to give a « thermal » and a chemical « push » to the DOC resulting in the decrease of light-off temperature for CO and HC oxidation. These improvements were shown to depend on the treatment conditions (injected energy i.e. energy density, space velocity, gas temperature and nature of the driving cycle). It is shown that for a simulated European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the combination of plasma upstream DOC reduces the cumulative mass of CO and hydrocarbons by about 68% and 42%, respectively, in accordance with the Euro 6 standard (2014). The efficiency of plasma for hydrocarbons and NO oxidation at low temperature in high flow conditions (up to 900 Lmin−1 on the NEDC) has been confirmed and the main reaction products identified and quantified
Guillois, Kevin. « Études des mécanismes d’oxydations aérobies des hydrocarbures lourds catalysées par les nanoparticules d’or ». Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10054.
Texte intégralThe aim of this work is to propose a mechanism for the gold-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of bulky hydrocarbons, alkanes and alkenes. The co-oxidation of stilbene and methylcyclohexane is used as a model reaction to study different mechanisms which can take place simultaneously. After an initial screening of different gold catalysts in this reaction, essential characteristics of a reference catalyst for organic reactions in apolar media are identified. Based on these requirements, a straight-forward, chemical bottom-up method is designed to prepare this reference catalyst. This catalyst is used for macro-kinetic studies of the co-oxidation by modifying experimental parameters, such as temperature, alkane/alkene ratio, and reactants initial concentration. One key reaction intermediate, 1-methylcyclohexyl hydroperoxide, is identified. After titration, following the evolution of the concentration of this intermediate with time under the various reaction conditions considered validates the existing mechanism and highlight the importance of some elementary steps of the co-oxidation
Flambard, Julie. « Effets des étapes d'un redémarrage de réacteur à eau sous pression sur l'oxydation et le relâchement des produit de corrosion des tubes de générateur de vapeur en alliage 690 ». Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0045.
Texte intégralSteam generator tubes in pressurized water reactors are made of nickel-based alloys. The exchange surface of these tubes represents nearly 75% of the primary circuit. Due to oxidation in primary environment, corrosion products are released into the circuit. The phenomenon of release of corrosion products and their activations in the core of reactor, after neutron flux exposure, are mainly responsible for radioactive contamination of the primary circuit. The limitation of this phenomenon represents one of the major industrial issues to reduce the radiation exposure of maintenance personnel during shutdown. The controlling and modelling of such phenomenon requires a detailed understanding of release kinetics and oxide layers formed. The release and the oxide film formation, on the internal surface of 690 alloy tubes, are strongly impacted by the materials parameters of the tube, as well as by the physico-chemical conditions of the primary water. The objective of this work is to study the impact of thermal and chemical conditions during transient phases of the reactor restart after the replacement of steam generator on the release and on the formation of oxides/hydroxides. Usually, tubes are tested under conditions of nominal primary chemistry at constant high temperature. To be as representative as possible of industrial conditions, this study is carried out on an industrial tube under the conditions characteristic of a reactor restart in an experimental test loop. Fine characterizations of the internal surface of the tube are performed before and after oxidation using several techniques as profilometry, Raman, SEM-EDS, SEM-EBSD, SEM-FIB, TEM, ToF-SIMS. The native oxide layer is formed of a very thin layer (1-2 nm) of oxidized matrix, without specific enrichment. During the restart, the most critical step for the release phenomenon is revealed from 170 ° C to 297 ° C. In fact, the majority of the metal is released into the fluid during this step. In addition, isothermal tests, between 25 °C and 325 °C, have shown that the most significant release is around 250 ° C. Up to 170 ° C, a thin layer of amorphous chromium oxide is formed by selective dissolution of iron and nickel. When the temperature rises, this chromium oxide layer is not stable enough to be protective and the diffusion phenomena are activated. At 325 ° C, the oxide does not exhibit any particular enrichment and corresponds to oxidized metal layer, an equilibrium is established and the rate of release reaches a pseudo-stationary regime
Liang, Peng. « Atmospheric chemistry of oxygenated VOCs : degradation of a series of esters and alcohols and filed measurements of carbonyls ». Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE2031.
Texte intégralIn this work, kinetic studies for the gas-phase reactions of OH radical with seven saturated esters were firstly carried out, over the temperature range of 243 – 373 K, by using the Pulsed Laser Photolysis- Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLP-LIF) technique. Using the smog chamber technique, the rate coefficients for reactions of the above esters with OH and Cl were also measured at room temperature and one atmosphere. This work provides the first kinetic study for Cl atom reactions with the studied esters except for isopropyl formate. In addition, the temperature dependence of the rate coefficients for Cl reactions with two isomeric alcohols was firstly determined. Atmospheric levels of ambient carbonyl compounds as well as their diurnal variations were investigated during the period of October 2009 in Shanghai and Beijing. The most abundant carbonyls were acetone, followed by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
Euvrard, Élise. « Substances dangereuses dans les effluents de traitement de surface : identification et traitement par des procédés innovants ». Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2027/document.
Texte intégralThe industrial sector of surface treatment (ST), sector of excellence in Bourgogne Franche-Comté, is forced to resort to new methods for water treatment due to European regulations increasingly strict. Indeed, particularly in the context of the Water Framework Directive, industries must continually improve the quality of their discharge waters and reduce the impacts generated by them. This work is part of this. Thus, three types of investigations were conducted: the first has defined qualitative and quantitative composition of hazardous substances (HS) in ST discharge waters and study their temporal variability; the second has approved changes in a physicochemical wastewater decontamination station to decrease HS water flow; the last proposed innovative solutions by biosorption on cyclodextrin materials and advanced oxidation process (AOP) by ozone / UV, or by the use of Pd-Cu catalysts to achieve the same objective.[...]
Warde, Micheline. « Premiers stades d’oxydations d’alliages métalliques complexes Al-Cu et AlCo ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112124.
Texte intégralComplex metallic alloys (CMAs) are intermetallics having a crystalline structure based on a giant unit cell which can contain up to several thousands of atoms. The cell structure is usually decorated with highly symmetric clusters which can affect the alloy physical properties. So far, very few studies of the chemical reactivity of these materials have been published. The aim of the thesis was to understand the influence of the structural complexity and of the nature of the transition metal on the oxidation of Al-TM (TM=Co, Cu). The influence of structural complexity was examined by studying intermetallics belonging to the same Al-Co family but showing different structural complexity (Al9Co2, 22 atoms/unit mesh and Al13Co4, 102 atoms/unit mesh). The effect of the transition metal was studied by comparing the results obtained on Al9Co2, Al13Co4 and Al4Cu9 (52 atoms/unit mesh) surfaces. The early stages of molecular oxygen adsorption on clean Al4Cu9(110), Al9Co2(001) and Al13Co4(100) surfaces at different temperatures and in the pressure range 10-8-10-7 mbar was followed using LEED, XPS and STM.For all surfaces studied, aluminum is the only element oxidised in our experimental conditions. At room temperature, a thin layer (1.34 nm thick) of disordered aluminium oxide is formed on Al4Cu9, which crystallises following annealing at 650 °C to form a sixton structure. On the Al-Co surfaces, the disordered oxide layer formed at room temperature is thinner (0.53 to 0.43 nm) and remains disordered after annealing at various temperatures. However, an ordered oxide with the sixton structure is formed after oxidation of the Al9Co2 surface at 500 °C. The formation of the ordered oxide layer is governed by the competition between aluminium segregation and oxygen diffusion. When aluminium segregation is too low or oxygen diffusion too fast, the ordered phase is not observed. Therefore, the aluminium atoms mobility, hence the degree of covalency of the intermetallic bonds, is the main parameter governing surface oxidation of these materials
Tarkwa, Jean-Baptiste. « Elimination des polluants organiques des effluents industriels aqueux par plasma non-thermique de type glidarc et le procédé photo-Fenton : optimisation des procédés et mécanisme d’oxydation des polluants ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2020/document.
Texte intégralThis work focused on the application of two photochemical advanced oxidation processes (humid air gliding arc plasma and photo-Fenton) for the treatment of aqueous solutions of 4-Chlorophenol and the azo dye (Orange G). UV-vis spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography were used to follow pollutants degradation while the degree of mineralisation of their aqueous solution was estimated using TOC-meter (SHIMADZU). Ionic chromatography was performed to measure the concentration of inorganic ions released to the solution. The solid catalyst (laterite) was characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared and RAMAN spectroscopies. The oxidation of 4-chlorophenol and Orange G by photo-Fenton process was devoted to the optimization of degradation and mineralization operating conditions. Thus, complete (100%) degradation of 0.2 mM 4-chlorophenol is reached at only 4 min of treatment under the established optimum conditions (pH =3, 0.1 mM Fe3+ and 6 mM H2O2) corresponding to the R = [H2O2]/ [Fe3+] of 60. In contrast, R = 20 with (0.1 mM Fe3+), is the optimum ratio allowing 81 % of mineralization, after 180 min of treatment. During Orange G degradation by Photo-Fenton process, the optimization was focused on the use apparent rate constants of degradation. Thus, it was established a ratio R = [H2O2] / [Fe3+] = 13.8; either 6 mM H2O2 and 0.435 mM Fe3+. Under these conditions, a complete degradation (100%) of the Orange G was obtained at 5 min and 93% TOC removal at 180 min of treatment. From the identified organic intermediates (aromatic and carboxylic acids) and leached inorganic ions products, we proposed a plausible mechanism for oxidation of each pollutant by hydroxyl radicals. The degradation of Orange G by gliding arc plasma aimed to improve the performance of glidarc by optimizing the operating conditions in order to reduce energy cost. Therefore, two catalysts (Fe3+ and laterite) were comparatively tested during the treatment of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution. Under optimal conditions, degradation (decays and mineralization) of (17 and 6); (74 and 25); (100 and 57) and (100 and 82%) were recorded respectively using glidarc alone; glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM); glidarc/Fe3+(0.2 mM)/H2O2(4 mM) and glidarc/laterite (3 g L-1) systems after 60 min of treatment. Finally, the comparative analysis of the overall cost of each process under optimal operating conditions and for a required time of at least 90% of mineralization of 0.1 mM Orange G aqueous solution, gave the following cost classification : plasma/laterite
Dumerval, Marie. « Effet des défauts d'implantation sur la corrosion des aciers inoxydables austénitiques en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI046/document.
Texte intégralInternal parts of pressurized water reactor (PWR) vessels are often made of austenitic stainless steels (304L and 316L). These structural materials are exposed to an oxidizing medium under irradiation and mechanical stresses. Under these conditions, they can suffer damages by IASCC (Irradiation-Assisted Stress Corrosion Cracking). The first step in this cracking phenomenon is the initiation, which implies the breakdown of the passive layer. The nature and the structure of the oxide film formed on these steels are key factors in initiation of IASCC cracks. In this context, the objective of this work is first to better understand the oxidation mechanisms of stainless steels in primary medium and second to study the effects of irradiation induced defects on the oxide film formed on stainless steels in primary medium. Xenon ions and protons, were implanted in 316L-type austenitic stainless steel samples, respectively at an energy of 240 and 230 keV in order to simulate the irradiation defects. Implanted and non-implanted samples were exposed in a corrosion loop at 325°C to an aqueous medium containing 1000 ppm of boron, 2 ppm of lithium and 1,19.10-3 mol.L-1 of dissolved hydrogen. The samples were analyzed by TEM before and after exposure to primary medium in order to characterize both the defects generated by the implantation and the nature, structure, and morphology of the formed oxide. Comparing implanted and non-implanted samples has shown that the nature and the density of defects in the alloy subsurface played an important role on the composition (mainly on the content of Cr and Mo) and on the thickness of the inner layer. The study of the oxidation kinetics by coupling two ion beam analysis techniques (NRA and RBS) has revealed different behavior between the two types of samples: non-implanted and implanted. Tracer experiments (using D and 18O) were conducted to study the growth mechanism of the inner oxide layer and the associated transport mechanisms. The study of the oxygen and hydrogen transport through the inner layer and the underlying alloy, by SIMS and GD-OES, has resulted in writing a corrosion mechanism for austenitic stainless steels exposed to primary medium and linking this mechanism to hydrogen absorption in the alloy. Furthermore, the impact of implantation defects on these transport phenomena has been studied, highlighting the role of defects on oxide layer properties generating modification of the oxygen transport in the oxide scale. These results have helped to shed some light on the mechanism and kinetics involved in the formation of the oxide layer and on the hydrogen absorption in austenitic stainless steels exposed to primary medium and to point out the effect of implantation defects on the oxidation processes
Bach, Delpeuch Antoine. « Etude du mécanisme de la réaction d'oxydation de l'éthanol sur électrocatalyseurs à base de Pt, Rh, SnO2 sur support carboné en milieu acide ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI089/document.
Texte intégralThe study of the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) mechanism was performed on carbon supported bi- and tri-metallic Pt-, Rh-, SnO2-based electrocatalysts via electrochemical coupled techniques (DEMS, in situ FTIR). Two of the most important issues related to the EOR have been broached: the dehydrogenation of the ethanol molecule and its C-C bond breaking.The investigation of some experimental parameters, such as the thickness of the electrocatalyst layer, enabled demonstrating the better complete ethanol electrooxidation into CO2 for large electrocatalysts layers, combined to the enhanced poisoning effect inside the catalyst layer by very strong adsorbates.The performances of each electrocatalyst were compared and evidenced an improved selectivity of the EOR on Pt-Rh-SnO2/C, as well as the generation of higher currents at low potential at room temperature. The tendency was amplified at elevated temperatures (T = 60 °C)
Guillou, Sebastien. « Etude du comportement d'un alliage chromino-formeur comme matériau d'interconnecteur pour l'Electrolyse à Haute Température ». Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOS082/document.
Texte intégralIn High Temperature Vapor Electrolysis (HTVE) system, the materials chosen for the interconnectors should have a good corrosion behaviour in air and in H2-H2O mixtures at 800°C, and keep a high electronic conductivity over long durations as well. In this context, the first goal of this study was to evaluate a commercial ferritic alloy (the K41X alloy) as interconnect for HTVE application. Oxidation tests in furnace and in microbalance have therefore been carried out in order to determine oxidation kinetics. Meanwhile, the Area Specific Resistance (ASR) was evaluated by Contact Resistance measurements performed at 800°C. The second objective was to improve our comprehension of chromia-forming alloys oxidation mechanism, in particular in H2/H2O mixtures. For that purpose, some specific tests have been conducted: tracer experiments, coupled with the characterization of the oxide scale by PEC (PhotoElectroChemistry). This approach has also been applied to the study of a LaCrO3 perovskite oxide coating on the K41X alloy. This phase is indeed of high interest for HTVE applications due to its high conductivity properties. This latter study leads to further understanding on the role of lanthanum as reactive element, which effect is still under discussion in literature.In both media at 800°C, the scale is composed of a Cr2O3/(Mn,Cr)3O4 duplex scale, covered in the case of H2-H2O mixture by a thin scale made of Mn2TiO4 spinel. In air, the growth mechanism is found to be cationic, in agreement with literature. The LaCrO3 coating does not modify the direction of scale growth but lowers the growth kinetics during the first hundreds hours. Moreover, with the coating, the scale adherence is favored and the conductivity appears to be slightly higher. In the H2-H2O mixture, the growth mechanism is found to be anionic. The LaCrO3 coating diminishes the oxidation kinetics. Although the scale thickness is about the same in both media, the ASR parameter is one order of magnitude higher in H2/H2O than in air. Specific contact resistance tests show that the higher resistivity in the H2/H2O mixture is closely linked to the presence of protons in the scale. Moreover, tracer experiments show that these protons come from the water molecule dissociation, and not from the H2 molecule. In H2/H2O, the LaCrO3 coating does not increase the conductivity
Mokrani, Nabil. « Effet des paramètres physiques et d’additifs sur l'allumage du n-décane par claquage laser non résonant ». Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2062/document.
Texte intégralIgnition by non-resonant laser breakdown of quiescent reactive mixtures was considered in this experimental study working with gaseous state. In this work, we mainly study the ignition of n-decane / air (C₁₀H₂₂+N₂+O₂) mixtures. This system is considered promising in different future strategies regarding ignitions systems for internal combustion engines. The breakdown is generated by focusing a high intensity laser beam for a few nanoseconds using Nd: YAG laser operating at 1064 nm, it is chosen as the laser source for all experiments conducted here. The experimental plan conducted allows to examine the effect of physical, optical, thermodynamic (pressure) and chemicals (additives: H₂O, Ar) on the characteristics of the laser ignition. This study implements a statistical approach on all the experimental cases taking into account all the measures during breakdown and combustion. This manuscript provides bibliographic basis for understanding combustion and laser breakdown phenomenology