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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Medicine – Europe, German-speaking – History »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Medicine – Europe, German-speaking – History"

Watzke, Petra. « Disability in German-Speaking Europe : History, Memory, Culture ed. by Linda Leskau, Tanja Nusser, and Katherine Sorrels ». German Studies Review 46, n^o 1 (février 2023) : 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2023.0029.

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Hellyer, H. A. « Muslims in Europe ». American Journal of Islam and Society 25, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2008) : 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i1.395.

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Muslims and Islam have been at the center of some of the most vital post-9/11 debates. In Europe, the controversy has intensified due to the conflation of the aforementioned discussions and the arguments currently raging in Europe surrounding European identity. In such parleys, the assumption has been that Muslims in Europe are an alien presence with a short and temporary history. This article seeks to demonstrate that historically speaking, this is not necessarily a foregone conclusion. The integration of Muslims and the recognition of Islam may take place through a variety of different ways owing to the specificities of individual European nation-states. However, they will need to consider the past precedents of the Muslim presence in order to appropriately organize the present and in looking to the future.

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Володимир Васильович Очеретяний et Інна Іванівна Ніколіна. « THE PROCESS OF CREATING THE NAZI CAMP SYSTEM IN POLAND DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR ». Intermarum history policy culture, n^o 5 (1 janvier 2018) : 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111817.

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This article analyzes the process of creating the German camp system in Poland. The Nazi racial politics towards the Jews promoted their isolation from the so-called "full part of society". For this purpose, two main mechanisms for their separation were created: concentration camps, some of which were transformed into "factories of death", and Jewish ghettos. The establishment of concentration camps in Poland was preceded by a long process of organizational and legal registration first in Germany itself, and later on the territories occupied by it. This process was accompanied by numerous Jewish pogroms and arrests, which was an integral part of the Nazi anti-Semitic policy. Concentration camps were carefully thought out and well-organized institutions with a refined mechanism of prisoners’ maintenance, coercion and punishment. Different by their intended purpose were "death camps" that were not intended to hold prisoners, but to destroy them quickly and in large scale. Most of them were located on the territory of Poland, where the Jews from all over Europe were brought. These included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Maydanek. It was observed in the article that German concentration camps were created to isolate, repress and destroy the undesirable elements of the regime. Despite the early formation of this system, its dissemination in the territories occupied by the Nazis, particularly in Poland, took place in 1938-1939s. At that time the German concentration camps turned into an instrument of ruthless anti-Semitic policy that became a classic genocide. Due to the fact that the concentration camps capacities did not allow to sufficiently fulfill their tasks, during 1939-1945s in Poland, new, so-called "death camps" were established. They were equipped with gas chambers and crematorium that carried out large-scale destruction of the Jews.

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Koschek, Marcel. « TEKA : A Transnational Network of Esperanto-Speaking Physicians ». Hungarian Historical Review 10, n^o 2 (2021) : 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2021.2.243.

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The Tutmonda Esperanta Kuracista Asocio (Worldwide Esperanto Medical Association, TEKA) was founded in 1908 at the Fourth International Esperanto Congress in Dresden and was the international medical association of the Esperanto movement. The aim was to “facilitate practical relations between Esperanto-speaking doctors of all countries.” The interest within the Esperanto movement was immense: after one year, TEKA had more than 400 members all over the world with a focus on Europe; one year later, there were more than 600 members with official representatives in about 100 cities. In Europe, a medical press in Esperanto had already been established. The approach of these journals was both simple and brilliant: the doctors presented the latest medical findings from their home countries in a peer review system and critically examined the articles in their vernacular. This made each issue a compendium of the most important and pioneering findings of national research. The numerous experts also had many other connections with, for example, the Red Cross and similar organizations. Thus, after a short period of time, TEKA brought together the expertise of countless physicians. This paper examines TEKA as a transnational network of experts before World War I. The history of the association and the role of Medicine within the Esperanto movement are briefly discussed. The focus is then on the various association journals and the circulation of knowledge. Finally, the essay offers a look at TEKA’s cooperative endeavors with the Red Cross. It works from a transnational perspective and takes a close view of the actors and their personal backgrounds at appropriate points. Furthermore, lists of members and journal subscribers are provided in map form to make the global spread of the movement within medicine visible.

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Surman, Jan. « Imperial Science in Central and Eastern Europe ». Histories 2, n^o 3 (14 septembre 2022) : 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2030026.

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The history of imperial science has been a growing topic over recent decades. Overviews of the imperial history of science have rarely included the Russian, Habsburg, and German empires. The history of Central and Eastern Europe has embraced empire as an analytical and critical category only recently, having previously pursued national historiographies and romanticised versions of imperial pasts. This article highlights several key narratives of imperial sciences in Central and Eastern Europe that have appeared over the past twenty years, especially in anglophone literature. Interdependence between national and imperial institutions and biographies, the history of nature as an interplay of scales, and finally, the histories of imagining a path between imperialism and nationalism, demonstrate how the history of imperial science can become an important part of the discussion of Central European history from a global perspective, as well as how the history of science can be factored into the general history of this region. Finally, I argue that the imperial history of science can play an important role in re-thinking the post/decolonial history of Central and Eastern Europe, an issue that, since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has become the centre of intellectual attention.

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Visi, Tamás. « Jewish Physicians in Late Medieval Ashkenaz ». Social History of Medicine 32, n^o 4 (3 janvier 2019) : 670–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky110.

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Summary Medical writings written by Jews in late medieval Western and Central Europe demonstrate that although Jews were excluded from universities, the medical world outside of the universities was open to them. Jewish medical writers relied on Latin and vernacular sources and often they wrote in German. Emphasising the importance of knowledge of authoritative books, they attempted to secure their social standing by demonstrating that they confirmed to the generally accepted social norm that required physicians and surgeons to rely on learned medicine. Nevertheless, only a few Jewish medical practitioners wrote books.

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Elvira-García, Wendy, Adrian Turculet, Anca-Diana Bibiri, Annie Baker Campbell, Ramon Cerdà Massó, Ana M. a. Fernández Planas et Paolo Roseano. « Prosodic distances between different survey sites in Romance-speaking Europe ». Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, n^o 11 (2023) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.ne11.05.

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The aim of this paper is to classify Romanian dialects from a prosodic point of view within the European Romance-speaking area. The data is part of the Multimedia Atlas of Romance Prosody - AMPER (Contini, 1992) and is analysed dialectometrically by means of ProDis (Elvira-García et al., 2015; Fernández Planas, 2016). The database includes more than 17,000 utterances produced by 48 speakers from 26 survey sites of 15 varieties of 6 Romance languages (Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Sardinian, Friulian and Romanian). The results show that the two main prosodic areas of Romanian (see Roseano, 2016b) remain separate when they are dialectometrized with data from other Romance languages. In addition, if one analyses questions and statements separately, it can be seen that questions allow us to distinguish geoprosodic areas more effectively than statements do (as suggested by previous studies such as Fernández Planas et al., 2015).

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Kane, K. J. « The early history and development of functional endoscopic sinus surgery ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 134, n^o 1 (13 décembre 2019) : 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215119002457.

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AbstractBackgroundThe concept of endoscopic diagnosis and procedures on the nasal cavity had been investigated for several decades in Europe in the early part of the twentieth century. It was Prof Walter Messerklinger and his assistant, Heinz Stammberger, with US colleague, David Kennedy, who brought the science and technique of functional endoscopic sinus surgery to the wider world.MethodsThe author, an English-speaking surgeon, was present at this movement from the commencement of its propagation, and has recorded the remarkable ascendency of this technique throughout the world.ConclusionThe technique revolutionised the diagnosis and management of intranasal, sinus and intracranial conditions.

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Kravets, Yarema. « VASYL STEFANYK IN THE FRENCH LINGUAL READING ». PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, n^o 16(63) (26 août 2022) : 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2022-16(63)-323-334.

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French-speaking literary criticism and translation, dedicated to Vasyl Stefanyk, have already more than centenary history. Already in 1912 and 1915 the French reader has known separate novellas of the Ukrainian writer. Since his creative activity has been constantly present in individual Ukrainian monographs which appeared in Swiss, Belgium and France. The most significant publications of the French-speaking Stefanykiana are the book “Croix de pierre” that contained more than 40 writer’s novellas, separate chapters about V. Stefanyk in 12-volume Belgian anthology «Patrimoine littéraire européen» (1993-2000) and Sarcelles’ anthology of the Ukrainian literature of XIth-XXth centuries of NTSH publication in the Western Europe (2004).

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Siegel, Stephen A. « Joel Bishop's Orthodoxy ». Law and History Review 13, n^o 2 (1995) : 215–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743860.

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In 1884, the University of Berne celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with ceremonies spanning three days, attended by delegates from the international diplomatic corps and many of the universities of Western Europe. As part of the ceremonies, the university awarded honorary doctorates in theology, philosophy, medicine, and law. Along with a number of Swiss and German scholars, one American was honored: Joel Prentiss Bishop. He was, the university thought, among those “who by their learning and their works rendered great service to their land and to the science of the law.”

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Thèses sur le sujet "Medicine – Europe, German-speaking – History"

Doe, Connor Bartlett. « Puppet Theater in the German-Speaking World ». PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/88.

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This work begins with a brief history of puppet theater in Germany. A look at important social aspects, pertinent philosophical discussions and the significance of puppet theater in the German literary tradition follow. The final chapter looks at Peter Schumann, a German puppeteer and artist who lives in America. In Germanistik, German puppet theater deserves a devoted place in the field of legitimate study in terms of its history, content and influence. Puppet theater's historical development in Germany represents the larger evolution of Germany. From ancient times up to the present day, this artistic form of representation has enjoyed an audience in the German-speaking regions. The evolution of puppet theater parallels Germany's quest for legitimacy as a nation and desire for cultural unification. A study of puppet theater thematizes the issue of popular cultural history. For most of its existence in Germany, puppet theater served as popular entertainment. The conception of folk art and folklore - which includes puppet theater - by the German Romantics led them to believe that folk artists possessed a mysterious authenticity inaccessible to Classicists and their narrowly-defined world of high art. Much German literature and thought from the 19th century onward shows a fondness for the Volk aspect of puppet theater. Puppet theater and its reception in German Romanticism helped to shape literary and philosophical themes that would lead to further recognition of puppetry as an art form and an integral aspect of German culture. In the 20th century, puppet theater took on bold new forms. Adapting to film, television, academia and the avant-garde, respected proponents of puppet theater brought the art form into the light of day. No longer did it merely consist of vulgar or mildly artistic street performances or as a vehicle for Romantic-era nostalgia. German puppet theater in the 20th century moved into the realm of mass culture with film and, more effectively, with television. It also gained footing in academia, eventually becoming a fully-recognized field of study as well as a performance medium with infinite possibilities. One can only hazard a guess as to where puppet theater will go in the future. The ability of the art form to uncannily reflect the human condition is well known. How the human condition will change and how the performers of puppet theater will respond remains to be seen.

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Cox, Mary Elisabeth. « Hunger in war and peace : an analysis of the nutritional status of women and children in Germany, 1914-1924 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4ee686ab-fc46-43ab-a3fa-ca8253ea1826.

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At the onset of the First World War, Germany was subject to a shipping embargo by the Allied forces. Ostensibly military in nature, the blockade prevented not only armaments but also food and fertilizers from entering Germany. The impact of this blockade on civilian populations has been debated ever since. Germans protested that the Allies had wielded hunger as a weapon against women and children with devastating results, a claim that was hotly denied by the Allies. The impact of what the Germans termed the 'Hungerblockade' on childhood nutrition can now be assessed using various anthropometric sources on school children, several of which are newly discovered. Statistical analysis reveals a grim truth: German children suffered severe malnutrition due to the blockade. Social class impacted risk of deprivation, with working-class children suffering the most. Surprisingly, they were the quickest to recover after the war. Their rescue was fuelled by massive food aid organized by the former enemies of Germany, and delivered cooperatively with both government and civil society. Children, and those who cared for them, responded to these acts of service with gratitude and joy. The ability of former belligerents to work together after an exceptionally bitter war to feed impoverished children may hold hope for the future.

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Conn, Matthew B. « Feeling same-sex desire : law, science, and belonging in German-speaking central Europe, 1750-1945 ». Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6929.

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My dissertation explains how the scientific study of sexuality became laden with emotions and the unforeseen results of this process. It begins with a scholarly tradition, forged during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, which privileged sentimental articulations of feelings. This tradition helped inspire the late nineteenth-century foundation of sexology, or sexual science. Sexologists, as their discipline developed alongside the modern rational bureaucratic nation-state, maintained attention to emotive expressions. Sexologists also helped shape the interpretation and enforcement of laws against same-sex acts. While they built authority, however, sexologists lacked consensus. During the first third of the twentieth century, sexologists helped compile defendants' detailed sexual histories, replete with affective articulations of sexual desires, which led to calamitous consequences under National Socialism. Nazi technocrats utilized these same sexual histories, offered by same-sex attracted persons describing their feelings and actions before 1933, to prosecute them after a 1935 legal revision, which expanded the law's reach from specific acts to general expressions of feelings. My dissertation provides a genealogy of sexual research and the unexpected uses of its findings. It also revises the biography of sexology as an interdisciplinary field, braided with a history of emotions, tracing its previously underappreciated origins, tumultuous apex, and contested legacy.

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Giselbrecht, Elisabeth Anna. « Crossing boundaries : the printed dissemination of Italian sacred music in German-speaking areas (1580-1620) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283907.

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Bagley, Petra M. « Somebody's daughter : the portrayal of daughter-parent relationships by contemporary women writers from German-speaking countries ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2134.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the complexities of daughterhood as portrayed by nine contemporary women writers: from former West Germany(Gabriele Wohmann, Elisabeth Plessen), from former East Germany (Hedda Zinner, Helga M. Novak), from Switzerland (Margrit Schriber) and from Austria (Brigitte Schwaiger, Jutta Schutting, Waltraud Anna Mitgutsch, Christine Haidegger). Ten prose-works which span a period of approximately ten years, from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, are analysed according to theme and character. In the Introduction, we trace the historical development of women's writing in German, focusing on the most significant female authors from the Romantic period through to the rise of the New Women's Movement in the late sixties. We then consider a definition of 'Frauenliteratur' and the extent to which autobiography has become a typical feature of such women's writing. In the ensuing four chapters we highlight in psychological and sociological terms the mourning process a daughter undergoes after her father's death; the identification process between daughter and mother; the daughter's reaction to being adopted; and the daughter's decision to commit suicide. We see to what extent the environment in which each of these daughters is brought up as well as past events in German history shape the daughter's attitude towards her parents. Since we are studying the way in which these relationships are portrayed, we also need to take into account the narrative strategies employed by these modern women writers. In the light of our analysis of content and form we are able to examine the possible intentions behind such personal portraits: the act of writing as a form of self-discovery and self-therapy as well as the sharing of female experience. We conclude by suggesting the direction women's writing from German-speaking countries may be taking.

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Williams, Cameron. « A Study of the United States Influence on German Eugenics ». Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3781.

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This thesis is a study of the influence and effects that the United States had upon Germany from the rise of eugenics to its fall following the end of World War II. There are three stages to this study. First, I examine the rise of eugenics in the United States from its inception to the end of World War I and the influence it had upon Germany. Then I examine the interwar era along with the popularization of eugenics within both countries before concluding with the Second World War and post war era. My thesis focuses on both the active and passive influences that the United States had upon German eugenics and racial hygiene in the twentieth century. This study uses a wide range of primary and secondary sources. Many of the authors are experts in their field while the visuals are a window into understanding how eugenics was spread to the public.

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Leclerc, de la Verpillière Lorraine. « Visceral creativity : digestion, earthly melancholy, and materiality in the graphic arts of early modern France and the German-speaking lands (c. 1530-1675) ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288424.

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Building on recent scholarship in the history of art which has started to reappraise the meaning of grotesque and scatological motifs, this thesis examines how digestion was conceived of as a model of creation, and how this was translated visually. Renaissance creativity was increasingly modelled on a series of natural processes like digestion, following a trend in favour of Aristotelian psychology. However, it has been largely overlooked in comparison to the bleeding, the pneumatic, and especially the procreative natural models, which have been extensively studied. The central argument of this thesis is that digestion constituted an alternative-albeit less 'decorous'-model of creation, denoting the intervention of a more 'earthbound' ingenium. I argue that this model was used by certain classes of artists as an acknowledgement of a strong engagement with materials and of the labour of a round-the-clock imagination. Goldsmithing and printmaking are artistic professions whereby the artistic process was often considered as an act of 'soiling' oneself, both in the sense of the body and the phantasia. This thesis focuses on a period spanning c. 1530 to 1675, from Rabelais' works to the facetious printer Jacques Lagniet. It mines a corpus of little-studied textual and visual sources from the north of the Alps, examining a continuity between France and the German lands: geographical areas which both had an especially pronounced 'culture of excretion'. From a broader perspective, this research responds to a widespread scholarly call for more attention to the organic soul and the lower body, nuancing the alleged hegemony of the brain and the higher senses throughout history. It seeks to modify the perception of early modern artists and viewers as cerebral intellectuals, presenting them as individuals who also 'thought with their guts'.

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Swanson, Barbara Dianne. « Speaking in Tones : Plainchant, Monody, and the Evocation of Antiquity in Early Modern Italy ». Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1365170679.

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Solbrig, Jacob H., et Jacob Hagen Solbrig. « Stasi Brainwashing in the GDR 1957 - 1990 ». ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2431.

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This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.

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PUTZ, Christa. « Von der ehelichen Pflicht zur erotischen Befriedigung : Heterosexualität und ihre Störungen in der deutschsprachigen Medizin und Psychoanalyse (1880-1930) ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/21154.

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Defence date: 27 March 2009
Examining Board: Prof. Peter Becker (EUI and University of Linz) ; Prof. Heinz-Gerard Haupt (EUI) ; Prof. Sabine Maasen (University of Basel) ; Prof. Edith Saurer (University of Wien)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
No abstract available.

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Livres sur le sujet "Medicine – Europe, German-speaking – History"

The transformation of German academic medicine, 1750-1820. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1996.

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The 1848/9 revolutions in German-speaking Europe. Harlow, England : Longman, 2001.

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Classification. : German literature. 2^e éd. Washington, D.C : The Library, 1990.

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N, Bade James, dir. The German connection : New Zealand and German-speaking Europe in the nineteenth century. Auckland : Oxford University Press, 1993.

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The courtly consort suite in German-speaking Europe, 1650-1706. Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2008.

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Lessing, Eckhard. Geschichte der deutschsprachigen evangelischen Theologie von Albrecht Ritschl bis zur Gegenwart. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000.

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Bentley, James. Between Marx and Christ : The dialogue in German-speaking Europe 1870-1970. London : Verso, 1995.

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M, Wolpert E., et World Psychiatric Association, dir. Images in psychiatry : German speaking countries ; Austria, Germany, Switzerland. Heidelberg : Universitätsverlag Winter, 2006.

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Contemporary authors of the German-speaking countries of Europe : A selective bibliography. Washington : Library of Congress, 1988.

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R, Auerbach Rena, Eichstädt Volkmar, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim) et Felix Posen Bibliographic Project on Antisemitism., dir. The "Jewish question" in German-speaking countries, 1848-1914 : A bibliography. New York : Garland, 1994.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Medicine – Europe, German-speaking – History"

Hakkarainen, Heidi. « Solitude in Early Nineteenth-Century German-Speaking Europe ». Dans The Routledge History of Loneliness, 253–66. London : Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429331848-20.

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Reagan, Leslie J. « Monstrous Births, Birth Defects, Unusual Anatomy, and Disability in Europe and North America ». Dans The Oxford Handbook of Disability History, 385–406. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190234959.013.0023.

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Abstract “Monstrous births,” anomalous newborn bodies, or stillbirths, have produced public and scientific reactions of fear and excited voyeuristic interest from the early modern period to the present in Europe and North America. During this time, the category of “monstrous births” expanded even if the term itself was replaced over time with “defectives,” “congenital malformations,” “birth defects,” and “disabilities.” Particular attention is given here to medicine, mothers of “monstrous births,” twentieth-century moments that brought birth defects to international attention (German measles and thalidomide), and gender. In addition, attention is given to the perspective of contemporary people whose sixteenth- and seventeenth-century predecessors (conjoined twins) were considered “monstrous births” and whose bodies are still preserved in museums.

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« The Introduction of Actresses in German-speaking Europe ». Dans Women, Medicine and Theatre 1500–1750, 291–300. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315233604-34.

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« Art History in German-Speaking Countries : Austria, Germany and Switzerland ». Dans Art History and Visual Studies in Europe, 335–53. BRILL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004231702_023.

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« From ‘Humboldt’ to ‘Bologna’ : history as discourse in higher education reform debates in German-speaking Europe ». Dans Education and the Knowledge-Based Economy in Europe, 41–61. Brill | Sense, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789087906245_004.

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« History, Rhetoric, and the Self : Robert Schumann and Music Making in German-Speaking Europe, 1800-1860 ». Dans Schumann and His World, 3–46. Princeton University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400863860.3.

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Winter, Jerrold. « Opioids : God’s Own Medicine ». Dans Our Love Affair with Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051464.003.0006.

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Albert Schweitzer called pain “a more terrible lord of mankind than even death.” Thus, it is not surprising that humans have from the earliest times attempted to identify plants which might provide pain relief. The Odyssey by Homer provides a mythic account of the use of one such agent. . . . Then Helen, daughter of Zeus, took other counsel. Straightaway she cast into the wine of which they were drinking a drug to quit all pain and strife, and bring forgetfulness of every ill. Whoso should drink this down, when it is mingled in the bowl, would not in the course of that day let a tear fall down over his cheeks, no, not though his mother and father should lie there dead . . . Such cunning drugs had the daughter of Zeus, drugs of healing, which Polydamna, the wife of Thor, had given her, a woman of Egypt, for there the earth, the giver of grain, bears the greatest store of drugs . . . . . . More than a century ago, it was suggested by Oswald Schmiedeberg, a German scientist regarded by many as the father of modern pharmacology, that the drug to which Homer refers is opium for “no other natural product on the whole earth calls forth in man such a psychical blunting as the one described.” When today, in the fields of Afghanistan or Turkey or India, the seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is pierced, a milky fluid oozes from it which, when dried, is opium. Virginia Berridge, in her elegant history of opium in England, tells us that the effects of opium on the human mind have probably been known for about 6,000 years and that opium had an honored place in Greek, Roman, and Arabic medicine. I will not dwell on that ancient history but will instead jump ahead to the 17th century by which time opium had gained wide use in European medicine.

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Tobin, Robert Deam. « Sexology in the Southwest ». Dans Global History of Sexual Science, 1880-1960. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293373.003.0007.

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This chapter examines how state power and sexual science converged in German Southwest Africa during the early twentieth century by focusing on the case of Victor van Alten. Between 1904 and 1906, van Alten, a German colonist, was tried three times for “indecent conduct contrary to nature” after making sexual assaults on several African men in colonial Southwest Africa. His story offers important insights into the legal terrain for male homosexuality in the German-speaking world and foreshadows the impact that influential sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Carl Westphal would have worldwide. The chapter first provides a background on paragraphs 175 and 51 of the German Penal Code before discussing how the van Alten case cast light on some of the common assumptions about liberal progress in the histories of sexology, science, and medicine, as well as the relationship of these disciplines to genocide, racism, and colonialism.

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Hakkarainen, Heidi, et Zuhair Iftikhar. « The Many Themes of Humanism : Topic Modelling Humanism Discourse in Early 19th-Century German-Language Press ». Dans Digital Histories : Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History, 259–77. Helsinki University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/hup-5-15.

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Topic modelling is often described as a text-mining tool for conducting a study of hidden semantic structures of a text or a text corpus by extracting topics from a document or a collection of documents. Yet, instead of one singular method, there are various tools for topic modelling that can be utilised for historical research. Dynamic topic models, for example, are often constructed temporally year by year, which makes it possible to track and analyse the ways in which topics change over time. This chapter provides a case example on topic modelling historical primary sources. The chapter uses two tools to carry out topic modelling, MALLET and Dynamic Topic Model (DTM), in one dataset, containing texts from the early 19th-century German-language press which have been subjected to optical character recognition (OCR). All of these texts were discussing humanism, which was a newly emerging concept before mid-century, gaining various meanings in the public discourse before, during and after the 1848–1849 revolutions. Yet, these multiple themes and early interpretations of humanism in the press have been previously under-studied. By analysing the evolution of the topics between 1829 and 1850, this chapter aims to shed light on the change of the discourse surrounding humanism in the early 19th-century German-speaking Europe.

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Bryce, Benjamin. « The Future of Ethnicity ». Dans To Belong in Buenos Aires. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503601536.003.0001.

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The introduction discusses the importance of the future in shaping ethnic communities in Buenos Aires. Underlining the significance of temporality and the future for the social history of migration offers new perspectives on how state institutions developed, how a culturally plural society formed, and how immigrants and families participated in that society. Ethnicity is an unstable category worthy of analysis in itself, and that, as a result, ethnic communities should similarly be studied with that point in mind. The introduction also discusses the transnational turn in German historiography, which has highlighted how people and ideas outside the nation-state influenced conceptions of the nation during the Imperial and Weimar periods. German-speaking immigrants in Buenos Aires actively embraced the transatlantic relationship that groups in central Europe sought to establish, but they had their own ideas about their relationship with their nation of heritage and their nation of residence.

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