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1
Watzke, Petra. « Disability in German-Speaking Europe : History, Memory, Culture ed. by Linda Leskau, Tanja Nusser, and Katherine Sorrels ». German Studies Review 46, no 1 (février 2023) : 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2023.0029.
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Hellyer, H. A. « Muslims in Europe ». American Journal of Islam and Society 25, no 1 (1 janvier 2008) : 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v25i1.395.
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Muslims and Islam have been at the center of some of the most vital post-9/11 debates. In Europe, the controversy has intensified due to the conflation of the aforementioned discussions and the arguments currently raging in Europe surrounding European identity. In such parleys, the assumption has been that Muslims in Europe are an alien presence with a short and temporary history. This article seeks to demonstrate that historically speaking, this is not necessarily a foregone conclusion. The integration of Muslims and the recognition of Islam may take place through a variety of different ways owing to the specificities of individual European nation-states. However, they will need to consider the past precedents of the Muslim presence in order to appropriately organize the present and in looking to the future.
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Володимир Васильович Очеретяний et Інна Іванівна Ніколіна. « THE PROCESS OF CREATING THE NAZI CAMP SYSTEM IN POLAND DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 5 (1 janvier 2018) : 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111817.
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This article analyzes the process of creating the German camp system in Poland. The Nazi racial politics towards the Jews promoted their isolation from the so-called "full part of society". For this purpose, two main mechanisms for their separation were created: concentration camps, some of which were transformed into "factories of death", and Jewish ghettos. The establishment of concentration camps in Poland was preceded by a long process of organizational and legal registration first in Germany itself, and later on the territories occupied by it. This process was accompanied by numerous Jewish pogroms and arrests, which was an integral part of the Nazi anti-Semitic policy. Concentration camps were carefully thought out and well-organized institutions with a refined mechanism of prisoners’ maintenance, coercion and punishment. Different by their intended purpose were "death camps" that were not intended to hold prisoners, but to destroy them quickly and in large scale. Most of them were located on the territory of Poland, where the Jews from all over Europe were brought. These included Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Maydanek. It was observed in the article that German concentration camps were created to isolate, repress and destroy the undesirable elements of the regime. Despite the early formation of this system, its dissemination in the territories occupied by the Nazis, particularly in Poland, took place in 1938-1939s. At that time the German concentration camps turned into an instrument of ruthless anti-Semitic policy that became a classic genocide. Due to the fact that the concentration camps capacities did not allow to sufficiently fulfill their tasks, during 1939-1945s in Poland, new, so-called "death camps" were established. They were equipped with gas chambers and crematorium that carried out large-scale destruction of the Jews.
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Koschek, Marcel. « TEKA : A Transnational Network of Esperanto-Speaking Physicians ». Hungarian Historical Review 10, no 2 (2021) : 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2021.2.243.
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The Tutmonda Esperanta Kuracista Asocio (Worldwide Esperanto Medical Association, TEKA) was founded in 1908 at the Fourth International Esperanto Congress in Dresden and was the international medical association of the Esperanto movement. The aim was to “facilitate practical relations between Esperanto-speaking doctors of all countries.” The interest within the Esperanto movement was immense: after one year, TEKA had more than 400 members all over the world with a focus on Europe; one year later, there were more than 600 members with official representatives in about 100 cities. In Europe, a medical press in Esperanto had already been established. The approach of these journals was both simple and brilliant: the doctors presented the latest medical findings from their home countries in a peer review system and critically examined the articles in their vernacular. This made each issue a compendium of the most important and pioneering findings of national research. The numerous experts also had many other connections with, for example, the Red Cross and similar organizations. Thus, after a short period of time, TEKA brought together the expertise of countless physicians. This paper examines TEKA as a transnational network of experts before World War I. The history of the association and the role of Medicine within the Esperanto movement are briefly discussed. The focus is then on the various association journals and the circulation of knowledge. Finally, the essay offers a look at TEKA’s cooperative endeavors with the Red Cross. It works from a transnational perspective and takes a close view of the actors and their personal backgrounds at appropriate points. Furthermore, lists of members and journal subscribers are provided in map form to make the global spread of the movement within medicine visible.
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Surman, Jan. « Imperial Science in Central and Eastern Europe ». Histories 2, no 3 (14 septembre 2022) : 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/histories2030026.
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The history of imperial science has been a growing topic over recent decades. Overviews of the imperial history of science have rarely included the Russian, Habsburg, and German empires. The history of Central and Eastern Europe has embraced empire as an analytical and critical category only recently, having previously pursued national historiographies and romanticised versions of imperial pasts. This article highlights several key narratives of imperial sciences in Central and Eastern Europe that have appeared over the past twenty years, especially in anglophone literature. Interdependence between national and imperial institutions and biographies, the history of nature as an interplay of scales, and finally, the histories of imagining a path between imperialism and nationalism, demonstrate how the history of imperial science can become an important part of the discussion of Central European history from a global perspective, as well as how the history of science can be factored into the general history of this region. Finally, I argue that the imperial history of science can play an important role in re-thinking the post/decolonial history of Central and Eastern Europe, an issue that, since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has become the centre of intellectual attention.
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Visi, Tamás. « Jewish Physicians in Late Medieval Ashkenaz ». Social History of Medicine 32, no 4 (3 janvier 2019) : 670–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky110.
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Summary Medical writings written by Jews in late medieval Western and Central Europe demonstrate that although Jews were excluded from universities, the medical world outside of the universities was open to them. Jewish medical writers relied on Latin and vernacular sources and often they wrote in German. Emphasising the importance of knowledge of authoritative books, they attempted to secure their social standing by demonstrating that they confirmed to the generally accepted social norm that required physicians and surgeons to rely on learned medicine. Nevertheless, only a few Jewish medical practitioners wrote books.
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Elvira-García, Wendy, Adrian Turculet, Anca-Diana Bibiri, Annie Baker Campbell, Ramon Cerdà Massó, Ana M. a. Fernández Planas et Paolo Roseano. « Prosodic distances between different survey sites in Romance-speaking Europe ». Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no 11 (2023) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.ne11.05.
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The aim of this paper is to classify Romanian dialects from a prosodic point of view within the European Romance-speaking area. The data is part of the Multimedia Atlas of Romance Prosody - AMPER (Contini, 1992) and is analysed dialectometrically by means of ProDis (Elvira-García et al., 2015; Fernández Planas, 2016). The database includes more than 17,000 utterances produced by 48 speakers from 26 survey sites of 15 varieties of 6 Romance languages (Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Sardinian, Friulian and Romanian). The results show that the two main prosodic areas of Romanian (see Roseano, 2016b) remain separate when they are dialectometrized with data from other Romance languages. In addition, if one analyses questions and statements separately, it can be seen that questions allow us to distinguish geoprosodic areas more effectively than statements do (as suggested by previous studies such as Fernández Planas et al., 2015).
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Kane, K. J. « The early history and development of functional endoscopic sinus surgery ». Journal of Laryngology & ; Otology 134, no 1 (13 décembre 2019) : 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215119002457.
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AbstractBackgroundThe concept of endoscopic diagnosis and procedures on the nasal cavity had been investigated for several decades in Europe in the early part of the twentieth century. It was Prof Walter Messerklinger and his assistant, Heinz Stammberger, with US colleague, David Kennedy, who brought the science and technique of functional endoscopic sinus surgery to the wider world.MethodsThe author, an English-speaking surgeon, was present at this movement from the commencement of its propagation, and has recorded the remarkable ascendency of this technique throughout the world.ConclusionThe technique revolutionised the diagnosis and management of intranasal, sinus and intracranial conditions.
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Kravets, Yarema. « VASYL STEFANYK IN THE FRENCH LINGUAL READING ». PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no 16(63) (26 août 2022) : 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2022-16(63)-323-334.
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French-speaking literary criticism and translation, dedicated to Vasyl Stefanyk, have already more than centenary history. Already in 1912 and 1915 the French reader has known separate novellas of the Ukrainian writer. Since his creative activity has been constantly present in individual Ukrainian monographs which appeared in Swiss, Belgium and France. The most significant publications of the French-speaking Stefanykiana are the book “Croix de pierre” that contained more than 40 writer’s novellas, separate chapters about V. Stefanyk in 12-volume Belgian anthology «Patrimoine littéraire européen» (1993-2000) and Sarcelles’ anthology of the Ukrainian literature of XIth-XXth centuries of NTSH publication in the Western Europe (2004).
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Siegel, Stephen A. « Joel Bishop's Orthodoxy ». Law and History Review 13, no 2 (1995) : 215–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743860.
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In 1884, the University of Berne celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with ceremonies spanning three days, attended by delegates from the international diplomatic corps and many of the universities of Western Europe. As part of the ceremonies, the university awarded honorary doctorates in theology, philosophy, medicine, and law. Along with a number of Swiss and German scholars, one American was honored: Joel Prentiss Bishop. He was, the university thought, among those “who by their learning and their works rendered great service to their land and to the science of the law.”
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Kozak, Solomiya. « THE FRANCISCAN MISSION OF GIOVANNI DA PIAN DEL CARPINE 1245 : THE COMPANIONS OF THE PAPAL LEGATE IN BOHEMIA AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO RUS’ ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 9 (28 décembre 2021) : 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112013.
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The article aims to analyze the participation of Franciscan missionaries from Bohemia in the embassy of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine to the Mongol khan in the context of Rus’-Czech relations in the middle of the XIIIth century. Research methodology. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach to the study of socio-political, military, and socio-economic phenomena in their development and relationships, based on the principles of scientificity, objectivity, systematicity, and historicism. In the study, general scientific and special historical methods were used, namely: comparative-historical, critical, problem-chronological, source-based, and analytical methods. The scientific novelty of the article is that historiography has not yet paid attention to the bohemian origins of the two members of the Carpine mission. In addition, this fact did not fit into the broader background of Rus’-Czech relations at the time. The role of the Pope in resolving the international situation in Central and Eastern Europe is highlighted, as well as how this relates to the policies of the Czech Przemyslids and the Galician-Volynian Romanovychi. Conclusions. It was noted that the factor of the emergence of nomads and their threat to Europe was crucial for the Czech-Rus’ contacts, which became part of the eastern policy of the Apostolic Capital. Since, in the conditions of the Mongol threat, both the Przemyslids and the Romanovychi actively communicated with the Pope, the Czech-Rus’ communication became inevitable. With this in mind, the article draws attention to the following points. First, the amount of knowledge about Rus’ in Bohemia at that time was analyzed. Secondly, the preconditions that contributed to the Czech-Rus’ rapprochement with Rome, despite the unfavorable policy of the German emperor, were highlighted. Third, the Rus’-Czech relations of the middle of the XIIIth century and their manifestation in the form of the Galician-Czech union in the following decades were interpreted in the international context. The events of the war for the inheritance of the Babenbergs in 1246–1278 and the Czech-Rus’ relations in their context should be considered as a continuation of the political line initiated by the Pope and executed by the Franciscans.
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Krause, Stephan, et Dirk Suckow. « Der Mitropa-Pokal und die Legende mit den roten Schlafwagen. Fußball, Raumkonstruktion und europäische Eisenbahnverkehrsgeschichte in den 1920er/ 1930er Jahren ». STADION 44, no 2 (2020) : 338–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-338.
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The Mitropa Cup founded in 1927 was the most important professional football tournament of the interwar period. It was organized by the international Mitropa Cup committee, which was formed of leading protagonists from Central Europe such as Hugo Meisl. This Central European Cup was played out between different combinations of the leading clubs from the participating countries: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Switzerland. German teams did not take part in the Mitropa Cup, because the DFB did not accept professional football teams at that time. With this sport historical background the study shows in which way the Mitropa Cup (as well as other tournaments) profoundly influenced the construction of economic and social space, and how it influenced the perception of the German Mitropa company. While it has been claimed that Meisl and his comrades could build on the sponsorship of the German restaurant and sleeping car company Mitropa, the parallel investigation of railway history through primary sources and sport history proves that no such relationship has existed, and furthermore, because of an international treaty the Mitropa was not allowed to provide services beyond Germany and several defined destinations. Thus, the discursive and spacial significance of both the Mitropa Cup’s football-based definition of Central Europe, and the Mitropa company as one of the two European players in sleeping and restaurant car services (the other being the French-Belgian CIWL/ISG), forms a historical coincidence.
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Nye, Robert A. « The History of Sexuality in Context : National Sexological Traditions ». Science in Context 4, no 2 (1991) : 387–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001022.
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The ArgumentI argue here that in its historical development, sexology developed differently in France than elsewhere in Europe. Though I concur that the modern notion of “sexuality” arose some time in the last half of the nineteenth century, the older notion of ”sex” persisted in French science and medicine for a far longer time than elsewhere because of a fear that nonreproductive sexual behavior would deepen the country's population crisis. I argue that the scientific and medical concepts of the sexual perversions, particularly homosexuality, were considered by French sexologists to be abnormal deviations from heterosexuality, whereas some English, German, and Austrian sexologists — including Freud — viewed the perversions more tolerantly as natural variations of the norm. I also address here the inadequacies of historical accounts of these developments that favor discursive ruptures in the Foucauldian manner, and stress the advantages of social history and causal historical explanation.
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Kirik, Yulia. « The 1927 Soviet Manual on Social Hygiene : The Transfer of Ideas and a New Methodology ». Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 43, no 3 (2022) : 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060014926-0.
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The article analyzes the first original Soviet (Marxist) textbook of social hygiene, “Social Hygiene: Manual for Medical Students and Doctors”, edited by A. V. Molkov and published in 1927. This textbook is compared on with the German books on social hygiene, whose translations into Russian were published in the 1920s. The examination of the evolution of Soviet social hygiene in regard to the curriculum structure and the content of textbooks in the context of the history of social health in Europe and North America leads to a conclusion that, in the early 1920s, the Soviet agenda of social hygiene was brought into line with the European agenda. The textbook edited by Molkov can be regarded as the culmination of this process of Soviet social hygiene modernization modeled after the German social hygiene: the content of Molkov’s textbook is almost fully consistent with B. Chajes’ “Kompendium der sozialen Hygiene” (1923). It had finalized the departure from the prerevolutionary tradition of “public medicine” and adoption of the agenda of society health problems and their solutions that was then widespread in Europe and America. The most significant difference between the Soviet manual and German books is scientific methods. One of the ideologists of German social hygiene, A. Grotjahn, described this discipline as a fusion of hygiene and social sciences (economics, law, political science, sociology, etc.). In the Soviet version of social hygiene, the methodology of social sciences was substituted with the dogmata of communist ideology and Soviet regulatory legal acts. However, the attempt to substitute social scientific methodology in the study of social hygiene with the Marxist approach failed and, while in the 1920s it appeared like an innovation in the spirit of the time, as years went by, the inherent contradictions between the two approaches only got deeper.
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Nothaft, C. Philipp E. « A Medieval European Value for the Circumference of the Earth ». Early Science and Medicine 25, no 2 (29 juillet 2020) : 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00252p02.
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Abstract Geographic and astronomical texts from late-medieval Central Europe frequently give 16 German miles, or miliaria teutonica, as the length of a degree of terrestrial latitude. The earliest identifiable author to endorse this equivalence is the Swabian astronomer Heinrich Selder, who wrote about the length of a degree and the circumference of the Earth on several occasions during the 1360s and 1370s. Of particular interest is his claim that he and certain unnamed experimentatores established their preferred value empirically. Based on an analysis of relevant statements in Selder’s extant works and other late-medieval sources, it is argued that this claim is plausible and that the convention 1° = 16 German miles was indeed the result of an independent measurement.
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Rosler, Irmtraud. « "De Seekarte Ost Vnd West To Segelen ..." : On Northern European Nautical "Fachliteratur" in the Late Middle Ages ». Early Science and Medicine 3, no 2 (1998) : 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338298x00248.
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AbstractThe requirements of navigation in Western and Northern Europe led to the production of handbooks that did not have any obvious precursors in the learned traditions. The paper describes the characteristic features of such navigational handbooks and discusses their production, distribution, and reception. The peculiarities of transmission of nautical knowledge are also reflected linguistically: from the beginning, practical navigational texts were written in vernacular languages, that is, in Dutch, French, English, or Low German, but not in Latin. They were not conceived as texts for learned men. Instead, as is shown by the example of the Low German Seebuch, one of the oldest such manuscripts, they were planned as practical manuals for navigators who needed information about matters such as depths, currents, distances, and routes.
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Collis, Robert. « Magic, Medicine and Authority in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Muscovy : Andreas Engelhardt (d. 1683) and the Role of the Western Physician at the Court of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, 1656-1666 ». Russian History 40, no 3-4 (2013) : 399–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04004009.
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In Early Modern Europe court physicians exerted great influence in service to their royal patrons. These medical practitioners acted as learned conduits, whose knowledge of natural philosophy, which often included occult theories of healing, natural magic and astrology, was able to serve the broad interests of their patrons. Thus, in addition to being charged with maintaining the health of a ruler, physicians were often exploited by monarchs seeking to enhance the general health of their body politic. This case study of the German physician Andreas Engelhardt examines his decade-long service in Moscow between 1656 and 1666 at the court of Aleksei Mikhailovich. This study of Engelhardt’s role at court at a time of increased Western influence in Muscovy aims to reveal how the tsar sought to utilize the learning of his German physician in a variety of ways. Engelhardt not only administered Western medical remedies, including the use of unicorn horns, to the royal family, but was also instructed to ascertain whether various Russian and Siberian folk remedies possessed beneficent qualities. This process of legitimization and containment of medical knowledge coincided with an attempt to suppress the authority of folk healers, thereby reflecting the autocratic nature of Aleksei Mikhailovich’s reign. Furthermore, this article demonstrates that the tsar drew on Engelhardt’s supposed expertise in astrology and divination in order to know how Muscovy would be affected by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 1664-1665.
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Іван Васильович Ковальчук. « FORMING THE LOCAL AUXILIARY POLICE AND ENGAGING ITS SUBDIVISIONS IN PUNITIVE OPERATIONS OF NAZI INVADERS ON THE TERRITORY OF ZHYTOMYR REGION IN 1941 ». Intermarum history policy culture, no 5 (1 janvier 2018) : 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.111816.
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The article considers the process of the Ukrainian local police formation within the structure of the auxiliary Ukrainian administration. It was determined that both Organizations of Ukrainian Nationalists had taken an active part in the process. The members of their march units arrived in Zhytomyr region. During the period of military administration the Nazi occupation authority specified the number of military personnel, the main functions and direct reporting relationship of the Ukrainian auxiliary police. Originally, the given formation was qualified as the public organization subordinated to the local authorities, however, commandant's offices could engage it to perform their tasks. Its aggregate number could not exceed 1% of the population of a specific populated locality. The main function of the auxiliary police was to tackle crime and protect different objects. In its arsenal, the police had the captured Soviet rifles and a set of 5 cartridges for each one. Within a short period of time the whole network of the auxiliary police was established on the territory of Zhytomyr region. It consisted of country commands, district, municipal and regional divisions.Among the governing bodies and municipal police, for example, in Zhytomyr city, there were many of those who came from Western Ukraine and political immigrants from Western Europe who arrived on the territory occupied by Nazi after the beginning of the Soviet-German war. Nevertheless, after some time the occupation authorities at first resorted to a dissolution of the Ukrainian auxiliary police formations, and then it was re-structured and staffed according to new plans and Nazi perspective. In that format the Ukrainian auxiliary police were fully deprived of both Organizations of Ukrainian Nationalists influence, imbedded into the occupation structure and had to carry out the dirty work Nazi could not do because of lack of human resources and means. Since that time Nazi occupation authorities engaged officials from different divisions and departments of the local auxiliary police in their punitive actions against the local population, in particular in a genocide of specific ethnic groups.
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Płonka-Syroka, Bożena. « Medical doctrines at the turn of the 18th and 19th c. and their philosophical foundations ». Polish Journal of Public Health 128, no 1 (1 janvier 2018) : 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjph-2018-0007.
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Abstract The turn of the 18th and 19th c. is a period in the history of medicine where the division of the main modernisation course in clinical medicine was made. Two competing movements were distinguished at that time: physical, the foundations of which referred to the philosophy of the English and French Enlightenment (the so-called Medical Enlightenment) and romantic, which was critical of the philosophy and attempted to base the foundations of medicine on German idealism. The rivalry began in 1797 when the basis of the romantic movement was determined and ended in 1849 when the movement was removed through administrative channels from universities in German Protestant states. Then, the unification of the theoretical foundations of clinical medicine in Europe took place, while the epigones of the romantic movement were included in the area of alternative medicine by academic communities. Both of the movements involved dozens of medical doctrines, which strove to solve practical therapeutic problems in relation to different theories. The aim of the article is to present the rivalry between both modernisation movements on the basis of my earlier studies, the results of which were included in the publications from 1990-2016, and references with particular emphasis on the role of therapeutic doctrines and their philosophical foundations.
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Petrosyan, D. V. ,. « FOREIGN POLICY ATTITUDES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN THE POSTBIPOLAR WORLD ». Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no 3 (2021) : 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-3-87-98.
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The Contemporary Federal Republic of Germany is the leader of the European Union, on which the development of the European Union and European-transatlantic relations largely depends. The Federal Republic of Germany determines the main content and direction of the EU policy towards the Russian Federation. Russian-German relations have a significant impact on the solution of many world problems. The unification of two states at the end of the 20th century – the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic — became one of the greatest and most significant events in the history of Germany and world politics. The creation of a unified German state contributed to the change of both the economic and political situation of Germany in Europe and in international relations. They are one of the determining factors of global politics and directly related to the European world order, therefore, the study of the philosophy and nature of German foreign policy in the postbipolar world is a topic and important task for specialists. The article considers the internal and external conditions and factors affecting the foreign policy of Germany in the postbipolar world.
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Krüger, Michael, et Florian Wittmann. « Turnen und Sport im Kaiserreich : Aufbruch in die Moderne ? » STADION 46, no 2 (2022) : 224–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2022-2-224.
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In the period surrounding the 150th anniversary of the German Empire, the debates among historians concerning its role and meaning for the process of modern society in Germany, have recently increased in intensity and sharpness. No matter how the interpretations were positioned between the gloomy shadow of the Pickelhaube (spiked German military helmets) and the radiant birth of modernity, physical exercise and physical culture remained unconsidered. This is surprising, since gymnastics and sports had grown into a mass movement throughout Europe since 1900 at the latest. Accordingly, this essay expands the current discussion on modernity of the German Empire from the specific perspective of sport history. The three areas of (gymnastics) instruction, club (Verein) and Olympic movement are used to discuss the extent to which physical education and physical culture became part of the developing mass society during the period of the Empire. They marked a “transition into modernity”, according to Hedwig Richter. What potential for the development of modern civil societies, including structures of participation, liberality, and democracy, did physical exercises – gymnastics, games and sports – contribute to the development of the German Empire from the 19th century until its termination after World War I? This may well be the leading question and indeed challenge of the paper.
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Shaidurov, Vladimir N., et Olga V. Erokhina. « German Colonies of St. Petersburg Province ». Journal of Frontier Studies 8, no 1 (6 février 2023) : 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i1.493.
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Russia of the 18th – 19th centuries faced a crucial challenge of sparsely populated suburbs consolidation through their economic development. Acute shortage of work force to be involved for transformation of Novorossiya, the steppes of the North Caucasus and the Middle Volga region, Siberia and some other regions into the centers of commodity agriculture and industrial production, forced the authorities to turn to the use of European experience and place a bet on foreign colonization. Central Europe, devastated by the Seven-Year War, brought to life tens of thousands of potential colonists, who answered the call of Empress Catherine the Great to move to the unoccupied lands of the Russian Empire. Since 1765, the first colonies (Novo-Saratovka, Srednaya Rogatka, Yamburg and Izhora colonies) were formed near St. Petersburg. Investigation of the history of these settlements in the imperial period is extremely poor in modern historiography. The article examines the initial period of their existence (1765 – 1800s). It took about 30 years for German colonists to adapt to new living conditions. Some colonies (Srednaya Rogatka) became centers of commodity production of agricultural products (potatoes, etc.), sold in the capital-city market, at the beginning of the 19th century already. Experiments on the advanced multi-field system implementation, initiated by Semyon Dzhunkovsky, opened the way to increase productivity and income of the colonists. The new crop rotation system spurted into popularity not only in the colonies, but in the neighboring settlements of Russian peasants as well. The article is intended for specialists engaged in the study of agrarian development, ethnic minorities of Russia in the imperial period.
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Martínez Areta, Mikel. « Towards a History of Basque Anthroponymy ». Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" 50, no 1/2 (13 septembre 2021) : 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/asju.22867.
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In this paper, a short history of Basque anthroponymy is made, starting from Antiquity and going through the Roman period, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age and the Contemporary Age. For each of these periods, the stock of the most frequent person names is presented, by synthesizing a variety of works by other authors, who in turn depend on the kind of sources that we have for each period. As in other parts of Europe, an autochthonous repertoire of anthroponyms dominates until the 11th century, either of Aquitanian/Basque etymology or borrowed (mainly from Romance), but deep-rooted in the Basque-speaking areas and particularly in the Kingdom of Pamplona. From the 11th century, the centralizing reforms undertaken by the Catholic Church brought about a gradual substitution of those ancient person names by some others taken from saints, evangelists, characters of the New Testament, a tendency brought to the extreme by the previsions fostered by the Council of Trent. However, as any other European language, Basque developed vernacular versions of these names, as well as an ample array of hypocoristic variants, in which the autochtonous processes of the language such as suffixation, palatalization, etc., are profusely employed. As against some previous accounts of Basque anthroponymy, which have focused exclusively on the analysis of separate anthroponymic units (basically idionyms and patronyms), this paper aims at a global description of the anthroponymic system, considering also social aspects like the development of naming structures as a whole (e.g. idionym + patronym + toponym), and the motivation for giving children particular names (according to relatives, ancestors, patron saints, calendars…).
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Roßbach, Gundula, et Magdalena Skowron. « Glosa do Wyroku Federalnego Sądu Socjalnego z dnia 16 czerwca 2015 r., sygn. akt B 13 R 27/13 R ». Przegląd Sejmowy 3(170) (2022) : 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2022.118.
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The year 2021 marked the 30th anniversary of the entry into force of the Social Security Agreement between the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany, drawn up in Warsaw on 8 December 1990. In this connection, it is worth emphasising both its timeless significance and the impact it has had on the legal orders of Poland and Germany. The progressive political and economic integration of Europe has resulted in both countries redefining pension rights in Polish-German relations. It should be recalled that only a few days earlier, on 14 November 1990, Poland and Germany had signed an agreement on a common border on the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers. This played a huge role in the history of both countries. This was due to the fact that at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, when the course of the common German-Polish border was decided, neither side had a seat at the conference table and had any influence on the outcome of the negotiations.
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Blair, Ann. « Authorship in the Popular "Problemata Aristotelis" ». Early Science and Medicine 4, no 3 (1999) : 189–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338299x00148.
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AbstractThis article examines the complex fortuna of the "Problemata Aristotelis" which circulated widely in early modern Europe in a textual tradition independent of the better-known ancient problems attributed to Aristotle. A study of the editions of this text (designated "Omnes homines") and its various add-ons, spanning four languages (Latin, German, French and English) and four centuries (late 15th-19th centuries), brings to light the otherwise obscure editorial practices that fueled its remarkable success. The authority of the text rests at first on its presentation of a collective wisdom, then on bolder claims for the authenticity of its alleged Aristotelian authorship.
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Delibegović, Samir, et Alan Matošević. « Analysis theorico-practica de viribus virus febriferi, pestiferi, atque serpentin ». Acta medico-historica Adriatica 19, no 2 (2021) : 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.19.2.6.
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This review describes the first medical article written by an author from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The article was published by Fr. Franjo Gracić (1740-1799), in Latin, under the title: “Analysis theorico-practica de viribus virus febriferi, pestiferi, atque serpentin”, and printed in Padua in 1795, translated as: “A Theoretical and Practical Presentation of the Effects of Fevers, Infectious Diseases, and Snake Poison”. From today’s standpoint, it may be said that it was a review article about some of the most frequent diseases of that time. The paper is of exceptional importance for the history of medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina because it is the first documented medical article whose author was from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper contains observations of the course of diseases and treatment, in line with the medical insights of the time. The author refers to the authorities of that time, such as Samuel Auguste André Tissot, the Swiss physicist and doctor, Georg Bauer, the German doctor, and Lodovico Antonio Muratori, the Italian scholar, which makes this article a link between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the knowledge of the Europe of that time. This paper represents the beginning of medical writing in Bosnia and Herzegovina and has a very important place in the history of medicine in this country.
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Shindo, Rikako. « EAST PRUSSIA, LITHUANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR : THE FOREIGN STRATEGY OF A GERMAN EXCLAVE DURING THE 1920S ». Problems of World History, no 1 (24 mars 2016) : 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-8.
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This paper deals with the foreign strategy of East Prussia after World War I. Special consideration is given to the ways in which East Prussia tried to overcome the political and economic difficulties that had arisen when it found itself surrounded on all sides by foreign countries during the 1920s. After the World War I, East Prussia aimed to re-establish its previous trade relations with the regions of the former Russian Empire. The intensive struggle for survival in which the local and regional governments of Königsberg and its economic representatives were involved resulted from the fact that the province now formed an exclave – a unique situation not only in the history of Prussia, but also in the history of Germany. Owing to the unsolvable territorial conflicts in Eastern Europe, all attempts to come to terms with the situation and its implications were doomed to have only very limited success.
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Molodiakov, Vasily E. « “Defender of the West” : Henri Massis against Spengler, Hitler and Germany ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (1 mars 2020) : 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-235-245.
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This article analyzes the position on German civilization and different political regimes in Germany of the French conservative political philosopher Henri Massis (1886-1970). Catholic and French nationalist, follower of Maurice Barrès and Charles Maurras, Massis during all his life remained a Germanophobe and saw Germany, as well as Russia, not belonging to European civilization and being a dangerous enemies of the “West”. According to Massis ‘the West’ was limited to the Roman-Catholic part of Europe with France in the center, as the inheritor of Hellenized Christian Rome. Massis considered that civilization as the sole ‘authentic’ one. For many years Massis critisized the views of Oswald Spengler as representative of the “catastrophic theory of history” and precursor of national socialism.
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Oury Ba, Amadou. « Herder’s Ideas for a Philosophy of Human History (1784-1791), or : the Anthropological De-struction of “Africa” ». Konturen 11 (2020) : 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/konturen.11.0.4796.
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In his work Ideas for a Philosophy of Human History (1784-1791), the preacher and philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder deals critically with the philosophy of Enlightenment, in which he sees the seed of a racial and cultural classification that considers peoples outside Europe as inferior. This centrally included Africa and its inhabitants as represented by German philosophers. Such a way of imagining Africa, widely shared amongst thinkers of the Enlightenment, echoes still today in various representations in the Western media, and could even serve as an explanation of the current migration drama in the Mediterranean. Herder, who was well informed of these representations in his own day, attempted, in Ideas, to deconstruct the then prevalent image of Africa and its peoples, and thereby entered into an intellectual dispute with his philosophical contemporaries, whose position was to reaffirm the supremacy of European culture and soe justify slavery and colonialism. This paper first focuses on Herder’s context, then explains his positions and his work, and shows how his attempt ended in a de-construction of the «Africa» of the Enlightenment.
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Noskova, Albina F. « “We need for scientific work to become life…” Interview with Albina F. Noskova ». Slavic World in the Third Millennium 16, no 3-4 (2021) : 189–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2021.16.3-4.12.
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At the request of the editorial board of the journal Slavic World in the Third Millennium, Albina Fedorovna Noskova (born 1936), Doctor of Historical Sciences and chief researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recounts her life and career path in science. She graduated from the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University in 1959 and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute from 1961 to 1964. Albina Fedoovna is the recognised specialist in both the modern history of Poland and the problems in the history of Soviet-Polish relations. The principal lines of her investigations included the history of Poland and other Eastern European countries during and after World War II, the problems of Slavic-German relations, and the policy of Moscow in Eastern Europe. A. F. Noskova is the author of several hundred academic works, as well as the organiser of and a participant in many international projects and conferences. Albina Fedorovna discusses her childhood, her parents and teachers, her studies at the Department of Southern and Western Slavs of the History Faculty of Moscow State University, and her work in archives and at the Institute of Slavic Studies, as well as her business trips abroad.
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Petrovic, Ivana. « General ». Greece and Rome 69, no 2 (6 septembre 2022) : 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383522000158.
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Delphi, one of the most spectacular sites in Europe and an immensely important oracular site of Ancient Greece is the theme of an edited volume originating in a conference organized in 2017. Unlike most conference proceedings, this volume is truly thorough in terms of breadth of coverage, and it is also beautifully produced and equipped with very useful indices which greatly facilitate orientation. There are twenty-three chapters in German and English, divided into six sections: archaeology, the functioning of the oracle, the role of Delphi in Greek history, the representation of the oracle in archaic and classical literature, its role in the theological and philosophical debates of the Roman period, and a brief section on its modern reception. Anyone interested in Delphi will find something useful in this volume.
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Pikov, Gennadiy. « The Era of Transformation in the History of Europe from the Point of View of Civilizational Content ». Ideas and Ideals 13, no 3-2 (30 septembre 2021) : 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2021-13.3.2-298-312.
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One of the most studied, debated, noticeable and important gaps in history is the transition period between the Middle Ages and Modern Times. This is primarily due to the specifics of the civilizational development of Europe in this period. It is almost universally accepted that its essence is connected with the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This era is ‘transitional’ and includes many different transformations: cultural, mental economic, political, when instead of an ethno-political space, a national-political world is formed. Therefore, it makes sense to call it so — the era of transformation, when the agrarian economy is transformed into a post-agrarian one, although not yet ‘industrial’, ‘pagan’ culture comes out from the ‘underground’ and actively pushes the Christian religion-ideology, ‘A Christian’ becomes a ‘free person’, etc. It is during this period that civilizationally significant processes begin and end: - The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation are coming to an end. - There is basically a ‘progressive’ stage of absolutism. - All means of ‘feudal redistribution’ of Europe have been exhausted (The Italian Crusades, the Thirty Years’ War). - The final division into ‘national states’ takes place. - Geographical discoveries are being fully completed. - In general, the first stage of the technical revolution is coming to an end. - A new bourgeois type of man is being actively formed. This article offers a brief analysis of this period as a special Era of Transformation, within which complex processes take place: Renovatio – as a ‘return’ to the state of culture ‘before the fall’ (first of all, ancient); Reformatio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of Christianity (‘early Christianity’); Revolutio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of government (a wide range from the ‘Roman Republic’ to the traditional German community or the Old Testament model). They are difficult to relate, they do not go synchronously, during the period they significantly change their meaning, at the same time, the logic of civilizational development implies a movement from Renovatio to Revolutio, from cultural deformations and changes to the replacement of the social system.
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Malinov, A. V., L. Naldoniova et V. A. Kupriyanov. « The Slavdom and the West in History and Culture (to the Publication of “Historical Letters about the Relations of the Russian Nation to its Tribesmen” by V.I. Lamansky) ». Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no 1 (30 mars 2022) : 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2022.1.116-137.
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The article serves as the introduction into the publication of the “Historical Letter” by V.I. Lamansky. The authors consider the context of V.I. Lamansky’s discourse concerning the reciprocal relations between the Slavs and the Germans. Considering these relations as inimical, V.I. Lamansky substantiated this idea by references to the opinion of German scholars about the Slavs. He showed the malignancy of the German cultural and political influence on the Slavs, something which leads to the loss of their nationality, based on the example of Czech and, to some extent, Croatian history. It is not a coincidence that the essential part of the second “Historical Letter” is based on the material of the Hussite movement and Thirty Years’ War which caused the germanisation of the Czech people. Lamansky attached great importance to the Hussite movement, as he considered it one of the highest manifestations of the Slavic self-consciousness (or at least of the Western Slavs). Based on the letters of the scholar showing his attitude to the Czech people, F. Palacky and other leaders of the Czech Revival, the authors demonstrate that Lamansky had probably borrowed the notion of “the Greek-Slavic world” as against the German-Roman world from German historiological literature. Being an adherent of Slavophilism, Lamansky considerably contributed to it. Particularly, he tried to more definitely formulate Slavophile’s attitude to the “Slavic question,” on which the attention of the founders of the movement had paid little attention. His interpretation of Slavic history was best realized in his master’s thesis “On the Slavs in Middle Asia, Africa and Spain” (1859). The second “Historical Question” was likely written soon after finishing work on the thesis and was a step on the way to his other serious work, namely his doctoral thesis “On Historical Studies of the Greek-Slavic World in Europe” (1871), as both “Historical Letters” and the dissertation were written from similar historiographical positions.
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Mandryk, Ivan, et Otiliia Mynda. « COMMON AND DIFFERENT IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE IN MODERN TIMES (XVI - EARLY XX CENTURIES) ». Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series : History, no 2 (47) (20 décembre 2022) : 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.2(47).2022.267398.
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Life prompts researchers from different countries to study the historical experience of the peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Especially since the reasons that give rise to the common problems that bind this part of the continent together continue to persist. Historians should more actively turn to the method of comparison and analysis of regularities and thus seek answers to the issues of the time. That is true that direct adaptation and automatism do not work here. The article summarizes our practical experience of learning the history of individual countries in the new era, as well as pointing out those objective factors that combined their fate not only led to unity and interdependence but also to significant features that distinguished them. At the end of the 18th century, all the peoples of the regions completely lost their independence. Still, with the beginning of the 19th century, the reverse process of national liberation struggles began, which was crowned with success at the beginning of the 20th century. Despite all the differences in the ethnic-social and state associations that were formed, and despite the features that characterize the two main regions – Central European and the Balkans, the nations that arose in this historical and geographical area included such essential features that distinguish them from the peoples of the western part of Europe. The article highlighted the unity of the neighboring regions and their difference from the rest of the continent was formed over a long period. Still, it was evident in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 20th century also added new touches. We understand that the peoples of Central and South-Eastern Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries found themselves between two shores – German and Turkish, and in the 18th -19th centuries – German and Russian, so they always had to put up with one or another rule. An objective analysis shows somewhat better political, economic, cultural, and spiritual development opportunities, which have opened up to the Central Europeans compared with the Balkan peoples.
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Serzhant, Liudmyla. « Bauhaus and the Ceramic Art of the 20th Century (On the Issue of the Style Evolution of Ukrainian Porcelain and Earthenware) ». Folk art and ethnology, no 3 (30 juillet 2022) : 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/nte2022.03.037.
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An attempt is made in the article to trace the revolutionary influence of the ideological program of the German Bauhaus An attempt is made in the article to trace the revolutionary influence of the ideological program of the German Bauhaus school (1919–1932) on the art of ceramics, to show the general historical, social and political contexts, the change of the cultural and artistic paradigm in European art after the First World War and to mark some points of contact in the cultural and artistic processes of Western Europe and Ukraine in the first half of the 20th century. The purpose of this article is to highlight the history and achievements of the ceramic workshop of this school, the theoretical foundations of its activity, the highlight the history and achievements of the ceramic workshop of this school, the theoretical foundations of its activity, the organization of the educational process, which are not too well known to Ukrainian researchers. The school has practiced are volutionary method of teaching artists and designers whose task is to create a harmonious living space for a person, which contributes to the spread of functionalism. In the 1920s and 1930s the formation of a national style in the art of Ukrainian ceramics has taken place due to the interaction of two factors – the folk pottery tradition and the innovative influences of European stylistic trends. Mezhyhiria Artistic Ceramic Technical College has become one of the centers of this development. Its program is similar to the Bauhaus program in many aspects. An attempt to reveal some common approaches in the organization of work of two educational institutions and their significance in the formation of the modernist stylistics of ceramic art, in particular porcelain and earthenware of the mid-20th century is made.
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Rutkevich, Alexey M. « Oswald Spengler. Young Conservative Geopolitics ». Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (1 mars 2020) : 51–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-51-90.
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Oswald Spengler belongs to the trend in the so-called “conservative revolution” which was entitled “young conservatism” (Jungkonservative) in times of Weimar Republic and was close to the political position of German business and military elites. The projects of those elites before and during the First World War and their development up to the seizer of power by the Nazis and the Second World War apply to the geopolitics, and Spengler was one of the most talented representatives and creators of those plans in world politics. His views on the world politics are determined by the Lebensphilosophie (philosophy of life) described in the fragments of his main “metaphysical” work Urfragen and his philosophy of history stated in the book “Decline of Europe”. Particular attention in the article is paid to his views on Russia, both in the second volume of “Decline of Europe” and in his last work “The Years of Decision”. The transition from culture to civilization that started in the 19th century, lead to the epoch of world wars and revolutions in the 20th century. According to Spengler, two types of revolution threatened the West, - the “white revolution” in western countries themselves, that Spengler termed “Bolshevism”, and the “colour revolution’ in the colonies. The military power of new Caesars would put the end to those revolutions, as well as liberalism and parliamentarism. According to Spengler, Germany was the only land, that preserved the main features of the “Nordic race”; and that’s why could unite Western countries in the struggle for self-preservation. Spengler’s heroic pessimism affirmed the readiness to resist the history course: the time of the “Faust” culture was nearly over, but for two more centuries it would be necessary to fight hard from the losing positions.
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Naboka, Oleksandr. « On the army that fought for Ukraine’s independence in extremely difficult conditions (Review of the book : Ofitsynskyy R. History of UPA. Kharkiv : Folio, 2021. 126 p.) ». Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no 4 (352) (2022) : 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2022-4(352)-47-50.
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The article is an extended review of a new book by the famous historian and local historian from Zakarpattia R. Ofitsynskyy „History of UPA”. The author consistently and systematically considers issues related to the activities of UPA in the fight against the German and Soviet armies, examines the life and organization of military service of Ukrainian insurgents, analyzes their goals and political strategy. Calling UPA is a phenomenon of world history, Roman Ofitsynskyy shows the fighting spirit of the Ukrainian insurgents, the duration and scale of their war with powerful opponents. This army fought for independence in a colonial country on the European continent, showed extraordinary self-sacrifice, courage, heroism. Eventually, the USSR collapsed and was discarded, and national liberation triumphed. And Ukraine respects fighters, not those who destroyed it. The human dimension speaks of steady and enduring strength. Currently, UPA personnel belong to the participants in hostilities and fighters for Ukraine’s independence. The State has recognized their awards, titles, valor, and preserves the memory of them. According to Professor Ofitsynskyy, UPA entered world history by resisting the most powerful totalitarian states for the longest time and covering the largest territory among similar armed groups in Europe. For modern Ukrainians in the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, the combat experience of UPA is an inescapable example of uncompromising struggle in extremely difficult conditions. Defending the honor of the occupied nation, UPA laid a spiritual foundation for future generations, presented of people who valued freedom the most.
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Dingle, Lesley. « Conversations with Professor Bill Cornish : Legal History in Context, and Defining Elusive Concepts as Intellectual Property ». Legal Information Management 22, no 1 (mars 2022) : 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669622000056.
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AbstractProfessor Bill Cornish was a legal scholar of vision, who was well ahead of his time in two widely disparate areas, and in both he became a recognised leader and authority: legal history and intellectual property law. In the former he applied what was then the novel approach of stressing the contemporary social conditions to which the extant law had to apply - something that modern commentators could well ponder, but which he was honest enough to acknowledge was also criticised by some of his peers at the time. As for intellectual property law, his place as the ‘father of intellectual property teaching and scholarship in the UK’ was acclaimed by his admission as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1984, and his place as the inaugural occupant of the Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law, at Cambridge (1995–2004). Both these activities had their origins in Bill's long stay (1970–1990) as professor of law at the London School of Economics, where he was influenced by their emphasis on societal tertiary education, and his friendship with the renowned Anglo-German scholar Otto Kahn-Freund, respectively. In reality, though, Bill's upbringing in the unique milieu of immediate post-War South Australia, which he describes as a backwater of tranquility, and his urge to see Europe were the roots of his expansive vision of the law. Lesley Dingle interviewed Bill for the Eminent Scholars Archive (ESA) in 2015, nine years after his retirement, and these observations of this remarkable scholar are based on those conversations, and her readings of his works.
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Dwyer, P. G. « The German Connection : New Zealand and German-speaking Europe in the Nineteenth Century ». German History 12, no 3 (1 juillet 1994) : 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/12.3.419.
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Lazarevic, Zarko. « Foreign Investments and Socialist Enterprise in Slovenia (Yugoslavia) : The Case of the Kolektor Company ». Hungarian Historical Review 10, no 3 (2021) : 556–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2021.3.556.
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In this article, I examine foreign investment in the socialist enterprise in the former Yugoslavia based on the case study of Kolektor in the context of the liberalized communist social and economic order. Foreign investments were allowed in the form of joint ventures. I present these investments from the viewpoint of economic reforms, the concept of socialist enterprise, and the concept of economic development, which enabled foreign investments and shaped regulation and the structure of foreign investments in Yugoslavia. The history of the case of Kolektor began at a time when Slovenia still belonged to the former Yugoslavia, which was arguably a liberalized type of communist economic system. This was during the Cold War, when both Europe and the rest of the world were divided essentially along the lines of the communist east and the capitalist west. The Kolektor Company was established in 1963 as a state socialist enterprise for the manufacture of the rotary electrical switches known as commutators. From the outset, the company tried to establish international cooperation to acquire modern technology. In 1968, it reached an agreement with the West German Company Kautt & Bux, which at the time was the technological and market leader in the production of commutators. Kautt & Bux invested in Kolektor and became an owner of 49 percent of the company. The investment proved very profitable for both partners. The Slovenian side got access to modern technology and expertise, and the German side got additional production facilities, skilled workers, and low-cost production, which increased its competitiveness on international markets.
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Bonilla-Salomón, Isaac, Stanislav Čermák, Àngel H. Luján, Sílvia Jovells-Vaqué, Martin Ivanov et Martin Sabol. « Early Miocene remains of Melissiodon from Mokrá-Quarry (Moravia, Czech Republic) shed light on the evolutionary history of the rare cricetid genus ». PeerJ 10 (8 août 2022) : e13820. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13820.
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Background Melissiodon is a rare cricetid genus endemic to Europe, known from the Early Oligoceneto the Early Miocene. It is usually a very rare find, and even in the few localities where Melissiodon remains are found, those are scarce and fragmentary. Only a few Central European localities have yielded rich remains of the genus. Currently, two species are known from the Early Miocene: Melissiodon schlosseri, which is based on two teeth from the MN2 German locality of Haslach and only found in two other sites of similar age (Ulm-Uniklinik and La Chaux, from Germany and Switzerland respectively); and Melissiodon dominans, found in MN3 and MN4 localities across Europe, even though the scarce and fragmentary remains make some of these attributions dubious. For that reason, Melissiodon dominans has become a catch-all species. However, Mokrá-Quarry represents one of the best documented findings of Melissiodon remains from MN4 localities of Europe. Methods The Melissiodon assemblage from Mokrá-Quarry has been studied thoroughly, providing metrics and detailed descriptions of all teeth positions, as well as complete comparisons with other MN3 and MN4 localities bearing Melissiodon remains. Results In this work, new remains of Melissiodon have been identified as a new morphotype that clearly differs from Melissiodon dominans by its unique m1 morphology but still shows some resemblance with Melissiodon schlosseri. Based on that, we here propose the hypothesis of an evolutionary lineage starting from Melissiodon schlosseri, diverging from the lineage leading towards Melissiodon dominans. With this finding, there are at least two different taxa of Melissiodon known during the Early Miocene, prior to the genus extinction. This study arises the certainty that the evolution history of the genus is more complex than previously thought and that more studies are necessary to elucidate it, including a complete revision of the type material of Melissiodon dominans and Melissiodon schlosseri in the light of current knowledge of the genus, which will help to elucidate the attribution of the populations from Mokrá-Quarry. For the time being, the assemblage presented here is referred as Melissiodon aff. schlosseri.
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Romić, Marko. « LAJPCIŠKI PROCESI – PRILOG PROUČAVANJU ISTORIJE MEĐUNARODNOG KRIVIČNOG PRAVA ». Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law 60, no 2 (juin 2022) : 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.60.2.9.
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The historical development of International Criminal Law in the period leading up to the First World War was of negliable value, especially when compared to the post-war period from 1918 to 1939. In Versailles Europe matured an idea, whose roots stemmed from much earlier, an idea of establishing an International Criminal Court which would protect basic human values, shared by all states no matter the form of government or political affiliations. Having noticed the link between world conflict and the development of International Criminal Law comes the conclusion that this idea first came to life after the Great War in 1918. This is how for the first time in history an institute of responsibility was formed for the rulers and military commanders concerning the war crimes committed by the state - these first examples being the trial of German Kaiser Vilhelm II and the individual Leipzig trials involving officers of the German army. Although the Kaisers trial was a failed attempt, and the Leipzig trials are considered failures due to material and formal deficiencies, especially concerning their outcomes, these parts represented an experimental phase of a historical process crucial to the forming of the international criminal justice system. Europe was aware that the modus operandi taken in this direction didn’t pass the test, and that the state and economy matters would always come first in the Versailles world. However, the repetition of this scenario wasn’t allowed during the Second World War and we can confidently say that the Nuremberg trials found their foundations stemming from Leipzig’s lessons. In the European law legacy Leipzig created the first written documents which would serve as waypoints in the further codification of International Criminal Law. Lastly, it can be said that in the period from 1918 to 1939 the European policy was introduced to the problem of realising that all further processes leading to the constitution of a uniform and legitimate international criminal justice system would undeniably lead to the redefining of two fundamental dogmas of international order: the principle of (absolute) state sovereignty and the (non)existence of international law subjectivity (and therefore the responsibility) of an individual.
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Kamińska, Katarzyna. « Systemic transformation in Poland and Eastern Germany : two versions of the Social Market Economy ? » Ekonomia i Prawo 20, no 2 (30 juin 2021) : 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.015.
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Motivation: The process of systemic transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland and Eastern Germany, which began in the early 1990s, can be described as a unique event in the entire economic history of the world. Therefore, in a situation where it was necessary to decide on the model and pace of stabilization, it was difficult to refer to the experience of other countries. The 30 years that have passed since the beginning of the systemic transformation in Poland and East Germany have been a convenient time to assess the course of the transformation process, the changes that have taken place in these economies, and describe the economic models that have shaped them. The reason for this lies in the importance of this subject and the consequences which the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland and East Germany, continue to face. Parts of this paper were written as part of Statutory Research at the College of World Economy of the Warsaw School of Economics in 2020, 30 years after the system transformation: lessons and current challenges for the economy in Germany and Poland.
Aim: The article aims to compare the course and consequences of the systemic transformation in Poland and East Germany, highlight subconsciousness and differences, and determine to what extent the shape of the economic system meets the assumptions of the Social Market Economy.
Results: The primary added value of the article is a comparative analysis of the Polish and East German systemic transformation from the perspective of 30 years from its beginning, its successes and failures and a reference to the assumptions of the social market economy, as well as an attempt to answer the question about the contemporary characteristics of both economies.
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Valentim, Inácio, Marita Rainsborough et Paulo Jesus. « Kant in africa and africa in kant ». Estudos Kantianos [EK] 9, no 2 (19 janvier 2022) : 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2318-0501.2021.v9n2.p9.
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Immanuel Kant devotes his thought to the diversity and unity of humanity both in the natural and cultural domains, especially through the foundation or, at least, renovation, of two complementary disciplines: Geography and Anthropology. Thinking of Africa based on Kantian philosophy is an exercise that exposes essential tensions, inherent in questioning the meaning of universality and particularity, as well as its relations. From the angle of the critical power of human intelligence, one can find Kantian resonances in the ideas of freedom and liberation that animate all contemporary African cultural expressions, with an anti- and post-colonial outlook, from politics to the arts, through religion, law, economy and education. However, simultaneously, the Aufklärung that Kant announces and lives, is located in European history, in the mutation of Modernity whose passion for the Universal remains deeply anchored in the concrete body of 18th-century Europe divided between Feudalism and Liberalism, but always inclined towards physical and spiritual possession of the world, aimed at the expansion of its Faith and its Empire, identifying the apex of the supposedly progressive history of humanity with its Logos and its civilizing Ethos. Therefore, Kant’s German-Christian Eurocentrism is a constitutive position that challenges the self-critical power of all Critical Reason. Moreover, if Kant rejects and disapproves of colonial violence as a war of aggression that destroys the conditions of perpetual peace, offending Cosmopolitan Justice, he remains nevertheless permeable to Eurocentric stereotypes that represent the character of black otherness and its cultural creations, oscillating between a hierarchical and an egalitarian view of humanity’s ethnic-racial differences.
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Franzenburg, Geert. « VICTIM-STEREOTYPES OF POSTWAR-EXPELLEES AND THEIR SOCIAL IMPACTS : SOME REMARKS ». Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 9, no 2 (20 décembre 2015) : 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/15.09.129.
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Individual or collective coping with stereotypes - as actors or victims - belongs to human history, and shows different expressions, such as “Black and White” in Africa and America, “Jews”, “Sinti and Roma”, and “East and West” in Europe; also prejudices concerning generation, sex/gender, and professions belong to this context. This essay emphasizes, in an exemplary way, on a particular aspect of stereotyping: For Germans, 1945 was (also) the year of flight and expulsion from the East to the West as a kind of master-narrative; filled with stereotypes and myths, this narrative formed their collective memory and identity. Many expellees chose narrations as their strategy to cope with their traumatic experiences. Authors, such as Otfried Preussler, transferred their personal narration into literary forms. There also can be found official documents, such as decrees, which encoded the experiences into neutral information, but, nevertheless, remain traces of human tragedies. Also, modern interpretations of these events show emotional fillings and balance between close and distant style. The following short evaluation of published documents explains, how people cope with traumatic situations and experiences during a particular historical situation by using stereotypes; by evaluating different kinds of social influence on these stereotypes, the research demonstrates the complexity of stereotypes and the need of con¬textualization. Key words: contextualization, ego-documents, German expulsion, literature, memory-culture, social influence, stereotypes.
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Rzesnitzek, Lara, et Sascha Lang. « ‘Electroshock Therapy’ in the Third Reich ». Medical History 61, no 1 (21 décembre 2016) : 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.101.
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The history of ‘electroshock therapy’ (now known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)) in Europe in the Third Reich is still a neglected chapter in medical history. Since Thomas Szasz’s ‘From the Slaughterhouse to the Madhouse’, prejudices have hindered a thorough historical analysis of the introduction and early application of electroshock therapy during the period of National Socialism and the Second World War. Contrary to the assumption of a ‘dialectics of healing and killing’, the introduction of electroshock therapy in the German Reich and occupied territories was neither especially swift nor radical. Electroshock therapy, much like the preceding ‘shock therapies’, insulin coma therapy and cardiazol convulsive therapy, contradicted the genetic dogma of schizophrenia, in which only one ‘treatment’ was permissible: primary prevention by sterilisation. However, industrial companies such as Siemens–Reiniger–Werke AG (SRW) embraced the new development in medical technology. Moreover, they knew how to use existing patents on the electrical anaesthesia used for slaughtering to maintain a leading position in the new electroshock therapy market. Only after the end of the official ‘euthanasia’ murder operation in August 1941, entitled T4, did the psychiatric elite begin to promote electroshock therapy as a modern ‘unspecific’ treatment in order to reframe psychiatry as an ‘honorable’ medical discipline. War-related shortages hindered even the then politically supported production of electroshock devices. Research into electroshock therapy remained minimal and was mainly concerned with internationally shared safety concerns regarding its clinical application. However, within the Third Reich, electroshock therapy was not only introduced in psychiatric hospitals, asylums, and in the Auschwitz concentration camp in order to get patients back to work, it was also modified for ‘euthanasia’ murder.
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Studinski, Volodymyr. « The Lublin triangle in Europe’s economic security system in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2014-2022 ». University Economic Bulletin, no 53 (25 juin 2022) : 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-53-132-138.
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Formulation of the problem. At the present historical stage, the issue of European continental security is becoming especially relevant against the background of Russian aggression. This is obvious and hardly questionable. Ukraine has always played the role of a defender of Western civilization in European history. Apart from Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania have performed and continue to perform the same function. Speaking in the language of historical analogies and comparisons, it is impossible in this aspect not to mention such a large and powerful state formation as the Commonwealth. Ironically, this state also emerged against the background of Muscovy's expansion in the east. The need for common security in Central Europe has always been and remains relevant. Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine are at the forefront of Europe's sustainable development. Today it is the forefront of the entire civilized world. Therefore, the formation of the Lublin Triangle between Kyiv, Warsaw and Vilnius is a historical, political, economic, humanitarian necessity. In fact, the Lublin Triangle is a tripartite regional alliance for political, economic, cultural and social cooperation between Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, aimed at strengthening dialogue between countries, supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO and jointly countering Russian aggression in Ukraine. The idea of such a union belonged to Vyacheslav Chornovil and Adam Czartoryski. The economic component of this association is extremely important, as it is the basis for the formation of a system of sustainable development of the region. European aggression is contrasted with European balance and economic stability. Analysis of recent research and publications. The theme of the Lublin Triangle and the importance of this organization in the modern development of Europe is becoming increasingly important. However, this issue is still more in the political and journalistic sphere of consideration. Economic research on this topic has not yet been developed. Although some attempts are being made. Rather, the scientific issues themselves are determined, which in the future will have different areas of research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state and prospects of the unification of Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine as a stabilizing economic factor in the security system of Europe within the framework of the Lublin Triangle. Results of the research. The analysis of this issue proves that the unification of the three states - Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, within the Lublin Triangle has serious prospects and can act as a powerful formation in the economic security of Europe, especially in the context of Russian military expansion. Conclusions. The Lublin Triangle, as an intergovernmental union, is primarily designed to counter Russian aggression and pressure on the European Union. The role of Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland for many centuries has been to protect the European continent from Russia's imperial advance on Europe and to slow down the development of European countries. At the present time, this problem has become very acute and significant. The countries of the Lublin Triangle have a strong economic potential, are of serious trade and communication interest in the North-South, West-East directions, and are a kind of outpost in defense of Western civilization. The Lublin Triangle political union is quite capable of economically protecting Europe from the negative impact of Russia's expansion on the EU.
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Schaarschmidt, T. « Localism, Landscape and the Ambiguities of Place : German-speaking Central Europe, 1860-1930 ». German History 27, no 1 (1 janvier 2009) : 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghn088.
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Luft, David S. « Austria as a Region of German Culture : 1900–1938 ». Austrian History Yearbook 23 (janvier 1992) : 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800002939.
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This Essay Attempts to contribute to our understanding of the intellectual and cultural history of Central Europe by making explicit a variety of themes that haunt discourse about Austrian culture and by making some suggestions about periodizing the relationship between Austria and German culture. I originally developed these thoughts on Austria as a region of German culture for a conference in 1983 at the Center for Austrian Studies on regions and regionalism in Austria. Although the political institutions of Central Europe have undergone a revolution since then, the question of Austria's relationship to German culture still holds its importance for the historian-and for contemporary Austrians as well. The German culture I have in mind here is not thekleindeutschnational culture of Bismarck's Reich, but rather the realm that was once constituted by the German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire. This geographical space in Central Europe suggests a more ideal realm of the spirit, for which language is our best point of reference and which corresponds to no merely temporal state.
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Farges, Patrick. « “Muscle”Yekkes ? Multiple German-Jewish Masculinities in Palestine and Israel after 1933 ». Central European History 51, no 3 (septembre 2018) : 466–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000614.
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AbstractIn the 1930s and 1940s, nearly ninety thousand German-speaking Jews found refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine. While scholars have stressed the so-calledYekkes’intellectual and cultural contribution to the making of the Jewish nation, their social and gendered lifeworlds still need to be explored. This article, which is centered on the generation of those born between 1910 and 1925, explores an ongoing interest in German-Jewish multiple masculinities. It is based on personal narratives, including some 150 oral history interviews conducted in the early 1990s with German-speaking men and women in Israel. By focusing on gender and masculinities, it sheds new light on social, generational, and racial issues in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. The article presents an investigation of the lives, experiences, and gendered identities of young emigrants from Nazi Europe who had partly been socialized in Europe, and were then forced to adjust to a different sociey and culture after migration. This involved adopting new forms of sociability, learning new body postures and gestures, as well as incorporating new habits—which, together, formed a cultural repertoire for how to behave as a “New Hebrew.”