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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Minerals »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 9 juin 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Minerals"

Cruz Gaona, Roel, and Isabel Lazaro. "Mexican Contribution to Sulfide Minerals Electrochemistry: A Review." Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society 68, no. 4 (September 30, 2024): 833–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29356/jmcs.v68i4.2310.

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Abstract. The electrochemical study of sulfide minerals has emerged as a vital area for enhancing sustainable methods for extraction and recovery of metals. This field encompasses diverse investigations. The use of Mineral Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPE) is one of the strategies developed in México, and their application for analyzing systems of extractive metallurgy range from analyses of bacterial-mineral interactions to key studies that have delved into understanding mineral dissolution mechanisms, with a particular focus on minerals such as galena, sphalerite, copper sulfides, and silver minerals. In addition, research efforts have been directed towards exploring copper and zinc concentrates leaching, as well as cyanidation refractoriness. These studies aim to advance extraction efficiency and sustainability in the mining industry. El estudio electroquímico de los minerales de sulfuro ha surgido como un área vital para mejorar los métodos de extracción y recuperación de metales de manera sostenible. Este campo abarca diversas investigaciones. La utilización de electrodos de pasta de carbono (CPE) es una de las estrategias desarrolladas en México, y su aplicación para analizar sistemas de metalurgia extractiva abarca desde análisis hasta interacciones bacteria-mineral. Estudios clave se han centrado en comprender los mecanismos de disolución mineral, con un enfoque particular en minerales como la galena, la esfalerita, los sulfuros de cobre y los minerales de plata. Además, los esfuerzos de investigación se han dirigido a explorar la lixiviación de concentrados de zinc y la refractariedad a la cianuración. Estos estudios tienen como objetivo avanzar en la eficiencia y sostenibilidad de la extracción en la industria minera.

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Daiuto, Érica Regina, Rogério Lopes Vieites, Daniela Regia Pigoli, and Lidia Raquel de Carvalho. "ESTABILIDADE DE MINERAIS EM HORTALIÇAS SUBMETIDAS A DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE COZIMENTO." Nativa 3, no. 2 (June 25, 2015): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v3i2.2032.

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O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o método de cozimento mais adequado para o preparo de hortaliças, visando minimizar as perdas de minerais. Partes convencionais e não convencionais de abóbora, brócolis, cenoura e couve-flor foram submetidas a quatro tipos de tratamentos térmicos (imersão, vapor, e micro-ondas). Avaliou-se os teores de minerais (Fe, Zn, Mg, K, P e Ca). As análises foram realizadas na hortaliça fresca e após cozimento pelos diferentes métodos em estudo. O conteúdo de minerais foi superior ou idêntica à parte convencional das hortaliças avaliadas. Houveram perdas de minerais nas partes convencionais e não convencionais em relação ao vegetal fresco após serem submetidas aos métodos de cozimento. O método de cozimento à vapor e em micro-ondas resultaram nas menores perdas de minerais. Palavra-chave: Processamento, imersão, microondas, vapor. MINERALS STABILITY IN VEGETABLES SUBMITTED TO DIFFERENT COOKING METHODS ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the more appropriate cooking method in vegetables preparation, aiming to minimize the minerals losses. Conventional and unconventional shares of pumpkin, broccolis, carrot and cauliflower were subjected to four types of thermal treatments (immersion, steam, pressure and microwaves). Mineral analyses (Fe, Zn, Mg, K, P e Ca) it was accomplished in the fresh vegetable and after cooking for the different methods in study. The minerals content was higher or similar to the conventional parts of the appraised vegetables. The mineral losses occurred in their conventional and unconventional parts in relation to the fresh vegetable after they were subjected to the cooking methods. The cooking method to steam and in microwaves resulted in the smallest minerals losses. Keywords: Processing, immersion, microwaves, steam. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v03n02a05

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Ivanov, A. V., А. A. Yaroshevskiy, and M. A. Ivanova. "Meteorites minerals." Геохимия 64, no. 8 (September 3, 2019): 869–932. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-7525648869-932.

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“The Meteorite Minerals Catalog” is the first edition in Russia prepared in the 21st century. It includes all the minerals found in meteorites, approved by the Committee on New Minerals and MMA Minerals Names, approved before January 1, 2017, and mineral phases. The Russian and English names, chemical composition, as well as meteorites or meteorite groups, which are characterized by the considered minerals are given for all minerals and mineral phases. Mainly the first description of all minerals and phases and references to publications are also given in the Catalog. Samples of minerals whose origin is associated with specific processes are also presented: these are pre-solar meteorite minerals, refractory and ultra-refractory solar condensates, impact minerals of meteorites and products of the terrestrial weathering of meteorites.

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Mandarino, Joseph A., and Joel D. Grice. "New Minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 10, no. 5 (October 5, 1998): 1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/10/5/1083.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 3, no. 6 (December 19, 1991): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/3/6/1009.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 6 (December 15, 1992): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/6/1421.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 6, no. 5 (September 28, 1994): 725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/6/5/0725.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 2 (March 29, 1995): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/2/0447.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 5 (October 5, 1995): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/5/1205.

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Mandarino, Joseph A. "New minerals recently approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names International Mineralogical Association." European Journal of Mineralogy 8, no. 5 (October 30, 1996): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/8/5/1213.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Minerals"

Lammers, Kristin D. "Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation of iron-bearing minerals." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/339925.

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Chemistry Ph.D. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is formed when fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are burned in power producing plants. CO2 is naturally found in the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle, however it becomes a primary greenhouse gas when human activities disturb this natural balanced cycle by increasing levels in the atmosphere. In light of this fact, greenhouse gas mitigation strategies have garnered a lot of attention. Carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) has emerged as a possible strategy to limit CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The technology involves capturing CO2 at the point sources, using it for other markets or transporting to geological formations for safe storage. This thesis aims to understand and probe the chemistry of the reactions between CO2 and iron-bearing sediments to ensure secure storage for millennia. The dissertation work presented here focused on trapping CO2 as a carbonate mineral as a permanent and secure method of CO2 storage. The research also explored the use of iron-bearing minerals found in the geological subsurface as candidates for trapping CO2 and sulfide gas mixtures as siderite (FeCO3) and iron sulfides. Carbon dioxide sequestration via the use of sulfide reductants of the iron oxyhydroxide polymorphs lepidocrocite, goethite and akaganeite with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) was investigated using in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The exposure of the different iron oxyhydroxides to aqueous sulfide in contact with scCO2 at ~70-100 ˚C resulted in the partial transformation of the minerals to siderite (FeCO3). The order of mineral reactivity with regard to siderite formation in the scCO2/sulfide environment was goethite < lepidocrocite ≤ akaganéite. Overall, the results suggested that the carbonation of lepidocrocite and akaganéite with a CO2 waste stream containing ~1-5% H2S would sequester both the carbon and sulfide efficiently. Hence, it might be possible to develop a process that could be associated with large CO2 point sources in locations without suitable sedimentary strata for subsurface sequestration. This thesis also investigates the effect of salinity on the reactions between a ferric-bearing oxide phase, aqueous sulfide, and scCO2. ATR-FTIR was again used as an in situ probe to follow product formation in the reaction environment. X-ray diffraction along with Rietveld refinement was used to determine the relative proportion of solid product phases. ATR-FTIR results showed the evolution of siderite (FeCO3) in solutions containing NaCl(aq) concentrations that varied from 0.10 to 4.0 M. The yield of siderite was greatest under solution ionic strength conditions associated with NaCl(aq) concentrations of 0.1-1 M (siderite yield 40% of solid product) and lowest at the highest ionic strength achieved with 4 M NaCl(aq) (20% of solid product). Based partly on thermochemical calculations, it is suggested that a decrease in the concentration of aqueous HCO3- and a corresponding increase in co-ion formation, (i.e., NaHCO3) with increasing NaCl(aq) concentration resulted in the decreasing yield of siderite product. At all the ionic strength conditions used in this study, the most abundant solid phase product present after reaction was hematite (Fe2O3) and pyrite (FeS2). The former product likely formed via dissolution/reprecipitation reactions, whereas the reductive dissolution of ferric iron by the aqueous sulfide likely preceded the formation of pyrite. These in situ experiments allowed the ability to follow the reaction chemistry between the iron oxyhr(oxide), aqueous sulfide and CO2 under conditions relevant to subsurface conditions. Furthermore, very important results from these small-scale experiments show this process can be a potentially superior and operable method for mitigating CO2 emissions. Temple University--Theses

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Frost, Ray. "Studies of selected minerals, mineral surfaces and their colloidal dispersions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.

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This thesis is about the molecular structure of minerals, their surface modification and the dispersion of selected minerals of a ceramic nature as sols and gels. The theme that permeates through this work and connects the different elements of the work is the search for fundamental knowledge and understanding of mineral structure and mineral surface structure. The underlying principal is that of molecular structure of surfaces and the changes in that molecular structure through modification of the surfaces. There are seven research divisions of study reported in this thesis: (A) Molecular structure and spectroscopy ofkaolinite (B) Molecular surface structure modified through intercalation with polar molecules (C) Molecular surface structure modified through intercalation with potassium and cesium acetates (D) Structure and spectroscopy of alumina phases and colloids (E) Structure and spectroscopy of titania and zirconia colloids (F) Synthesis, characterisation and spectroscopy of double layered hydroxides (hydrotalcites) (G) Spectroscopic and molecular structural studies of selected minerals of interest

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Adams, Adrian Richard. "The degradation of atrazine by soil minerals : effects of drying mineral surfaces." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86515.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The herbicide atrazine (ATZ, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) has been identified as an environmental endocrine disruptor and possible human carcinogen. The presence of atrazine, along with its degradation products, in soils and water supplies therefore raises concern. Atrazine biodegradation in soils is well-covered to date, however, atrazine degradation by abiotic mineral surfaces, and the chemical mechanism by which it occurs, is not fully understood. Furthermore, with a changing global climate, the effects of wetting and drying cycles on soil processes (e.g. atrazine degradation) is largely unknown, but increasing in importance. This study therefore investigated atrazine degradation on six common soil mineral surfaces, namely birnessite, goethite, ferrihydrite, gibbsite, Al3+-saturated smectite and quartz, as well as the effects that drying these surfaces has on atrazine degradation. In the first part, a comparison was conducted between the reactivity of fully hydrated and drying mineral surfaces toward atrazine, by reacting atrazine-mineral mixtures under both moist and ambient drying conditions, in parallel, for 14 days. Under moist conditions, none of the mineral surfaces degraded atrazine, but under drying, birnessite and goethite degraded atrazine to non-phytotoxic hydroxyatrazine (ATZ-OH, 2-hydroxy-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) as major product and phytotoxic deethylatrazine (DEA, 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) as minor product. The mineral surface reactivity was birnessite (66% degradation) > goethite (18% degradation) >> other mineral surfaces (negligible degradation), indicating possible atrazine oxidation. In the second part, the effects of drying rate were investigated on birnessite only (the most reactive surface), by conducting the drying (1) gradually at ambient rates, (2) rapidly under an air stream, and (3) gradually in the absence of water using only organic solvent. After 30 days of ambient drying, 90% of the atrazine was degraded to ATZ-OH and DEA, but the same extent of degradation was achieved after only 4 days of rapid drying with an air stream. Thirty days of gradual drying using only organic solvent did not increase atrazine degradation compared to the water-moist drying surface. In each case, degradation initiated at a critical moisture content of 10% of the original moisture content. In the third part, the degradation mechanism was further investigated. To test for the possible oxidation of atrazine by the birnessite surface, moist atrazine-birnessite mixtures were dried under a nitrogen (N2) stream to eliminate possible oxidation by atmospheric oxygen (O2). Dissolved Mn2+ was extracted at the end of the experiment to observe any reduction of birnessite. Under N2, the same products were formed as before, with no appreciable Mn2+ production, indicating non-oxidative atrazine degradation by birnessite. The final part investigated the effects ultraviolet (UV) radiation has on the degradation of atrazine by drying mineral surfaces. The UV-radiation enhanced the degradation of atrazine, but no other degradation products were formed. It was therefore concluded that atrazine degradation on redox-active soil mineral surfaces is enhanced by drying, via a net non-oxidative mechanism. Furthermore, this drying-induced degradation is an atrazine detoxification mechanism which could be easily applied through agricultural practices such as windrowing, ploughing and any other practice that (rapidly) dries a Mn- or Fe-oxide rich agricultural soil. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onkruiddoder atrasien (ATS, 2-chloro-4-etielamino-6-isopropielamino-1,3,5-triasien) is as 'n omgewings endokriene versteurder en moontlike menslike karsinogeen geidentifiseer. Die teenwoordigheid van atrasien, tesame met sy afbreekprodukte, in grond en water toevoere wek dus kommer. Die bio-afbreking van atrasien in gronde is tot dusver goed gedek, maar die afbreking van atrasien deur abiotiese mineraaloppervlaktes, en die chemiese meganisme waarmee dit plaasvind, word nie heeltemal verstaan nie. Verder, met 'n veranderende globale klimaat, is die effekte van benatting- en drooging-siklusse op grondprosesse (bv. atrasien afbreking) grootliks onbekend, maar toenemend belangrik. Daarom het hierdie studie atrasien afbreek op ses algemene mineraaloppervlaktes, naamlik birnessiet, goethiet, ferrihidriet, gibbsiet, Al3+-versadigde smektiet en kwarts, ondersoek, asook die effekte wat drooging van hierdie oppervlaktes op atrasien afbreking het. In die eerste deel, was 'n vergelyking gedoen tussen die reaktiwiteit van volgehidreerde en droëende mineraaloppervlaktes teenoor atrasien, deur atrasien-mineraal mengsels, in parallel, onder albei nat en omliggende droogings toestande te reageer vir 14 dae. Onder nat toestande, het geeneen van die mineraaloppervlaktes atrasien afgebreek nie, maar onder drooging het birnessiet en goethiet atrasien afgebreek na nie-fitotoksiese hidroksieatrasien (ATS-OH, 2-hidroksie-4-etielamino-6-isopropielamino-1,3,5-triasien) as hoofproduk en fitotoksiese deetielatrasien (DEA, 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropielamino-1,3,5-triasien) as minder-produk. Die mineraaloppervlakte-reaktiwiteit was birnessiet (66% afbreking) > goethiet (18% afbreking) >> ander mineraaloppervlaktes (geringe afbreking), wat moontlike atrasien oksidasie aandui. In die tweede deel, is die effekte van droogingstempo ondersoek, op birnessiet alleenlik (die mees reaktiewe oppervlak) deur drooging by (1) 'n omliggende geleidelike tempo, (2) 'n versnelde tempo onder 'n lugstroom, en (3) 'n geleidelike tempo in die afwesigheid van water, deur slegs gebruik te maak van 'n organiese oplosmiddel. Na 30 dae se geleidelike drooging, is 90% van die atrasien afgebreek na ATS-OH en DEA, maar dieselfe hoeveelheid afbreking is bereik na slegs 4 dae onder versnelde drooging met die lugstroom. Dertig dae van geleidelike drooging met slegs organiese oplosmiddel het nie atrasien afbreking vermeerder in vergelyking met die water-nat droëende oppervlak nie. In elke geval, is afbreking geïnisieer by 'n kritiese water inhoud van 10% van die oorspronklike water inhoud. In die derde deel is die afbrekingsmeganisme verder ondersoek. Om te toets vir die moontlike oksidasie van atrasien deur die birnessiet oppervlak, is nat atrasien-birnessiet mengsels onder stikstof (N2) gedroog, om die moontlike oksidasie deur atmosferiese suurstof (O2) te verhoed. Opgeloste Mn2+ was teen die einde van die eksperiment geekstraëer om enige reduksie van birnessiet waar te neem. Onder N2 is dieselfde produkte as voorheen gevorm, met geen aansienlike Mn2+ produksie nie, aanduidend van 'n nie-oksideerende afbreek van atrasien deur birnessiet. Die laaste deel het die effekte van ultraviolet (UV) straling op die afbreek van atrasien op droëende mineraaloppervlaktes ondersoek. Die UV-straling het atrasien afbreek vermeerder, maar geen ander afbreek-produkte is gevorm nie. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat atrasien afbreking op redoks-aktiewe mineraal-oppervlaktes verhoog word met drooging, deur 'n netto nie-oksidasie meganisme. Verder is hierdie drooging-geinduseerde afbreking 'n atrasien ontgiftingsmeganisme wat eenvoudig toegepas kan word deur landboupraktyke soos windrying, ploeg en ander praktyke wat (vinnig) 'n Mn- of Fe-oksied ryke landbou grond verdroog. National Research Foundation (NRF)

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Teixeira, Alete Paixão. "Determinação de elementos essenciais em arroz empregando espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X de energia dispersiva." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/9897.

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71f. Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T13:15:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação ALETE_definitiva_110330.pdf: 1412727 bytes, checksum: c409be4d388a7ed5944c1d0866387a9d (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-19T14:50:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação ALETE_definitiva_110330.pdf: 1412727 bytes, checksum: c409be4d388a7ed5944c1d0866387a9d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-19T14:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação ALETE_definitiva_110330.pdf: 1412727 bytes, checksum: c409be4d388a7ed5944c1d0866387a9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 CAPES O objetivo principal do trabalho foi à utilização da espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X com energia dispersiva (EDXRF) para determinação de elementos essenciais, tais como P, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn em amostras de arroz na forma de pastilhas como método alternativo, obtendo resultados com precisão e exatidão aceitáveis no controle de qualidade dos alimentos. A validação foi feita comparando os resultados obtidos pelo método proposto com valores certificados e com aqueles obtidos utilizando decomposição das amostras em forno de micro-ondas com cavidade e os digeridos foram usados para determinação dos analitos por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). A precisão foi avaliada em termos da repetibilidade, sendo que foram preparadas onze pastilhas do material de referência certificado de farinha de arroz 1568a NIST e efetuadas três medições em cada pastilha obtendo-se estimativas do desvio padrão relativo inferiores a 5%. A exatidão foi verificada com o material de referência certificado (farinha de arroz 1568a NIST) e o t-teste pareado revelou que não havia diferença significativa entre os valores certificados e obtidos ao nível de confiança de 95%. Foram obtidos os seguintes limites de detecção (LODs): 0,037 g 100g-1 para P e 1,2; 3,9; 5,1 e 2,2 mg Kg-1 para Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, respectivamente. O procedimento proposto foi aplicado para P, Mn e Zn e apresenta vantagens tais como a redução do tempo de análise e a eliminação da etapa de decomposição da amostra, porém apresenta a desvantagem dos maiores LODs. De modo geral, os resultados são novas informações sobre a composição mineral do arroz consumido na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, sendo úteis para formação de base de dados. Salvador

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Ur, Rehman Bilal. "Modelling a Mineral Froth Flotation Process : Case Study: Minerals process at Boliden AB." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51600.

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We present an approach to model the dynamic of a copper flotation process. The conventional approach of system identification is applied to model the dynamics. In this research, experiments are performed to collect process data of determined input and output variables. It is followed by data pre-processing to handle outliers and to remove high frequency disturbances. Simulation and validation responses of linear estimated models, which captured the dynamic of the process, are presented. The long term goal is to use estimated models to design a models-based control system.

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DiFeo, Anthony. "Heterocoagulation of sulphide minerals." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0032/NQ64547.pdf.

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Higgins, I. "Sialons from natural minerals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375599.

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Needham, Sarah Jane. "Creatures, fabrics and minerals." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426129.

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Duncan, Helen. "Erosion corrosion by minerals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278290.

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Rêgo, Eric Siciliano. "Variation of minerals and clay minerals recorded in the Neo-Tethys (central Turkey): new evidence of climatic changes during the middle Eocene." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21136/tde-23032018-152550/.

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Minerals and clay minerals in continental sedimentary successions are valuable tools for reconstructing past environmental conditions. Given the state of preservation of clays minerals, it is possible to identify how they were formed, providing clues about continental weathering conditions (inherited minerals) and geochemical conditions in the water column (neoformed or transformed). This study presents new mineralogical data from the Baskil section, a highly preserved middle Eocene succession in the Neo-Tethys (central Turkey). A gradual shift from a well-crystalline illite and chlorite interval (subsection I) to a detrital smectite dominant interval (subsection II) characterizes a change in source area from metamorphic to igneous rocks and changes from physical to chemical weathering conditions on land. This period coincides with the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), indicating a mineralogical signature of the event. Higher content of terrigenous input being deposited from 40.5 to 40 Ma caused a dilution effect of the carbonate materials as calcite and dolomite significantly decreases. Authigenic palygorskite showed an increasing trend from the middle to the uppermost portion of the section, indicating favorable conditions in the water column for its formation. We assume that conditions in the ocean circulation changed after 40 Ma, forming a stratified water column with warmer and saline conditions at greater depths, favoring palygorskite and possibly authigenic dolomite precipitation. The mineralogical evolution of the Baskil section reflects how sources and weathering regimes changed through time, and how these changes can be related to global (i.e. MECO) and/or local to regional processes. Minerais e argilominerais em sucessões sedimentares são excelente ferramentas para a reconstrução de condições ambientais. Dado o estado de preservação dos argilominerais, é possível identificar como eles foram formados, fornecendo informação sobre as condições de intemperismo no continente e sobre condições geoquímicas na coluna d\'água. Este estudo apresenta novos dados mineralógicos da seção de Baskil, uma sucessão do Eoceno médio altamente preservada no Neo-Tethys (Turquia central). Uma mudança na assembléia mineralógica com maiores concentrações de ilita e clorita (subseção I) para um intervalo dominante de esmectita detrítica (subseção II) caracteriza uma mudança na área de fonte de rochas metamórficas para rochas ígneas e mudanças de condições de intemperismo físico para intemperismo químico. Este período coincide com o Ótimo Climático do Eoceno Médio (MECO), indicando uma assinatura mineralógica do evento. A paligorsquita autigênica teve um aumento na porção media e superior da seção, indicando condições favoráveis na coluna de água para a sua formação. Possívelmente as condições na circulação do oceano naquela região mudaram após 40 Ma, formando uma coluna de água estratificada com condições mais quentes e salinas em profundidades maiores, favorecendo precipitação de paligorsquita e dolomita. A evolução mineralógica da seção de Baskil reflete como as fontes e os regimes de intemperismo mudaram ao longo do tempo, e como essas mudanças podem estar relacionadas aos processos globais (e.g. MECO) e /ou a processos locais e regionais.

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Livres sur le sujet "Minerals"

Rosborg, Ingegerd, ed. Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09593-6.

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Rosborg, Ingegerd, and Frantisek Kozisek, eds. Drinking Water Minerals and Mineral Balance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18034-8.

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Mervyn, Len. The dictionary of minerals: The complete guide to minerals and mineral therapy. Wellingborough: Thorsons, 1985.

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Pellant, Chris. Minerals. Tunbridge Wells: Ticktock, 2008.

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Spilsbury, Louise. Minerals. Oxford: Raintree, 2012.

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Faulkner, Rebecca. Minerals. Oxford: Raintree, 2008.

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Isle of Wight (England). Joint Planning Technical Unit., ed. Minerals. Newport, I.o.W: Isle of Wight Joint Planning Technical Unit, 1992.

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Švenek, Jaroslav. Minerals. London: Octopus, 1989.

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Pellant, Chris. Minerals. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2009.

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Miller-Schroeder, Patricia. Minerals. New York: AV2 by Weigl, 2011.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Minerals"

DeMan, John M. "Minerals." In Instructor’s Manual For Principles of Food Chemistry, 10–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0815-1_6.

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Okrusch, Martin, and Hartwig E. Frimmel. "Minerals." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 31–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57316-7_2.

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Alais, C., and G. Linden. "Minerals." In Food Biochemistry, 90–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2119-8_6.

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Mathias, Dietger. "Minerals." In Staying Healthy From 1 to 100, 24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49195-9_21.

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Yacobi, B. G., and D. B. Holt. "Minerals." In Cathodoluminescence Microscopy of Inorganic Solids, 261–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9595-0_10.

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Silverman, Randee, and Jeremy Brauer. "Minerals." In The Complete Guide to Nutrition in Primary Care, 249–74. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470691793.ch12.

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Webster, Carl D., and Chhorn Lim. "Minerals." In Dietary Nutrients, Additives, and Fish Health, 195–210. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119005568.ch9.

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Belitz, H. D., W. Grosch, and P. Schieberle. "Minerals." In Food Chemistry, 427–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07279-0_8.

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Belitz, H. D., and W. Grosch. "Minerals." In Food Chemistry, 395–401. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07281-3_8.

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deMan, John M. "Minerals." In Principles of Food Chemistry, 209–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6390-0_5.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Minerals"

Jones, D. A., and A. J. P. Paul. "Galvanic Interactions between Alloys and Minerals in Sulfuric Acid." In CORROSION 1988, 1–15. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88245.

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Abstract Many semiconducting minerals have sufficient conductivity to permit electrochemical reactions on their surfaces. Consequently, galvanic interactions will occur when such minerals are coupled to metals or other conducting minerals. Accelerated galvanic corrosion of metals coupled to noble minerals is quite likely, because most minerals exhibit potentials in solution which are noble to the corrosion potentials of metal alloys. Anodic and cathodic polarization diagrams can be used to predict the galvanic corrosion rates to be expected from any given galvanic couple in a particular corrosive electrolyte. Polarization diagrams in sulfuric acid for numerous minerals and alloys are presented, and some examples are extracted from the diagrams to demonstrate how the curves can be utilized to estimate the likelihood of galvanic corrosion and the reaction rates to be expected in metal-metal, metal-mineral, and mineral-mineral couples. Effects of relative surface area, application to initiation of pitting corrosion, and limitations of the method are also discussed.

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Ramanan, B., S. Bhuvaneswari, Prashanth C. Upadhya, R. Venkateswaran, and K. V. Sriram. "Two-stage deep learning pipeline for automated mineral classification in planetary Raman spectra." In CLEO: Applications and Technology, JTu2A.208. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2024.jtu2a.208.

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A novel approach is employed to improve mineral classification in planetary Raman spectra using a two-stage deep learning pipeline utilizing convolutional denoising autoencoders for pre-processing and convolution neural networks to classify minerals.

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Isaiah, Olajuyi, Afolayan Oluwasegun, and Ogunmodimu Olumide. "Preliminary investigation on Nigerian Lithium ores for efficient Lithium oxide extraction." In Proceedings of XVI International Mineral Processing and Recycling Conference, Belgrade, 28-30.05.2025., 681–89. University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, Bor, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/imprc25681s.

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This paper assesses the compositions of the Lithium-rich minerals and the quantity of extractable Lithium oxide in the minerals. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) shows 17% - 34% of spodumene and 9% to 30% of lepidiolite. Similarly, atomic absorption microscopy (AAS) indicates that the Lithium-rich minerals contain 0.820% - 3.051% and 0.040 - 2.395% of Lithium oxide (Li2O). Further results confirm the presence of Lithium-rich minerals in Nigeria, and a high quantity of Lithium-rich minerals suggests that high Lithium oxide can be extracted. This information is useful for miners, mining and mineral processing industries, and investors in Lithium for different industrial applications.

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Le, Franck, Sihyung Lee, Tina Wong, Hyong S. Kim, and Darrell Newcomb. "Minerals." In the 2006 SIGCOMM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1162678.1162681.

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Persson, Phil. "Outstanding crystalized minerals of the Colorado Mineral Belt." In 42nd New Mexico Mineral Symposium. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/nmms-2022.621.

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Morrison, Shaunna M., Robert T. Downs, Joshua J. Golden, Alexander J. Pires, Peter Fox, Xiaogang Ma, Stephan Zednik, et al. "SOCIAL NETWORK OF COPPER MINERALS: A MINERAL ECOLOGY STUDY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-279379.

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Nakajima, Yasuharu, Joji Yamamoto, Tomoko Takahashi, Blair Thornton, Yuta Yamabe, Gjergj Dodbiba, and Toyohisa Fujita. "Development of Elemental Technologies for Seafloor Mineral Processing of Seafloor Massive Sulfides." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96040.

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Abstract Seafloor Massive Sulfides have been expected to be future mineral resources. The grade of valuable metallic elements in ores of Seafloor Massive Sulfides is usually small percentage. If valuable minerals can be extracted from the ores on deep seafloor, the total mining cost can be reduced significantly. The authors proposed Seafloor Mineral Processing, where ores are to be ground into fine particles and separated into concentrates and tailings on seafloor. The Seafloor Mineral Processing system consists of processing units for unit operations such as grinding and separation. To investigate the applicability of flotation, which is a method to separate ore particles by using the difference in wettability of minerals, to the separation unit, measurements of contact angles of sulfide minerals at high pressures were carried out. The results suggested that the contact angles of the minerals would have relationships with pressure in depending on the kind of minerals and solutions. In addition, applying Laser-Induced breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), an optical method for elemental analysis, to measurement of metal grade of ore particles handled as slurry in the processing units was also investigated. Signals assigned to copper, zinc, and lead were successfully detected in the spectra obtained from ore particles in slurry flow.

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Aghamirian, Massoud, Vu Truong, Kristina Muntu, Jean-Gabriel Fraboulet, Sean Salour, and Cook Kawenski. "Investigations into Lithium minerals processing." In Proceedings of XVI International Mineral Processing and Recycling Conference, Belgrade, 28-30.05.2025., 75–85. University of Belgrade, Technical Faculty, Bor, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/imprc25075a.

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Spodumene is the primary Lithium mineral, however, other minerals like lepidolite, petalite, zinnwaldite, and Li-clays are gaining importance. Different processing approaches are needed to address different challenges. Dense Media Separation (DMS) can concentrate spodumene and petalite, but recoveries are often limited by grain size. Froth flotation is widely used to concentrate spodumene and is the main lepidolite beneficiation method, where spodumene is floated with anionic fatty acids and lepidolite with cationic amine collectors. Zinnwaldite, a high-iron lepidolite mineral, can utilize magnetic separation and to some extent, flotation, whereas and Li-clays (e.g., hectorite and illite) are primarily concentrated through size classification.

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Morgan, Charles L. "The Status of Marine Mining Worldwide." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80048.

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Metals are fundamental components of modern society worldwide, and, despite the current economic downturn, we know we will be faced with ever increasing demands and ever-shrinking supplies. Efforts to achieve sustainable supplies of minerals must include efforts to expand the supply. About 60% of the ocean surface consists of the ocean floor, so it is reasonable to expect that deep ocean minerals could contribute significantly to the world supply. Human efforts to recover minerals have thus far concentrated almost exclusively on land-based resources, so it is reasonable to postulate that marine minerals might offer better prospects for future mineral supplies than land prospects. Currently, we know of at least six separate categories of marine minerals: 1. Aggegrate sand and gravel deposits; 2. Placer deposits of relatively high value minerals (gold, diamonds, tin, etc) hosted in aggegrates; 3. Biogenically derived phosphate deposits; 4. Sediment-hosted (manganese nodules) and hard-rock hosted (ferromanganese crusts) ferromanganese oxide deposits; 5. Sediment-hosted methane hydrate deposits; and 6. Hydrothermally derived sulfide deposits of copper, gold, nickel, zinc, and other metals. Thanks primarily to the engineering developments made by the offshore oil industry and the computer-science advances that have revolutionized much of modern society, the technology is in place for most of the tasks of deep seabed mining. The objective here is not to provide a general status update regarding marine minerals technology, but simply to demonstrate, using the best example available to date (the Nautilus Minerals venture in the Territorial Waters of Papua New Guinea) that the technology is in place and ready to go. Development of marine minerals has both the curse and blessing of taking place in the ocean. Since the 1970’s and before, the marine environment has taken on a public aura reserved more commonly for religious beliefs. This aura poses substantial obstacles to any marine development efforts. At the same time, a basic advantage of marine mineral developments is that nobody lives there. Thus, marine mining activities will not conflict with most normal human activities. Marine mining proposals should be subjected to thorough impact assessment analysis, but it is also critical that policymakers take steps to provide a level playing field for marine developments that encourages objective comparisons with alternative land-based proposals for supplying needed mineral resources. Governments should foster reasonable access to the marine mineral resources under their jurisdiction while also supporting incentive policies and related research programs.

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Hazen, Robert, Shaunna Morrison, Shaunna Morrison, Anirudh Prabhu, Anirudh Prabhu, Jason Williams, and Jason Williams. "ON THE PARAGENETIC MODES OF MINERALS: A MINERAL EVOLUTION PERSPECTIVE." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-365916.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Minerals"

Холошин, Ігор Віталійович, Наталя Борисівна Пантелєєва, Олександр Миколайович Трунін, Людмила Володимирівна Бурман, and Ольга Олександрівна Калініченко. Infrared Spectroscopy as the Method for Evaluating Technological Properties of Minerals and Their Behavior in Technological Processes. E3S Web of Conferences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3929.

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Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a highly effective method for the analysis of minerals, rocks and ores, capable of solving a whole range of problems when choosing innovative solutions for the technological processing of various types of mineral raw materials. The article considers the main directions of using the infrared spectroscopy method in assessing the technological properties of minerals and their behavior in technological processes: evaluation of the grade (quality) of mineral raw materials; analysis of the behavior of minerals in the technological process with prediction of their technological properties; analysis of changes in the structure and properties of minerals in technological processes; operational analysis of mineral substances at various stages of technological processing. The article illustrates all aspects of the use of infrared spectroscopy at various stages of studying the material composition of mineral raw materials in its enrichment assessment by specific examples of solving problems arising from the technological redistribution of various types of ore and non-metallic minerals.

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Mills, Stephanie E., and Andrew Rupke. Critical Minerals of Utah, Second Edition. Utah Geological Survey, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/c-135.

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Utah is a state with diverse geology and natural resources, and this diversity extends to mineral resources that are deemed critical by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Utah’s critical mineral portfolio includes current producers, known resources, areas of past production, and undeveloped occurrences. This report, now in its second edition, summarizes the geographic and geologic distribution of critical minerals within Utah. Utah is notable for being the global leader in beryllium production; being the only domestic producer of magnesium metal; being one of only two states producing lithium (as of publication); and being a byproduct producer of tellurium, platinum, and palladium from the world-class Bingham Canyon mine, which is one of only two domestic tellurium producers. Utah has known resources of aluminum, fluorspar, germanium, gallium, indium, vanadium, and zinc, as well as past production and occurrences of many other critical minerals. In total, Utah currently produces 6 critical minerals, has known resources of 7 more, and hosts an additional 27 as past producers and/or occurrences with limited potential for economic development.

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Lougheed, H. D., M. B. McClenaghan, D. Layton-Matthews, and M. I. Leybourne. Indicator minerals in fine-fraction till heavy-mineral concentrates determined by automated mineral analysis: examples from two Canadian polymetallic base-metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328011.

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Exploration under glacial sediment cover is a necessary part of modern mineral exploration in Canada. Traditional indicator methods use visual examination to identify mineral grains in the 250 to 2000 µm fraction of till heavy-mineral concentrates (HMC). This study tests automated mineralogical methods using scanning electron microscopy to identify indicator minerals in the fine (&amp;lt;250 µm) HMC fraction of till. Automated mineralogy of polished grains from the fine HMC enables rapid data collection (10 000-300 000 grains/sample). Samples collected near two deposits were used to test this method: four from the upper-amphibolite facies Izok Lake volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, Nunavut, and five from the Sisson granite-hosted W-Mo deposit, New Brunswick. The less than 250 µm HMC fraction of till samples collected down ice of each deposit contain ore and alteration minerals typical of their deposit type. Sulfide minerals occur mainly as inclusions in oxidation-resistant minerals, including minerals previously identified in each deposit's metamorphic alteration halo, and are found to occur farther down ice than the grains identified visually in the greater than 250 µm HMC fraction. This project's workflow expands the detectable footprint for certain indicator minerals and enhances the information that can be collected from till samples.

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Garg, Kartikeya. Enhancing Sustainability in Africa's Critical Minerals Sectors. Commonwealth Secretariat, September 2024. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.1134.

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Critical minerals mining in Africa plays a crucial role in the global economy, supplying essential resources for advanced technologies. The continent is endowed with abundant deposits, nearly 30 percent of the world’s share of vital minerals, including cobalt, lithium, manganese and graphite, which are indispensable for producing electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. The demand for criticalminerals for these technologies is projected to increase fivefold over the next decade. Addressing these issues through international regulations and sustainable mining initiatives is essential for harnessing Africa’s mineral wealth responsibly. Proper management and ethical practices can ensure that critical minerals mining contributes positively to both local and global development. This issue of Trade Hot Topics, the second of a two-part series, focuses on some of the main sustainability challenges and proposes different ways to address them.

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Garg, Kartikeya, and Brendan Vickers. Harnessing Africa's Critical Minerals Wealth. Commonwealth Secretariat, November 2024. https://doi.org/10.14217/comsec.1133.

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Africa holds about 30 per cent of the world’s mineral resources, many of which are vital for the energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables and low-carbon technologies, including electricity networks, battery storage and electric vehicles (Chandler, 2022). Global efforts to meet the Paris Agreement’s ambition of net-zero emissions by 2050, therefore, would place ‘Africaat the heart of the green energy transition, both in environmental and geopolitical terms’. In addition to their role in the energy transition, these minerals already serve as an important source of revenue for African countries, comprising about one-third of exports from at least 33 African countries in 2019. Moreover, 45 out of the 54 African countries were classified as commodity-dependant, with 17 classified as dependent on non-fuel minerals, ores and metals export.

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Fredrickson, Emma, Aaron Goodman, Michael O'Keeffe, and James Ranville. OF-24-11 Reconnaissance Investigation of Critical Minerals in Historic Mine-Related Effluent, Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58783/cgs.2411.zdkt2450.

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Colorado contains an abundance of historic mine-related waste materials, some of which may contain elevated concentrations of critical minerals and other metals. Many of these sites are currently being remediated by several entities including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), and/or other entities. Metal-laden water flows continuously from some of these acid mine drainage (AMD) sites where it is collected, treated, and discharged to local streams and rivers, depending on its potential impact to human health and the environment. In Colorado, the typical driver for many of these AMD remediation efforts is elevated metals (such as cadmium, copper, and zinc) in water discharging to Colorado waterways that can impact downstream users and aquatic ecology. Many of these historic mining sites are associated with mineral deposits that may contain critical minerals, or historically produced a few of these minerals, and therefore, the water effluent from these sites may contain these materials as well. Several of the critical minerals typically occur in trace amounts in ore deposits and are not always included in AMD monitoring programs. The primary objective of this reconnaissance study is to support the determination of potential critical mineral endowment of mine waste in Colorado. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in conjunction with state geological surveys, is conducting a nationwide effort to evaluate the ability of mine waste to contribute to the U.S. critical minerals supply with the ultimate goal of estimating the potential critical mineral endowment of mine waste nationwide.

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McClenaghan, M. B., W. A. Spirito, S. J. A. Day, M. W. McCurdy, and R. J. McNeil. Overview of GEM surficial geochemistry and indicator mineral surveys and case studies in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330473.

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As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program between 2008 and 2020, the Geological Survey of Canada carried out reconnaissance-scale to deposit-scale geochemical and indicator mineral surveys and case studies across northern Canada. In these studies, geochemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of 65 elements in lake sediment, stream sediment, stream water, lake water and till samples across approximately 1,000,000 km2 of northern Canada. State-of the-art indicator methods were used to examine the indicator mineral signatures in regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys. This research identified areas with anomalous concentrations of elements and/or indicator minerals that are indicative of bedrock mineralization, developed new mineral exploration models and protocols, trained a new generation of geoscientists and transferred knowledge to northern communities. The most immediate impact of the GEM surveys has been the stimulation of mineral exploration in Canada's north, focussing exploration efforts into high mineral potential areas identified in GEM regional-scale surveys. Regional- and deposit-scale studies demonstrated how transport data (till geochemistry, indicator minerals) and ice flow indicator data can be used together to identify and understand complex ice flow and glacial transport. Detailed studies at the Izok Lake, Pine Point, Strange Lake, Amaruq deposits and across the Great Bear Magmatic Zone demonstrate new suites of indicator minerals that can now be used in future reconnaissance- and regional-scale stream sediment and till surveys across Canada.

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Chen, Dongmei, Jianping Ge, Yibo Wang, and Ruihua Ren. The Unfolding Potential of GCC China Collaboration on Critical Minerals. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, October 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2024-dp47.

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As a clean energy system begins to be implemented worldwide, the demand for critical minerals is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades. Thus, demonstrating how mineral collaboration benefits the economy is key to building long-term supply resilience and keeping the global energy transition on track.

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Zhou, Jiayi, and André Månberger. Critical Minerals and Great Power Competition: An Overview. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wemj9585.

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With global politics increasingly fractured, states are rushing to secure critical and strategic mineral supply chains. Each state conceptualizes mineral security differently, driven by a mix of imperatives that range from national development and industrial policy to technological and military dominance. Great power competition pervades all of these issue areas, and that competition may also pose risks at the global level: risks for the pace of green transition, risks of geoeconomic escalation and risks of conflict. This report provides an insightful overview of the mineral security policies of four key powers: China, the European Union, Russia and the United States. It describes the distinct ways in which they conceptualize mineral security, compares their priority lists of critical and strategic minerals. It considers the wider imperatives that motivate their policies and assesses the implications for developing countries. The report concludes by reflecting on the need to mitigate the worst of the resultant risks through expanded dialogue with a wider set of stakeholders. The goal is a form of mineral security that can serve more broad-based, global developmental interests.

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McClenaghan, M. B., W. A. Spirito, S. J. A. Day, M. W. McCurdy, R. J. McNeil, and S. W. Adcock. Overview of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program surficial geochemistry and indicator-mineral surveys and case studies in northern Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331421.

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As part of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program, which ran from 2008 to 2020, the Geological Survey of Canada carried out reconnaissance-scale to deposit-scale geochemical and indicator-mineral surveys and case studies across northern Canada. In these studies, geochemical methods were used to determine the concentrations of 65 elements in lake-sediment, lake-water, stream-sediment, stream-water, and till samples across approximately 1 000 000 km2 of northern Canada. State-of the-art methods were used to examine the indicator-mineral signatures identified through regional-scale stream-sediment and till surveys. As a result of this research, areas with anomalous concentrations of elements and/or indicator minerals that are indicative of bedrock mineralization were identified, new mineral exploration models and protocols were developed, a new generation of geoscientists was trained, and knowledge was transferred to northern communities. The most immediate impact of the GEM surveys has been the stimulation of mineral exploration in Canada's north, with exploration efforts being focused on high mineral-potential areas identified in GEM regional-scale surveys. Regional- and deposit-scale studies demonstrated how transport data (till geochemistry, indicator minerals) and ice-flow indicator data can be used together to identify and understand complex ice flow and glacial transport. Detailed studies at the Izok Lake, Pine Point, Strange Lake, and Kiggavik deposits, and across the Great Bear magmatic zone, demonstrate new suites of indicator minerals that can now be used in future reconnaissance- and regional-scale stream-sediment and till surveys across Canada.

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