Thèses sur le sujet « Modélisation de panache gaussien »
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Briant, Régis. « Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1115/document.
Texte intégralRoadway traffic contributes to atmospheric pollution near roads, with pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles (PM) along with some volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as at larger spatial scales (urban and regional background pollution) with pollutants formed in the atmosphere such as ozone (O3) and the secondary fraction of PM. Because of interactions between local and background pollutants, it is desirable to combine into a single computational tool, regional and local scale models. This multi-scale modeling method has been widely used to simulate the impact of chimney emissions (point sources) with a sub-grid treatment of plume or puff models instead within a 3-dimensional Eulerian model. However, such a method is not applicable to a road network because of the prohibitive computations associated with the line source discretization into a set of point sources. Thus, a new multi-scale modeling method was developed, which treats the plumes emitted from line sources as sub-grid components of an Eulerian model. First, an improved formulation of a Gaussian plume model for line sources was developed. This new model was then subject to a detailed evaluation with near roadway measurements along with other Gaussian models. The incorporation of the Gaussian plume model into an Eulerian model (Polair3D) was implemented as part of the modeling platform Polyphemus. The performance (computational effectiveness and precision) of the new multi-scale model (Plume-in-Grid) was evaluated and compared to those of a stand-alone Gaussian and Eulerian models. The multi-scale model treats nitrogen oxide (NOx) chemistry along with major VOC. The multi-scale treatment has an important effect on the concentration of some pollutants in terms of local and urban background pollution
Zidane, Shems. « Caractérisation, modélisation et validation du transfert radiatif d'atmosphères non standard : impact sur les corrections atmosphériques d'images de télédétection ». Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6486.
Texte intégralKorsakissok, Irène. « Changements d'échelle en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596384.
Texte intégralBriant, Régis, et Régis Briant. « Modélisation multi échelles de l'impact du trafic routier sur la qualité de l'air ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765205.
Texte intégralBourdin-Korsakissok, Irène. « Changements d'échelles en modélisation de la qualité de l'air et estimation des incertitudes associées ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584389.
Texte intégralDurand, Nathalie. « Modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle du panache de l'Ebre ». Toulon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUL0017.
Texte intégralReffray, Guillaume. « Modélisation du panache du Rhône et de sa région d'influence ». Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0006.
Texte intégralThis rearch work in Coastal Oceanography deals with the Region of Freshwater Influence of the Rhône river in the Gulf of Lions under the effect of strong winds (Mistral, Tramontane, Southeastern) and is performed in the framework of french national programmes "Apports du Rhône dans le Golfe du Lion" (ARGOL - PATOM) and "Programme National d'Environnement Côtier" (PNEC). The Rhône freshwater runs off in the continental shelf bounded by a sharp shelf break along which is flowing the Liguro-Provençal Catalan (LPC) slope current, dominant component of the basin circulation in this microtidal area. This work aims to investigate the complex sub mesoscale coastal circulation which is fully 3D and unsteady. The studied area is dominated by the interaction between the river plume baroclinic circulation and the coastal upwelling. A nested version of SYMPHONIE primitive equation mesoscale model of Laboratoire d'Aérologie in Toulouse as forced by ALADIN atmospheric model has been developed by introducing a front capture type advective scheme and a subgrid turbulence model designed for highly stratified flows. Runs outputs exhibit coherent results with in situ measurements as well as available satellite images. Kinematics and space scales are satisfactory reproduced. Moreover, observed secondary flows the order of magnitude of internal Rossby radius are analysed using a factor separation approach, indicating they are induced by the strongly non linear interaction betwen the baroclinic plume circulation and the background shelf circulation
Puig, Bénédicte. « Modélisation et simulation de processus stochastiques non gaussiens ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003526.
Texte intégralPugliese, Stéphane. « Modélisation numérique des écoulements atmosphériques stratifiés : application au panache de fumée ». Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11027.
Texte intégralAudard, François. « Modélisation eulérienne de la vidange d'un silo et de l'expansion du panache ». Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0134/document.
Texte intégralA wide range of industrial processes requires the handling of granular material in a pulverulent form. The subsequent dust emissions due to these processes can be harmful to the health of workers or hazardous explosion risks. In order to understand dust dispersion mechanisms, a case of a free falling granular jet discharged from a silo is studied by numerical simulations using an Euler-Euler approach. Two types of numerical simulation are conducted. First, the influence of velocity fluctuations at the inlet chamber is studied on the plume behavior, instead of the silo. This study reveals that fluctuations are enable to reproduce the jet expansion. It is established that only fluctuations with temporal correlation generate a large jet opening similar to the experiment. The second type of setup shows the coupling between the silo and the chamber. One of the major challenges is the ability to predict the different flow regimes going from quasi-static regime inside the silo, to the very dilute regime in the dust spread and include the collisional regime occurs through the silo. Kinetic theory allows modeling of the dilute and collisional regime. By contrast, frictional models have been used, implemented and validated in different cases. The second study highlights the key role of the ratio defined by the orifice diameter on the particle diameter. Indeed, when this parameter is small, the jet powder core contracts immediately after the exit of the silo dump plane and expands downstream. For high values, the granular jet does not exhibit dispersion anymore. This study suggests that the silo half-angle has an impact on the flow field which justifies the need for further investigations
Arnoux, Chiavassa Sandrine. « Modélisation d'écoulements cotiers stratifiés présentant des fronts : application au panache du Rhône ». Toulon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUL0008.
Texte intégralSini, Jean-François. « Modélisation d'écoulements turbulents libres bidimensionnels avec effets de flottabilité : cas du panache en milieu stratifié ». Aix-Marseille 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX22001.
Texte intégralRosset, Lionel. « Etude expérimentale et modélisation de l'évolution de la structure d'un panache dans un écoulement turbulent inhomogène ». Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES053.
Texte intégralPham, Minh-Vuong. « Analyse expérimentale : simulation directe et des grandes échelles d'un panache thermique tridimensionnel en rotation ». Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2287.
Texte intégralAnalysis of the thermal plume flows, with or without rotation of its source, constitutes the principal objective of this present report based either on experimental investigations or on direct (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES). Under static condition, it was shown that the movement is driven by expulsion and contraction phases in the lateral direction. These mechanisms are directly generated by convection of coherent original thermal structures which develops vicinity of the thermal plume. Several subgrid models were proposed in the LES and a lagrangian "thermal" model was proposed and the whole of the principal characteristics of a turbulent thermal plume was perfectly described. The rotation of the heated source generates a shear layer which accelerates the breaking down of coherent structures. The classical laws are still valid under rotating conditions however their characteristics are modified when the rotating velocities are above a critical value. Entrainment mechanisms, through contraction and expulsion phases, are also amplified under the influence of rotation
Mazzuca, Muriel. « Quantification par mesures directes d'émissions polluantes gazeuses de divers grands process industriels, et modélisation d'un panache réactif ». Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-49.pdf.
Texte intégralBaylard, Christophe. « Modélisation de la réflexion et de la transmission par une surface rugueuse aléatoire 2D : étude des effets non spéculaires ». Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0519.
Texte intégralFoucart, Brice. « Observation et modélisation de la Formation de Nouvelles Particules (FNP) au sein du panache volcanique du Piton de la Fournaise ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0014/document.
Texte intégralVolcanic activity can be a natural source of air pollution. This pollution can lead to a deterioration in air quality, affect human health and disrupt aviation safety. The Piton de la Fournaise in Reunion Island is one of the most active basaltic volcanoes in the world. Its sporadic eruptions generate volcanic plumes consisting mainly of gases and nanoparticles that spread in the atmosphere. During the day, a part of the sulphur dioxide can be oxidized to sulphuric acid thanks to oxidants production (photolysis). H2SO4molecules tend to react with atmospheric water molecules and form clusters via homogeneous binary nucleation. Then, these clusters grow by condensation and/or coagulation processes leading to the formation of a submicronic volcanic aerosol. This thesis aims to observe, understand and model the New Particle Formation (NPF) processes within volcanic plumes. Consequently, it is organized in two parts. The first is based on the data gathered during the multidisciplinary STRAP campaign conducted at both the Maïdo Observatory and Piton de la Fournaise volcano in 2015. It presents the results from a dual analysis of the NPF events frequency and intensity at the observatory. While the first analysis focuses on processes in the absence of the volcanic plume, the second highlights the specificities of the NPF related to the presence of the plume at Maïdo. The second part focuses on 0D then 3D NPF processes modelling within volcanic plumes via the Meso-NH atmospheric model
Lorthiois, Thomas. « Dynamique des matières en suspension dans le panache du Rhône (Méditerranée occidentale) par télédétection spatiale " couleur de l'océan " ». Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772427.
Texte intégralBouveyron, Charles. « Modélisation et classification des données de grande dimension : application à l'analyse d'images ». Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00109047.
Texte intégraldimension. Partant du postulat que les données de grande dimension vivent dans des sous-espaces de
dimensions intrinsèques inférieures à la dimension de l'espace original et que les données de classes
différentes vivent dans des sous-espaces différents dont les dimensions intrinsèques peuvent être aussi
différentes, nous proposons une re-paramétrisation du modèle de mélange gaussien. En forçant certains
paramètres à être communs dans une même classe ou entre les classes, nous exhibons une famille de 28 modèles gaussiens adaptés aux données de grande dimension, allant du modèle le plus général au modèle le plus parcimonieux. Ces modèles gaussiens sont ensuite utilisés pour la discrimination et la classification
automatique de données de grande dimension. Les classifieurs associés à ces modèles sont baptisés respectivement High Dimensional Discriminant Analysis (HDDA) et High Dimensional Data Clustering (HDDC) et
leur construction se base sur l'estimation par la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance des paramètres du
modèle. La nature de notre re-paramétrisation permet aux méthodes HDDA et HDDC de ne pas être perturbées par le mauvais conditionnement ou la singularité des matrices de covariance empiriques des classes et d'être
efficaces en terme de temps de calcul. Les méthodes HDDA et HDDC sont ensuite mises en dans le cadre d'une
approche probabiliste de la reconnaissance d'objets dans des images. Cette approche, qui peut être
supervisée ou faiblement supervisée, permet de localiser de manière probabiliste un objet dans une
nouvelle image. Notre approche est validée sur des bases d'images récentes et comparée aux meilleures
méthodes actuelles de reconnaissance d'objets.
Boujemaa, Hatem. « Récepteur UMTS optimisé ». Paris, ENST, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENST0023.
Texte intégralGressent, Alicia. « Caractérisation et modélisation sous-maille des panaches d'éclairs : implication sur le bilan de l'ozone et les espèces azotées de la haute troposphère ». Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30150/document.
Texte intégralLightning emissions are one of the most important sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO+NO2 ) in the upper troposphere. They imply high N Ox concentrations where their lifetime is longer in this part of the atmosphere and can be associated to large plumes transported over long distance. Furthermore, the decisive role of lightning emissions in the upper tropospheric chemistry and especially on the ozone production and the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere is well known. My PhD is dedicated to the characterization of the lightning-NOx related plumes and the associated sub-grid modeling in order to determine their impact on the ozone and nitrogen oxyde burden in the upper troposphere. The analysis of the MOZAIC measurements in the northern-mid-latitudes coupled with FLEXPART Lagrangian model calculations, ground and space-based observations of lightning flashes and clouds is made. This study highlights the existence of large scale plumes of NOy from lightning emissions and describes their frequency, their chemical composition and evolution during the long-range transport. A negative (positive) gradient of NOy (O3) is found within the large scale plumes of about -0.4(+18) ppbv difference, during spring, and -0.6(+14) ppbv difference, in summer, between North America and Europe. Therefore, for the first time, a plume parameterization for lightning NOx emissions is implemented into CTM. This approach allows the transport of the non-linear chemistry effects occurring within plumes. The implementation of the plume-in-grid parameterization leads to a significant NOx and O3 decrease over the region characterized by a strong lightning activity (up to -25 % and -8 %, respectively, over Central Africa, in July) and a relative increase downwind of lightning NOx emissions (up to +10 % and +1 %, respectively, over Atlantic ocean, in July). This work allows to reduce the uncertainties on the representation of the non-linear processes at a smaller scale than the model grid in order to provide better estimates of (i) the nitrogen oxide distribution related to lightning and (ii) the associated ozone production at the large scale
Michel, Bertrand. « Modélisation de la production d'hydrocarbures dans un bassin pétrolier ». Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345753.
Texte intégralMartin, Victorin. « Modélisation probabiliste et inférence par l'algorithme Belief Propagation ». Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867693.
Texte intégralZaytsev, Victor. « Méthodes stochastiques pour la modélisation d'incertitudes sur les maillages non structurés ». Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM094/document.
Texte intégralSimulations of physical phenomenon often require discretizing the medium with a mesh. An example of this type of simulation is the simulation of fluid flow through a porous medium and the evaluation of the geomechanical stress in the petroleum reservoir. The studied medium is often not homogeneous and applying a homogeneity hypothesis can lead to incorrect simulation results. That makes simulation of heterogeneities important for this kind of problems.This thesis is devoted to geostatistical simulations of heterogeneities on unstructured grids using methods of non-linear geostatistics. The objective of this work is the development of algorithms for simulating heterogeneities directly on unstructured grids without using intermediate fine scale regular grids and upscaling. We present two theoretical models for geostatistical simulations of continuous parameters on unstructured grids which are different generalizations of the Discrete Gaussian model (DGM) – DGM 1 and DGM 2. The proposed theoretical models enable converting the problem of geostatistical simulation on an unstructured grid into the well-studied problem of simulating multivariate Gaussian random vectors followed by application of block-dependent transformation functions. The problem of simulating facies is also addressed in this work, for which generalizations of pluri-Gaussian and truncated Gaussian simulation models for unstructured grids are proposed.An application of the proposed methods is demonstrated on a case study X, which is an offshore gas reservoir with a tartan-meshed grid
Khou, Jean-Charles. « Modélisation des traînées de condensation par interaction entre l'aérodynamique, la cinétique chimique et la microphysique ». Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066164/document.
Texte intégralIn the framework of the impact of aviation on climate change studies, the involvement of contrails is identified as one of the most uncertain components. In this context, this study aims to better describe the physico-chemical properties of the plume in the near-field of an aircraft, for they could be critical to contrails properties.To this end, RANS spatial simulations have been performed using the code CEDRE of ONERA, taking into account the microphysical processes, chemical reactions, and the air flow around and in the wake of a realistic civil transport aircraft. Microphysical models have been implemented in order to describe the soot activation processes and the condensation and evaporation of water upon their surface.A validation phase of the code has been carried out for each of the processes taken into account, showing good agreements with data from the literature. Sensitivity studies have also been performed in order to assess the impact of atmospheric parameters and exhaust characteristics on formed contrails properties. The increase of the fuel sulphur content leads to increased soot activation that results in a shorter contrail onset and increased contrail opacity. If the amount of emitted water is sufficient, the increase of the number of ejected soot particles causes an increase of ice concentration that results in an important increase of contrail opacity and surface area
Kammoun, Imen. « Modélisation et détection de ruptures des signaux physiologiques issus de compétitions d'endurance ». Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00200441.
Texte intégralCaudwell, Tobit. « Convection et stratification induites par une paroi chauffante : mesures expérimentales et modélisations ». Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU022/document.
Texte intégralThis thesis focuses on the convective flow induced by a heated isotherm wall. A turbulent boundary layer develops along this wall, and resembles to a plume unlike its typical characterics are significantly modified by the boundary condition at the wall. In this study the environment is a closed box in which the lighter fluid continuously accumulates in the upper part, thus producing a temperature stratification in the interior. In order to better understand the dynamics of such a plume as well as its interaction with the ambient fluid, we deploy an approach that is both experimental and theoretical. Concerning the experiments, we developed a technique which combines Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) with Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). This technique allows to simultaneously acquire the velocity and the temperature of the fluid in a plane which covers the entire flow. As concerning the theory, a one-dimensional numerical model is developed. It is based on the entrainment theory by Morton et al (1956) as for the turbulent part of the plume, and it takes into account the initial laminar character of the plume thanks to similarity solutions. The detailed comparisons between this model and the experimental results show the limits of the classical models and the relevance of the introduced improvements. In particular we evaluate the contribution of the laminar part and we highlight that the entrainment coefficient varies as a function of the ambient stratification
Gangloff, Aurélien. « Devenir des apports solides du Rhône dans le Golfe du Lion : étude de la dynamique du panache turbide du Rhône en réponse aux forçages hydrométéorologiques ». Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0117/document.
Texte intégralContaminants, which can be dissolved in water or adsorbed on particles, are mainly delivered to the coastal environment by rivers. Thus, sediment dynamics reperesent a relevant proxy of contaminants dynamics. ThisPhD thesis is part of the ANR AMORAD project, of which one workpackage focuses on the fate of sediments in the coastal environment. This work focuses on the dynamics of Rhône River sediments in the Gulf of Lions (north-western mediterranean), this river delivering 80 % of the sediments of the Gulf. While previous studies over the area allowed a better understanding of physical processes at the water-sediment interface, processes driving suspended particulate matter (SPM) dynamics are still poorly understood. To better describe this SPM dynamics and improve hydrosedimentary models, the aim is to better characterize these particles. To this end, a large dataset collected from in situ deployed sensors (data collected for 12 field campaigns, conducted from 2011 to 2016) was analyzed to get a 2D vertical but ponctual view (both spatially and temporally). Complementary, a satellite images dataset (MERIS-300m ocean colour archive from 2002 to 2012) was built in order to get a long term and more synoptic view (but limited to surface).This dataset (more than 800 images) was originaly studied, applying a semi-empirical process to extract various Rhône River turbid plume metrics (e.g. area of extension, south-east-westernmost points, shape, centroids, SPM concentrations). Plume metrics and physical properties of SPM such as their concentration in water, their median diameter or their settling velocity were investigated regarding the different hydrometeorological forcings (e.g. Rhône River discharge, prevailing winds). A new hydrosedimentary model, based on the coupling of the 3D hydrodynamical model MARS-3D and the sedimentary module MIXSED, was set and ocean color and in situ data were used to constrain the settling velocity of particles, key parameter of hydrosedimentary modelling
Ben, salem Malek. « Model selection and adaptive sampling in surrogate modeling : Kriging and beyond ». Thesis, Lyon, 2018. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03097719.
Texte intégralSurrogate models are used to replace an expensive-to-evaluate function to speed-up the estimation of a feature of a given function (optimum, contour line, …). Three aspects of surrogate modeling are studied in the work:1/ We proposed two surrogate model selection algorithms. They are based on a novel criterion called the penalized predictive score. 2/ The main advantage of probabilistic approach is that it provides a measure of uncertainty associated with the prediction. This uncertainty is an efficient tool to construct strategies for various problems such as prediction enhancement, optimization or inversion. We defined a universal approach for uncertainty quantification that could be applied for any surrogate model. It is based on a weighted empirical probability measure supported by cross-validation sub-models’ predictions.3/ We present the so-called Split-and-Doubt algorithm that performs sequentially both feature estimation and dimension reduction
Malamoud, Karim. « Des trapps du Deccan à la Réunion : couplage de données géochimiques pétrologiques et paléomagnétiques. Conséquences géodynamiques à la limite crétacé-paléocène ». Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU055/document.
Texte intégralThis PhD aims to build on the previous work by Alexander V. Sobolev and colleagues on crustal recycling within the Earth mantle and LIPs/ocean island magmatism. The PhD focus will be to apply petrology and geochemistry coupled with high-resolution paleomagnetism, and thermo-mechanical modelling in order to constrain the deep processes behind the Deccan Traps (mantle melting and crustal recycling) as well as the consequences at the surface of the Earth (eruption rates and related degassing). Upon revisiting published time constraints on the Deccan eruptions (radiometric dating, paleomagnetism, inter-flow weathering profiles and paleoenvironmental data), we propose a new, paleomagnetism-based (Chenet et al., 2008, 2009), eruption scenario for the Main Deccan Province (Western Ghats). We suggest that the main phase of volcanic activity occurred just before and ended at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary and was responsible for the emplacement of about 1.106km3 of lavas in ~50kyr. This is equivalent to 150 to 200 times present-day eruption rates in Hawaii. Coupling of the paleomagnetism-based timeframe with bulk-rock trace element concentrations revealed that Western Ghats lavas feature 1) a strong garnet signature (Heavy Rare Earth Element depletion), indicative of a deep origin and 2) significant temporal variations in the intensity of crustal assimilation undergone by the rising melts, especially just before the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. We suggest that these excursions are part of a single and localized plume-induced lithospheric erosion event of the Indian lithosphere by the Deccan plume. A comparison of the Deccan Traps with the Siberian Traps exposes significant geodynamical differences. Most notably, the widespread and extensive lithospheric erosion observed in the Siberian Traps did not take place in the Deccan Traps, despite similar mantle characteristics. This difference is attributed to 1) a thicker Indian lithosphere and 2) to the existence of weaknesses in the form of pre-existing structural lineaments. These pre-existing structures facilitated the passage of deep mantle-derived magmas and thus precluded or limited their involvement in a freezing-delamination process. Olivine geochemistry and olivine-based primary melt and source modelling in Deccan Traps lavas showed 1) large contributions of pyroxenite-derived melts (65%) to the primary melts, 2) high potential temperatures of the mantle sources (~1590-1600°C) and 3) that the mantle sources of Deccan Traps magmas contained ~15% of recycled crustal material. These observations contrast with those obtained from Réunion Island lavas (50% of pyroxenite-derived melts, mantle potential temperatures of 1490-1500°C and 7% of recycled crustal material in the sources of Réunion Island magmas. Our results are compatible with the plume model for LIPs and ocean island magmatism as well as with a secular cooling of mantle plumes. We conclude, along with many authors, that the emplacement of the Deccan Traps was a remarkably swift and catastrophic event at the end of the Cretaceous and that it likely played a significant role in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction
Chesseboeuf, Clément. « Méthodes mathématiques et numériques pour la modélisation des déformations et l'analyse de texture. Applications en imagerie médicale ». Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2285/document.
Texte intégralWe present a numerical procedure for the matching of 3D MRI. The problem of image matching is addressed through the usual distinction between the deformation model and the matching criterion. The deformation model is based on the theory of computational anatomy and the set of deformations is a group of diffeomorphisms generated by integrating vector fields. The discrepancy between the two images is evaluated through comparisons of level lines represented by a differential current in the dual of a space of vector fields. This representation leads to a quickly computable non-local criterion. Then, the optimisation method is based on the minimization of the criterion following the idea of the so-called sub-optimal algorithm. We take advantage of the eulerian and periodical description of the algorithm to get an efficient numerical procedure. This algorithm can be used to deal with 3d MR images and numerical experiences are presented. In an other part, we focus on theoretical properties of the algorithm. We begin by simplifying the equation representing the evolution of the deformed image and we use the theory of viscosity solutions to study the simplified equation. The second issue we are interested in is the change-point estimation for a gaussian sequence with change in the variance parameter. The main feature of our model is that we work with infill data and the nature of the data can evolve jointly with the size of the sample. The usual approach suggests to introduce a contrast function and using the point of its maximum as a change-point estimator. We first get an information about the asymptotic fluctuations of the contrast function around its mean function. Then, we focus on the change-point estimator and more precisely on the convergence of this estimator. The most direct application concerns the detection of change in the Hurst parameter of a fractional brownian motion. The estimator depends on a parameter p > 0, generalizing the usual choice p = 2. We present some results illustrating the advantage of a parameter p < 2
Lekmine, Gregory. « Caractérisation de la dynamique de transports dans les milieux fractures par tomographie de resistivité électrique : développements méthodologiques et expérimentaux ». Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112097.
Texte intégralElectrical resistivity tomography is a common geophysical method often used to detect and follow plumepollutants in aquifers. However ERT is an integrative method whose reliability of the models is faced tothe non-unicity of the inverse problem solutions. These constraints limit the interpretation to a qualitativeview of the resistivity contrasts modelled in 2D or 3D, resulting of the chosen inverse parameters and thecombination of several hydrodynamic paramaters related to the poral network.The purpose of this thesis was to test the abilities of the ERT imaging to quantify solute transport parametersin miscible displacement occurred in groundwater and the sensitivity of inverse parameters most affectingthe modelled dispersion front.Laboratory experiments are conducted on glass beads poured into a transparent plexiglas container. Twovertical lines of 21 stainless steel electrodes are fixed on the lateral sides of the container to perform the ERTmonitoring, of the NaCl dissolved in the tracer, from a sequence of 210 quadripole measurements acquiredin transverse dipole-dipole each 5 minutes. A light panel is placed behind the experimental device and avideo follow up of the dyed part of the tracer is acquired from the other side.Video analysis reveal a faster propagation of the dye in contact of the vertical edge, which is negligible forthe lowest flow rates imposed by the pump. In contrast, ERT mesurements are strongly disturbed by theresistant edges of the plexiglas container which affect the resulting models. Normalisation of the apparentresisitivity measurements acquired at the experimental stage and by the Archie’s law strongly tones downthese resistive artefacts.ERT modelling is here particularly sensitive to the grid mesh, the norm (L1 or L2 ) applied on data andparameters, and the damping factor λ. High values of λ and the cutoff factor tend to smooth the resistivityconstrasts in the area of the mixing front and increase the weight of the horizontal edge effects on D andα. While results from inverse modelling constraint by low λ and cutoff factors are much closer to the videoanalysis but with enhanced side slope effects at the rear and the front of the mixing area.The interstitial velocity u is independant of the chosen inverse parameters. For both methods u is alwaysinferior to the flow rate provided by the pump, whose the gap is expressed as a retardation factor Rf . Thisretardation is due to adsorption of Na+ on the beads surfaces, which contributes to delay the dispersionfront followed by ERT. The retardation expressed by the video analysis can be due to the important sizeof the molecule of the dye which is easily slowed down in lower permeability areas, added to an eventualaffinity to the solid surface.The ranges of fluid conductivity contrasts and stability of the interfaces tested here have no influences onthe dispersion which is dominated by the flow velocity u. Estimations of the dispersion coefficient D asfunction of the Péclet is consistent with the theoretical curve of Bachmat (1968) and Bijeljic & al (2004).Field experiments are first conducted in 2D on homogeneous unsaturated sand which is considered as aninfinite half-space. However, data normalisation is much more complicated since the saturation state andthe initial fluid conductivities need to be estimated to calibrate the Archie’s law. Because of the 3D tracerinflitration, the RMS error of 2D-ERT models highlights that the inversion process is not enough constraintby data which does not allow to quantify the transport parameters. 3D experiments were then adaptedto detect and follow plumes of saline tracers injected in the centre of the electrode device. From 3D ERTmeasurements we are able to produce reliable models in order to estimate such transport parameters as themean flow velocity, and transverse and longitudinal dispersivities
Nahimana, Donnay Fleury. « Impact des multitrajets sur les performances des systèmes de navigation par satellite : contribution à l'amélioration de la précision de localisation par modélisation bayésienne ». Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00446552.
Texte intégralGurwinder, Sivia Sandra. « Simulations and parameterisation of volcanic plumes observed in La Réunion Island, Piton de la Fournaise ». Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2731/.
Texte intégralPiton de la Fournaise a volcano of altitude 2600 m a. S. L is located in Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean. With an average of on eruption every eight months, it's amongst one of the world's most active volcano. Volcanic ejecta, a mixture of tephra and gases are known to have considerable impact on the safety of air traffic and on human health. Acidic pollution created by the eruptions can be transported by wind over large distances. Uncertainties in modelling such transport demands continuous improvements in modelling techniques. This study aims to take a first step toward the development of a new volcano emissions alert notification system with a first application on the Piton de La Fournaise volcano. A critical factor in successfully monitoring and forecasting the dispersion of volcanic ash and gases relies on a correct identification of the height reached by eruption clouds. The objective of this study is to parameterise a volcanic convection in a mesoscale model (1 km resolution) initialised by heat sources prescribed at the ground. This is achieved by modifying a current shallow convection scheme used in a mesoscale model, Meso-NH. This modified parameterisation is validated by LES simulation considered as a reference. Having fulfilled the primary objective of this study, the modified scheme is tested as a first application in a 3D real-case environment
Delaporte, Florent. « Nouvelles approches de conception en vue de la limitation des risques de compatibilité électromagnétique et de fuite d'information sur les équipements électroniques embarqués ». Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ISAR0004.
Texte intégralToday electronic systems market is very competitive. From an EMC point of view, it implies designing functional products, which pass EMC standards, in a minimum amount of time. To meet these needs, designers have to consider EMC as soon as possible in their design. In the context of electronic board design, there are two challenges to reach this goal. Firstly, the constraints in standards are equipment-level defined. Convert them to a board level is hardly accessible. Secondly, many parameters are undetermined at the beginning of the design, which prevents analysis and decision-making. This dissertation put forward some answers in a radiated emissivity context. To do so, a procedure to create a parametric model for the emissivity of an electronic board is proposed. The total radiated power as output of the model consists of the input at a system level model. This solves the first problem. The model built must be able to provide a sensitivity analysis to solve the second problem. Surrogate modeling based on electromagnetic (but time and resource consuming) simulation offers reliable and fast models. This is the methodology proposed by this thesis. It is tested on scenarios of moderate complexity, to prove how useful it is in decision-making during the conception of a stackup of a board
Zhang, Bo. « Contributions à la microscopie à fluorescence en imagerie biologique : modélisation de la PSF, restauration d'images et détection super-résolutive ». Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003273.
Texte intégralBanus, Cobo Jaume. « Coeur & ; Cerveau. Lien entre les pathologies cardiovasculaires et la neurodégénérescence par une approche combinée biophysique et statistique ». Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4030.
Texte intégralClinical studies have identified several cardiovascular risk factors associated to dementia and cardiac pathologies, but their pathological interaction remains poorly understood. Classically, the investigation of the heart-brain relationship is mostly carried out through statistical analysis exploring the association between cardiac indicators and cognitive biomarkers. This kind of investigations are usually performed in large-scale epidemiological datasets, for which joint measurements of both brain and heart are available. For this reason, most of these analyses are performed on cohorts representing the general population. Therefore, the generalisation of these findings to dementia studies is generally difficult, since extensive assessments of cardiac and cardiovascular function in currently available dementia dataset is usually lacking. Another limiting factor of current studies is the limited interpretability of the complex pathophysiological relations between heart and brain allowed by standard correlation analyses. Improving our understanding of the implications of cardiovascular function in dementia ultimately requires the development of more refined mechanistic models of cardiac physiology, as well as the development of novel approaches allowing to integrate these models with image-based brain biomarkers. To address these challenges, in this thesis we developed new computational tools based on the integration of mechanistic models within a statistical learning framework. First, we studied the association between non-observable physiological indicators, such as cardiac contractility, and brain-derived imaging features. To this end, the parameter-space of a mechanistic model of the cardiac function was constrained during the personalisation stage based on the relationships between the parameters of the cardiac model and brain information. This allows to tackle the ill-posedness of the inverse problem associated to model personalisation, and obtain patient-specific solutions that are comparable population-wise.Second, we developed a probabilistic imputation model that allows to impute missing cardiac information in datasets with limited data. The imputation leverages on the cardiac-brain dynamics learned in a large-scale population analysis, and uses this knowledge to obtain plausible solutions in datasets with partial data. The generative nature of the approach allows to simulate the evolution of cardiac model parameters as brain features change. The framework is based on a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) combined with Gaussian process (GP) regression. Third, we analysed the potential role of cardiac model parameters as early biomarkers for dementia, which could help to identify individuals at risk. To this end, we imputed missing cardiac information in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) longitudinal cohort. Next, via disease progression modelling we estimated the disease stage for each individual based on the evolution of biomarkers. This allowed to obtain a model of the disease evolution, to analyse the role of cardiac function in AD, and to identify cardiac model parameters as potential early-stage biomarkers of dementia. These results demonstrate the importance of the developed tools by providing clinically plausible associations between cardiac model parameters and brain imaging features in an epidemiological dataset, as well as highlighting insights about the physiological relationship between cardiac function and dementia biomarkers. The obtained results open new research directions, such as the use of more complex mechanistic models that allow to better characterise the heart-brain relationship, or the use of biophysical cardiac models to derive in-silico biomarkers for identifying individuals at risk of dementia in clinical routine, and/or for their inclusion in neuroprotective trials
Hammoud, Riad Ibrahim. « Construction et présentation des vidéos interactives ». Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0009.
Texte intégralThe arrival of the MPEG-7 standard for videos requires the creation of high level structures representing their content. The work of this thesis approaches the automatic building of a part of these structures. As a starting point, we use the tools for segmentation of moving objects. Our objectives are then to find similar objects in the video and subsequently use the similarities between camera shots to group shots into video scenes. Once these structures have been built, it is easy to provide video visualization tools for the end users which permit interactive navigation like jumping to the next shot or scene containing a person. The main difficulty lies in the great variability of observed objects: changes in point of view, scales, collusions, etc. The principal contribution of this thesis is the modeling of the variability of observations by a mixture of densities based on the Gaussian mixture theory. This modeling captures various intra-shot appearances of a tracked object and considerably reduces the number of low-level descriptors to be indexed by each tracked object. The proposed formulation led to an implementation designed for different applications: matching of tracked object models represented by Gaussian mixtures, initial building of categories of all objects present in a video by a non-supervised classification technique, extraction of characteristic views and use of detected similar objects for grouping shots into scenes. Keywords: Hyperlinked video, MPEG-7, Object recognition and classification, Variability modeling, Gaussian mixture models, Interactive video navigation, Video structure
Soltane, Marius. « Statistique asymptotique de certaines séries chronologiques à mémoire ». Thesis, Le Mans, 2020. http://cyberdoc-int.univ-lemans.fr/Theses/2020/2020LEMA1027.pdf.
Texte intégralThis thesis is devoted to asymptotic inferenre of differents chronological models driven by a noise with memory. In these models, the least squares estimator is not consistent and we consider other estimators. We begin by studying the almost-sureasymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator of the autoregressive coefficient in an autoregressive process drivenby a stationary Gaussian noise. We then present a statistical procedure in order to detect a change of regime within this model,taking inspiration from the classic case driven by a strong white noise. Then we consider an autoregressive model where the coefficients are random and have a short memory. Here again, the least squares estimator is not consistent and we correct the previous statistic in order to correctly estimate the parameters of the model. Finally we study a new joint estimator of the Hurst exponent and the variance in a fractional Gaussian noise observed at high frequency whose qualities are comparable to the maximum likelihood estimator
Rivoirard, Vincent. « Estimation bayésienne non paramétrique ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002149.
Texte intégralAudard, François. « Modélisation eulérienne de la vidange d'un silo et de l'expansion du panache ». Phd thesis, 2016. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/17777/1/Audard_Francois_INPT.pdf.
Texte intégralGuerinot, Geneviève. « Modélisation du vieillissement chimique de panachés de feux de biomasse boreaux ». Phd thesis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764878.
Texte intégralHammoud, Riad. « Construction et Présentation des Vidéos Interactives ». Phd thesis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584071.
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