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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Municipal services – Brazil – 20th century »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 19 juillet 2025

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1

Zamberlan Pereira, Thales Augusto. "THE NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES AND WELFARE IN BRAZIL DURING THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, no. 1 (2019): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610919000132.

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ABSTRACTWhat was the degree of Brazil's regional inequality in living standards during the first decades of the 20th century? This paper presents municipal and state information on wages and prices in order to build welfare ratios for skilled and unskilled workers between 1912 and 1940. Despite the significant differences in nominal wages and costs of living throughout the country, real wage differentials remained lower than those estimated by earlier studies. Williamson (1999) argued that real wages in the Southeast were approximately six times higher than in the Northeast during the 1930s. T

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Oliveira, Caio Cesar Tomaz de, and Gisele Carignani. "Modernização do espaço urbano de Assis - SP: o Código de Posturas de 1918." PosFAUUSP 32, no. 60 (2025): e228099. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-2762.posfauusp.2025.228099.

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The study aims to analyze the impact of the 1918 Código de Posturas (Municipal Code of Conduct) in the city of Assis, São Paulo, considering the context of urban and social transformations of the early 20th century. The research is based on a qualitative and historical approach, utilizing documentary analysis of the Municipal Code of Assis, complemented by a literature review on conduct codes in colonial and imperial Brazil. The methodology includes a comparison between the Municipal Code of Assis and that of Presidente Prudente, exploring the implications of these regulations for urban govern

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Gibson, Christopher L. "Programmatic Configurations for the Twenty-First-Century Developmental State in Urban Brazil." Sociology of Development 4, no. 2 (2018): 169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2018.4.2.169.

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Supplementing a traditional focus on economic dimensions of development, sociologists now frequently examine the origins of macro-level growth in human capabilities. One emergent theoretical framework for doing so emphasizes the promise of “twenty-first-century developmental states” for broadening delivery of capability-enhancing public services like health and education. Nevertheless, the configurations of state-society actors that are consistently willing and able to construct such institutions are far from obvious, highlighting a missing-agent problem at the core of the framework. The artic

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Y. E, Kachenje. "Institutional Coordination Challenges in Service Delivery the Case of Water Supply in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. XII (2025): 2087–103. https://doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.8120176.

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This paper presents challenges related to institutional coordination of actors across systems of municipal services delivery, using the case of water supply in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Towards the end of the 20th century, municipal services delivery in the country and other developing countries underwent myriads of institutional reforms, which led to increased participation of private and community-based actors, along with the conventional public actors. Such dynamisms influenced the coordination processes and the rules that determined how such actors related and pursued their respective roles

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Hedo, A., and M. Miliutin. "KYIV THROUGH THE EYES OF THE PRESS: SANITARY AND INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES BASED ON URBAN PERIODICALS OF THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY." Bulletin of Mariupol State University Series History Political Studies 15, no. 40 (2024): 20–33. https://doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2024-15-40-20-33.

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This article examines the state of Kyiv's municipal economy at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century through the lens of urban periodicals. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of newspapers such as «Kievlyanin», «Rada» and «Kievskaya Mysl», the study reconstructs the everyday life of the city’s residents, identifies key issues in municipal management of the time, and explores the interaction between Kyiv’s inhabitants and city authorities in addressing acute environmental, social, and infrastructural challenges. Using content analysis methods applied to periodical public

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Kulisek, Larry, and Trevor Price. "Ontario Municipal Policy Affecting Local Autonomy: A Case Study Involving Windsor and Toronto." Articles 16, no. 3 (2013): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017734ar.

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During the first great burst of urban growth in Canada from the beginning of the 20th century and on into the 1920s it was generally the municipalities, either singly or collectively, which fostered policy innovation and new services. Provinces generally did little at that time, either to foster new policies or rein in local autonomy. It was only after the economic setbacks of the depression and a renewed spirit of urban development after 1945 that provincial direction over municipalities became much more significant. This paper is a case study of two major policy crises which threatened the v

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Urvoy, Philippe. "«Reorganise the Slum»: Military Intervention in the Favelas After the 1964 Coup in Brazil." STORIA URBANA, no. 177 (April 2025): 119–39. https://doi.org/10.3280/su2024-177007.

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Several authoritarian regimes of the 20th century had in common the implementation of an «authoritarian urban planning» (Haeringer, 2002), while the reorganisation of space was seen as a tool for the transformation of society according to political ideals. The housing conditions of the working classes and the management of slums were often important issues in such planning policies, as we can observe in the case of the Brazilian Military dictatorship (1964-1985). The paper analyses the intervention of the regime towards informal neighbourhoods through the case of Belo Horizonte. The reflectio

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De Carvalho, Vinicius Mariano. "The Metamorphoses of 'Orfeu da Conceição' by Vinicius de Moraes." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 580–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v9i1.121768.

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This text is a hermeneutic exercise about one of the paradigmatic works of Vinicius de Moraes, Orfeu da Conceição. This plays opens a partnership between the poet and the composer Antonio Carlos Jobim, which was fruitful and unique for Brazilian arts. Orfeu da Conceição is also paradigmatic because it is the first work to bring black actors to the stages of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro. Orfeu da Conceição led to one of the films that most contributed, positively or negatively, to the international image of Brazil in the second half of the 20th century, the award-winning Orpheus Negr

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Navarro, Raquel Maria, Zeca Manuel Salimo, and Júlio Cesar Schweickardt. "A história da política de saúde mental no Amazonas: da institucionalização à reforma psiquiátrica." Revista Psicologia, Diversidade e Saúde 14 (March 24, 2025): e5914. https://doi.org/10.17267/2317-3394rpds.2025.e5914.

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OBJECTIVE: This article describes the context of Mental Health Policy in Brazil and Amazonas, analyzing the history of this policy in the state in connection with the country's economic, political, and social system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The qualitative research used oral and documentary sources. Actors involved in the Psychiatric Reform Movement and their strategies to record the history of Mental Health and Psychiatric Reform in Amazonas were interviewed. RESULTS: Brazil is internationally recognized for prioritizing deinstitutionalization in mental health, promoting psychosocial care netwo

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Bashmakova, Yelena Vladimirovna, and Marina Alexandrovna Guseva. "The development of public utilities in England in the 14th-16th centuries: source studies aspect." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 2 (2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-2-31-36.

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Throughout the 20th century, there had been growing interest in Russian studies in the study of the phenomenon of an English town in the Middle Ages and early modern times, including the problems of communal services and landscaping. However, certain plots from urban history are still not sufficiently explored. The article analyses the sources that make it possible to study the main measures of the British government in the field of public utilities, the activities of municipal authorities in solving the issue of maintaining the sanitary state of significant urban objects, its improvement. The

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Esteves, A. L. "Relations between Brazil and Spain under the Bolsonaro’s government." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 9, no. 2 (2021): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2021-9-2-48-64.

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In this article the author examines in detail the bilateral relations between Spain and Brazil during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro. In addition, the subject of this article is the opposition of EU governments to the environmental policies of the South American country and the disastrous policies of the Brazilian authorities in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. President Bolsonaro’s negligence of climate change and Amazon deforestation has prompted European governments to openly oppose the ratification of the Mercosur – EU Free Trade Agreement, which was signed in 2019 after 20 years

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Da Costa, Jéssica Rafaela, and Alex Ubiratan Goossens Peloggia. "Geoquímica de Terrenos Urbanos Modificados pela Humanidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (SE): o Caso de Santa Maria (RS, Brasil)." Geography Department University of Sao Paulo 37 (July 6, 2019): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/rdg.v37i0.151838.

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Human agency leaves several marks on the environment, which includes deep modifications on the geological surficial layers of the planet, including the formation of technogenic ground. In the last decades, urban expansion has been accompanied by an increase in the extension of degraded lands, which includes modifications in the ground by the introduction of anthropogenic materials and actions such as cutting, revolving and compaction, which affects ecosystem functions of these substrates. In Brazil, this process has intensified since the second half of the 20th Century. Thus, the objective of

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Strashnova, Yulia. "Social infrastructure importance for modern city and the ways of its urban development." E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 02045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236302045.

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The present study objective is to determine the importance of social infrastructure for modern city and to identify the ways of its urban development (Moscow, as an example). Statistics data (taken from official municipal and regional sources), results of systematic, typological, functional and structural analysis, sociological survey of population was used. Assessment of society development current challenges, analysis of scientific research in economy, education, culture, allowed the author to determine the importance of social infrastructure for modern city as a tool for urban environment t

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Casanova, Marta, Simonetta Acacia, Stefano Francesco Musso, Stefania Traverso, Federico Rottura, and Cristina Olivieri. "Contemporary Architecture in Genoa since 1945—Knowledge and Use through Geoservices for the Citizen." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (2022): 6471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116471.

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The paper illustrates the enhancement of knowledge of architecture from 1945 onwards in Genoa by means of the publication on the Geoportal of the Municipality, which was developed with open-source systems, of a proper dataset and tools for digital storytelling for citizens. The implementation on the municipal Geoportal of a section called “Contemporary Architecture from 1945 onwards in Genoa” was made possible through collaboration between the University of Genoa Architecture and Design Department (DAD) and the Municipality of Genoa Office for Geographical Information Systems. The data related

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Peters, Mario, and Luciana Teixeira de Andrade. "“Only People Who Know It Here Speak Well of It...”: The Location of Social Housing in Brazilian Cities and Effects of Territorial Stigmatization." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 5, no. 2 (2017): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs.v5i2.25141.

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In Brazil, social housing estates have acquired a reputation as substandard housing and places of the poor. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, housing policies that were designed on a national and local level focused on the fight against the growth of favelas in Brazilian cities. Often, the inhabitants of favelas were resettled to public housing estates (conjuntos habitacionais) in the urban peripheries where they did not have access to infrastructures and public services. This has contributed much to the bad image of social housing. In their daily life, the residents are subjecte

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Souza, Alfeu de Arruda, Diego Kellermann Hurtado, Julia Saccol Freitas, and Nara Berenice Pires de Arruda. "Environmental Citizenship and Sustainability: the Status of Cities and the Effectiveness of Environmental Citizenship." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 19, no. 5 (2025): e012387. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v19n5-106.

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Since the dawn of evolution, humans have occupied and modified the geographic space. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the demand for natural resources grew exponentially. Similarly, the global population, in general, increased rapidly, as did the search for new spaces to accommodate the emerging cities. The demographic explosion in Brazil during the 20th century led to the construction of new cities, most of which did not follow urban or environmental planning. At the beginning of the 21st century, the environmental problems resulting from the unplanned occupation of geographic sp

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Genaro, Luís Eduardo, Thamiris Grizante Aurelio, Cristina Maria Ferreira Guimarães Pereira Areias, Aylton Valsecki Júnior, Tânia Adas Saliba, and Fernanda Lopez Rosell. "The Role of the Dentist in Home Care for the Older People: A Narrative Review of the Literature." Journal of Dentists 12 (July 5, 2024): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8695.2024.12.03.

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Objective; This study aimed to discuss the role of dentists in providing home care to older people. Methodology; Studies on the role of the dentist in the oral health of older people living at home were reviewed. The search terms used included: home care, domiciliary care, older people, and oral health. Inclusion criteria comprised articles published in Scielo and Google Scholar databases. The article was categorized to provide a clear exposition of the information. Results; Home Care (HC) in Brazil evolved from an informal practice initiated by sanitary agents in the early 20th century to a s

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Mitin, A. N., and P. Uv Kuznetsov. "International Anti-Corruption Practices." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-60-71.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of problems of corruption in foreign countries. Corruption is seen as the inefficiency of public administration associated with a violation in relations between the principal and the agent: the first receives services, the second provides them.It is noted that corruption is the abuse of state and municipal authorities for private gain. A sharp rise in corruption was noted by researchers in the XIX century. At the same time, the first attempts to counter it at the legislative level appeared. At the end of the 20th century (December 17, 1979), th

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Larichev, A. A., and О. A. Kozhevnikov. "In the field of gravity: the structure and elements of public power." Law Enforcement Review 8, no. 2 (2024): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2024.8(2).43-52.

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The subject of this study includes the approaches to the definition of the category of public power, as well as variants of its structure and elements.The goal of the article is to compare the experience of various jurisdictions, including Russia, in the construction of public power, and to establish contemporary determinants of its structure and consequences of its expansion. Comparative and formal legal methods are mainly used to produce the results of the research.Main results. The authors notice, that in most jurisdictions legislative attempts to give a definition of the structure of publi

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Lytvynenko, Anatoliy, Viktor Sarancha, and Viktoriia Shabunina. "MAN trolleybuses in Ukraine (1939–1951): a history, technical characteristics, features of operation." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (2021): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-411-436.

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The growth of the vehicle assets and bus services in Ukrainian cities increases the level of environmental pollution. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actu

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Idrizi, Bashkim, and Mirdon Kurteshi. "Web System for Online and Onsite Usage of Geoinformation by Surveying Sector in Kosovo. Case Study: Ferizaj Municipality." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 3 (2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i3.13469.

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The purpose of research to determine and contribute in more efficient services to geoinformation stakeholders, as well as to give positive impact on increasing income in geo business sector, voluntary based web system for online usage of geoinformation in Kosovo has been developed. The method used was puting in to one place many sourcec via WMS and WFS services, by creating thematic SDI, in order to have online system with dynamic data comming from official databases with update from last day on 5 pm. System is open for usage by all interested parts, however official registration is required.

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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.

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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the pro

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Bila, Svitlana. "Strategic priorities of social production digitalization: world experience." University Economic Bulletin, no. 48 (March 30, 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-48-40-55.

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Actual importance of study. At the beginning of the 2020s developed world countries and countries which are the leaders of world economic development faced up the challenges of radical structural reformation of social production (from industry to service system) which is based on digitalization. Digital technologies in world science and business practice are considered essential part of a complex technological phenomenon like ‘Industry 4.0’. Digitalization should cover development of all business processes and management processes at micro-, meso- and microlevels, processes of social productio

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Baxto, Welinton, Rosana Amaro, and Joao Mattar. "Distance Education and the Open University of Brazil." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 20, no. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i4.4132.

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Correspondence courses have been offered in Brazil since the late 19th century; in the 20th century, instructional media such as radio and television were successfully used long before the introduction of the Internet. However, distance education (DE) was officially established in Brazil only in 1996 by the National Educational Law of Policies and Bases. Several censuses conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the Brazilian Association of Distance Education (ABED) collected statistics on the number of institutions and students involved in DE in Brazil. Although higher education DE

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Peters, Angela Aparecida, Maria Angélica de Almeida Peres, Maria Itayra Padilha, et al. "Ethel Parsons’ biographical characteristics: leadership in American and Brazilian nursing." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 56 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0320en.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to reconstruct Ethel Parsons’ biographical aspects in the centenary of the technical cooperation mission for nursing development in Brazil. Method: biographical research, carried out using the historical sources analysis method, which consists of reading and interpreting the collected documents. Results: from a renowned family, Ethel Parsons was head of public health services and worked for the American Red Cross before being appointed to coordinate the Rockefeller Foundation mission in Brazil, where she inaugurated the Anglo-American model of nursing. For ten years, Parson

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Soares Ramos, Flavia Soares Ramos, and Karolyna Marin Herrera. "How to build an agribusiness giant: the role of rural extension services in Brazil during the 20th Century." Historia Agraria Revista de agricultura e historia rural, November 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.094e04f.

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In this article, we argue that Brazil’s ‘exporting vocation’ is not a natural tendency but the result of national political and economic projects aligned with the international context and external interests. To support this thesis, we reconstructed the trajectory of rural extension services during the 20th century in three distinct phases, according to the official philosophical and pedagogical perspectives adopted in each. Based on extensionist reports and an interdisciplinary bibliographical review, our objective is to present the sociopolitical and economic panorama along with the motivati

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Melo Silva, Gustavo, and Jorge Alexandre Barbosa Neves. "SISTEMAS PRODUTIVOS TRADICIONAIS E IMERSÃO DE INTERESSES ECONÔMICOS EM RELAÇÕES SOCIAIS." Caderno CRH 25, no. 66 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v25i66.19425.

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O território do município de Resende Costa (MG) convive com a tradição da produção doméstica têxtil desde o século XVIII. Entretanto, o que se constata, a partir do final do século XX, é um mercado de tecelagem tradicional. Este artigo analisa a construção social desse mercado municipal a partir de dados históricos do século XVIII e XIX, pesquisas do final do século XX e dados primários coletados em 2009 em 664 domicílios produtores e 69 estabelecimentos comerciais. Esse mercado foi construído por uma produção dispersa nos domicílios, pela divisão do trabalho e pela organização burocrática com

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Castro, Renata Brião de. "The Italian school in Pelotas (RS, Brazil) during the decades of 1920 and 1930: among local, national and international contexts." Educar em Revista 39 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-0411.87090-t.

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ABSTRACT This text aims to investigate the Italian school in Pelotas, in the decades of 1920 and 1930, when there were important changes in the institutions related to immigration groups. The research is justified by the need to boost studies about the scholarization of Italian immigrants in these decades, since most of the knowledge about it up to now is focused on the late 19th and early 20th century. To contemplate the discussion on this context, the research uses the theoretical perspective of transnational history and transnational history of educations. Sources are Italian consulate docu

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Alves, Marilene de Figueiredo, Janice Gusmão Ferreira de Andrade, César Albenes de Mendonça Cruz, and Fernando Rocha Oliveira. "SOCIAL CONTROL AND DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION: THE PERFORMANCE OF THE MUNICIPAL HEALTH COUNCIL DURING THE CRISIS AND POST-COVID IN THE CONTEXT OF ULTRANEOLIBERALISM." ARACÊ 6, no. 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/arev6n3-269.

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The neoliberal dictates and financial capitalism that have been taking place in the 2000s have been causing significant changes in the environment, people's lives, and the global order. In addition to these changes that permeate the areas of industry and automation, technology, politics, economy, and culture, we are experiencing a recent pandemic. In Brazil, especially, the second half of the 20th century was marked by intense struggles for the achievement of rights and democracy, and the 2000s have been marked by the loss of rights that had been achieved. To analyze the guarantee of social co

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R.S., Tytykalo. "Genesis of Development of Local Self-Government Institute." October 25, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7388044.

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This article examines the genesis of the development of the local self-government institute. It was determined that the earliest period of local administration was the Ancient period. The birth of the municipal system (7th century BC - 10th century AD), which can be characterized as the formation of the first municipal representative bodies in communal communes; self-governing rights appear in large cities. The period of institutional formation of local self-government (XI-XVIII centuries) was characterized by: 1) the distribution of local self-government between municipalities of cities and t

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Bernardo, Janice, Vitor Gomes Bevilacqua Jr, Cecília Szenkowicz Holtman, Gianfranco Franz, and Marcio Pereira da Rocha. "Parana pine landscape and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) supporting sustainable local development." Brazilian Journal of Development, August 29, 2022, 59787–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n8-319.

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There is a need to increase new perspectives studies and to include culture value, cultural heritage and traditional communities in balance with their environment. While Cultural Heritage has been studied for centuries, the Cultural Landscape originated new concepts. Protecting cultural landscapes contributes to maintain and increase natural values, and to aggregate several tangible and intangible values. In recent years, methods of life cycle assessment, LCA and (social) S-LCA, have evolved into the analysis of products and services impacts along the value chain, allying approachs of social

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Resende Borges, Kalysta Oliveira, Giulia Manuella Resende Almeida, Bianca Victória Resende Almeida, and Cairo Borges. "Vulnerability cartography: A narrative review of the historical, epidemiological, and biocultural perspectives of cancer in indigenous women in Brazil over the last three decades." Journal of Clinical Oncology 43, no. 16_suppl (2025). https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.e22533.

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e22533 Background: The global indigenous population in 2021 is around 476 million in 90 countries, with lower life expectancy, cultural diversity and high poverty. The 2022 Indigenous Census revealed that the Brazilian indigenous population reached 1.693.535 people (0.83% of the national population). Indigenous literacy (84.9%) remains below the national average (93%). Basic precariousness affects 69.1% of Brazilian Amerindians, reinforcing structural inequalities and the need for specific policies to mitigate these inequalities. Until the beginning of the 20th century, cancer (Ca) was an epid

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Чернов, С. С. "ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЙ ОПЫТ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА". Бизнес. Образование. Право, № 3(48) (6 серпня 2018). https://doi.org/10.25683/volbi.2018.44.324.

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Государственно-частное партнерство как эффективный механизм взаимодействия государства и частного сектора для реализации инвестиционных проектов является на сегодняшний день одной из перспективных форм взаимодействия как в российской экономике, так и в зарубежной. Однако реализация механизма государственно-частного партнерства в зарубежной экономической системе относится к концу XX века и датируется первыми заключенными договорами в Великобритании в 1981 году, а с 1992 года правительство Дж. Мейджора провозгласило о новой форме ГЧП — «Частная финансовая инициатива» (PFI — Рrivate Finance Initi

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Meleo-Erwin, Zoe C. "“Shape Carries Story”: Navigating the World as Fat." M/C Journal 18, no. 3 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.978.

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Story spreads out through time the behaviors or bodies – the shapes – a self has been or will be, each replacing the one before. Hence a story has before and after, gain and loss. It goes somewhere…Moreover, shape or body is crucial, not incidental, to story. It carries story; it makes story visible; in a sense it is story. Shape (or visible body) is in space what story is in time. (Bynum, quoted in Garland Thomson, 113-114) Drawing on Goffman’s classic work on stigma, research documenting the existence of discrimination and bias against individuals classified as obese goes back five decades.

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