Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Nail makers »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Nail makers"
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Phillips, Maureen K. « Mechanic Geniuses and Duckies Redux : Nail Makers and Their Machines ». APT Bulletin 27, no 1/2 (1996) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504500.
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Anita, Anita, et Feby Junindar. « STUDI LITERATUR : IDENTIFIKASI JAMUR DERMATOPHYTA PADA PENGRAJIN BATAKO ». Lontara Journal of Health Science and Technology 3, no 1 (14 juin 2022) : 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53861/lontarariset.v3i1.265.
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A brick maker is someone who works as a brick maker and has skills related to certain crafts. Workers who make bricks and do not pay attention to the use of personal protective equipment such as boots and gloves so that the range of workers is in direct contact with sand and water. Sand and water can increase the risk of fungal infections because sand and water are factors that trigger fungal growth, one of which is on nails. The fungi that often infect nails are dermatophytes. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence or absence of dermatophyte fungi present in the nail samples of brick makers. This research is a literature study that aims to utilize library sources to obtain data. The samples studied were journals, articles, and books related to the type of dermatophyte fungi with a total of 10 literatures. The method used in this study was a literature study. The results were obtained based on the results of a review of 10 literatures. From 142 samples, 75 samples were found that were positive for dermatophytes, with the types of fungi consisting of Trichophyton rubrum (20%), Trichophyton mentagtophytes (20%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (13%). So it can be concluded that from the average results, 53% of dermatophyte fungi were found in the nail samples of brick craftsmen.
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Iobst, Christopher, Søren Kold et Mindaugas Mikuzis. « Removal of Femoral Lengthening Nails ». Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 4, no 2 (1 mai 2022) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55275/jposna-2022-0031.
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There is an orthopaedic adage that states, “No surgeon ever looks good taking out hardware.” This simple statement illustrates the frustration many of us have felt when faced with a hardware removal case. Since all internal lengthening nails are recommended for removal at the completion of treatment, any surgeon considering a patient for internal lengthening will eventually encounter a nail removal opportunity. As part of our limb reconstruction practices, the authors have removed hundreds of internal lengthening nails. We have developed techniques through trial and error over time to streamline and simplify the nail removal process. The goal of this article is to share our experience with you in the hopes that it makes your internal lengthening nail removal surgery as smooth and painless as possible.
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Ali, Jazib Muhammad. « A comparative Analysis of Pure Bufflow and Cow Milk : Pespetive from Pakistan ». Journal of Agriculture 6, no 2 (20 novembre 2022) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4106.
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Buffalo is assuming a main job in the national economy by creating milk, meat and draft power. Out of all out milk delivered in the nation, buffalo contributes around 68 %, trailed by steers (27%) and sheep/goat/camel (5%). Because of high fat substance of bison milk, it is the most favored species in Pakistan. In any case, there are sure issues identified with this species, for example, late period of development, long calving stretch and quiet warmth. In Pakistan, Pure Buffalo milk is sold by the local dairy farmers in the form of loose milk only. This study discussed the importance and benefits of buffalo milk in comparison of cow’s milk and the real opportunities for the new entrepreneurs and startups who want to setup their own business in Pakistan. Pakistan's yearly milk creation in 2015-16 was around 54 million tones, making it one of the world's significant milk makers. Buffaloes and cows are the significant milk delivering creatures, with 62% milk delivered by buffaloes and 34% by dairy animals. In the course of recent years, milk creation in Pakistan has ascended by 36 % (Pakistan monetary study 2015-16). Farmers are not well equipped to avail benefits. India and Pakistan produce about 80% of all buffalo milk worldwide, followed by china, Egypt, and Nepal, where you find more dairy buffaloes than cows (Ariane Lang, 2020).Buffalo is viewed as the dairy creature for 21 century because of its higher flexibility and efficiency in the changing climatic conditions. There is a huge assorted variety in the Buffalo hereditary assets and south Asia is the home of profoundly yielding source promising bison type of Murrah and Nail Ravi. The analysis has shown that milk produced by buffalos is the best, as it carries 60% less cholesterol compared to cow milk.There is a strong reason why large companies only sell cow milk in packaged form even there is a huge demand for buffalo milk. The study concludes that Buffalo milk has a higher fat, protein, lactose, vitamin, and mineral content than cow's milk. It's also whiter and has a thicker consistency, which makes it perfect for the production of fat-based dairy products. Moreover, Cow milk differs from buffalo milk in richness and composition. Buffalo milk has lower cholesterol but more calories and fat compared with cow's milk. Keywords: Buffalo milk, Cow milk, Cholesterol, Packaging, Marketing
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Kasyan, A. R., V. U. Sataev et V. G. Alyangin. « Portable Diode Laser Scalpel in Treatment of Ingrown Toenails in Children ». Creative surgery and oncology 9, no 1 (25 avril 2019) : 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24060/2076-3093-2019-9-1-31-36.
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Introduction.The ingrown nail (onychocryptosis) is a disease that is common both among children and in adult population. Despite the fact that there is a large number of methods available for the treatment of ingrown nails, a large percentage of recurrence of the disease remains unconquered. Traditional methods of treatment today are often complemented by chemical matrixectomy, cryodestruction, electrocoagulation or laser destruction of the growth zone of the nail plate piece being removed. The purpose of all of these methods of treatment is the reduction of the recurrence of the disease. This study aims to examine the possibilities of using a portable diode laser scalpel for the treatment of ingrown nails in children.Materials and methods.In this study the authors compared treatment outcomes in patients with ingrown toenails treated with the original Winograd procedure (30 patients) with those treated with the same procedure complemented by the laser destruction of the growth zone (50 patients).Results and discussion.There was one relapse case in the study group (n=50, 2%), and two — in the control group (n=30, 6.7 %). The healing period of the postoperative wound amounted to 17.3±2.05 days in the study group and to 12.25±1.24 days in control. Pain VAS scores on the first day following the surgery were 6.2±1.24 in the study group, and 5.8±0.816 in control. Staphylococcus aureus was the pathogen responsible for the local infection process in most patients with ingrown nails.Conclusion. This study demonstrates that using the method proposed results in the reduction of the risk of recurrence of the disease from 6.7% down to 2%, increasing, however, the healing time of the postoperative wound from 12.25±1.24 to 17.3±2.05 days. This makes the use of the method proposed advisable in patients with: a stage III ingrown nail; an apparent local infectious process; a recurrent ingrown nail.
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Aiello, Luigi, Gregor Gstrein, Simon Erker, Bernhard Kaltenegger, Christian Ellersdorfer et Wolfgang Sinz. « Optimized Nail for Penetration Test on Lithium-Ion Cells and Its Utilization for the Validation of a Multilayer Electro-Thermal Model ». Batteries 8, no 4 (1 avril 2022) : 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8040032.
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Nail penetration is one of the most critical scenarios for a lithium-ion cell: it involves the superposition of electrical, thermal and mechanical abusive loads. When an electrically conductive nail is introduced into the active layers of a lithium-ion cell, an electric short circuit takes place between the conductive components (electrodes and current collectors). Hence, for this load case, electro-thermal modeling must be performed considering each and every layer of the cell in order to predict the electric quantities and the cell temperature (with numerical models). When standard conic nails are used, as is typical for this class of tests, the electrical contact between conductive components and the nail itself suffers of poor reproducibility mainly due to the separator that interposes between the electrically conductive components. This phenomenon makes it difficult to validate electro-thermal models, since the electrical contact between nail and lithium-ion cell parts cannot be safely determined. In this work, an alternative nail with an optimized ratio between the external surface and volume is presented to overcome this issue. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed nail, five tests (with the same conditions) were conducted on five commercial lithium-ion pouch cells, monitoring the tabs voltage and surface temperature. In all tests, thermal runaway was reached within 30 s and the tabs voltage showed comparable behavior, indicating that the short circuit values for all five repetitions were similar. The investigation included the implementation of a detailed layers model to demonstrate how the validation of such model would be possible with the novel data.
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Tatsumi, Yoshiyuki, Mamoru Yokoo, Hisato Senda et Kazuaki Kakehi. « Therapeutic Efficacy of Topically Applied KP-103 against Experimental Tinea Unguium in Guinea Pigs in Comparison with Amorolfine and Terbinafine ». Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no 12 (décembre 2002) : 3797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.12.3797-3801.2002.
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ABSTRACT The therapeutic efficacy of KP-103, a novel topical triazole, in a guinea pig tinea unguium model was investigated. Experimental tinea unguium and tinea pedis were produced by inoculation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes SM-110 between the toes of the hind paw of guinea pigs. One percent solution (0.1 ml) of KP-103, amorolfine, or terbinafine was topically applied to the nails and whole sole of an infected foot once daily for 30 consecutive days, and terbinafine was also orally administered at a daily dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight for 30 consecutive days, starting on day 60 postinfection. The fungal burdens of nails and plantar skin were assessed using a new method, which makes it possible to recover infecting fungi by removing a carryover of the drug remaining in the treated tissues into the culture medium. Topically applied KP-103 inhibited the development of nail collapse, significantly reduced the fungal burden of the nails, and sterilized the infected plantar skin. On the other hand, topical amorolfine and topical or oral terbinafine were ineffective for tinea unguium, although these drugs eradicated or reduced the fungal burden of plantar skin. The in vitro activities of amorolfine and terbinafine against T. mentagrophytes SM-110 were 8- and 32-fold, respectively, decreased by the addition of 5% keratin to Sabouraud dextrose broth medium. In contrast, the activity of KP-103 was not affected by keratin because its keratin affinity is lower than those of the reference drugs, suggesting that KP-103 largely exists in the nails as an active form that was not bound to keratin and diffuses in the nail without being trapped by keratin. The effectiveness of KP-103 against tinea unguium is probably due to its favorable pharmacokinetic properties in the nails together with its potent antifungal activity.
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Velasco, Brian T., Jorge Briceno, Christopher Miller, Michael Y. Ye, Ian Savage-Elliott, J. Kent Ellington et John Y. Kwon. « Peri-Implant Fractures Around Hindfoot Fusion Nails : A Systematic Literature Review and Classification System ». Foot & ; Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no 4 (1 octobre 2019) : 2473011419S0042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00425.
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Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Tibio-talo calcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is increasingly performed for hindfoot arthrosis and other indications. Peri-implant fracture around hindfoot fusion nails has been previously reported and can be problematic to treat given multiple surgical considerations including the status of hind foot arthrodesis at time of fracture. We present a systematic review of the literature regarding peri-implant fractures around hindfoot fusion nails and propose a classification system to help guide treatment based on findings from the current literature as well as the collective experience of the senior authors. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to identify clinical investigations in which peri-implant fractures or other hardware failures were observed as complications following TTC arthrodesis using hindfoot nails by two research assistants. The electronic database of PubMed / Medline was explored using specific search terms, Boolean operators, and field tags. The same query without field tags and under “Search All Text” was used to explore the electronic database of the Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria was any clinical investigation that reported on outcomes after TTC arthrodesis using a hindfoot nail in at least one patient. Cadaveric and non-clinical investigations were excluded. Manuscript language for both databases was restricted to the English literature. Results: A total of 36 studies were identified which met inclusion criteria and reported clinical outcomes after TTC arthrodesis using a hindfoot fusion nail. Of the 36 studies, there was a total of 13 intraoperative fractures, 43 tibial stress fractures and 24 peri-implant fractures recorded in 12 of the 36 studies. Conclusion: Peri-implant fracture following tibio-talo calcaneal arthrodesis using a hindfoot intramedullary nail is an uncommon but problematic condition to treat. General heterogeneity of patients and indications as well as a lack of descriptive detail in the current literature makes meta-analysis difficult. Given the lack of consensus on treatment, a classification system may be helpful to guide clinical practice.
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Benamara, Fatima Zohra, et Lazhar Belabed. « Stability of the Walls in Nails Soil ». Advanced Materials Research 324 (août 2011) : 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.324.380.
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Developed as from the seventies, the nailing of the soils is a technique, which makes it possible to carry out a retaining wall of excavation by using the soil in place and installing the passive bars called nails. The main object of this work is to study the stability of the walls in soil nailed lived overall rupture facing-soil-nail. In order to find the mechanism or the mechanical model most unstable. Give a general aspect to our studies; we also studied a title comparative the classical circular failure model. We have repeatedly determined for each case the maximum shear soil force in the nails Tm. The most unfavourable mechanism (less stable) among all the mechanisms is that for which, the shear force Tm reached a maximum. Another analysis of the stability of wall in nailed soil was made by means of the software Geo4 and compared with the kinematics method.
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Frydrýšek, Karel, Tomáš Halo, Daniel Čepica, Vojtěch Machalla, Kateřina Šimečková, Ondřej Skoupý, Roman Madeja et al. « Biomechanical Assessment of Cannulated Nails for the Treatment of Proximal Femur Fractures ». Applied Sciences 12, no 15 (25 juillet 2022) : 7470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157470.
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This article focuses on a type of surgical implant used in orthopaedics and traumatology—cannulated femoral nails. Femoral nails are used in medical treatment for purposes of osteosynthesis, i.e., when treating various types of complicated fractures, in this case fractures of the femur. The article investigates cases in which a nail has been implanted in the proximal part of the femur for a short time (with the fracture still not healed), compared with cases in which the bone has already healed. According to AO classification, examined fractures are described as AO 31B3 AO 32A3. The main focus is on strength-deformation analysis using the finite element method (FEM), which makes it possible to determine the behaviour of the femur-implant system. FEM analysis was used to compare 1.4441 steel nails made by two manufacturers, Medin (Czech Republic) and Tantum (Germany). Boundary conditions including external loading, prescribed supports and elastic foundation are defined. There were solved FEM analyses for five cases of healed femur and five cases of broken femur both including implants with prescribed collo-diaphyseal angles. The results of the analysis were used to assess stress-deformation states from the perspective of appropriateness for clinical treatment, biomechanical reliability and safety. All examined femoral nails are compared, safe and suitable for patient treatment.
Livres sur le sujet "Nail makers"
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Boissier, Albert. Histoire de l'origine de l'industrie du clou forgé à Firminy. [Saint-Didier-en-Velay] : Musée de Saint-Didier, 1992.
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Willetts, Arthur. The Blackcountry nailer's riots of 1842. Dudley : Dudley Libraries, 1995.
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Im, Chae-ch'un. Uri egen naeil i itta. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si : Neip K'ŭlloba, 2016.
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Howell, Susan. The dermatophytes. Sous la direction de Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum et Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0015.
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Dermatophytes are unique in their ability to utilize keratin as a substrate, and this makes them the commonest cause of superficial skin, hair, and nail infection worldwide. They comprise three genera and more than 30 species, and species have evolved to be anthropophilic, zoophilic, or geophilic. Infection is acquired by contact with a source, and on skin is known as ringworm because a circular lesion with a raised scaling edge may form. Diagnosis requires microscopic examination of tissue and culture to identify the pathogen. Management of infection includes identifying the source to prevent reinfection.
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Öhrström, Lars. The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.001.0001.
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This is a book about discovery and disaster, exploitation and invention, warfare and science - and the relationship between human beings and the chemical elements that make up our planet. Lars Ohrstrom introduces us to a variety of elements from S to Pb through tales of ordinary and extraordinary people from around the globe. We meet African dictators controlling vital supplies of uranium; eighteenth-century explorers searching out sources of precious metals; industrial spies stealing the secrets of steel-making. We find out why the Hindenburg airship was tragically filled with hydrogen, not helium; why nail-varnish remover played a key part in World War I; and the real story behind the legend of tin buttons and the downfall of Napoleon. In each chapter, we find out about the distinctive properties of each element and the concepts and principles that have enabled scientists to put it to practical use. These are the fascinating (and sometimes terrifying) stories of chemistry in action.
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Galperin, Timur A., Kieron S. Leslie et Antonia J. Cronin. Cutaneous manifestations of end-stage renal disease. Sous la direction de David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0131.
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A broad range of skin diseases occur in patients with end-stage renal disease. Some of these conditions are benign, and make little impact on patients’ lives. Others, however, have a greater impact on quality of life, may be physically disabling, and even life-threatening. Mostly, they result from a combination of factors, such as electrolyte imbalance and co-morbid disease. Uraemic pruritus is the most commonly troublesome and an approach to it is presented. Other non-specific skin manifestations of CKD include skin-colour changes, xerosis, half-and-half nails Specific manifestations include acquired perforating dermatosis, bullous dermatoses, metastatic calcification, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
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Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Medizinstrafrecht. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748913634.
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The legal field of medical criminal law has developed rapidly over the past decades. The Medical Law Working Group of the German Bar Association, together with the Düsseldorf Institute for Medical Law, annually organizes the Düsseldorf Medical Criminal Law Day. This publication makes the conference contributions of the 12th Medical Criminal Law Day accessible to the professional public. The articles highlight current decisions and trends in medical criminal law, design pitfalls relevant to criminal law in medical collaborations, proposals for the legal regulation of assisted suicide, the public relations work of defense counsels, psychology in crimi-nal proceedings against physicians, and criminal law risks in remote treatment. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Helmut Frister; RA Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Möller; Prof. Dr. Frank Saliger; RA Johann Schwenn; RA Dr. Sebastian T. Vogel and RAin Dr. Stephanie Wiege.
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Back, Kerry E. Real Options and q Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0020.
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The theory of perpetual options and dynamic programming are applied to analyze the optimal capital investment of a firm. When investment is continuous and capital is the numeraire, the marginal value of capital is called marginal q. The optimal investment rate is a function of marginal q. When investment is irreversible and there is no depreciation, the optimal time to make each marginal investment is given by the theory of perpetual options. The optimal invesment times can also be calculated by dynamic programming. Fluctuations in marginal q add risk to a firm, compared to reversible investment. The Berk‐Green‐Naik model is an example of a model that relates risk and expected return to size and book‐to‐market by endogenizing investment.
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Dosekun, Simidele. Fashioning Postfeminism. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043215.001.0001.
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This book concerns young, class-privileged women in the Nigerian city of Lagos who dress in a “spectacularly feminine” style characterised by the extravagant use and combination of normatively feminine technologies of dress: cascading hair extensions, false eyelashes and nails, heavy and immaculate makeup, and so on. Based on interviews with such stylized women, the book offers a critical consideration of the kinds of feminine subjectivities that they are performing and desiring. Tracing the repertoires of individualist choice, pleasure, entitlement and “can do” that run through the women’s talk, it argues that they subscribe passionately to the notion, or what the book frames more specifically as the “postfeminist promise,” that immaculate and spectacularized feminine beauty now constitutes and signals feminine power. Seeing themselves as “already empowered,” then, what the women do not see is the need for cultural critique, nor for feminism in the form of collective political struggle. The first book on postfeminism both as a cultural formation in the global South and as it interpellates black women, the work offers a groundbreaking new understanding of the culture as performative and transnationally mobile, and a richly theorised account of how women live, embody, and to some extent suffer it, in the flesh.
Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Nail makers"
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Saber, Mohamed, Omar Ahmed, Esmat A. Keheila, Mohamed Abdel-Moneim Mohamed, Sameh A. Kantoush, Mohammed Abdel-Fattah et Tetsuya Sumi. « Assessment of the Impacts of Groundwater Overdrafting on Water Quality and Environmental Degradation in the Fares Area, Aswan, Egypt ». Dans Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering : DPRI reports, 529–51. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2904-4_22.
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AbstractGroundwater contamination and the environmental impact of groundwater uprising due to overpumping are critical issues in Egypt. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality and the environmental impacts of groundwater uprising in the Fares area of Aswan, Egypt. The environmental impacts of the uprising groundwater level were investigated through field observations and chemical analyses of the surrounding water resources. The results revealed that the use of flood irrigation systems in the upper, newly reclaimed land area is the main cause of the uprising groundwater levels, which causes remarkable environmental degradation in the urban area. Thirty-three samples were collected and chemically analyzed from three groundwater wells. The chemical characterization of the groundwater at Well 1 drastically changed from NaHCO3 to NaCl within a short period of time due to overdrafting. The chemical concentrations of all parameters showed considerable increasing trends and exceeded the standard limits at Well 1. The study stated that the groundwater overdrafting causes extreme changes in the water quality within a very short period of time along with the impacts on the environment. This condition requires attention from decision makers, as the groundwater quality is continuously decreased and the environment is degraded.
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Trauschweizer, Ingo. « Epilogue ». Dans Maxwell Taylor's Cold War, 207–12. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177007.003.0008.
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Maxwell Taylor’s experience in the Cold War highlights four interrelated themes that have defined the US national security state and also shed light on the nature of strategy. First, the warfare state will guide decision-makers to seek military solutions to political problems. Sometimes that is appropriate, but at other times, as in Vietnam, it can drown out other approaches. Second, strategy and bureaucracy often work at cross-purposes. Again, decisions leading to the Vietnam War offer an illustration: instead of aligning means, ends, and political objectives, US strategy suffered from the collision of politics and policy with operational art and military planning. The various bureaucracies, though linked in the National Security Council, sought separate solutions. Third, strategy in general has increasingly become the fault line between operational art and politics and policy. It should be the connective tissue. Fourth, powerful and influential individuals served as contingent actors in the historical drama, but their options were limited by Cold War structures, ranging from bureaucracies that channeled possible actions to mind-sets that made it difficult not to view the problem at hand through the lens of the wider conflict and recent experiences. As they say in military and policy circles, if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. But what if you had several different hammers all trying to strike the nail at once?...
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Hatcher, Jessamyn. « “Little Freedoms” ». Dans Fashion and Beauty in the Time of Asia, 209–41. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479892150.003.0009.
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This chapterexamines a group of undocumented immigrant women from Nepal who wear fast fashion to labor at their body service jobs in a New York City nail salon. Contrary to the idea that consuming fast fashion is a leisure activity, this chapter suggests that fast-fashion consumption is a mandated form of uncompensated labor. In the case of these workers, they are explicitly required to dress fashionably for a job that is underpaid, toxic, and rough on clothes. Despite this, workers insist that wearing these clothes holds important affective meanings that exceed their boss’s imperative, described by one as “little freedoms.” An investigation of little freedoms points toward the larger structural ways all fast-fashion workers are shaped by this quintessential form of labor under global capitalism; exemplifies the delimited forms of freedom possible within it; points toward important forms of difference between workers; and offers clues to fast-fashion makers’ other, longed for, and potentially more enabling futures.
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French, David. « ‘I wish I saw a real policy emerging, but frankly I don’t’ ». Dans Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement, 315–68. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863355.003.0008.
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The Stresa front was intended to be the lynchpin of a strategy to contain Hitler and eventually persuade him to return to the conference table and settle all outstanding questions by peaceful negotiations. But the British themselves then began the process that led to its unravelling. The accelerating pace of German rearmament, and the pressing need to ensure that the fleet would not be tied down in European waters if it was needed at Singapore, persuaded them to grab at Hitler’s offer of an Anglo-German naval arms limitation agreement. This was a blunder which represented the first nail in the coffin of the Stresa front. The second, and far more decisive, blow to that agreement came in October 1935, when Mussolini invaded Abyssinia. The central premise of the grand strategy that the Cabinet had adopted in July 1934, that Britain faced only two potential enemies, was now redundant and policy-makers had to decide how to confront not only Germany in Western Europe, and Japan in the Far East, but Italy in the Mediterranean. The manifold difficulties of creating a new grand strategy to replace the DRC’s blueprint were quickly made apparent when the German remilitarized the Rhineland, when a major revolt against British rule broke out in Palestine, and when Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union began to fish in the troubled waters created by the Spanish civil war.
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Scott, Sam. « The coffee maker ». Dans Labour Exploitation and Work-Based Harm. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447322030.003.0009.
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She stood there with tears in the kitchen, coffee under her nails and the fatigue, tiredness in a body that could not manage any more right now. She said that now she did not want to be a part any more, now they would have to find someone else who could work a whole day without going to the bathroom....
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Young, Simon. « The Pickpocket’s Ring ». Dans The Nail in the Skull and Other Victorian Urban Legends, 127–29. University Press of Mississippi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496839473.003.0048.
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Projansky, Sarah, et Kent A. Ono. « From Documentary to Fictional Realism : Mira Nair’s Documentary Roots, Fictional Home and Production Politics ». Dans Indie Reframed. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474403924.003.0011.
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This chapter demonstrates how the transnational figure and twenty-seven-year career of Mira Nair is prototypical of female independent practitioners who negotiate diverse issues of identity and politics in their films and working practices. As an Indian filmmaker with a production company based in New York City, Nair makes films that cross multiple borders, whether of nation, race, class, sexuality or genre, to promote social activism. Highlighting her documentary film production, methods and career-long investment in non-profit organisations, Projansky and Ono explore how even her popular fictional features such as Monsoon Wedding (2001) or Vanity Fair (2004) share political and socially confrontational methods with her outreach programs.
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Ahmed, Omar. « Reality of the Dispossessed ». Dans Studying Indian Cinema, 165–82. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733681.003.0010.
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This chapter describes how addressing the issue of poverty has been a continuous feature of Indian cinema. Mira Nair's award-winning directorial debut Salaam Bombay! (1988), depicting the lives of Bombay's impoverished street children, is one of the most moving Indian films of the 1980s. It was also one of the few Indian films to find an international, largely arthouse, audience while launching the career of diaspora film-maker Mira Nair, who resides in America. The chapter deals with Indian diaspora cinema and Mira Nair as a female director. It also examines the production history of the shoot; the iconography of the urban slum in Indian cinema; representations of family, poverty, and power in the city of Bombay; and the film's criticisms of the state.
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Steinberg, Jonah. « Nabil’s Predicament ». Dans A Garland of Bones, 1–31. Yale University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300222807.003.0001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter begins with the author's account of the life of child runaway Muhammad Nabil. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine not only what makes a child leave home, but what makes children in certain situations likely to leave home; and further, what are those situations and configurations that tend to produce this likely departure, and why and how widely are they shared. It seeks to make sense of whether it is culture, tradition, or rite, on the one hand, that generates child departure or, alternatively, the political-economic forces embedded in history, debt, and rule—or both. If running away is to be taken as an existing cultural form that children may mobilize or manifest, a blueprint that they follow, then a secondary question becomes how is information—instructions, methods, practices, itineraries—transmitted peer to peer or through public texts and images.
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Kemper, Kurt Edward. « Rebels with a Conscience ». Dans Before March Madness, 135–65. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043260.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The membership growth of the NAIA and growing prominence of its basketball tournament gave it greater exposure, but this cut both ways when it was revealed in 1948 that the tournament excluded black players. The NAIA’s racial ban was only one of many discriminatory practices aimed at blacks in mid-century American college athletics, including the Big Ten’s unwritten prohibition of black players. Forced now to address the matter, Emil Liston and Al Duer worked to overturn the rule and make use of the NAIA as a vehicle to force racial change in Kansas City. Duer worked tirelessly to ensure that black players enjoyed the same privileges as white players and also to challenge segregation in the Kansas City hospitality industry. More than simply welcome black players, Duer also helped restructure the NAIA to welcome historically black colleges as full members while also scrupulously avoiding giving offense to existing Southern segregationist member schools. The affirmative efforts of the NAIA to confront the very real problems of scheduling, lodging, and access for black players and historically black colleges did much to win the support of those schools. It also, however, put in stark contrast the relative indifference of the NCAA to the same issues.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Nail makers"
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Nili Ahmadabadi, Zahra, Frédéric Laville et Raynald Guilbault. « An Empirical Prediction Law for Quasi-Static Nail-Particle Board Penetration Resistance ». Dans ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70218.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The present study belongs to a broader investigation aiming to reduce noise emissions in nail guns. This noise reduction objective may be achieved by nail gun concept design improvements. However, modifying the tool design requires precise understanding of it dynamics. Therefore a dynamic model of the system including accurate predictions of the tribo-dynamic interactions at the wood-nail interface generating the penetration resistance forces (PRF) appears to be essential. Since different wood products possess different structural/material properties, PRF is first evaluated for various types of wood product individually. Ref. [1] develops the PRF modeling strategy and examines the nail penetration process for plywood samples. The present paper proposes an empirical model predicting PRF imposed on nails when penetrating particle board (PB) at quasi-static velocities (20–500 mm/min range). A universal testing machine (MTS) is used to drive the nails into the wood samples. Each wood sample is composed of five panels PB screwed together. The sample size is chosen to reduce the boundary influence on the penetration process and to avoid the complete perforation of the sample. To eliminate the possible acceleration influence, the penetration speed is maintained at constant amplitudes. The MTS machine measured PRF as a function of the position. The objective is to prepare a formulation predicting PRF as a function of nail position. In order to extend the prediction formula application range, the analysis reduces the studied factors to dimensionless parameters. The analysis shows that the PB fabrication process results in panels presenting three regions of different hardness modulus. As a result, at the region transitions the PRF curves show large amplitude fluctuations. This layered heterogeneity makes the development of a high precision prediction model representing various nail sizes very difficult. Nevertheless, the final model produces PRF evaluations with overall precision greater than 88% for most of the nail penetration.
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Danieli, Guido A., G. Fragomeni et E. Giuzio. « A Device for Driving a Wire or a Drill Precisely in a Given Direction Through a Point Under Closed Sky Conditions ». Dans ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23079.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract The paper presents a new device which allows the precise positioning of a guide through a point and in a given direction, or which can permit to reach a given bone section. Other devices exist mainly addressed to the insertion of a screw in the correct position on endo-medullary nails, but these are usually based on the knowledge of the geometry of the nail, and are therefore made by the maker of the nail. In other instances, often the doctors use trial drilling under fluoroscopy to place a kirshner wire in the required position. The actual device is instead based only on an aiming methodology resting on geometrical considerations. Previous knowledge of the position of such a point and direction, which can be given by a hole belonging to a plate or to an endo-medullary nail or can be part of the patient’s bone structure, is not necessary. This is due to the use of fluoroscopy coupled to the localisation of two aiming planes on whose interception is placed the line of interest. A first instrument developed on this principle found limited clinical success due to the complexity of the first kinematic chain used in the aiming process and to human error. A new version has been designed and is at present under construction, which solves the kinematic problem through a careful choice of a series of constraints enabling the aiming process to be divided in sub processes, thus gradually controlling the final result.
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Xu, Zhaozhen, Amelia Howarth, Nicole Briggs et Nello Cristianini. « What Makes us Curious ? Analysis of a Corpus of Open-Domain Questions ». Dans 7th International Conference on Natural Language Computing (NATL 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Every day people ask short questions through smart devices or online forums to seek answers to all kinds of queries. With the increasing number of questions collected it becomes difficult to provide answers to each of them, which is one of the reasons behind the growing interest in automated question answering. Some questions are similar to existing ones that have already been answered, while others could be answered by an external knowledge source such as Wikipedia. An important question is what can be revealed by analysing a large set of questions. In 2017, “We the Curious” science centre in Bristol started a project to capture the curiosity of Bristolians: the project collected more than 10,000 questions on various topics. As no rules were given during collection, the questions are truly open-domain, and ranged across a variety of topics. One important aim for the science centre was to understand what concerns its visitors had beyond science, particularly on societal and cultural issues. We addressed this question by developing an Artificial Intelligence tool that can be used to perform various processing tasks: detection of equivalence between questions; detection of topic and type; and answering of the question. As we focused on the creation of a “generalist” tool, we trained it with labelled data from different datasets. We called the resulting model QBERT. This paper describes what information we extracted from the automated analysis of the WTC corpus of open-domain questions.
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Anees, Junaid, et Hao-Chun Zhang. « Thermal entropy based hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set analysis in energy efficient opportunistic clustering ». Dans 7th International Conference on Natural Language Computing (NATL 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Limited energy resources and sensor nodes’ adaptability with the surrounding environment play a significant role in the sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper proposes a novel, dynamic, self-organizing opportunistic clustering using Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Analysis- based Multi-Criteria Decision Modeling methodology in order to overcome the CH decision making problems and network lifetime bottlenecks. The asynchronous sleep/awake cycle strategy could be exploited to make an opportunistic connection between sensor nodes using opportunistic connection random graph. Every node in the network observe the node gain degree, energy welfare, relative thermal entropy, link connectivity, expected optimal hop, link quality factor etc. to form the criteria for Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Set. It makes the node to evaluate its current state and make the decision about the required action (‘CH’, ‘CM’ or ‘relay’). The simulation results reveal that our proposed scheme leads to an improvement in network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and overall energy consumption against existing benchmarks.
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Hirogaki, Toshiki, Eiichi Aoyama, Keiji Ogawa et Kenichi Mori. « Application of Data-Mining to Factor Analysis of Micro-Drilled Hole Quality for Multi-Layer PWBs ». Dans ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84265.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Recently, the demand for miniaturization and enhanced performance of printed wiring boards (PWBs) is growing more and more intense with the rapid popularization of information devices. Processing with micro-drills is generally used to make smaller diameter through-holes in PWBs, which are desired for the miniaturization of the equipment. However, the nail heading is one of the problems in the formation of the micro-through-holes. The purpose of this study is to apply a data-mining, which is used to statistically analyze given factors, to the obtained nail heading data of micro-drilled hole walls, and to elucidate the factors that influence the nail heading of the micro-drilled hole walls. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) It was clear that the height of the nail heading was affected by the drill cutting distance of copper foils and the amount of the drill tool wear more than the number of drilling hits or the drill cutting distance of the PWB number of drilled holes. (2) Data-mining was found to be effective to analyze factors which influence on the micro-drilled hole quality in the manufacturing field of PWBs.
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Tsai, Feng-Cheng, Fang-Biau Ueng et Ding-Ching Lin. « Low-Complexity Receiver for Massive MIMO-GFDM Communications ». Dans 7th International Conference on Natural Language Computing (NATL 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
OFDM has two disadvantages. The first is high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and the second is high out-of-band (OOB) radiated power. In the future communication applications, the diversified scenarios such as Internet of Things, inter-machine communication and telemedicine make the fourth-generation mobile communication no longer applicable. The generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) has a pulse-shaping filter, which has less out-of-band radiated power and peak-to-average power ratio and fewer cyclic prefixes (CP) than OFDM. In order to meet high- data-transmission rate, it is an inevitable trend to install massive multi-input multi-output (massive MIMO) antennas. As the number of antennas increases, so does its complexity. This paper employs time reversal (TR) technology to reduce the computational complexity. Although the number of base station (BS) antennas has increased to eliminate interference, there is still residual interference. In order to eliminate the interference one step further, we deploy a zero forcing equalization (ZF equalization) after the time reversal combination.
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Matkowski, A., S. Ślusarczyk, A. Pawlikowska, J. Jaśpińska, D. Jędrejek et Ł. Pecio. « Salt the root to make it good ? Growth and metabolic profile of Scutellaria baicalensis under NaCl treatment ». Dans GA – 70th Annual Meeting 2022. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759067.
Texte intégral
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Zseleczky, John. « Facility Upgrades at the U.S. Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory ». Dans SNAME 28th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2007-001.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The United States Naval Academy (USNA) is located on a prime piece of Annapolis real estate that overlooks the mouth of the Severn River. The yard (campus) is bordered by water on two of four sides. This makes it easy to access the large fleet of sailing dinghies, ocean going sail training craft and 108 foot long yard patrol craft on which our future naval officers train. On the night of September 18, 2003, a storm surge created by hurricane Isabel raised the waters in the Severn eight feet above the normal astronomical tide line (Beven and Cobb, 2003). A storm surge of this magnitude was unprecedented and flooded many of the buildings at the academy which brought about an unplanned re-build of many of the expensive lab facilities located on the ground floor. This paper provides an overview of upgrades made to the Hydromechanics Laboratory (NAHL) in the recovery from this disaster. On a positive note, the NAHL is now in much better condition than it was before Isabel.
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Yavari, Mohammadreza, Elaheh Bagherizadeh et Majid Bazargan. « Front Dynamics in Miscible Displacement Flow in a Curved Pipe ». Dans ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88449.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Miscible displacement flow in a curved pipe with two fluids of equal viscosity and in the regime of low Atwood number is studied experimentally at different Reynolds and Atwood numbers. By using a curved pipe the effect of curvature on miscible displacement flow is studied. Curvature may be present in many displacement flow processes in nature or industry which underlines the necessity of studying its effect on displacement flow. As the flow is controlled by gravity as the main driving force, only low to moderate Reynolds numbers are considered and Atwood number is varied by adding NaCl salt to fresh water. This makes it possible to create different values of Atwood numbers which can be varied continuously. The position of the leading front is carefully recorded using a digital camera and is used as a measure of displacement efficiency. It is observed that the ratio of the front velocity to the mean velocity approaches a certain value as Reynolds number increases. The effect of Atwood number on flow dynamics is also studied based on experimental results and is interpreted following the conventions employed in some of the previous researches.
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Oliver, Michael J., Jaikrishnan R. Kadambi, Beverly Saylor, Martin Ferer, Grant S. Bromhal et Duane H. Smith. « An Experimental Investigation of the Motion of Gas-Liquid Displacement Interface in an Artificial Porous Medium ». Dans ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56685.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study of flow and transport in porous media has relevance in many industrial, environmental (Geologic sequestration of CO2) and biological disciplines. In many engineering applications we require the knowledge of the velocity field for flow through porous objects. Historically, simplified models such as Darcy’s law [1,2], provide a reasonable description of the flow in the interior for single phase flow but require empirical coefficients to match the boundary conditions with the outer flow. The scientific basis for understanding flow and transport phenomena in porous media has largely been developed from experimental and theoretical studies in “bulk” or macroscopic systems in which coupled behavior at the pore scale is not measured or observed directly. To understand the flow behavior at the pore scale, flow characterization in porous media is very important. Multiphase, immiscible, low Re flow through a simulated porous media is studied experimentally. The experimental test cell, Figure 1, designed in collaboration with the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE NETL), was manufactured from an optically clear polycarbonate material. It has a lattice type pattern of 2.5 mm pores bodies interconnected by angular capillary throats varying in size from 200 μm to 1000 μm. The experimental flow loop (Figure 2), utilizes air as the displacing fluid and sodium iodide (NaI) solution in water as the defending fluid. Air is provided at a constant pressure at the inlet. The refractive indices of the NaI solution and the optically clear test cell are matched to facilitate the observance of the air-liquid interface motion. Experimental data recorded with respect to time are the inlet gage pressure, delta pressure, inlet to outlet, across the test cell, volume flow rate at the outlet and the position of the displacement interface as the invading fluid, air, displaces the defending fluid, NaI solution. Parameters that can be varied in the experiment are viscosity ratio, micro and macro capillary number, the bond number and the volume flow rate. The details of the test loop are provided in Figure 2. The figure shows the piping arrangement to fill the test cell with the NaI solution and supplying the air for the tests. A CCD camera (Redlake ES 1.0 cross-correlation camera; resolution: 1008 × 1018 pixels) equipped with a 20 mm Micro Nikkor lens (Nikon) and a data acquisition system consisting of a PC and a PIXCI D2X frame grabber card (EPIX) is utilized to obtain a series of digital images as the invading air enters the test cell through the inlet manifold and makes way through the liquid until the breakthrough to the exit manifold. The pore scale velocity of the displacement interface is determined using a “Difference Threshold Technique” developed at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Laser Flow Diagnostics Lab (LFDL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. The difference threshold technique developed to processing the images is described in the next section.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Nail makers"
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Duffy-Turner, M., I. M. Nettleton, M. G. Winter et I. Webber. Forensic Examination of Critical Special Geotechnical Measures : Soil Nails Information Note. TRL, juin 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/eprl1160.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The effective design, specification and construction of Special Geotechnical Measures (SGMs) is critical to the efficient operation of the National Highways Strategic Road Network (SRN). Given the required performance of the SRN in terms of resilience, reliability, redundancy and recovery it is essential that SGMs are themselves reliable in terms of performance and life; resilient to external conditions such as earthworks deterioration and extraordinary conditions (e.g. climate change). Around 100 different types of SGMs are used on the SRN and the early installations of some SGMs are approaching the end of their design life and the design, specification and application of many of these techniques is based on limited studies. This Information Note on Soil Nails is part of a series that reports on investigations of specific SGMs and makes recommendations on their future use
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Midak, Liliia Ya, Ivan V. Kravets, Olga V. Kuzyshyn, Khrystyna V. Berladyniuk, Khrystyna V. Buzhdyhan, Liliia V. Baziuk et Aleksandr D. Uchitel. Augmented reality in process of studying astronomic concepts in primary school. [б. в.], novembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4411.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The objective of the research is development a mobile application (on the Android platform) designed for visualization of the Solar System with the AR technology and the alphabet study, applying the astronomic definitions, which can be used by the teacher and the students for an effective training for studying the subjects of the astronomic cycle in primary school. Augmented Reality cards with the images of the Solar System planets and other celestial bodies were developed, as well as the “Space alphabet” was created. In the developed alphabet every letter of the alphabet becomes a certain celestial body or a different astronomic definition. Augmented Reality gives the opportunity to visualize images of the Solar System as much as possible, in other words to convert 2D images into 3D, as well as “make them alive”. Applying this tool of ICT while studying new data gives the ability to develop and improve the pupils’ spatial thinking, “to see” the invisible and to understand the perceived information in a deeper way, which will be beneficial for its better memorizing and development of computer skills. Studying the alphabet in the offered mobile app will definitely help nail the achieved knowledge and get interesting information about celestial bodies that are invisible and superior for kids; to make a journey into the space, prepare a project on “The Space Mysteries” subject; to stimulate the development of curiosity, cognitive motivation and learning activity; the development of imagination, creative initiative, including speaking out.
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani et Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water : Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.