Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « National Shippers Council of Cameroon »

Cameroon has been fully engaged with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since their inception in 2000. This paper examines the situation of access to potable water and sanitation in Cameroon within the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), establishes whether Cameroon is on the track of meeting the MDGs in these domains and proposes actions to be taken to bring it closer to these objectives. Based on analyzed data obtained from national surveys, government ministries, national statistical offices, bibliographic research, reports and interviews, it argues that Cameroon will not reach the water and sanitation MGDs. While Cameroon is not yet on track to meet the targets of the MDGs for water and sanitation, it has made notable progress since 1990, much more needs to be done to improve the situation, especially in rural areas. In 2006, 70% of the population had access to safe drinking water and the coverage in urban centres is 88%, significantly better than the 47% in rural areas. However, rapid urbanization has rendered existing infrastructure inadequate with periurban dwellers also lacking access to safe drinking water. Sanitation coverage is also poor. In urban areas only 58% of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities, and the rate in rural areas is 42%. Women and girls shoulder the largest burden in collecting water, 15% of urban and 18% rural populations use improved drinking water sources over 30 minutes away. Cameroon faces the following challenges in reaching the water and sanitation MDGs: poor management and development of the resources, coupled with inadequate political will and commitment for the long term; rapid urbanization; urban and rural poverty and regulation and legislative lapses. The authors propose that: bridging the gap between national water policies and water services; recognizing the role played by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the attainment of MDGs; developing a Council Water Resource Management Policy and Strategy (CWARMPS); organizing an institutional framework for the water and sanitation sector as well as completion and implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan, would bring Cameroon closer to the water and sanitation MDGs.

Voting in 1961for reunification with the Republic of Cameroon instead of remaining Nigerian, the Southern Cameroons made a point. Neither the Treaty of Versailles partitioning the defunct German protectorate between Britain and France nor the superimposition of new values by the successor powers affected nationhood developed under the Germans. They were instead enriching features of that national identity of Kamerun. However, time has revealed how difficult it is to become the beacon of enlightened tolerance. Points of friction emerged, many articulated in the 1993 Buea Declaration that led to the creation of the Southern Cameroons National Council and the 2003 petition mainly for secession to the African Commission. One remains an oozing sore, with all possibilities of opening up into a running sore anytime – the 1972 referendum for the switch to unitarism that gave national destiny a decisively Francophone tilt. Anglophones contend Article 47 of the Federal Constitution guaranteed permanence of status beyond even the power of a referendum and that abolishing federalism entitled them to assert independence from the union. Against these, however, are surefire pro-Francophone arguments: the ‘Francophone spirit’ of the text and the agreed superiority of the French language, which stacked the odds against Anglophones even from the start.

Worldwide consumption of insects is today regarded as a good source of protein supplementation. This study aims at exploring the dietary factors, cooking, preservation techniques, and harvesting methods of longhorn grasshoppers (Tettigonia viridissima). The survey was conducted from September 2016 to January 2017 in Tubah council (North-West Region, Cameroon) using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was administered to two hundred T. viridissima harvesters. Chi-square was used to compare variables in a particular group for related measured factors. The main objective of the questionnaire was to find out how longhorn grasshoppers were harvested and consumed in the community. The harvesting of grasshoppers included three major techniques: hand picking (53%), trapping (29%) and use of insecticides (18%). Insecticides used (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) are from class II chemical toxicity. Dietary factors focused on: cooking methods (frying, roasting and boiling) and methods of preservation (sun drying and refrigerating). For the local population, grasshoppers constitute a good source of proteins from the month of September to January, but its safety is a concern as far as insecticides are used in harvesting them. Therefore, the population should be educated on the health risks linked to this malpractice method and the local and national authorities informed.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the concept of port service quality (PSQ) and examine its influence on customer satisfaction in the container port sector in Vietnam. Despite the importance of the maritime industry in which port is a critical sector in the national economy, there has been no research so far which examines what PSQ entails and how it affects customer satisfaction in the context of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach Following a literature review, a conceptual model of PSQ and its influence on customer satisfaction was proposed. A survey questionnaire was then developed and piloted with senior executives who are working in various container shipping lines and logistics companies in Vietnam. The questionnaire was first designed in English and then refined through the process of translation and back-translation to ensure language non-discrepancies. The survey was administered to 200 members of Vietnam Shipowners’ Association, Vietnam Logistics Associations and Vietnam Shippers’ Council. By the cut-off date, 108 questionnaires were received, in which 99 valid replies were used for further analysis. Findings Results from this study reveal that PSQ is a construct of 4 factors and 16 items, and that enhanced PSQ will positively influence customer satisfaction, in which the outcomes of port service performance and its image would have the greatest impact. Interestingly, most items relating to social and environmental responsibility were dropped, and this result is expected in the context of a developing country like Vietnam. Originality/value Findings from this research may enhance port managers’ understanding on areas of PSQ to improve so as to meet and exceed their customers’ satisfaction.

The study set out to examined the extent to which secondary school mathematics teachers implement the principles of effective teaching and evaluation of mathematics as put forward by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics – NCTM; principles which when effectively implemented will enable learners to construct knowledge thereby doing away with mathematics phobia, and consequently performing better in mathematics. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study was made up of 600 public and private secondary school mathematics teachers serving in the North West Region of Cameroon. Using the Taro Yamane’s formula, 240 mathematics teachers selected through simple random sampling, constituted the sample of the study. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A questionnaire whose Cronbach alpha reliability was found to be 0.87 was used to collect relevant data. The data collected was analysed using mean to answer the research questions and t-test to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the level of implementation of the principles of effective teaching and evaluation of mathematics by secondary school mathematics teachers in the North West Region of Cameroon is significantly low. Furthermore, male and female mathematics teachers do not differ significantly in their implementation of the principles of effective teaching and evaluation of mathematics. It was recommended among other things that secondary school mathematics teachers should embrace the NCTM principles of effective teaching and evaluation of mathematics with finesse and incorporate them within their instructional programs and practices.

Waste, whether in solid or liquid form are indispensable parts of human activity. They emanate from man’s productive activities or as a by-product of the materials consumed by man. Man appears not able to deal sufficiently with this waste even though the natural environment is the recipient of this waste. In the Bamenda II municipal council, like in some other towns of Cameroon, solid waste dumping is indiscriminate and has exerted negative effect on the environment. This study termed environmental leprosy through the lens of waste disposal in Bamenda II had as objectives to investigate solid waste disposal methods as drivers to environmental leprosy, assess the relationship between household’s attitude and practices of indiscriminate solid waste disposal and identify measures that can be taken to eliminate environmental leprosy in Bamenda II Municipality. To achieve these objectives, data were obtained through primary and secondary sources using a mixed design method of inquiry which combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches to explore data on solid waste dumping in the study matrix. Purposive and systematic sampling techniques were employed for the sample population of 156 using Miller & Brewer sample determination method. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the help of SPSS logistic version 20. Results from the analysis showed that indiscriminate solid waste dumping have exerted negative effects on the environment thus environmental leprosy. The study also indicated that households attitude have also contributed greatly to indiscriminate sold waste dump in Bamenda II. The study therefore strongly recommends the Ministry of Health and that of Environment at the national and regional levels, to both agree on responsibilities for appropriate waste management policies that could be implemented in all regional municipal councils.