Articles de revues : « Netherlands – History – 20th century »

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Merenda, Peter F. "Measurements in the Future: Beyond the 20th Century." Psychological Reports 92, no. 1 (2003): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.209.

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This article presents a brief history of psychometrics and the development in the USA shortly after the end of World War II of university graduate programs to educate and train psychometricians. Three decades later these programs in North America were on a steady decline. But, at the same time there was a surge in universities abroad in producing well-trained psychometricians, particularly in Western European countries, especially The Netherlands. Broad implications of the effect of this movement on psychological testing are suggested.

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de Valk, J. P. "Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003430.

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The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.

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Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, and Anastasiya Igorevna Karpova. "History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2201-04.

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The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.

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Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.

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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.

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Bukvic, Rajko. "Crisis management: The case of the MMM financial pyramid." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 123 (2007): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0723219b.

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The paper considers MMM, one of the world?s most famous financial pyramids that worked during the last decade of the 20th century. The author shows that financial pyramids were not the result of the transition process. They have been a regular phenomenon in the most developed economies (The Netherlands France, England etc) during the earlier periods. The short history of the pyramid MMM is given, and then in the key part of the article the functioning of the Crisis Management Group that help MMM to survive the crisis period in the middle of the year 1994. At this manner, MMM became perhaps the only pyramid in history that continues to work successfully after the financial collapse.

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Pangastoeti, Sri. "Social Dynamics of Japanese Immigrants in Aru Islands from Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century." Japanese Research on Linguistics, Literature, and Culture 4, no. 2 (2022): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/jr.v4i2.5699.

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From late 19th century to early 20th century, Aru Islands, Maluku had been a region frequented by Japanese immigrants. Their presence differed to the presence of Japanese immigrants in other parts of Indonesia during the same time period. Pearls of high quality were an exquisite treasure found in the waters of Aru, which attracted Japanese immigrants to come to the region. The present study attempts to investigate their arrival and how they had lived their life in a region that is geographically and culturally different from that of Japan. By using sources obtained from Japan, the Netherlands, and Indonesia, the current study found that there were conflicts and harmony observed within the social life dynamics of Japanese immigrants living in Aru Islands. Both were found to have occurred internally within the Japanese immigrant community and in their relations with other communities in Aru. One of the factors that had a significant influence on their social relations was the ethnic and social classes that were developed by the course of history.---Pada akhir abad ke-19 sampai awal abad ke-20 Kepulauan Aru, Maluku merupakan sebuah wilayah yang banyak didatangi oleh imigran Jepang. Keberadaan mereka berbeda dengan keberadaan imigran Jepang di wilayah lain di Indonesia pada masa yang sama. Mutiara yang berkualitas yang menjadi kekayaan perairan Aru memang menjadi daya tarik kedatangan imigran Jepang. Kajian ini akan menelusuri kedatangan mereka, dan bagaimana mereka menjalani kehidupan d wilayah yang secara geografis dan kultur sangat berbeda dengan Jepang. Dengan menggunakan sumber dari Jepang, Belanda, dan Indonesia , kajian ini menemukan bahwa dalan dinamika kehidupan sosial imigran Jepang di Kepulauan Aru, ada harmoni dan konflik. Keduanya terjadi baik di dalam komunitas imigran Jepang sendiri, maupun dalam relasi mereka dengan komunitas lain di Aru. Salah satu faktor yang cukup berpengaruh dalan relasi sosial mereka adalah kelas sosial dan etnisitas yang dibentuk oleh perjalanan sejarah.

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Schuyt, Theo N. M., Barbara M. Gouwenberg, and Barry L. K. Hoolwerf. "Foundations in the Netherlands: Toward a Diversified Social Model?" American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 13 (2018): 1833–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773406.

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This article describes the history, development, and current position of Dutch foundations. In the past, the philanthropy sector and foundations initiated many nonprofit services in the Netherlands. Along with the growth of the welfare state, philanthropy was sidelined. Due to public funding, the pillarized Dutch nonprofit sector extended strongly. However, despite its large scale it shows a special feature. Most nonprofits are still privately governed institutions although publicly funded. In the 1980s, governmental budget cuts forced the nonprofits to embrace the market as income source. A dualistic model got dominancy or state or market. At the end of the 20th century, however, philanthropy revived and a new philanthropy sector emerged. The article addresses the issue of the role of philanthropy in changing (European) welfare states. Are we experiencing further marketization and privatization—toward a so-called Anglo-Saxon shareholder model—or are we seeing a continuation of the so-called Rhineland, multistakeholder model of government, market, and philanthropy?

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ter Avest, Ina. "Introduction to Special Issue: Islam and/in Education in The Netherlands." Religions 13, no. 4 (2022): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13040374.

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This article provides information on the current Dutch educational system, paying special attention to the position of Islam in formal, non-formal and informal education. It briefly sketches the history of the so-called “pillarised educational system”, a system in which the 19th century Dutch Christian education system evolved into a compartmentalised system with the pillars of Catholic, Protestant and humanistic education. At the end of the 20th century, a fourth pillar of Islamic education was founded by Dutch Muslim parents. Convinced that religious upbringing in the family and participation in mosque youth clubs constituted only the beginning of the process of becoming a good Muslim, Moroccan and Turkish parents supported the foundation of formal Islamic education in Dutch Islamic schools. This article describes developments in formal, non-formal and informal Islamic education in the light of children’s rights to religious education and parents’ rights to religious upbringing. Religious identity development, including religious literacy training, is presented as an important aspect of educating children to be(come) good Muslims—a process in which parents at home, imams and volunteers at the mosque, as well as teachers at school, play an important role.

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Kovářová, Helena. "Travels by the Czech teacher and school director František Slaměník in the footsteps of Comenius in Poland and the Netherlands as evidence of commitment to the comeniology." Siedleckie Zeszyty Komeniologiczne, seria PEDAGOGIKA VI (December 22, 2019): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6264.

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At the turn of the 20th century, the interest in John Amos Comenius’ legacy was on the rise. While various basic monographs and studies were published at the time, his biography still contained a lot of uncertainties and the list of his works was incomplete. In addition to histori-ans, some teachers who admired Comenius engaged in searching for new facts that would con-tribute to answering some issuable questions. One of them was František Slaměník, the founder of the oldest Comenius Museum. This paper focuses in detail on Slaměník’s reports from his private travels abroad to places linked to Comenius’ life. Slaměník’s texts are interesting evi-dence of comeniological discourse in the Czech lands at the last quater of 19th century with overlap to the beginning of 20th century.

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Heitink, G. "Het publieke karakter van de kerk." Verbum et Ecclesia 21, no. 2 (2000): 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v21i2.1258.

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The public character of the churchThe subject of this article is the public character of the church. In the Netherlands one can make a distinction between three actual models. Each of them has had influence on the relationship between church and society in a particular time of history. The first model of A Kuyper, has its roots in the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Gereformeerde Kerken) and was important in the first half of the 20th Century. The second model is rooted in the Reformed Church (Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk) of the Netherlands in the period after World War 2. The third model is the ecumenical model of the "church for others", related to the secularized society. In each of these models we can find building blocks for the fourth model, called "open church", which has to be developed in this time of rapid social changes. In this article, the author tries to develop a design for the fourth model. This article is written out of the context of Western Europe. I hope it also can be helpful in the context of South Africa.

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Purmer, Michiel. "A landscape history of the Geul Valley: from a farmers’ Arcadia to a multifunctional landscape." Tájökológiai Lapok 17, Suppl. 1 (2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3569.

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This article describes the role of Natuurmonumenten, a Dutch NGO for nature conservation, in the preservation of cultural landscapes. The case study is the traditional rural landscape of the Geul River, South Limburg, The Netherlands. The Geul Valley was recognized for its natural, geological and Arcadian beauty early in the 20th century. The nature conservationists took action in the early 20th century when industrialization already threatened the area. However, it was only after the Second World War, that nature conservation societies like Natuurmonumenten (Natural Monuments Society) bought parts of the Geul Valley in order to preserve the landscape. The Arcadian argument was strong: not only did Natuurmonumenten buy the flowery meadows, but also a castle, watermills, and ancient farmsteads. All within the paradigm of the traditional landscape. In the decades following the Second World War, however, the surrounding landscape changed dramatically due to increased tourism, intensive farming, growing population, land reallocations, etc. The contrast between the nature reserves and the surrounding parts of the valley grew. Now, in the early 21st century, new challenges arise: will nature management continue to strive for the preservation of the traditional landscape, or will nature development like rewilding take place? Climate change is an important issue and the sustainability of the management of the nature reserves is under discussion. This article uses the Landscape Biography method not only to describe the history of the management of the nature reserves of Natuurmonumenten in the Geul Valley, but also to look at the role of the cultural and natural heritage of this landscape in the transitions to come. The aesthetic aspect of the landscape also referred to like the beauty of the landscape, should play a role in the ongoing debate on the future of these landscapes.

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Bosch, J. H. A., P. Cleveringa, and T. Meijer. "The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new research." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79, no. 2-3 (2000): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021673.

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AbstractA historical outline of the Eemian research in the Netherlands is presented as an introduction to recent research in the type area. At the end of the 19th and during the first part of the 20th century, Eemian sediments were recognized because of the presence of lusitanian and mediterranean mollusc species. From 1930 onwards, pollen analysis made it possible to identify also non-shell-bearing deposits and to equate them with the Eemian. At the same time this technique proved a valuable tool for understanding the vegetation development during this interglacial. Pollen zonation offered a unique possibility for the correlation of terrestrial sequences in North-West Europe.The type area of the Eemian, near Amersfoort, was described by Harting in 1874 and was comprehensively restudied by Zagwijn (1961). A pollen zonation was introduced as a standard for the Netherlands, allowing the correlation of pollen records from both marine and non-marine depositional environments. This enabled a more detailed temporal resolution, resulting in a better understanding of the distribution of the various environments in the type area.In the northern and central parts of the Netherlands, the identification of the marine sequence was, apart from the occurrence of the specific mollusc fauna, facilitated by the presence of a till of Saalian age underlying the Eemian deposits. The presence of deep glacial basins in these areas enabled the deposition and preservation of a complete Eemian record in a marine setting. Sediment accumulation in the basins began immediately following deglaciation at the end of the Saalian. The Eemian type sections at Amersfoort are situated near the margin of one of these basins.Recent research of the Eemian focused on the integration of lithostratigraphic evidence and information on the sedimentary environment as derived from diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifers, molluscs and pollen.

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Bosch, J. H. A., P. Cleveringa, and T. Meijer. "The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new research." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79, no. 2-3 (2000): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600023635.

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AbstractA historical outline of the Eemian research in the Netherlands is presented as an introduction to recent research in the type area. At the end of the 19th and during the first part of the 20th century, Eemian sediments were recognized because of the presence of lusitanian and mediterranean mollusc species. From 1930 onwards, pollen analysis made it possible to identify also non-shell-bearing deposits and to equate them with the Eemian. At the same time this technique proved a valuable tool for understanding the vegetation development during this interglacial. Pollen zonation offered a unique possibility for the correlation of terrestrial sequences in North-West Europe.The type area of the Eemian, near Amersfoort, was described by Harting in 1874 and was comprehensively restudied by Zagwijn (1961). A pollen zonation was introduced as a standard for the Netherlands, allowing the correlation of pollen records from both marine and non-marine depositional environments. This enabled a more detailed temporal resolution, resulting in a better understanding of the distribution of the various environments in the type area.In the northern and central parts of the Netherlands, the identification of the marine sequence was, apart from the occurrence of the specific mollusc fauna, facilitated by the presence of a till of Saalian age underlying the Eemian deposits. The presence of deep glacial basins in these areas enabled the deposition and preservation of a complete Eemian record in a marine setting. Sediment accumulation in the basins began immediately following deglaciation at the end of the Saalian. The Eemian type sections at Amersfoort are situated near the margin of one of these basins.Recent research of the Eemian focused on the integration of lithostratigraphic evidence and information on the sedimentary environment as derived from diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifers, molluscs and pollen.

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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García, and Jan Wouters. "A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis: Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook." MRS Advances 2, no. 63 (2017): 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.

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AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.

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Fikri, Asyrul. "Sejarah Lokal Riau untuk Pengembangan Materi Ajar Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XI SMA." Diakronika 19, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/diakronika/vol19-iss1/78.

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Results of the study aims to integrate local history that is in the Riau into festive the history of Indonesia material of class XI. The method used is the analysis of documents, namely documents the history of Indonesia syllabus of class XI. Historical events that happened in Riau are integrated and analyzed to each basic competence in accordance with the learning material. Results of the study are, among others, the local people's struggle history of Riau do resistance to colonization a foreign nation such as the people's resistance war Guntung, war Reteh, war Mondang Kumango, resistance Tuanku Tambusai, resistance Datuk Tabano, Resistance Raja Haji, Sultan Zainal Abidin, War and resistance Manggris and Pirates in waters of Riau can be integrated into the basic competence to analyze the process of entry and the development of European colonization (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom) to Indonesia with the material of Learning Strategies of resistance against Indonesia nation of European colonialism until the beginning of the 20th century. Integration of the study of local history in the process of learning history in class is expected to improve the understanding and awareness of the students against the local local history and its relationship with national history.

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Schmidt, Victor. "Dutch art bibliographies." Art Libraries Journal 11, no. 1 (1986): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200004491.

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The most important bibliography for Dutch art is the Bibliography of the Netherlands Institute for Art History (Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie). This bibliography, first published in 1943, is in fact a continuation in another form of H. van Hall, Repertorium voor de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche schilder - en graveerkunst sedert het begin van de 12de eeuw tot het eind van 1932 (Repertory for the history of Dutch painting and engraving since the beginning of the 12th century up till the end of 1932), The Hague 1936 (Vol.2: 1933-1946 appeared in 1949). The last volume published, Vol.16, Part 1: Old Art, comprises the years 1971-1972; Vol.17, Part 1: Old Art, for the years 1973-1974, is in the course of publication. The material for the years after 1974, however, is put on fiches, and can be consulted at the Institute. The last volume published that included material on Dutch 19th-20th century art was Vol. 9 (1957-1958). Material for the years thereafter also can be consulted at the Institute. Address: Prins Willem Alexanderhof 5 (entrance at the fifth floor of the Royal Library), 2595 BE The Hague; tel. 070-471514. Postal address: Post box 90418, 2509 LK The Hague.

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van den Biggelaar, D. F. A. M., S. J. Kluiving, R. T. van Balen, C. Kasse, S. R. Troelstra, and M. A. Prins. "Storms in a lagoon: Flooding history during the last 1200 years derived from geological and historical archives of Schokland (Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands)." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 93, no. 4 (2014): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.14.

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AbstractFlevoland (central Netherlands) is an area of long-term discontinuous deposition that has been reclaimed from the Zuiderzee in the 20th century. Before the reclamation, the Zuiderzee had been in a phase of enlargement, threatening inhabitants on the islands and the shores, since the Medieval Period. During this phase, a surficial clay cover was deposited on the island of Schokland (World Heritage Site: Noordoostpolder, northern Flevoland). We have studied the clay sequence in order to reconstruct the island’s flooding history during the last 1200 years. The depositional history of the youngest clay deposit on Schokland is inferred from a literature study, analyses of a digital elevation model, six coring transects, three new 14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates and laboratory analyses. The laboratory analyses include thermogravimetric analysis, grain-size end-member modelling (unmixing grain-size distributions), foraminifera, bivalves and ostracods. The geological data were combined with information from historical archives. Together, the results show that a combination of embankments and proximity to the coastline determined the sedimentation history and spatial distribution pattern of the sediment. The results also indicate that sedimentary remains of Late Holocene storm events are still present in the clay deposit on Schokland.

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Sulhan, Ahmad. "Islam Kontemporer: Antara Reformasi Dan Revolusi Peradaban." Ulumuna 12, no. 1 (2017): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v12i1.395.

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The 19th and 20th centuries were periods for main transformation in Muslim history: periods of degradation and conquest, independence and revolution, renaissance and reform. Toward the 19th century, world power moved from Muslim world to Europe. It was remarked by emerging power of British, France, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Italy and Portuguese. They dominated Muslim societies in Asia, Africa, and Middle East in economic, military, politic and ideological aspects. Muslim societies’ responses to Europe domination were diverse from rejection and confrontation to emigration and non-cooperative attitudes of traditional Muslim. They planned reform, reconstructed Islamic thinking and beliefs, reformed theology and Islamic law, and emphasized Muslim’s self-esteem significance, unity and solidarity in facing cultural threats and Europe colonialism. However, not few secular Muslims and reformers, were proud and greatly imitated Europe civilization and cultures. They did secularization that ended khalifah system in order to reconstruct Muslim societies.

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Naamy, Nazar. "RUNTUHNYADUNIA TAKHAYUL DAN PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA DI NEGARABARATPADA AKHIR ABAD 20." TASAMUH 15, no. 1 (2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tasamuh.v15i1.143.

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The development of religion in the West at the end of the 20th century in Andrew Greeley’s view has increased in some former communist countries, especially Russia. While in other countries has decreased as in England, Netherlands, and France. In some countries it is relatively unchanged, especially the traditional Catholic countries, and in some societies the social democracy has declined and there has been an increase. Whereas in the case of individuals, Greeley finds that religion becomes more important for people as they age. Greeley observed that the survey results showed a lack of interest in religion among young people and tended to ignore it. This is due to the correlation related to lifecycle issues and not a sign of social change. In connection with the disappearance of the real world of superstition in the 17th century scientists tried to eliminate the mystical and superstitious patterns of thought and provide a more scientific and experimental pattern of thought, so that in the west in the 17th century it became history and witness that the era of superstition has begun to disappear. The superstition in western tradition is not easy to destroy because it takes a long time span of about 1563-1762 years.

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Budko, A. A., and N. G. Chigareva. "Museum N.I. Pirogov: history and modernity." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 21, no. 2 (2019): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma25954.

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Сolleagues, students, members of the Russian Surgical Society of Pirogov put a lot of effort to create the Pirogov Museum to perpetuate the memory of the great Russian surgeon. The construction of the museum was carried out according to the project of the architect V.A. Schroeter for funds allocated from the State Treasury and collected from philanthropists. Museum of Pirogov was opened on October, 26 (November, 7), 1897. The collection of the museum included: items related to the life and work of N.I. Pirogov, preparations for surgical anatomy, surgical pathology, collection of instruments, orthopedic and surgical devices, patient and wounded patient care items, portraits, engravings, manuscripts and documents reflecting all stages of the history of domestic surgery, etc. The museum hosted meetings of Pirogov Russian Surgical Society, conferences and all-Russian congresses of doctors. The events of the first third of the 20th century negatively affected the fate of the Pirogov Museum. Since 1930 the museum of N. I. Pirogov was under the jurisdiction of the Military Medical Academy, its funds were transferred to several departments of the Academy, and the building of the museum in the 70iеs of the twentieth century was torn down. In 1946 part of the valuable items of Pirogov’s museum became the property of the Military Medical Museum. December 19, 2018 there was a significant event in the history of Russian medicine happened: a grand opening of Pirogov’s museum took place in the Military Medical Museum. At the opening greetings were made by representatives of Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center (Moscow), Military Medical Academy. S.M. Kirov, Surgical Society, Committee on Culture of St. Petersburg, the Consulate of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, etc. The basis of the exposition of the revived Pirogov’s museum make up the original things of the great surgeon: a hat, a sword belt, a sword hat, a cocked hat, a box made of Karelian birch, a smoking pipe, orders and medals, manuscripts, letters, as well as atlases, medical instruments, lithographic stones, etc.

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Carswell, Jeremi M., Ximena Lopez, and Stephen M. Rosenthal. "The Evolution of Adolescent Gender-Affirming Care: An Historical Perspective." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 95, no. 6 (2022): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000526721.

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While individuals have demonstrated gender diversity throughout history, the use of medication and/or surgery to bring a person’s physical sex characteristics into alignment with their gender identity is relatively recent, with origins in the first half of the 20th century. Adolescent gender-affirming care, however, did not emerge until the late 20th century and has been built upon pioneering work from the Netherlands, first published in 1998. Since that time, evolving protocols for gender-diverse adolescents have been incorporated into clinical practice guidelines and standards of care published by the Endocrine Society and World Professional Association for Transgender Health, respectively, and have been endorsed by major medical and mental health professional societies around the world. In addition, in recent decades, evidence has continued to emerge supporting the concept that gender identity is not simply a psychosocial construct but likely reflects a complex interplay of biological, environmental, and cultural factors. Notably, however, while there has been increased acceptance of gender diversity in some parts of the world, transgender adolescents and those who provide them with gender-affirming medical care, particularly in the USA, have been caught in the crosshairs of a culture war, with the risk of preventing access to care that published studies have indicated may be lifesaving. Despite such challenges and barriers to care, currently available evidence supports the benefits of an interdisciplinary model of gender-affirming medical care for transgender/gender-diverse adolescents. Further long-term safety and efficacy studies are needed to optimize such care.

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Grondelaers, Stefan, and Roeland van Hout. "The Standard Language Situation in the Low Countries: Top-Down and Bottom-Up Variations on a Diaglossic Theme." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 23, no. 3 (2011): 199–243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542711000110.

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This paper reviews the available evidence in support of a diaglossic account (Auer 2005, 2011) of the 20th century history of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, whereby the national varieties of Dutch are argued to be developing towards a stratificational configuration without discrete intermediate strata between the base dialects and the standard. However, we show that the processes leading to diaglossia differ significantly in the two varieties. While the recent history of Netherlandic Dutch is characterized by downward norm relaxation (top to bottom), Belgian Dutch is characterized by bottom-up (re)standardization. Building on a refined version of Auer’s diaglossic model, we reflect on the exact nature of linguistic standardization in the Low Countries and outline scenarios for the further development of Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch.

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Labibatussolihah, Labibatussolihah, Nour Muhammad Adriani, and Nana Supriatna. "DIGITAL HISTORY AND ARCHIVES AS LEARNING MEDIA TOWARDS TRANSFORMATIVE EDUCATION IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA." Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial 32, no. 1 (2022): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jpis.v32i1.18456.

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The end of the 20th century was marked by euphoria over the development of internet technology such as the world wide web, which brought changes to scientific development including accessibility of historical sources and its use. This shift supports new adaptations as well as challenges conventional archival models, while opening opportunities for these digitized documents in history learning. However, the conversion or digitization of archives in Indonesia is slow, let alone its use for education, especially history education. This paper will take some experiences from countries that have digitized archives and adapt them in the history learning process as a real-world real-time experience. Two countries, the Netherlands and Australia, will be compared to see how they implement these strategies and how Indonesia can adopt a similar model for it. Further, five teacher candidates were involved as informants in interviews regarding their effort to incorporate digital historical sources in the learningfrom-home activities. A qualitative approach was used to see the extent to which the readiness of technical and non-technical aspects of the implementation of real-world and real-time-experience learning model in history education. While the review shows how promising the digital history and historical sources in the developed countries is, Indonesia is not ready enough for its usage due to some issues. These challenges will be discussed further. Keywords: digital history, real

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Proskurina, Elena N., and Igor V. Silantev. "Peculiarity of the memory plot in the poem by Boris Volkov “Brought on the scaffold”." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2022): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/80/9.

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The paper is devoted to the poetry of Boris Volkov, the forgotten author of the Eastern emigration (1894-1954). During his lifetime, only a single collection of his poems, “In the Dust of Foreign Roads,” was published in 1934. The plot movement in the book appears as the memory narrative, reflecting the dramatic life experience of the author. He finds himself in the very midst of Russian history, at the beginning of the 20th century: participation in the First World War, service in the White Army, fight against the Pan-Mongol movement of Ungern, flight to China, and emigration to America. Of particular intrigue was the last part of the book “Brought on the scaffold. Excerpts from a poem,” with the action taking place during the anti-Spanish revolution in the Netherlands of the 16th century. The study has shown that the dramatic turns of the author’s biography, during his struggle against Ungern, are reflected through the roll call of historical epochs. The analysis involved Volkov’s memoirs dedicated to this period. The image of an inquisitor who burns heretics and the pictures of executions refers to the episodes of sophisticated torture of prisoners initiated by the baron and captured in Volkov’s memoirs. Thus, the work implicitly draws the author’s modernity, the events of the 16th century, into its whirlpool by making it one of its reflections.

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BROWN, CHRISTOPHER. "The Renaissance of Museums in Britain." European Review 13, no. 4 (2005): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000840.

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In this paper – given as a lecture at Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the summer of 2003 – I survey the remarkable renaissance of museums – national and regional, public and private – in Britain in recent years, largely made possible with the financial support of the Heritage Lottery Fund. I look in detail at four non-national museum projects of particular interest: the Horniman Museum in South London, a remarkable and idiosyncratic collection of anthropological, natural history and musical material which has recently been re-housed and redisplayed; secondly, the nearby Dulwich Picture Gallery, famous for its 17th- and 18th-century Old Master paintings, a masterpiece of 19th-century architecture by Sir John Soane, which has been restored, and modern museum services provided. The third is the New Art Gallery, Walsall, where the Garman Ryan collection of early 20th-century painting and sculpture form the centrepiece of a new building with fine galleries and the forum is the Manchester Art Gallery, where the former City Art Gallery and the Athenaeum have been combined in a single building in which to display the city's rich art collections. The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, of which I am Director, is the most important museum of art and archaeology in England outside London and the greatest University Museum in the world. Its astonishingly rich collections are introduced and the transformational plan for the museum is described. In July 2005 the Heritage Lottery Fund announced a grant of £15 million and the renovation of the Museum is now underway.

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Zvavich, Viktor I. "FLEEING FROM THE WAR. ABOUT THE RUSSIAN EMIGRANT-SCIENTIST B.M. SAPIR." History and Archives, no. 2 (2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2021-2-98-104.

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The article is devoted to the life, work and documentary legacy of the well-known abroad, but little-known in Russia historian and archivist Boris Moiseevich Sapir. B.M. Sapir lived a long life (1902–1989), full of various events. Born in 1902 in the city of Lodz in the Kingdom of Poland (that then belonged to Russia) into a Jewish Russian-speaking family, B.M. Sapir did not always voluntarily find himself in the center of major political events and even wars of the first half of the 20th century. Already in 1914, he and his parents came to Moscow. There, Sapir became interested in the social democratic movement and joined the Menshevik Party. However, not being an enemy of the Soviet state, he joined the Red Army in 1919 at the age of 17, being demobilized only in 1921. Soon, however, B.M. Sapir was arrested, imprisoned and deported until 1926. In 1926, he managed to escape to Germany (then the Weimar Republic). There, he became an activist of the International Youth Social Democratic Movement. However, when the Nazis came to power in Germany, Sapir’s long ordeal began in different countries. It was the Netherlands, where he began to actively study the history of Russian Populism and Menshevism (that topic became the main issue in his scientific work). Later his fate led him to Cuba, where he started researching the history of the local Jewish community, then – to the United States. It was only after the Second World War, and even then not immediately, that Sapir managed to come to the Netherlands, where he finally began to study the history of the revolutionary movement in pre-Soviet Russia. There he found not only his favorite occupation, but also his family happiness. B.M. Sapir did not survive his rehabilitation. He died in 1989, and was officially rehabilitated in the USSR only in 1991. Boris Moiseevich’s relatives received the relevant documents only in 1992. The most significant part of B.M. Sapir’s documents is kept in the United States, in one of the Russian archives – the Bakhmetyev archives (at Harward University). A copy of the scientific reference apparatus for the collection (Fund) of B.M. Sapir was digitized and made available to Internet users. However, a detailed study of B.M. Sapir’s documents is a matter for the future.

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Carey, Peter, and Christopher Reinhart. "British Naval Power and its Influence on Indonesia, 1795–1942: An Historical Analysis." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 5, no. 1 (2021): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v5i1.9343.

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In Indonesian history, Britain has never been considered a prominent player in the politics of the archipelago. From an Indonesian perspective, the British presence only lasted a brief five years (1811–1816) during short-lived interregnum regime led by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826). This began with the British seizure of Java from the Franco-Dutch administration of Marshal Daendels (1808-11) and his successor, General Janssens (May-September 1811), and ended with the formal return of the colony to the Netherlands on 19 August 1816. However, as this article demonstrates, Britain has had a long-lasting and decisive influence on modern Indonesian history, dating from the time when the archipelago entered the vortex of global conflict between Britain and Republican France in the 1790s. The presence of the British navy in Indonesian waters throughout the century and a half which followed Britain’s involvement in the War of the First Coalition (1792-97) dictated inter alia the foundation of new cities like Bandung which grew up along Daendels’ celebrated postweg (military postroad), the development of modern Javanese cartography, and even the fate of the exiled Java War leader, Prince Diponegoro. in distant Sulawesi (1830-55). This British naval presence had pluses and minuses for the Dutch. On the one hand, it was a guarantor of Dutch security from foreign seaborne invasion. On the other, it opened the possibility for British interference in the domestic politics of Holland’s vast Asian colony. As witnessed in the 20th-century, the existence of the Dutch as colonial masters in the Indonesian Archipelago was critically dependent on the naval defence screen provided by the British. When the British lost their major battleships (Prince of Wales and Repulse) to Japanese attack off the east coast of Malaya on 10 December 1941 and Singapore fell on 15 February 1942, the fate of the Dutch East Indies was sealed. Today, the vital role played by the Royal Navy in guaranteeing the archipelago’s security up to February 1942 has been replaced by that of the Honolulu-based US Seventh Fleet but the paradoxes of such protection have continued.

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Liu, Hong. "South China: State, Culture and Social Change during the 20th Century. Edited by L.M. Douw and P. Post. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Verhandelingen, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 169. Pp. xvi, 253. Figures, Tables, Bibliography." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 1 (1998): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400021536.

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Maes, Ivo. "Warren J. Samuels (General Editor), European Economists of the Early 20th Century, Volume 1: Studies of Neglected Thinkers of Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Scandinavia (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton, 1998) pp. xiv, 369, $100.00. ISBN 1-85898-088-7." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no. 3 (1999): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200004314.

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Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY." Oral History Review 28, no. 2 (2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.

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Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.

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