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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Normal labor »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 4 juin 2021
Mis à jour le 6 février 2022

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Larimore, Walter L., et Matthew K. Cline. « KEEPING NORMAL LABOR NORMAL ». Primary Care : Clinics in Office Practice 27, no 1 (mars 2000) : 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(05)70157-3.

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Vidovich, M. I., C. A. Wong et T. C. Krejcie. « IS NORMAL LABOR NORMAL ? » Anesthesiology 94, no 1A (1 avril 2001) : NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200104001-00059.

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Brennand, Janet E., et Andrew A. Calder. « Labor and normal delivery ». Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3, no 6 (décembre 1991) : 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199112000-00004.

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Kilpatrick, S. J., et R. K. Laros. « Characteristics of Normal Labor ». Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 10, no 1 (avril 1990) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132582-199004000-00007.

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Choudhary, Anjali, et Meenakshi Tanwar. « Partogram and its relevance in modern obstetrics ». International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no 4 (26 mars 2019) : 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191207.

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Background: Normal labor and childbirth is fraught with complexities. In the modern times the child birth has proven to be more challenging than ever. Partogram has proven to be a simple and useful tool in monitoring normal labor. The objective of this endeavor was to site our experiences in using partogram for ‘plotting’ labors, to assess its utility, limitations and cite controversies.Methods: Authors analyzed progress of labor plotted on partograms in parturient women to see whether their labor patterns conform to the standard partogram, and can logical conclusions be drawn from their use to decide partogram’s utility and applicability.Results: The use of partogram was not universal and its charting inadequate due to lack of motivation on part of labor room residents, busy labor rooms. When plotted meticulously they showed a wide variation, and many women did not conform to the rates of dilatation of the graph. The use of partogram did not alter the rate of cesarean section for non-progressive labors with use and non-use of partogram.Conclusions: Philpott’s partogram is a very visual and useful tool to monitor labours and detect labour abnormalities timely. Although it has served as a labour management tool across the labour rooms its use is not universal. There is a plethora of conflicting opinions regarding its utility in modern obstetrics today, ranging from a complete faith in the tool to finding it obsolete and in need of a revision to calling it a medicalization of a natural process.
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Liao, John B., Catalin S. Buhimschi et Errol R. Norwitz. « Normal Labor : Mechanism and Duration ». Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 32, no 2 (juin 2005) : 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2005.01.001.

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Harper, Lorie M., Aaron B. Caughey, Anthony O. Odibo, Kimberly A. Roehl, Qiuhong Zhao et Alison G. Cahill. « Normal Progress of Induced Labor ». Obstetrics & ; Gynecology 119, no 6 (juin 2012) : 1113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e318253d7aa.

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Harper, L. M., A. B. Caughey, A. O. Odibo, K. A. Roehl, Q. Zhao et A. G. Cahill. « Normal Progress of Induced Labor ». Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 33, no 2 (juin 2013) : 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000429137.80456.07.

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Paliulyte, Virginija, Diana Ramasauskaite et Grazina Drasutiene. « Uterine ultrasound after normal labor ». European Journal of Obstetrics & ; Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 234 (mars 2019) : e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.08.175.

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Utami, Fitria Siswi, et Intan Mutiara Putri. « PENATALAKSANAAN NYERI PERSALINAN NORMAL ». Midwifery Journal : Jurnal Kebidanan UM. Mataram 5, no 2 (1 août 2020) : 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/mj.v5i2.1262.

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Nyeri selama fase persalinan dapat mempengaruhi frekuensi jantung, napas, bahkan tekanan darah dan stress sehingga menganggu hormon okstitosin yang bekerja untuk persalinan. Literature review dilakukan pada studi penatalaksanaan nyeri persalinan. 3 database dan 2 sumber grey literature diditelaah untuk memperoleh informasi terkait penatalaksanaan nyeri persalinan. 32 literatur diperoleh dari hasil penyaringan data dengan menggunakan framework PEOS. Beberapa faktor nyeri, dampak, penatalaksanaan, respon dan dukungan yang dibutuhkan selama menghadapi nyeri persalinan diperoleh dari proses ekstraksi data. Pemahaman tentang hal berkaitan nyeri, pengembangan terapi, dan dukungan adekuat sangat diperlukan dalam rangka meningkatkan kualitas layanan kebidanan khususnya persalinan.Labor pain affects to heart beat frequency, breath rate, blood pressure, and stress. As a result, oxytocin may does not work properly during labor process. A literature review study was conducted to provide information related to labor pain management. 3 databases and 2 grey literatures analyzed and 32 literatures extracted by PEOS framework. Some factors related to labor pain, impacts, managements, responses, and supports needed during labor gained from data extraction. A clearly understanding related labor pain, developing therapy technique, and adequate support are needed in order to improve the quality of midwifery care on labor.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Coelho, Filipa Daniel. « Medidas não farmacológicas no trabalho de parto : níveis de dor e ansiedade ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29806.

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Introdução: No Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Materna e Obstétrica da Universidade de Évora, desenvolve-se o Estágio de Natureza Profissional, que tem como finalidade adquirir competências específicas referentes ao enfermeiro especialista. Objetivo: Descrever através do relatório o processo de aquisição de competências nas várias áreas da Saúde Materna e Obstétrica. Metodologia: Descrição e análise das diversas vivências ocorridas durante o estágio. Apresentação dos resultados sobre os sentimentos da mulher durante o trabalho de parto e da aplicação do uso de medidas não farmacológicas. Resultados: Adquiridas as competências comuns e específicas. A aplicação de medidas não farmacológicas foi inferior à desejada. O uso deste tipo de medidas não é, de todo, frequente nas instituições de saúde. Conclusão: A diversidade de experiências permitiram o desenvolvimento de competências clínicas e de Investigação. Os resultados do estudo demonstram a importância das técnicas não farmacológicas; Abstract: Title: Non-Pharmacological Measures in Childbirth: Levels of Pain and Anxiety Introduction: In the Masters in Maternal and Obstetric Health Nursing at the University of Évora, the Professional Nature Internship is developed, which aims to acquire specific skills related to the specialist nurse. Objective: To describe through the report the process of acquiring skills in the various areas of Maternal and Obstetric Health. Methodology: Description and analysis of the different experiences that occurred during the internship. Presentation of the results about the woman's feelings during labor and the application of the use of non-pharmacological measures. Results: Common and specific skills acquired. The application of non-pharmacological measures was less than desired. The use of this type of measures is not at all frequent in health institutions. Conclusion: The diversity of experiences allowed the development of clinical and research skills. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of non-pharmacological techniques.
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Medin, Jonas. « Career- And Vocational Guidance At Beijing Normal University : A Minor Field Study ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80827.

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The field study explores the experiences that Chinese students at Beijing Normal University have fromCareer Orientation (CO) and examines the purpose that career teachers at the university have in theCO-work. Interviews with three career teachers and five students were done.The results show that all of the students had experiences from CO in different forms. However, mostof the experiences that the students had from CO were connected to lectures about work possibilitiesand preparations rather than one-on-one career guiding sessions with a career teacher. Furthermore,the experiences also showed that the work that was done by the career teachers was much focused tothe end of the student’s education and the transmission from education to labor market.
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Gleisner, Jenny. « Negotiating the Normal Birth : Norms and Emotions in Midwifery Education ». Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100671.

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Pregnancies and childbirths are not just biological or medical events. Childbirths are also emotionally intense situations, not only for the parents-to-be but also for those who work in delivery care. In addition, pregnancies and childbirths are sociocultural situations; there are norms regarding the normal birth. The study investigates how future midwives learn about the interactive and emotional work involved in supporting women in delivery care. It focuses on norms about the normal birthing trajectory and on how a midwife should encounter patients’ feelings and handle her own feelings in a “proper” way. Based on observations of collaborative group discussions within Swedish universitybased midwifery education, the study shows how students negotiate the appropriate feeling norms in normal birth, as well as in complicated and even tragic situations. In focus are their discussions on how to support the birthing women, their partners, and the babies, and the categorization work needed to recognize potential deviations from the normal birth. The study is based on a situated learning perspective on education, and combines sociological and anthropological approaches to emotions to elucidate how students within midwifery education negotiate the professional handling of normal and complicated births and the attendant feeling norms.
Graviditeter och förlossningar är inte bara biologiska eller medicinska händelser. Förlossningar är också känslomässigt intensiva situationer, både för de blivande föräldrarna och för dem som arbetar inom förlossningsvård. Graviditeter och förlossningar kan dessutom ses som sociokulturella händelser och det finns normer om den normala förlossningen. I avhandlingen undersöks hur framtida barnmorskor lär sig att stödja kvinnor inom förlossningsvården och det interaktiva och emotionella arbete som det innebär. Avhandlingen fokuserar på normer om den normala  förlossningstrajektorian samt hur en barnmorska ska bemöta patienternas känslor och hantera sina egna känslor på ett ”korrekt” sätt. Baserat på observationer av basgruppsgruppdiskussioner under den universitetsförlagda delen av en barnmorskeutbildning, visar studien hur barnmorskestudenter förhandlar känslonormer i relation till normal förlossning samt till komplicerade och även tragiska situationer. I fokus är studenternas diskussioner om hur de kan stödja de födande kvinnor, deras partners och barn samt den kategorisering som behövs för att identifiera eventuella avvikelser från den normala förlossningen. Studien bygger på ett situerat lärandeperspektiv på utbildning och kombinerar sociologiska och antropologiska förhållningssätt till känslor för att på så sätt belysa hur studenter inom en barnmorskeutbildning förhandlar hur normala och komplicerade förlossningar bör hanteras och de känslonormer som framkommer.
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Oliveira, Nayara Rodrigues Gomes de. « Assistência ao parto normal em duas maternidades públicas : percepção de puérperas e profissionais de saúde ». Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6213.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Objectives: This research consists of two papers, the first of which aimed to verify that the practices recommended by the WHO for assistance to labor and birth are being applied in two reference hospitals (maternity 1 and maternity 2) and ascertain the perception of mothers in meeting the service and received service. The second aimed to assess the perception of health professionals involved in the process of labor as the humanization and delivery care, and compare the two hospitals as use of routines and practices recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) the normal birth care. Materials and Methods: To achieve these goals has an analytical comparative study with a quantitative approach in two public hospitals in the city of Goiania. Questionnaires were applied based on the study of Boaretto, Ribeiro, Pinto (2003), which assessed the perception of managers and customers about the humanization policy in labor and birth. Data collection was conducted from May to October 2015. participated in the first study 170 women who were in the immediate postpartum (puerperal) awaiting discharge at the two hospitals, and participated in a total of 84 mothers in maternity and 1 86 mothers in maternity 2. in the second study participated 86 professionals working in assistance to the immediate labor in the two hospitals, and 43 professionals were maternity 1 and 43 maternity 2. data analysis was performed using the test , Chi square and Fisher's exact test. Results: It was observed that the WHO best practices during labor were prevalent in maternity 2 while on maternity 1 some practices are not being applied. Encouraging the use of non-pharmacological methods of pain relief was predominant in the two hospitals. As for the satisfaction of mothers on the care provided, most of the interviewees said that it was satisfied with the service. Conclusion: It was observed that with regard to best practices recommended by the WHO, most maternity professionals 2 said that performs while on maternity 1, although many of these are present, there are still many unnecessary interventions.
Objetivos:Esta pesquisa consiste em dois artigos científicos, sendo que o primeiro teve como objetivos verificar quais as práticas recomendadas pelo OMS para a assistência ao parto e nascimento estão sendo aplicadas em duas maternidades de referência (maternidade 1 e maternidade 2) e averiguar a percepção das puérperas quanto à satisfação do serviço e atendimento recebidos. Já o segundo teve como objetivos, avaliar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no processo do trabalho de parto quanto à humanização e assistência ao parto, e comparar as duas maternidades quanto utilização das rotinas e práticas recomendadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a assistência ao parto normal. Material e Método: Para atingir esses objetivos fez-se um estudo analítico, comparativo com abordagem quantitativa em duas maternidades públicas da cidade de Goiânia. Foram aplicados questionários baseados no estudo de Boaretto, Ribeiro, Pinto (2003), que avaliou a percepção dos dirigentes e clientela quanto à política de humanização ao parto e nascimento. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de maio a outubro de 2015. Participaram do primeiro estudo 170 mulheres que estavam no pós-parto imediato (puérperas) aguardando alta hospitalar nas duas maternidades, sendo que participaram um total de 84 puérperas na maternidade 1 e de 86 puérperas na maternidade 2. Já no segundo estudo participaram 86 profissionais que atuavam na assistência ao trabalho de parto imediato nas duas maternidades, sendo que 43 profissionais eram da maternidade 1 e 43 da maternidade 2. A análise dos dados foi realizada através dos testes, Qui Quadrado e Teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: Observouse que as práticas recomendadas pela OMS durante o trabalho de parto foram predominantes na maternidade 2 enquanto que na maternidade 1 algumas práticas não estão sendo aplicadas. O incentivo do uso dos métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor foi predominante nas duas maternidades. Quanto à satisfação das puérperas quanto ao atendimento prestado, a maioria das entrevistadas disse que estava satisfeita com o atendimento. Conclusão: Observou-se que com relação às boas práticas recomendadas pela OMS, a maioria dos profissionais da maternidade 2 afirmou que as realiza, enquanto que na maternidade 1, apesar de muitas dessas estarem presentes, ainda há muitas intervenções desnecessárias.
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Martins, Renata Duval. « Servidão doméstica : uma análise do caso Siwa-Akofa Siliadin à luz das normas da organização internacional do trabalho ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165132.

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O presente estudo tem por escopo analisar o caso da jovem Siwa-Akofa Siliadin, aliciada no Togo, em 1994, para prestar serviços na França como doméstica. Ao chegar no país foi submetida à servidão, impedida de completar os seus estudos e sem receber qualquer remuneração pelos serviços prestados, tampouco direitos laborais mínimos como o limite da jornada de trabalho diária, o descanso semanal remunerado e a habitação adequada lhe foram fornecidos. Trata-se de um leading case que aborda as práticas de tráfico humano, de trabalho forçado e de servidão doméstica. A escravidão contemporânea ocorre através do trabalho forçado, este se dividindo em espécies dentre as quais estão o trabalho escravo, a servidão e a servidão por dívida. Com quaisquer destas práticas pode ocorrer simultaneamente o tráfico de pessoas. A prática da escravidão doméstica, também chamada de servidão doméstica, inclui-se no rol de trabalhos forçados, verificando-se no caso concreto a qual das espécies de servidão pertence. Ocorre tanto em países ricos quanto em países emergentes e tem como grupo de pessoas mais vulnerável aos aliciadores as mulheres, os menores de idade, os migrantes, os pobres, os de baixa escolaridade. Normas internacionais laborais proíbem a escravidão contemporânea em todas as suas formas e obrigam os Estados a legislar a fim de coibir tenazmente em seu território tais condutas. Quando um Estado falha em prestar a necessária proteção ao trabalhador, não sendo possível a este se socorrer sequer no Poder Judiciário, pode a vítima pleitear alguma reparação nas Cortes Internacionais de Direitos Humanos. No caso ora analisado, as decisões das cortes nacionais francesas poderiam ter sido proferidas com base em normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho internalizadas pela França, bem como normas não ratificadas poderiam ter sido utilizadas em caráter interpretativo da vaga e escassa legislação pátria. Em âmbito internacional, o Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos não é o único órgão dotado de capacidade punitiva, a própria Organização Internacional do Trabalho pode ser acionada por meio de reclamação ou queixa contra Estados Membros que ratificam normas e as descumprem ou negligenciam sua efetividade, podendo esta punição ser aplicada concomitantemente à proferida pela supracitada Corte. O estudo é dividido em três partes: a primeira aborda as especificidades do caso Siliadin, conceitos pertinentes aos fatos narrados, estudo do processo judicial em âmbito francês e análise da decisão do Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos; a segunda analisa as normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho como normas de jus cogens laboral e núcleo duro de direito laboral, ressaltando como consequências à violação das referidas normas as reclamações e as queixas à Organização Internacional do Trabalho; a terceira analisa a incorporação e aplicação do direito internacional no âmbito interno dos Estados, frisando a possibilidade do emprego de normas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho na solução do litígio entre Siliadin e os empregadores.O método utilizado no presente trabalho é o indutivo, bem como se valeu da análise de caso com base em normas específicas da Organização Internacional do Trabalho sobre trabalho forçado (nº 29 e nº 105), discriminação (nº 100 e nº 111), trabalho doméstico (nº 189), trabalho infantojuvenil (nº 138 e nº 182) e trabalho do migrante (nº 143). Por fim, conclui-se pela necessária aplicação do direito internacional laboral na esfera processual interna dos Estados e a maior ingerência dos organismos internacionais trabalhistas a fim de garantir a efetividade das normas internacionais laborais.
This study aims to analyze the case of Siwa-Akofa Siliadin, a teenager enticed in the Togo, in 1994, into providing services as a domestic servant in France. Upon arriving in the country she was subjected to bondage, could not go to school and received neither payment for her services nor the minimum labor rights, such as limit to daily working hours, weekly paid rest and an adequate housing. It is a leading case which deals with human trafficking practices, forced labor and domestic servitude. Contemporary slavery takes place through forced labor, comprised into species among which are slave labor, servitude and debt bondage. With any of these practices trafficking of persons can occur simultaneously. The practice of domestic slavery, also called domestic servitude, is included in the list of forced labor, verifying to which species of bondage each case belongs. It occurs both in rich countries and emerging countries and the most vulnerable persons are women, minors, migrants, the poor, and the less educated. International labor standards prohibit contemporary slavery in all its forms and require states to legislate to curb such conduct tenaciously in their territory. When a state fails to provide the necessary protection to workers, not making possible for them even to seek help from the judiciary power, the victim can claim some compensation in the international human rights courts. In the case under analysis, the decisions of the French national courts could have been rendered based on standards of the International Labour Organization internalized by France, and unratified standards could have been used to interpret vague and scarce national legislation. Internationally, the European Court of Human Rights is not the only body with punitive capacity, the International Labour Organization itself can be activated by means of complaint or claim against member states that ratify standards and then violate or neglect their effectiveness, and this punishment may be applied simultaneously to that decided by the above cited court. The study is divided into three parts: the first one dealing with the specificities of the Siliadin case, concepts related to the facts narrated, the study of the judicial process in French courts and analysis of the decision of the European Court of Human Rights; the second examining the norms of the International Labor Organization as labor jus cogens and labor law hard core, highlighting as consequences to the violation of these rules complaints and claims to the International Labor Organization; the third analyzing the incorporation and application of international law in the domestic sphere of the States, emphasizing the possibility of the use of International Labor Organization rules in resolving the dispute between Siliadin and the employers. The method used in this work is the inductive, and also the case analysis based on specific standards of the International Labour Organization on forced labor (no. 29 and no. 105), discrimination (no. 100 and no. 111), domestic service (no. 189), child labor (no. 138 and no. 182) and migrant labor (no. 143). Finally, it is concluded by the necessary application of international labor law in the domestic procedures of the States and the greater interference of international labor organizations in order to ensure the effectiveness of international labor standards.
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Bio, Eliane Rodrigues. « Intervenção fisioterapêutica na assistência ao trabalho de parto ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-12022008-141747/.

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A assistência ao trabalho de parto envolve constante atualização sobre as intervenções obstétricas benéficas e necessárias para o nascimento seguro. Neste sentido, há uma redescoberta das posturas verticais e da liberdade de movimento da parturiente como prática eficiente para facilitar o trabalho de parto. Paralelamente, há uma tendência mundial à valorização do parto vaginal, a despeito das altas taxas de cesárea em nosso meio. Nesse contexto, se insere a proposta de intervenção fisioterapêutica na assistência ao trabalho de parto, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da mobilidade da parturiente sobre a progressão da fase ativa, sobre a evolução da dilatação cervical e para facilitar o parto vaginal. Foi realizado um ensaio clínico controlado prospectivo, com análise comparativa entre um grupo de estudo e um grupo controle, no Centro Obstétrico do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. Os critérios de inclusão foram: primigestas em trabalho de parto espontâneo com pelo menos duas contrações a cada dez minutos e cérvico-dilatação de 3 a 4 cm; idade gestacional entre 37 e 42 semanas; feto único em apresentação cefálica fletida e concordância em assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram excluídas parturientes com patologias clínicas. As parturientes foram acompanhadas pela mesma fisioterapeuta durante toda a fase ativa e orientadas a manterem-se em posições verticais e em movimento coordenado, principalmente a mobilidade pélvica.O grupo controle teve acompanhamento obstétrico sem a presença do fisioterapeuta e foi selecionado retrospectivamente, a partir dos registros de prontuário, com os mesmos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. A amostra estudada foi de 132 parturientes: 70 no grupo de estudo e 62 no grupo controle. No grupo de estudo, 62 parturientes (89%) evoluíram para parto vaginal e oito (11%) para cesárea. Entre as parturientes que evoluíram para parto vaginal, 50 o fizeram sem uso de ocitócico e a média de duração da fase ativa foi de 5h16min, enquanto que no grupo controle foi de 8h28min (p<0,001);nenhuma parturiente fez uso de analgésicos durante a fase ativa, ao passo que no grupo controle 62% das parturientes necessitaram de fármacos (p<0,001); quanto a anestesia para o parto, nas parturientes do grupo de estudo 12% não fizeram uso de anestesia, 76% usaram anestesia entre 9 e 10 cm de dilatação; no controle, todas as parturientes usaram algum tipo de anestesia e 40% delas o fizeram entre 7 e 8cm de dilatação (p<0,001). As 12 parturientes que evoluíram para parto vaginal com uso de ocitocina durante a fase ativa, devido a hipoatividade uterina, tiveram, em média, 7h de fase ativa e o controle, 11h (p=0,059); o grupo de estudo iniciou mais tardiamente o uso de ocitocina e durante menos tempo(p<0,05); nenhuma parturiente fez uso de analgésicos, enquanto que no controle 83% usaram fármacos para analgesia (p<0,001). Concluiu-se que a ação na estrutura osteomuscular facilitou a progressão da fase ativa, a mobilidade pélvica promoveu a evolução da dilatação e o uso consciente do corpo favoreceu o parto vaginal.
Obstetrics intervention during labor involves a continuous up date on childbirth safety. Thus, vertical positions and free movements of woman, have been rediscovered as an efficient practice, to make easy the evolution of labor. Parallelly, there is a worldwide opinion supporting natural childbirth, despite the high scores of cesarean section in our country. This is the argument of physiotherapy intervention during labor for evaluate the influence of the maternal mobility on the progression of the active phase of labor, on the evolution of cervical dilatation and to facilitate the vaginal delivery. A prospective clinical trial was conducted through comparative analysis among a treatment group and a control group, in the Obstetric Center of the Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. The inclusion criteria were: primigravidae with spontaneous labor with two uterine contractions every ten minutes and 3 or 4 cm of cervical dilatation; with 37 to 42 weeks of pregnancy; with a single fetus on cephalic presentation, besides the agreement to sign the free and informed consent term. Patients with clinical affections were excluded. Patients were assisted by the same physiotherapist during the whole active phase and encouraged to stay in vertical positions and to move in coordenation and specially pelvic mobility. Control group had an obstetric support without the presence of the physiotherapist and it was selected retrospectively, according to the same inclusion and exclusion criteria. 132 primigravidae were accompained: 70 in the treatment group and 62 in the control group. In the treatment group, 62 (89%) evolved to vaginal delivery and eight (11%) evolved to cesarean section. Among the patients who evolved to vaginal delivery, 50 didn\'t use ocitocina and the mean of active phase was 5h16min, and in the control group the mean was 8h28min (p<0,001); none of the patients used analgesics during the active phase, but in the control group 62% of the patients needed farmacos (p<0,001); as far as anesthesia for delivery is concearned, in the treatment group 12% didn\'t use any, 76% used anesthesia between 9 and10cm of dilatation; in the control group, all the patients used some kind of anesthesia and 40% of them did it between 7 and 8cm of dilatation (p<0,001). The 12 patients who evolved to vaginal delivery with ocitocina during the active phase, due to an uterine hipoactivity, had a mean of 7h duration active phase and the control group, 11h (p=0,059); the treatment group started later with the ocitocina and for a short period of time (p<0,05); none of the patients used analgesics whereas in the control group 83% used farmacos for analgesia (p<0,001). It follows that the intervention in the osteo and muscular structure facilited the progression of active phase, the pelvic mobility promoted the evolution of dilatation and the conscious use of the body improved the vaginal delivery.
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Supioni, Junior Claudimir. « Teoria da eficácia ultraterritorial das normas coletivas de trabalho ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20655.

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This research reports findings resulted in a theoretical model, aiming to describe and systemizing the efficacy of collective labor standards of Brazilian territorial scope. The research problem is represented by the following question: Would collective bargaining instruments be capable of producing effects on a geographic area broader than the territorial base of the document’s signatory unions, to the extent of also considering the labour occurred in another locality? Owing to a gap in literature on the subject, similar concepts were adopted from other branches of the legal science. The theoretical rationale was derived from the richness of the Private International Law’s literacy, for presenting the necessary postulations for object’s confrontation. The research method comprised of commencing from hypothesis or conjecture, inferring its consequences, applying tests of falsifiability and, at the end, support or refute hypothesis or initial conjecture. Such method allowed to validate several premises that converged into three central postulates, that altogether built the foundation of the presented thesis: (i) the individual contract of employment is not necessarily ruled by the conventional norms celebrated by the union, whose territorial base lies in the place the worker performs his professional activities; (ii) the employment relationship is ruled by collective norms whereby a closer bond exists, in accordance with the principle of proximity; (iii) it is possible that different aspects of labour contract may connect with different collective norms, as they have a closer interconnection amongst them, as per the deduction’s method guides. Despite indeterminacy caused by the proximity’s principle, this research advanced forward and investigated assumptions of closer bonds, clearly constructed hypothetically and aprioristically, formulating then an application model synthesized in the sequence of statements presented in its concluding chapter
O documento relata pesquisa que resultou em um modelo teórico com pretensões de descrever e sistematizar a eficácia das normas coletivas de trabalho no plano espacial interno brasileiro. O problema central do estudo pode ser sintetizado na seguinte questão: os instrumentos de contratação coletiva seriam capazes de produzir efeitos em uma dimensão geográfica mais abrangente do que a base territorial dos sindicatos subscritores do documento, a ponto de também alcançarem o fato trabalho ocorrido em outra localidade? Em razão da ausência de material bibliográfico específico sobre o tema, prospectou-se padrões conceituais em outros ramos da ciência jurídica, tendo-se encontrado na rica produção doutrinária em Direito Internacional Privado o substrato teórico necessário para o enfrentamento do seu objeto. O método de investigação empregado consistiu em se partir de uma hipótese ou conjectura, deduzir suas consequências, aplicar testes de falseabilidade e, ao final, corroborar ou refutar a hipótese ou conjectura inicial. Tal método permitiu validar diversas premissas que convergiram para três postulados centrais que, em conjunto, compõem a tese defendida pelo autor: (i) o contrato individual de trabalho não é regido, necessariamente, pelas normas convencionais celebradas pelo sindicato cuja base territorial compreende o local em que o trabalhador executa as suas atividades profissionais; (ii) a relação de emprego é regida pelas normas coletivas com as quais mantiver um relacionamento mais estreito, em conformidade com o princípio da proximidade; (iii) é possível que diferentes aspectos do contrato de trabalho se conectem com diferentes normas coletivas, conforme apresentem com elas uma conexão mais estreita, tal como orienta o método da dépeçage. Diante da indeterminação gerada pelo princípio da proximidade, a pesquisa avançou e investigou presunções de conexão mais estreita, evidentemente construídas de forma hipotética e apriorística, desenvolvendo um modelo de aplicação sintetizado na sequência de enunciados apresentada em seu capítulo conclusivo
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Klinton, Markus. « Det rationella och det normala : om lönearbetets logik, praktik och etik ». Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-38390.

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The subject of this thesis concerns the tense situation of the pregnant employee in Sweden. Drawing on the critical ontology of Michel Foucault the situation is characterized as a specific problematization within a historical theme around procreation (as an eventuality). The purpose of the thesis is to explain the functioning of the current situation of the pregnant employee as an inherent conflict, but also to draw out the implications of this specific analysis in relation to general wage labor. First an objective analysis is out-lined on how free wage labor gradually develops into a) a rational way of “knowing” about wo/man, b) a normal (institutional) way of organizing this knowledge, and c) a normalized subject position for the expectant individual. Second the investigation turns towards the subjective experience of this positioning. This analysis, drawing on the works of Iris Marion Young and Erving Goffman, focus on a) the conflicts logic b) its practical management and c) the situations’ ethical implications. The empirical material for the second part consists of legal cases, diaries and discussion-threads from the Internet. The conclusions drawn suggest that the pregnant employee is a rather abstract problem but that this abstraction still is real enough to make her disqualified from the calculus regime of employment. The second conclusion states that the pregnant employee becomes temporarily “closeted” and engaged in practices of concealment and tension management. Finally the ethics of this situation is analyzed, stating that the pregnant employee becomes positioned in a situation of structural shame which she has to relate to no matter her specific employment conditions. In the end the wider implications of the analysis is drawn out, stating that wage labor has developed into a biased categorization of individuals as proper or non-proper labor power. Rational discrimination has been normalized, just as the handling of oneself as more or less deviant from norms.
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Wood, Juliet Rebecca Anne. « Discourses of blood loss in normal childbirth ». Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342398.

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Las, Heras Horacio Raúl. « International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law ». Derecho & ; Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.

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The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country.
El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.
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Livres sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Reuwer, Paul. Proactive support of labor : The challenge of normal childbirth. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Reuwer, Paul. Proactive Support of Labor : The Challenge of Normal Childbirth. Leiden : Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Colucci, John D., Tamsin R. Kaplan, Gary C. Bubb et Antoinette G. Giugliano. Advising small businesses in the "new normal". [Boston, MA] : MCLE, 2010.

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Scheriau, Karl Michael. Arbeitsverhältnis : Ist das noch normal ? : kurzfristige Beschäftigung : Mini-Jobs (geringfügige Beschäftigung bis 400-Euro) : Midi-Job (zwischen 400 und 800 Euro) : studentische Nebentätigkeit und Praktikum : Teilzeitarbeit und befristete Beschäftigung : unständige Beschäftigung : Arbeitnehmer und freie Mitarbeiter : Prüfung der Selbständigkeit : sozialversicherungspflichtige Selbständige. 3e éd. Berlin : K.M. Scheriau, 2004.

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Spain. Código procesal laboral : Normas básicas. Valladolid : Editorial Lex Nova, 2001.

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Hazan, Bruno Ferraz. A aderência contratual das normas coletivas. São Paulo, SP, Brasil : LTr, 2012.

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Republic, Dominican. Código de trabajo y normas complementarias. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana : Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo, 1997.

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Republic, Dominican. Código de trabajo y normas complementarias. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana : Secretaría de Estado de Trabajo, 2001.

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Castillo, Santiago Pérez del. Manual práctico de normas laborales. 4e éd. Montevideo : Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1987.

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Castillo, Santiago Pérez del. Manual práctico de normas laborales. 5e éd. Montevideo : Fundación de Cultura Universitaria, 1988.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Lyons, Paul. « Normal Labor ». Dans Obstetrics in Family Medicine, 141–45. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20077-4_18.

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Lyons, Paul, et Nathan McLaughlin. « Normal Labor ». Dans Obstetrics in Family Medicine, 163–67. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39888-0_20.

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Sel, Görker. « Normal Vaginal Labor ». Dans Practical Guide to Oral Exams in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 91–98. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29669-8_15.

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Wei, Shu Qin, Jun Zhang, Romy-Leigh McMaster et William D. Fraser. « Normal labor and delivery ». Dans Management of Labor and Delivery, 23–48. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118327241.ch2.

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Scherger, Joseph E. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Fundamentals of Family Medicine, 57–77. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2535-3_3.

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Elizondo, Margaret V., et Joseph E. Scherger. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Family Medicine, 95–103. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21744-4_11.

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Elizondo, Margaret V., et Joseph E. Scherger. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Fundamentals of Family Medicine, 57–75. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21745-1_3.

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Scherger, Joseph E. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Family Medicine, 70–79. New York, NY : Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4005-9_9.

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Rafiq, Naureen B. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Family Medicine, 1–12. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_11-1.

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Rafiq, Naureen B. « Normal Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery ». Dans Family Medicine, 1–12. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_11-2.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Handayani, Lisda, Desilestia Dwi Salmarini et Nurlia Rezekika. « Level Of Labor Pain On First Stage Of Normal Labor In Dr.H. Moch Ansari Saleh Banjarmasin Hospital ». Dans 2nd Sari Mulia International Conference on Health and Sciences 2017 (SMICHS 2017) � One Health to Address the Problem of Tropical Infectious Diseases in Indonesia. Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/smichs-17.2017.20.

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Hassan, M., J. Terrien, A. Alexandersson, C. Marque et B. Karlsson. « Nonlinearity of EHG signals used to distinguish active labor from normal pregnancy contractions ». Dans 2010 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2010.5627413.

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Hassan, M., J. Terrien, A. Alexandersson, C. Marque et B. Karlsson. « Improving the classification rate of labor vs. normal pregnancy contractions by using EHG multichannel recordings ». Dans 2010 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2010.5626486.

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Joyce, Erinn M., Michael S. Sacks et John J. Moore. « Structure Mechanical Function Relationships of the Fetal Membrane ». Dans ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176687.

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A normal pregnancy requires physical integrity of the fetal membrane (FM) until term delivery. Timely rupture of the fetal membrane is a vital part of term labor [1]. Premature failure of the FM, prior to full gestation, accounts for one third of all premature human births and affects 3% of all pregnancies [2]. Membrane rupture is either due to the release of the amniotic fluid, frequently signaling the onset of labor, or under a pathological circumstance [3]. In order to develop a rational basis for treatment and prevention of premature FM failure, we need first to understand FM structural and mechanical behavior. This includes its constituent layers at near full term under normal physiological loading states. Once these properties are established, we can then better formulate how the tissue transitions to the ability to fail at full term.
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Russell, Kim, Denis Walsh et Tania Macintosh. « Using Problem-Solving Workshops to Increase Midwives Use of Birthing Pools during Normal Birth on an English Labor Ward ». Dans Annual Worldwide Nursing Conference. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2315-4330_wnc15.33.

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Suryani, Lilis. « Birthing Ball Therapy on the Long-Term Maternal and Labor Pain Among Primigravida Mother in Private Practice Midwives, Madiun, East Java ». Dans The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.08.

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ABSTRACT Background: Childbirth is a physiological process which is the process of releasing the product of conception from the uterus. Normal delivery occurs at 37 – 42 weeks of gestation, where the fetus is mature. Labor cannot be separated from labor pain. Several studies have shown that in primitive societies, labor is longer and painful, whereas in advanced societies 7-14% give birth with minimal pain and most (90%) are accompanied by pain and unavoidable pain. The birth ball is a physical therapy ball that helps the delivery of the first stage to help labor progress. A physical therapy ball that helps labor progress and can be used to share positions. One of the movements is to sit on the ball and shake it to comfort and help labor progress. This study aimed to examine the birthing ball therapy on the long-term maternal and labor pain among primigravida mother in private practice midwives, Madiun, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Madiun, East Java. The total of 40 pregnant women were divided into 20 mothers with birthing ball therapy and 20 mothers without birthing ball therapy. The dependent variables were length of the first period of labor and intensity of labor pain. The independent variables were birthing ball therapy. Data were collected using an observation sheet. The data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: The use of birth ball was positively associated with the length of the first period of labor (OR = 5.19; 95% CI= 1.06 to 25.4; p = 0.042) and intensity of labor pain (OR = 7.57; 95% CI= 1.53 to 37.3; p = 0.013) and they were statistically significant. Conclusion: The use of birth balls is proven to be effective in shortening stage 1 and reducing pain intensity. Keywords: birthing ball therapy, labor pain, maternal delivery Correspondent: Lilis Suryani. Academy of Midwifery Muhammadiyah Madiun. Jl. Lumbung Life No. 2A Ex. Ngegong Kec. Manguharjo, Madiun City. Email: lsuryani784@gmail.com. Mobile: 08125954726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.08
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Davidson, Joseph R., et Changki Mo. « Mechanical Design and Initial Performance Testing of an Apple-Picking End-Effector ». Dans ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50482.

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The fresh market apple industry currently relies on manual labor for all harvesting activities. The lack of mechanical harvesting technologies is a serious concern because of rising labor costs and increasingly uncertain labor availability. Researchers have been working for several decades to develop mechanical harvesters for tree fruit. The two fruit removal methods considered include mass mechanical harvesters and selective harvesting with robotics technology. Whereas mass mechanical harvesters have demonstrated unacceptable damage rates, robotic systems have been limited by insufficient speed and robustness. This paper describes the design and analysis of a novel underactuated end-effector fabricated for the robotic harvesting of tree fruit. The device has been optimized around a set of target tasks, the most critical being speed, low complexity, suitability for a highly variable field environment, and the replication of hand picking so as to minimize fruit damage. Development of the end-effector has been facilitated by a thorough study of the dynamic forces involved during the manual harvesting of apples. The end-effector produces a spherical power grasp with a normal force distribution and picking sequence replicating selected human patterns. An underactuated, tendon-driven device with compliant flexure joints has been adopted to improve system performance in the presence of position errors as well as enhance robustness to variable fruit size, shape, and orientation. The prototype end-effector also uses minimal sensors and incorporates open-loop control to reduce complexity and improve picking speed. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the end-effector kinematics and discusses the selection of key geometric parameters. Experiments have been conducted to determine the normal forces developed during grasping of the apple. Results indicate that open-loop, feedforward control can be used to produce optimal normal force patterns.
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Zou, Jing, Qing Chang, Yong Lei, Guoxian Xiao et Jorge Arinez. « Stochastic Maintenance Opportunity Windows for Serial Production Line ». Dans ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9307.

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Timely performance of preventive maintenance (PM) tasks is a critical element of manufacturing systems. The current PM at most manufacturing plants is to conduct maintenance tasks during non-production shifts, breaks, or other scheduled downtime. This practice may introduce unnecessary extra labor and overhead costs. Therefore, there is need to look for hidden maintenance opportunities to perform PM tasks during normal production time without impacting throughput. Additional benefit of the hidden opportunity window is that it can be translated to hidden energy saving opportunity during which machines can be strategically shut down or turned to energy saving mode while PM can be performed. Since production schedules are always made beforehand, the development of opportunity window and the downtime schedule need future prediction about the production system. In this paper, a stochastic model of the downtime opportunity on serial production systems is developed. Based on the stochastic model, revised opportunity window and recovery time is defined, which can help on production control on deciding when and where to insert the downtime events and the duration of the downtime events for the incoming process.
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Cunningham, William J. « Laser Interferometer Specimen Preparation of PCB Assembled Components at Second Level Interconnect for In-plane Shear Strain Measurements ». Dans ISTFA 2003. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2003p0456.

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Abstract Preparing Laser Interferometer (Moiré) samples involves several steps that can be time consuming and labor intensive. This process requires diligence and discipline in order to create a successful sample. Previous Moiré sample preparation methods have yielded &lt;30% for component characterization. The sample preparation presented in this document has increased yield to approximately 90%. Improvements are the result of optimized tooling and a novel epoxy application technique. Prepared laser interferometer samples are used to subsequently reveal inplane strain and residual stresses present at the component of interest. Two applications that benefit from Moiré are as follows: 1) inelastic strains due to deflection or thermal cycling, and 2) elastic coefficient of thermal expansion effects resulting from high temperature cure to ambient temperature. In the first case, the inelastic strain is typical due to permanent residual deformation. In the second case, the thermal expansion effects are the result of growing and bending and then coming back to normal position. In this presentation both the ambient (inelastic) and the high temperature (elastic) sample preparation techniques will be covered in detail, thus providing the end user great success in capturing strain data.
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Zhurat, Yuliya, Tetiana Ternavska et Alla Bodnar. « Psychological and Pedagogical Investigation of the Imprisoned Persons ». Dans ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/40.

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The paper highlights the effective psychological and pedagogical directions of persons who are in places of imprisonment. The problem of returning to a normal lifestyle today is very topical, the social maladjustment of former convicts, unwillingness to leave the former antisocial environment, insufficient or no education in general, irrational motivational sphere, low level of self-esteem and concentration on the main criteria of psychological and social health, become obstacles to re-socialization for those who are in the imprisonment places. In order to develop psychological and pedagogical support of social adjustment for people who are or are going to leave the prison, the diagnosis of psychological characteristics is relevant, which will be the key elements to the effectiveness of the applied directions that are as follows: focus on changing the social environment; socio-psychological therapy; professional orientation during the educational process. The following methods were used for scientific research as analysis of scientific literature, theoretical research methods, which study scientific and methodological literature on the problem of individual social adjustment for those who leave the prison; empirical research methods based on psychological and pedagogical observation of cognitive, labor-intensive activities and the use of professionals working at the same time, psychologists and teachers during the re-socialization of imprisoned. The research shows two stages of a pilot study, during which there was implied the diagnosis of intellectual, educational motivation, nonverbal creativity, equal self-esteem and changes in concentration of imprisoned.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Normal labor"

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Lazear, Edward, et James Spletzer. The United States Labor Market : Status Quo or A New Normal ? Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, septembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18386.

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Hunnes, Arngrim, Jarle Møen et Kjell Salvanes. Wage Structure and Labor Mobility in Norway 1980-1997. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, mars 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12974.

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W, Nedra, Laura B. Strange, Sara M. Kennedy, Katrina D. Burson et Gina L. Kilpatrick. Completeness of Prenatal Records in Community Hospital Charts. RTI Press, février 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rr.0032.1802.

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We describe the completeness of prenatal data in maternal delivery records and the prevalence of selected medical conditions and complications among patients delivering at community hospitals around Atlanta, Georgia. Medical charts for 199 maternal-infant dyads (99 infants in normal newborn nurseries and 104 infants in newborn intensive care nurseries) were identified by medical records staff at 9 hospitals and abstracted on site. Ninety-eight percent of hospital charts included prenatal records, but over 20 percent were missing results for common laboratory tests and prenatal procedures. Forty-nine percent of women had a pre-existing medical condition, 64 percent had a prenatal complication, and 63 percent had a labor or delivery complication. Missing prenatal information limits the usefulness of these records for research and may result in unnecessary tests or procedures or inappropriate medical care.
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Bursztyn, Leonardo, Alessandra González et David Yanagizawa-Drott. Misperceived Social Norms : Female Labor Force Participation in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24736.

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Bertrand, Marianne, Patricia Cortés, Claudia Olivetti et Jessica Pan. Social Norms, Labor Market Opportunities, and the Marriage Gap for Skilled Women. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, février 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22015.

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Aloud, Monira Essa, Sara Al-Rashood, Ina Ganguli et Basit Zafar. Information and Social Norms : Experimental Evidence on the Labor Market Aspirations of Saudi Women. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, janvier 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26693.

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Bertrand, Marianne, Sandra Black, Sissel Jensen et Adriana Lleras-Muney. Breaking the Glass Ceiling ? The Effect of Board Quotas on Female Labor Market Outcomes in Norway. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20256.

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Field, Erica, Rohini Pande, Natalia Rigol, Simone Schaner et Charity Troyer Moore. On Her Own Account : How Strengthening Women's Financial Control Affects Labor Supply and Gender Norms. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, septembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26294.

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Mtutu, Regis, et Emma Sammon. Understanding norms around the gendered division of labour : Results from focus group discussions in Zimbabwe. Oxfam GB, avril 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2017.2210.

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Cannon, Mariah, et Pauline Oosterhoff. Bonded : Life Stories from Agricultural Communities in South-Eastern Nepal. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.003.

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In the Terai region of South-Eastern Nepal, there persists a form of agricultural bonded labour called Harwa-Charwa, rooted in agricultural feudal social relations. The Terai has a long and dynamic political history with limited employment opportunities and high levels of migration. This paper is an external qualitative analysis of over 150 life stories from individuals living in an area with high levels of bonded labour. These stories were previously analysed during a workshop through a collective participatory analysis. Both the participatory analysis and external analysis found similar mechanisms that trap people in poverty and bonded labour. The disaggregation by age in the external analysis could explain why child marriage and child labour were very important in the collective analysis but did not match the results of a baseline survey in the same geographical area that found only a few cases. The respondents were aged between 15 and 65. Child marriage and child labour had shaped the lives of the adults but have since decreased. Methodologically, the different ways of analysis diverge in their ability to differentiate timelines. The participatory analysis gives historical insights on pathways into child labour, but although some of the social norms persist this situation has changed.
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