Thèses sur le sujet « NTFP »

Sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and associated livelihood security can be compromised by changes in the broader ecosystem. This study investigates mistletoe infection of Amla, Phyllanthus emblica and Phyllanthus indofische7i, an NTFP of significant livelihood importance, in the Biligiri Rangaswarny Temple (BRT) Wildlife Sanctuary in southern India. Infection patterns of the Loranthaceae mistletoe, Taxillus tomentosus, were characterised across the Amla population and their underlying mechanisms explored. Two alternative management approaches were investigated, and traditional ecological knowledge documented and assessedfo r its concordance and additionality to scientific data. A high prevalence of infection, and the apparent greater susceptibility of the more significant resource species, suggests that mistletoe infection has serious implications for Amla sustainability. Traditional knowledge provided novel information on infection spread, and highlighted failings in current population assessments, emphasising the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to assessing sustainability. Traditional approaches to management conflict with current institutional perspectives, but may be somewhat more effective and require further investigation. However, existing data, both from scientific studies and traditional knowledge, are insufficient to prescribe with certainty the best approach to mistletoe control. The participatory implementation of an active adaptive management programme may offer benefits over alternative management options for securing Amla as a viable NTFP harvesting system.

Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att bidra till kunskap om hur dagens urbanamänniska använder sig av skogens ätliga resurser, såsom svamp och bär. Dessa resurser kallas iforskningssammanhang ofta för non-timber forest products (NTFP). Användningen av NTFP harbelysts ur ett kulturellt perspektiv och undersökts som tradition, det vill säga kunskap somtraderas mellan generationer. Fokus har legat på hur vanor förändras över tid och rum, vad debetyder för personer i gruppen och hur de vidareförmedlas. För att avgränsa studien är detgruppen Personer med polsk bakgrund boende i Stockholm (PPBS) som har undersökts. Studienär indelad i tre huvudteman: (1) Vad som plockas, hur mycket och varför? (2) Den kulturellabetydelsen och tradition (3) Kunskapsöverföring till nästa generation. Både kvantitativ liksomkvalitativ metod har använts, detta i form av en enkätundersökning samt ett antal intervjuer.Kunskap om hur människor använder sig av tätortsnära naturområden är viktig för att kunnafatta goda beslut inom bland annat stadsplanering och skogsutveckling. Studien har visat att främst svampplockning är av stor kulturell betydelse för många i gruppenPPBS, men att vanorna varierat på olika platser och tider i livet. Traditionen att plocka ochkunskaperna knutna till detta förs till viss mån vidare mellan generationer och kommertroligtvis fortskrida även i framtiden. Dels som rekreationsaktivitet men kanske även inom en”ny” trend av självhushållning och rena råvaror. Studien visar även att vistelse i skogsområden,för allmän rekreation eller svamp- och bärplockning, är en populär och viktig aktivitet förmänniskor i gruppen.

Frankincense, a much revered non-timber forest product (NTFP) known as luban in Oman, is a gum-resin extracted from Boswellia sacra (meqerot). In Oman, B.sacra is endemic to ecological zones in and around Dhofar's southern mountain ranges of Jabal Samhan, Jabal Qamar and Jabal Qara. Hojar (Samhan Nejd), Nejd (Qara Nejd), Shazr (Qamar Nejd) and Sha'b are the four B.sacra ecological zones. A suffix (i) after the name (i.e. Hojari or Samhan Nejdi) is indicative of the luban produced in or associated with the respective zone. Traditional Omani B.sacra ownership, management, organization, and frankincense extraction are based on a land parcel system known as menzela. The 1970's oil boom attracted rural labor to urban and oil operation centers in Dhofar and other provinces, thus creating a labor shortage that had a profound transformative impact on frankincense production. This transformation caused frankincense extraction to evolve from an Omani-controlled system to a Somali-dominated hybrid system. Migrant Somali harvesters predominantly control the production and processing of frankincense in the field. Similarly, wholesalers occupy the next rung up the production ladder are the most powerful players in the frankincense industry.Dhofar has a long history of non-timber forest product (NTFP) extraction. From April to mid-June 1999, luban production in the Hojari/Nejdi zone of the study area was estimated at 8,710 kg with a seasonal projection of 24,840kg-30,360kg. B.sacra, a single or multiple stem shrub restricted to wadis in arid environments in or around the Dhofar Mountains, can be found at elevations from 60m above sea level in Wadi Adonib on the coastal plains to 1,770m above sea level in Wadi Kharish (a branch of Wadi Qobyr) in jabal Samhan). Land-use and landcover changes in Dhofar are threatening the fragile stability of B.sacra habitats. Frankincense trees on easily accessible flat or gently sloping terrain are susceptible to stress and mortality from harvesting, grazing and mining, while trees on cliffs and steep slopes are less vulnerable to the effects of these land-use activities.

Les produits forestiers non ligneux constituent l’une des richesses des écosystèmes forestiers du Bassin du Congo. A ce titre, nombre de chercheurs y ont vu un gage de lutte contre la pauvreté parce que capables de relancer la croissance à travers les revenus, l’alimentation et la santé dont ces produits sont tributaires. La crise économique des années 1980 qui a durement frappé la plupart des pays de la région, a également contribué à renforcer cette confiance dans le rôle économique des PFNL. Avec la crise, l’agriculture ne pouvait plus être la seule référence lorsqu’il s’agissait d’assurer les revenus des ménages. En fait, les chocs économiques successifs des années 1980 s’étant traduits par la baisse du pouvoir d’achat des ménages face aux effets conjugués de la chute brutale des produits de base tels le cacao, le café et la banane d’une part et la dévaluation du franc CFA en 1994 d’autre part, les populations se sont ruées sur des sources de revenus alternatives. L’exploitation plus intensive des PFNL s’inscrit dans cette dynamique. Au plan environnemental, de nombreux auteurs ont affirmé que, contrairement au bois, l’exploitation des PFNL aurait pour effet de retarder la conversion des forêts tropicales, grâce à son impact faible et surtout la volonté des populations à les conserver en connaissance de cause. Aussi, plus de deux décennies après, il y a lieu de se demander si ce mouvement des populations vers les PFNL a produits tous les effets escomptés. En d’autres termes, les PFNL ont-ils comblé les attentes des populations par rapport à la lutte contre la pauvreté et la création d’emplois en Afrique centrale ? L’objectif général de cette étude consiste à évaluer la contribution effective des PFNL à l’économie des ménages et l’impact de leur gestion sur l’environnement, en se limitant au Bassin du Congo et en insistant sur les expériences conduites dans la région au cours des 2-3 dernières décennies
The involvement of rural people in forest management is determinant in sustainable management of forests. These people are relying on forest products, especially Non timber forest products they have been collecting for centuries. A good understanding of the valuing conditions of these products is essential in the Congo Basin. The implication of the private sector in adding value to NTFP is another challenge that will be analyzed in my thesis. By giving more attention to NTFP we create the conditions of equity in forest management. Overall the work attached to this thesis is important for sustainable forest management in Cameroon. Many articles, books and book chapters were published on the issue and number of presentations has been given during international conferences related to forests

La forêt marécageuse de Lokoli, située dans le sud du Bénin est une formation non protégée, bien qu’elle soit la seule forêt marécageuse avec un cours d’eau permanent connue en Afrique de l’Ouest. Pour envisager une prise de décision de conservation et de protection de cet écosystème forestier, il est important de disposer d’une meilleure connaissance de sa flore, de sa végétation et de son fonctionnement. C’est dans ce cadre que la présente étude a été envisagée. Les données collectées concernent le milieu naturel, la structure de la forêt, la régénération naturelle des espèces et les usages faits des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL). Le milieu naturel se compose d’un substratum acide (pH variant de 3,5 à 5,5) et argilo-sableux. Le cortège floristique de cette forêt est composé de 241 espèces réparties en 185 genres et 70 familles dont des espèces endémiques (Uapaca paludosa) ou en danger (Hallea ledermannii), Nauclea xanthoxylon, etc. Sept groupements végétaux ont été identifiés (forêt primaire inondée à Alstonia congensis et Xylopia rubescens, forêt secondaire inondée à Ficus trichopoda et Spondianthus preussii et raphiale à Raphia hookeri et Anthocleista vogelii en forêt ;forêt ripicole à Alchornea cordifolia et Mitragyna inermis, savane marécageuse à Ficus asperifolia et Paullinia pinnata ;prairie marécageuse à Cyclosorus gongylodes et Polygonum pulchrum et enfin prairie marécageuse à Rhynchospora corymbosa et Ludwigia abyssinica en lisière) avec des précisions sur leurs caractéristiques floristiques, biologiques, phytogéographiques et écosociologiques. Les mésophanérophytes sont abondants en forêt alors qu’en lisière, ce sont les microphanérophytes qui sont les plus nombreux. Ces groupements constituent un refuge pour de nombreuses espèces animales dont Barboides britzi, poisson déterminé pour la première fois en 2006. D’après cette étude, on note une bonne régénération des espèces forestières malgré une recrudescence des trouées liées à l’installation de champs de Colocasia esculenta. Parmi les 75 espèces, source de PFNL recensées, les produits et sous-produits issus de Raphia hookeri sont les plus exploités car ils constituent pour les populations riveraines d’importantes sources de revenus. Ces PFNL sont exploités à Lokoli pour plusieurs usages à savoir l’alimentation, l’emballage, boisson alcoolisée, recettes médicinales, construction, etc. Le nombre de pieds de Raphia hookeri saignés par an est de 15.452 par 320 exploitants dont 148 cueilleurs, 81 transformateurs et 91 commerçants ;ce qui fournit aux exploitants des revenus de l’ordre de 28.000 à 159.000 FCFA (42,7 à 242,4 euros) par mois et par exploitant, sans oublier les autres activités menées par les riverains dans cet écosystème. On note une forte pression anthropique sur cette formation qu’il est donc urgent de protéger. En effet, elle dispose d’importants atouts qui militent en faveur de sa conservation. Elle abrite des espèces végétales et animales rares, endémiques, vulnérables et en danger (inscrites sur la liste rouge de l’UICN), telles que :Hallea ledermannii, Uapaca paludosa, Nauclea xanthoxylon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster erythrogaster, Cercopithecus mona, Colobus vellerosus, Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, Barboides britzi, etc. La forêt marécageuse de Lokoli joue un rôle de refuge pour toutes ces espèces qui y trouvent leur niche écologique. Sur le plan socio-économique, la FML fournit aux populations riveraines des revenus pour leur subsistance. Toutes ces potentialités font d’elle une Forêt à Haute Valeur pour la Conservation (FHVC) et elle pourrait constituer une véritable réserve de biosphère dans le Sud-Bénin.
The swamp forest of Lokoli, located in the south of Benin, is a non-protected area, although it is the only swamp forest in West Africa accompanied by a river which always contains water. To be able to make decisions concerning the conservation and protection of this forest ecosystem, it is important to have a better knowledge of its flora, its vegetation and its ecology and dynamics. It is within this framework that the present study was considered. The data that were collected relate to the natural environment, the structure of the forest, the natural regeneration of the species and the uses of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP). The natural environment is composed of a substratum which is acid (pH varying from 3.5 to 5.5) and loamy-sandy. The floristic composition of this forest is composed of 241 plant species from 185 genera and 70 families. Seven vegetation types were identified: 1. Inundated primary forest with Alstonia congensis and Xylopia rubescens; 2. Inundated secondary forest with Ficus trichopoda and Spondianthus preussii; 3. Raphia forest with Raphia hookeri and Anthocleista vogelii; 4. Riparian forest with Alchornea cordifolia and Mitragyna inermis; 5. Marshy savanna with Ficus asperifolia and Paullinia pinnata; 6. Marshy savanna with Cyclosorus gongylodes and Polygonum pulchrum; and 7. Marshy savanna with Rhynchospora corymbosa and Ludwigia abyssinica. Precise details are given on their floristic, biological, phytogeographical and phytosociological characteristics. The mesophanerophytes are abundant in forest whereas at forest edges the microphanerophytes are most numerous. These vegetation types constitute a refuge for many animal species, for example Barboides britzi, a species of fish first identified in 2006. This study noted a good regeneration of forest species, in spite of disturbance related to the installation of fields of Colocasia esculenta. About 75 investigated NTFP are exploited in Lokoli for many purposes, among which food, packaging, alcoholic drinks, medicines, construction, etc. Among the listed NTFP, the products and by-products made from Raphia hookeri are the most important because they are important sources of revenue for the inhabitants of the area. The number of stems of Raphia used per year for palm wine production is 15.452 by the 320 inhabitants, including 148 gatherers, 81 transformers and 91 tradesmen. This provides to the inhabitants an income of about 28,000 to 159,000 FCFA per month and per inhabitant, without forgetting the other activities undertaken by these inhabitants. This results in a strong human pressure on the vegetation of the area which is therefore in urgent need of protection. The vegetation of the Lokoli forest has important values which indicate its conservation concern. It shelters plant and animal species that are endemic and/or endangered or vulnerable according to the red list of the IUCN, such as: Hallea ledermannii, Uapaca paludosa, Nauclea xanthoxylon, Cercopithecus erythrogaster erythrogaster, Cercopithecus mona, Colobus vellerosus, Ceriagrion citrinum Campion, Barboides britzi, etc. The swamp forest of Lokoli is a refuge for all these species who find here their ecological niche. On the socio-economic level, the Lokoli forest provides to the inhabitants an income for their subsistence. The Lokoli forest in southern Benin is a forest with a high conservation value and it has the potential to become a “biosphere reserve”.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In most developing countries, forest resources are a major source of livelihood for forest dwellers. Forests provide fuel wood, farm products, meat, timber and plants of high medicinal value, including Prunus africana. The collection of medicinal plants is also an important source of cash income for some forest communities, and widely relied on to cure illnesses (Poffenberger, 1993). Because of this, the poor forest dwellers in particular are forced to exert pressure on their surrounding environment to make ends meet. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources has cost some forest dwellers dearly as they are now experiencing marked reduction of wildlife, forest cover, soil fertility and most importantly water supply, which is a key to life. Prunus africana has a very high economic and medicinal value locally as well as internationally. The exploitation of this species is a very profitable activity in most parts of Africa where it occurs, including the Mount Cameroon region. In recent years, most youths and young men in the Mount Cameroon region have seemingly become less interested in their usual income generating activities (farming, hunting, etc.) because of reduced productivity and have taken up Prunus harvesting as their major source of income. Increase in demand for this species by the French pharmaceutical company (Plantecam), weak institutional capacity to control exploitation, uncontrolled access into the forest, scramble for diminished stock by legal and illegal exploiters, destruction of wild stock by unsustainable practices, and insufficient regeneration of the species in the past have almost driven this species to extinction in certain parts of Cameroon and made it severely threatened in others. Prunus africana is presently threatened with extinction in the entire Mount Cameroon region. In response to this, the Mount Cameroon Project (MCP) and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MINEF) helped some communities (Bokwoango and Mapanja) in the Mount Cameroon region to form Prunus africana harvesters’ unions with the aim of preserving the resource and improving the socio-economic benefits. The principal aim of the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union is to ensure sustainable exploitation of Prunus africana while saving money for important development projects for individual members, their families and the entire community. This piece of work highlights the different facets of Prunus africana management in Cameroon in general and the Bokwoango community in particular. The study examines the socio-economic impact of Prunus africana management in the Bokwoango community and shows specifically the management role played by the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union to reduce the rate of exploitation of Prunus africana and also to ensure benefit sharing of the earnings from sales of Prunus bark. It at the same time brings out the constraints encountered by harvesters as well as the opportunities that can make the union become more viable to the socio-economic development of the Bokwoango community. Results of this study show that for the short period that the Bokwoango Prunus africana harvesters’ union has existed, the socio-economic changes in this community are encouraging if one compares the present situation with that before the formation of the union. Most importantly, there has been increased awareness on the great need to conserve not only the threatened Prunus africana species but also other threatened plant and animal species in the region through sustainable hunting, harvesting and regeneration. Some proposals are made for efficient natural resource management and improvements on livelihood through alternative income generating activities. The study ends with recommendations for policy and institutional reforms as well as suggestions for further research in sustainable management of Prunus africana.

Orientador: Vera Lex Engel
Banca: Edson José Vidal da Silva
Banca: Raquel Rejano Bonato Negrelle
Resumo: Muitos estudos têm estimado limites de colheita de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs) baseados em dados demográficos das espécies fontes. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) é utilizada como flor de corte e no paisagismo, e já foi alvo do extrativismo na comunidade rural na região do estudo (Distrito de Taiaçupeba, Mogi das Cruzes, SP). Nosso objetivo geral foi fornecer bases para a elaboração de planos de manejo sustentável para populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana, através de: avaliação do conhecimento etnobotânico sobre H. velloziana; análise de sua fenologia reprodutiva em relação as variáveis climáticas; avaliação do rendimento e dos efeitos ecológicos do extrativismo sobre taxas vitais de populações silvestres da espécie alvo em diferentes micro-hábitats. Objetivou-se também verificar o potencial para manejo sustentável da espécie e sugerir um regime de rendimento sustentado específico. Para acessar o conhecimento local sobre H. velloziana, foram realizadas entrevistas informais e semiestruturadas, além de observação participante. Os efeitos ecológicos da colheita experimental sobre taxas vitais e a fenologia reprodutiva foram avaliados através de amostragem aleatória estratificada, em uma área total amostral de 0,12ha (12 parcelas de 10x10m) em seis sítios amostrais abrangendo dois estratos (planície e encosta). Em cada sítio, uma população foi submetida à colheita experimental e outra foi mantida como controle. Os aspectos melhor conhecidos pela comunidade local sobre a espécie alvo foram: nome popular, variação intraespecífica, reprodução clonal, visitantes florais, atrativos florais, floração seqüencial, distribuição e abundância local. A espécie foi considerada útil pelos entrevistados para complementação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Many studies have estimated harvesting limits for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) based on demographic data of the source species. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) is used as a cut flower and gardening, and has already been targeted for extractivism by the rural community of the study region. Our general goal was to provide bases for the elaboration of Heliconia velloziana wild populations sustainable management plans, through: assessing ethnobotanical knowledge about H. velloziana; analyzing its reproductive phenology in relation to climatic variables; assessing the yield and ecological effects of harvesting on vital rates of wild populations of the target species in different micro-habitats. We also aimed to verify sustainable management potential of the species and suggest a specific sustained yield regime. To access local knowledge on H. velloziana, informal and semi-structured interviews were done, besides participant observation. The experimental harvesting ecological effects on vital rates and the reproductive phenology were assessed through stratified random sampling, in a total sampling area of 0,12ha (12 10x10m plots) in six sampling sites enclosing two strata (lowland and hillside). At each site, one population was submitted to experimental harvesting and the other was kept as control. The best known aspects by local community about the target species were: common name, intra-specific variation, clonal growth, flower visitors, floral attractants, sequential flowering, local distribution and abundance. The species was considered useful by the interviewed as familiar income complementation through extractivism, besides other secondary uses. It was identified a rich knowledge about the species' management system, once used, that was considered simple and consisted of two to three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. is a semi-deciduous species, heliophyle, characteristic of forest land and usually emerging, which collects on the fruits and seeds for use in feed. However, knowledge about the factors that influence the production of the trees is weak. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of rainfall, soil (texture, depth and hydromorphic) dendrometric variables (diameter at breast height and insertion of the crown, tapering, coefficient of taper artificially and taper artificially), qualitative variables (canopy shape and position), competition, sapwood area and size classes and grouping of vessels in the production of fruits and seeds of the species. It was observed that the same number of fruit generate seed yields in kg with significant differences. Rainfall for the month of September shows a positive correlation with the production. The deep soil and with texture sandy clay loam or sandy-clay have a higher yield potential than the shallow and clayey. Trees with less taper (more cylindrical) tended to produce more than trees with greater taper (more conical). Trees with full crowns (circular and irregular) have the same productive potential, and in turn greater potential than those who had half crown. The expected maximum sapwood area decreases exponentially with increasing competition. Trees with sapwood area less than 0.030 m² were not productive and less than 0,075 m² always produce less than 5 kg. Trees that have large solitary vessels are more abundant and have a tendency to produce less than those of other classes. The greatest production potential is expected to trees growing and deep soil, with texture sandy clay loam or clay-sandy, with complete canopies in areas subject to competition for Bertholletia index (IB) below 33, with sapwood area between 0.37450 and 0.29961 square meters and preferably not have large solitary vessels. The proposed model for prediction of seed fresh weight (kg) is Peso=-11.16+0.103636·PPSet +11.699216·galb in soils with texture clayey, in soils with texture sandy clay loam or sandy-clay are level difference with an increase of 7.40 kg of seeds per tree.
Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K. é uma espécie semidecídua, heliófila, característica da mata de terra firme e, normalmente emergente, da qual se coleta os frutos e as sementes para utilização na alimentação. Todavia, o conhecimento sobre os fatores que influenciam a produção de frutos e sementes das árvores é incipiente. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar a influência da precipitação, do solo (textura, hidromorfia e profundidade), variáveis dendrométricas (diâmetro à altura do peito e na inserção da copa, afilamento, coeficiente de forma artificial e forma artificial), variáveis qualitativas (forma e posição de copa), competição, área de alburno e classes de tamanho e agrupamento dos vasos na produção de frutos e sementes da espécie. Observou-se que o número de frutos iguais gera produções de sementes em kg com diferenças significativas. A precipitação do mês de setembro demonstrou correlação positiva com a produção. Os solos profundos e de textura franco argilosa-arenosa ou argilo-arenosa evidenciaram maior potencial produtivo que os rasos e de textura argilosa. Árvores com menor afilamento (mais cilíndricas) revelaram uma tendência a produzirem mais que árvores com maior afilamento (mais cônicas). Árvores com copa completa (circular ou irregular) assinalam mesmo potencial produtivo e, por sua vez, maior potencial que as que apresentam metade da copa. A máxima área de alburno esperada decresce exponencialmente com o aumento da competição. Árvores com área de alburno inferior a 0,030 m² não foram produtivas e as inferiores a 0,075 m² produzem sempre menos de 5 kg. Árvores que possuem vasos largos solitários são mais abundantes e apresentam uma tendência a produzirem menos que as de outras classes. O maior potencial produtivo é esperado para árvores crescendo e solos profundos de texturas francoargilosa- arenosa ou argilo-arenosa, com copa completa, em áreas submetidas à competição pelo Índice de Bertholletia (IB) inferior a 33, com área de alburno entre 0,29961 e 0,37450 m² e preferencialmente não apresentem vasos largos solitários. O modelo proposto para predição do peso fresco de sementes (kg) é: Peso=- 11,16+0,103636·PPSet +11,699216·galb para solos de textura argilosa, em solos de textura franco argilosa-arenosa ou argilo-arenosa há diferença de nível com acréscimo de 7,40 kg de sementes por árvore.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Muitos estudos têm estimado limites de colheita de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs) baseados em dados demográficos das espécies fontes. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) é utilizada como flor de corte e no paisagismo, e já foi alvo do extrativismo na comunidade rural na região do estudo (Distrito de Taiaçupeba, Mogi das Cruzes, SP). Nosso objetivo geral foi fornecer bases para a elaboração de planos de manejo sustentável para populações silvestres de Heliconia velloziana, através de: avaliação do conhecimento etnobotânico sobre H. velloziana; análise de sua fenologia reprodutiva em relação as variáveis climáticas; avaliação do rendimento e dos efeitos ecológicos do extrativismo sobre taxas vitais de populações silvestres da espécie alvo em diferentes micro-hábitats. Objetivou-se também verificar o potencial para manejo sustentável da espécie e sugerir um regime de rendimento sustentado específico. Para acessar o conhecimento local sobre H. velloziana, foram realizadas entrevistas informais e semiestruturadas, além de observação participante. Os efeitos ecológicos da colheita experimental sobre taxas vitais e a fenologia reprodutiva foram avaliados através de amostragem aleatória estratificada, em uma área total amostral de 0,12ha (12 parcelas de 10x10m) em seis sítios amostrais abrangendo dois estratos (planície e encosta). Em cada sítio, uma população foi submetida à colheita experimental e outra foi mantida como controle. Os aspectos melhor conhecidos pela comunidade local sobre a espécie alvo foram: nome popular, variação intraespecífica, reprodução clonal, visitantes florais, atrativos florais, floração seqüencial, distribuição e abundância local. A espécie foi considerada útil pelos entrevistados para complementação...
Many studies have estimated harvesting limits for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) based on demographic data of the source species. Heliconia velloziana Emygdio (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae) is used as a cut flower and gardening, and has already been targeted for extractivism by the rural community of the study region. Our general goal was to provide bases for the elaboration of Heliconia velloziana wild populations sustainable management plans, through: assessing ethnobotanical knowledge about H. velloziana; analyzing its reproductive phenology in relation to climatic variables; assessing the yield and ecological effects of harvesting on vital rates of wild populations of the target species in different micro-habitats. We also aimed to verify sustainable management potential of the species and suggest a specific sustained yield regime. To access local knowledge on H. velloziana, informal and semi-structured interviews were done, besides participant observation. The experimental harvesting ecological effects on vital rates and the reproductive phenology were assessed through stratified random sampling, in a total sampling area of 0,12ha (12 10x10m plots) in six sampling sites enclosing two strata (lowland and hillside). At each site, one population was submitted to experimental harvesting and the other was kept as control. The best known aspects by local community about the target species were: common name, intra-specific variation, clonal growth, flower visitors, floral attractants, sequential flowering, local distribution and abundance. The species was considered useful by the interviewed as familiar income complementation through extractivism, besides other secondary uses. It was identified a rich knowledge about the species` management system, once used, that was considered simple and consisted of two to three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials. Identified policy options are: • strengthen institutional capacity; • improve infrastructure and support services; • organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning; • facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership. This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.

This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials. Identified policy options are: • strengthen institutional capacity; • improve infrastructure and support services; • organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning; • facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership. This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.

This paper explores the statistical properties of microfragment recovery techniques used on NTFS filesystems in the use of digital forensics. A microfragment is the remnant file-data existing in the cluster slack after this file has been overwritten. The total amount of cluster slack is related to the size distribution of the overwriting files as well as to the size of cluster. Experiments have been performed by varying the size distributions of the overwriting files as well as the cluster sizes of the partition. These results are then compared with existing analytical models.

FIVES

Ce travail de thèse est centré sur l'établissement de modèles prédictifs de toxicité radio-induite et sur l’étude de leur intérêt en cas de radiothérapie par modulation d’intensité. Six modèles NTCP ont été implémentés et leur paramètres identifiés pour la prédiction des toxicités rectale et vésicale tardives dans le cancer de la prostate. Leur capacité prédictive a été démontrée pour les deux organes. Par ailleurs, le modèle LKB a été utilisé pour la prédiction de l’œsophagite aiguë en cas de radiothérapie du cancer bronchique non à petites cellules. Ensuite, le bénéfice tiré de l’incorporation du paramètre de dose équivalent uniforme (EUD) pour la planification inverse de la radiothérapie par modulation d’intensité (IMRT) a été évalué. L’évaluation de cette approche a montré une baisse significative de la dose dans les parois vésicale et rectale. L’incorporation de plusieurs modèles biologiques dans le processus d’optimisation de l’IMRT a aussi été réalisée. Des fonctions objectif ont été établies pour les différents facteurs biologiques comme le NTCP, l’EUD et le TCP. Les résultats dosimétriques obtenus montrent la supériorité de l’optimisation basée sur des facteurs biologiques sur celle reposant uniquement sur des facteurs physiques. Enfin, les modèles NTCP classiques ont été améliorés en intégrant un paramètre radiobiologique supplémentaire, le rapport α/β. Ce rapport α/β a été identifié pour différents types de toxicité. Avec ce nouveau paramètre, les modèles NTCP peuvent finalement être étendus à des patients traités suivant différents fractionnements, les traitements hypofractionnés étant de plus en plus utilisés
This thesis is focused on the predictive models of irradiation induced toxicities in intensity modulated radiotherapy. Six different NTCP models were implemented and their parameters were identified at predicting late rectal and bladder toxicities in prostate cancer. Their predictive skills have been demonstrated on both organs. Second, LKB model was used to predict the irradiation induced acute esophagitis after nun-small-cell lung cancer. Then, the benefit of using EUD in prostate cancer IMRT inverse planning was evaluated. The evaluation of the proposed approach proved that the use of EUD significantly decreased both the dose in the bladder and rectum walls. Then, the incorporation of different biological models in IMRT optimization process has been realized. Objective functions were established for different biological factors like NTCP, EUD and TCP. Obtained results show the superiority of the optimization based on biological factors over the optimization relying only on physical factors. Finally, classical NTCP models were corrected to deal with another radiobiological parameter, the α/β ratio. With this additional factor, NTCP models can be extended to predict toxicity for patients with different dose fractionation, these kinds of treatments being more and more clinically used

With its enormous potential Voice over Internet Protocol is one of the latest buzzwords in information technology. Despite the numerous advantages of Voice over IP, it is a major technical challenge to achieve a similar call quality as experienced in the ordinary Public Switched Telephone Network. This thesis introduces standardized Internet protocols for Voice over IP, such as Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), in its background chapter. In order to provide better Quality of Service (QoS) Voice over IP applications should support a feedback mechanism, such as the Real-time Control Protocol (RTCP), and use accurate timing information, provided by the Network Time Protocol (NTP). Additionally this thesis considers synchronization issues in calls with two and more peers. After a rather academic overview of Voice over IP, the open source real-time application “minisip”, a SIP user agent, and its operation and structure for handling audio streams will be introduced. Minisip was extended by an implementation of NTP and RTCP to provide a test platform for this thesis. A clear conclusion is that the addition of global time helps facilitate synchronization of multiple streams from clients located any where in the network and in addition the ability to make one-way delay measurements helps SIP user agents to provide better quality audio to their users.
Röst över IP, eller Internettelefoni baserad på “Voice over Internet Protocol” (VoIP), har med sin stora potential blivit ett av de senaste modeorden inom informationsteknologin. Vid sedan av ett antal fördelar med VoIP så innebär det en stor teknisk utmaning att uppnå en likadan samtalskvalitet som i det vanliga, fasta, telenätet. I den här uppsatsen beskrivs hur tjänstevalitet för VoIP kan förbättras genom att noggrant tidssynkronisera de (två eller flera) klienter som deltar i ett telefonsamtal. För detta krävs dels en återkopplingsmekanism, såsom “Real-time Control Protocol” (RTCP), samt en gemensam tidsuppfattning i de inblandade klienterna, vilket kan uppnås med hjälp av “Network Time Protocol” (NTP). Dessa protokoll, liksom de övriga Internet-standarder som VoIP baseras på (såsom “Session Initiation Protocol” (SIP) och “Real-time Transport Protocol” (RTP), beskrivs inledningsvis i uppsatsen. För studien har en SIP-klient baserad på öppen källkod använts (“Minisip”), och utökats med NTP och RCTP funktionalitet för att testa den föreslagna förbättringen av VoIP. En tydlig slutsats är att kännedom om en “global tid” möjliggör synkronisering av multipla ljudströmmar från klienter som befinner sig på olika nätverk. Möjligheten att mäta paketfördröjningen (envägs) bidrar också till en förbättrad ljudkvalitet.

Detta arbete behandlar en specifik typ av överbelastningsattack som blir allt mer populär. Dessa attacker utförs genom öppna reläer med syftet att få ut en avsevärt mycket högre effekt än den som annars är uppnåbar. Granskning av attacker utförda genom tjänsterna DNS och NTP har utförts med syftet att ge en klar bild av hur allvarligt hotet är och även klargöra hur en systemadministratör kan säkra tjänsterna för att skydda både sina egna och andras resurser. Resultaten av undersökningar visar att en attack utförd genom en DNS-tjänst ger under optimala förhållanden en amplifikationsfaktor av "102.4" och en attack genom en NTP-tjänst ger under optimala förhållanden en amplifikationsfaktor av "229.16". Resultaten visar även att problemet kan lösas helt eller delvis genom att begränsa tillåtna nätverk eller stänga av rekursion i DNS och kommandon i NTP.
This work concerns a specific type of Denial of Service attack which is becoming increasingly popular. These attacks are carried out through open relays with the purpose of getting a significantly higher effect than otherwise achievable. Examination of attacks carried out through the services DNS and NTP have been conducted with the purpose of providing a clear picture of how serious the threat is and also clarify how a system administrator can secure the services to protect both their own and others resources. The results of our studies show that an attack performed through a DNS service gives under optimal conditions a amplification factor of "102.4" and an attack through a NTP service gives under optimal conditions a amplification factor of "229.16". The results also show that the problem can be solved in whole or in part by limiting the allowed network or disable recursion in DNS and commands in NTP.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 2, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

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O Network Time Protocol (NTP) é um protocolo para sincronização de relógios de computadores em rede que tem quase duas décadas de existência e está em contínua evolução. Com algoritmos robustos para tratamento de fase e freqüência, com um bom disciplinador de relógio local e tendo implementações para as mais diversas plataformas e sistemas operacionais de computadores e equipamentos de rede, o NTP tornou-se um padrão de fato. Entretanto, esse protocolo ainda tem problemas que precisam ser solucionados para ser operacionalmente eficaz, pois seu desempenho depende de boas condições de rede para a troca das informações de sincronização, sofrendo bastante em caso de congestionamento. Devido a esses problemas, em vários países (incluindo o Brasil) esse protocolo é considerado inadequado para prover informação de horário de forma confiável, fazendo com que registros de hora em sistemas que o utilizam não tenham valor legal. Além disso, muitas aplicações necessitam de um sistema de controle de relógios confiável para funcionar corretamente (por exemplo, sistemas bancários e servidores de bancos de dados distribuídos). Isso obriga muitas empresas a utilizar sistemas legados tradicionais e mais caros para poder funcionar de forma correta e legal. Com o advento da Qualidade de Serviço em redes de computadores, esse problema pode ser abordado elegantemente e resolvido. Várias arquiteturas de Qualidade de Serviço foram propostas, mas a arquitetura de Serviços Diferenciados (DiffServ), devido a sua facilidade de implementação e ao fato de ter sido a mais estudada e implementada experimentalmente, mostrou-se a mais forte candidata à implantação mundial e no menor prazo. Essa arquitetura adequou-se bem ao problema de sincronização de relógios, embora a solução não seja trivial. Essa dissertação sugere um arcabouço para lidar com a sincronização de relógios através do NTP em domínios DiffServ com ou sem corretores de banda. Tendo-se Serviços Bem Definidos (Well Defined Services WDS) e baseado na idéia de que as aplicações devem conhecer o tipo de tratamento necessário ao seu tráfego, esse arcabouço consiste na adoção de políticas para o tratamento de tráfego NTP nos equipamentos de rede e na adoção de uma política para a marcação de pacotes por parte da aplicação. A proposta é validada com um estudo de caso feito com medição real do desempenho da aplicação sobre um ambiente de rede emulado

The principal aim of the study was to investigate the extent and under which conditions does local-level trade in Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca fruits contribute to rural development- poverty alleviation- in Rashad of Nuba Mountains, Sudan. Purposive sampling technique was applied to select the 221 household collectors and 62 household traders in 2008/2009. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through several methods including interviews, household survey, market surveys, direct observations, and through literature review. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the production-to-consumption system (PCS) of the three products and to assess their contribution to household income and expenditure. The results indicate that the contribution to total household‟s income was 51%, 42% and 26% for A. digitata, Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits, respectively. The A. digitata fruits case study represents accumulative and subsistence livelihood strategies; while Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits case studies represent a subsistence livelihood strategy for the households. The results also show that the financial returns from local-level trade in the selected NTFPs were negatively affected by different factors related to products markets, base resource, participants‟ attributes, and the political environment under which the products are traded. The study concluded that any assumption regarding the potential of the NTFPs case studies to affect rural development positively depends on the role of the product in financial capital creation and the related accumulative strategy. Thus, attention paid to not assume that all NTFPs have a potential for rural development- push people out of poverty. To promote the local-level trade in the studied NTFPs and influence future direction of their financial returns toward accumulative strategy, interventions and supports (e.g. access to microfinance, capacity building and organization of the actors, market information and resource management) are important
Das Hauptziel der Studie bestand darin zu untersuchen, in welchem Maße und unter welchen Bedingungen der Handel mit Früchten von Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi und Balanites aegyptiaca zur Armutsbekämpfung in Rashad im Gebirge Nuba Mountains, Sudan beiträgt. Das zielgerichtete Probenahmeverfahren wurde eingesetzt, um 221 Sammler und 62 Händler von Haushalten im Zeitraum 2008/2009 auszuwählen. Quantitative und qualitative Daten wurden durch mehrere Methoden erhoben, die Interviews, Haushaltserhebungen, direkte Beobachtungen sowie Literaturanalysen umfassen. Sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Methoden kamen zum Einsatz, um das System von der Produktion zur Konsumption der drei Produkte zu analysieren und deren Beitrag zu den Einnahmen und Ausgaben der Haushalte zu beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Beitrag zum Haushaltsgesamteinkommen 51%, 42% bzw. 26% für A. digitata, Z. spina-christi bzw. B. aegyptiaca Früchte betrug. Die A. digitata Früchte-Fallstudie zeigt akkumulations- und eigenbedarfsorientierte Lebensunterhalts- und Erwerbsstrategien; während die Fallstudien zu den Früchten von Z. spina-christi und B. aegyptiaca eine Eigenbedarfs-Lebensunterhaltsstrategie für die Haushalte darstellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass die finanzielle Rendite vom Handel auf lokaler Ebene mit ausgewählten NTFP„s (Nichtholzprodukten) durch verschiedene Faktoren negativ beeinflusst wurde, die in Beziehung stehen mit den Märkten für die Erzeugnisse, mit der Ressource Baum, den Einstellungen der Teilnehmer und dem politischen Umfeld, in welchem die Produkte gehandelt wurden. Die Untersuchung legt den Schluss nahe, dass jede Annahme bezüglich des Potentials von NTFP-Fallstudien, die ländliche Entwicklung positiv zu beeinflussen, von der Rolle des Produkts bei der Bildung von Finanzkapital und der damit in Beziehung stehenden akkumulativen Strategie abhängig ist. Somit wird die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gelenkt, dass nicht angenommen werden kann, dass alle NTFP„s ein Potenzial für die ländliche Entwicklung haben, und somit die Menschen aus der Armut herausführen. Den Handel der untersuchten NTFP‟s auf lokaler Ebene zu fördern, und die künftige Richtung des finanziellen Gewinns hinsichtlich akkumulativer Strategie, Interventionen und Hilfeleistungen (z.B. Zugang zu Mikrofinanzen, Kapazitätsaufbau und Organisation von Akteuren, Marktinformationen und Ressourcenmanagement) zu beeinflussen, ist bedeutsam

Les méthodes d'homogénéisation numériques permettent de lever les limitations associées aux approches analytiques ou semi-analytiques pour prédire le comportement des matériaux hétérogènes dont les phases sont décrites par un comportement non linéaire, en particulier pour des morphologies de géométries complexes, ou des comportements dépendant de l'histoire, ou en grandes déformations. Dans ce travail, plusieurs contributions aux méthodes d'homogénéisation numériques pour traiter les problèmes non linéaires sont proposées. Dans une première partie, nous introduisons une méthode permettant de réaliser l'homogénéisation des matériaux dont les phases sont élastoplastiques parfaites. La technique est une extension de la méthode Non Uniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA) dans laquelle un algorithme de type prédiction-correction est introduit pour actualiser les variables internes. Dans une seconde partie, une méthode pour réaliser l'homogénéisation des composites non linéaires élastiques en petites et grandes déformations est proposée. Celle-ci se base sur la construction de potentiels associés au comportement effectif sous forme d'une base de données composée de valeurs discrètes interpolées à partir de valeurs discrètes obtenus par calculs éléments finis réalisés sur un Volume Élémentaire Représentatif (VER). Un schéma original d'interpolation est introduit, utilisant la notion de réseaux de neurones artificiels pour limiter le nombre de valeurs pré-calculées et choisir les points aléatoirement dans l'espace du chargement et des paramètres. Il est possible d'introduire des paramètres associés à la microstructure dans le comportement tels que la fraction volumique ou des paramètres de comportement des phases, en vue de possible optimisation de la réponse associée des structures non linéaires
Computational homogenization methods allow circumventing issues associated to analytical or semi-analytical approaches, for predicting the effective behavior of heterogeneous materials whose phase are described by a nonlinear behavior, more precisely when microstructures have complex morphologies or a history-depedendent behavior, or when considering finite strains. In this work, several contributions to computational homogenization methods for modeling nonlinear heterogeneous materials are proposed. In a first part, we introduce a method for homogenizing meterials whose phases are perfectly elastoplastic. The technique extends the Non Uniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA) method by développing a return-mapping algorithm to update macroscopic internal variables. In a second part, a method is introduced for the homogenization of nonlinear composites whose phases are nonlinearly elastic, at both small and finite strains. The approach is based on the construction of potentials associated to the effective behavior in the form of a database whose discrete values are computed through Finite Element Computations realized on a Representative Volume Element (RVE). An original interpolation scheme is introduced, which is based on artificial Neural Networks to reduce the number of computed values which can be distributed randomly in the parameter space. It is then possible to introduce parameters associated to the microstructure in the constitutive law, such as volume fraction or constitutive parameters of local phases, for optimization of the related non linear structure response

Vattenfall and Svenska Kraftnät perform start-up tests, where hydropower generators are used to power up the electrical grid in case of a blackout. To monitor the electrical grid, Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are used. Each PMU is individually equipped with a GPS-receiver to precisely timestamp the data relative to the official time UTC. During the test, it is also of interest to timestamp the measurement signals from individual hydropower generators to later compare with PMU-data, and thus study the power grids impact on the generator.

 

The aim is to work out an appropriate method to make these measurements and to build a data acquisition system, capable of timestamp data relative to UTC, from a generator in one of Vattenfalls hydroelectric power stations. The problem is that the generator is located in an underground station which hampers the reception of GPS-signals and wiring should be avoided if possible.

 

Time synchronization has been solved by using Vattenfalls network, which is synchronized by the network protocol NTP. The network includes the concerned hydropower stations and thus can wiring from the surface be avoided. The maximum error for the server in the specific hydroelectric power station is bounded within [-4.62, 3.18] ms relative to UTC. The conclusion is that Vattenfalls NTP-network meets the requirements to distribute time. A platform from National Instruments, programmed with the graphical language LabVIEW, has been used for data acquisition. The platform is programmed to synchronize its internal clock to a NTP-server, timestamp the input signals and save the data on the internal hard drive.

De nos jours, alors que la société est toujours plus interconnectée, une synchronisation temporelle sûre et précise devient de plus en plus critique pour de nombreuses applications. Les dispositifs informatiques utilisent souvent des oscillateurs à cristal de faible précision pour conserver le temps en local. Cette imprécision engendre une dérive entre les machines. La solution pour assurer une synchronisation précise de l’heure entre elles est d’utiliser une horloge de référence avec une source précise de temps, puis de diffuser le temps sur le réseau. Un des protocoles qui assurent la synchronisation temporelle est Network Time Protocol (NTP). Bien que NTP ait bien fonctionné pour un usage général pendant de nombreuses années, sa sécurité et sa précision sont mal adaptées aux défis futurs. De nombreux mécanismes de sécurité dépendent du temps dans le cadre de leur fonctionnement. Par exemple, avant d’utiliser un certificat électronique,il est nécessaire de confirmer sa validité temporelle. Une machine avec une horloge imprécise pourrait accepter des certificats expirés ou révoqués.Cette thèse présente d’abord le contexte de la synchronisation temporelle en commençant par la définition de certains concepts fondamentaux tels que le modèle d’horloge, le problème de la synchronisation d’horloge et certaines notions comme l’exactitude, la précision et la stabilité des horloges.Nous étudions les protocoles de synchronisation temporelle les plus courants des réseaux de communication, et entre autres NTP.Ensuite, nous considérons la sécurité de la synchronisation temporelle en présentant les possibles menaces de sécurité contre les protocoles de synchronisation temporelle et les exigences de sécurité de ces protocoles. Nous nous concentrons sur la sécurité du protocole NTP tel que décrit par le standard, et les travaux connexes qui ont tenté de l’améliorer sur ce point. Nous discutons également de l’importance d’avoir un compromis bien équilibré entre sécurité et performance.Dans notre première contribution, nous proposons d’aller plus loin que NTP avec Secure Time Synchronization Protocol (STS), un nouveau protocole de synchronisation de l’heure, qui est authentifié et sécurisé, et adapté aux larges déploiements. Nous décrivons le fonctionnement de STS et prouvons sa conception sécurisée, à l’aide d’une analyse formelle faite par deux outils de vérification de protocole de sécurité : Proverif et Tamarin. Nous présentons l’implémentation de STS basée sur le projet OpenNTPD, et évaluons ses performances en comparant la précision de STS avec celle de NTP non authentifié. Nous soulignons la dépendance circulaire entre la validation du certificat et la synchronisation temporelle.En réalité, une synchronisation temporelle fiable nécessite des matériaux cryptographiques qui ne sont valables que sur des intervalles de temps désignés, mais ces intervalles de temps ne peuvent être comparés à l’heure actuelle que lorsque les hôtes participants sont synchronisés de manière fiable. Nous présentons une solution qui fournit, lors de l’amorçage, une synchronisation approximative basée sur le blockchain Bitcoin, pour rompre cette dépendance circulaire.Dans notre deuxième contribution, nous proposons une méthode pour améliorer l’exactitude du protocole NTP, en tenant compte des délais de transmission asymétriques dus à une bande passante ou à un routage différent sur le chemin d’aller et de retour. En fait, l’asymétrie est assez répandue sur Internet, ce qui dégrade la performance de NTP qui fait l’hypothèse de délais symétriques. Cette méthode s’appuie sur l’utilisation d’un client NTP synchronisé par GPS, pour mesurer le délai unidirectionnel minimal aller et retour jusqu’à son serveur de temps. Ainsi, il est possible de calibrer NTP en prenant en compte cette asymétrie
Nowadays, as society has become more interconnected, secure and accurate time-keeping becomes more and more critical for many applications. Computing devices usually use crystal clocks with low precision for local synchronization. These low-quality clocks cause a large drift between machines. The solution to provide precise time synchronization between them is to use a reference clock having an accurate source of time and then disseminate time over a communication network to other devices. One of the protocols that provide time synchronization over packet-switched networks is Network Time Protocol (NTP). Although NTP has operated well for a general-purpose use for many years, both its security and accuracy are ill-suitedfor future challenges. Many security mechanisms rely on time as part of their operation. For example, before using a digital certificate, it is necessary to confirmits time validity. A machine with an inaccurate clock canaccept an expired or revoked certificate.This thesis first provides a background on time synchronization starting with the definition of some fundamental concepts such as the clock model, the problem of clock synchronization, and some notions like accuracy, precision, and stability of clocks. We study the most common time synchronization protocols used in packet-switched networks, and among others NTP.Then,we consider the security of time synchronization by presenting the possible security threats against time synchronization protocols and the security requirements of these protocols. We zoom in the securityof the NTP protocol as described by the standard NTP and other related work that tried to enhance NTP security. We also discuss the importance of having a well-balanced trade-off between security and performance.In our first contribution, we propose to go further in the support of NTP security with Secure Time Synchronization protocol (STS), a new secure authenticated time synchronization protocol suitable for widespread deployments. We describe the operation of STS and prove its design secure with a formal analysis using two security protocol verification tools: Proverif and Tamarin. We present the implementation of STS based on the OpenNTPD project, and evaluate its performance by comparing the STS precision with unauthenticated NTP. We point out the circular dependency between certificate validation and time synchronization. In fact, reliable time synchronization requires cryptographic materials that are valid only over designated time intervals, but time intervals can be only enforced when participating hosts are reliably synchronized. We present a solution for bootstrapping time synchronization based on the Bitcoin blockchain to break this circular dependency.In our second contribution, we propose a method for improving the accuracy of the NTP protocol by taking into account asymmetric transmission delays due to different bandwidth or routing on the forward and backward paths. In fact, asymmetry is quite prevalent in the Internet, which leads to low accuracy ofNTP that relies on the symmetric delay assumption to compute the clock offset. This method builds on using an NTP client synchronized with GPS to measure precisely the one-way transmission delay on the forward and backward path with his time server. In this way, it is possible to calibrate NTP to take into account asymmetry

This  report  is  a  part  of  a  master  thesis  project  done  at  Ericsson  Linköping  incooperation with Linköpings Tekniska Högskola (LiTH). This project is divided intwo different parts.  The first part is to create a measurement node that collectsand processes data from network time protocol servers.   It is used to determinethe  quality  of  the  IP  network  at  the  node  and  detect  potential  defects  on  usedtimeservers or nodes on the networks.The second assignment is to analyze the collected data and further improve theexisting synchronization algorithm.  Ip communication is not designed to be timecritical and therefore the NTP protocol needs to be complemented with additionalsignal processing to achieve required accuracy.  Real time requirements limit thecomputational complexity of the signal processing algorithm.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major cause of pharmaceutical withdrawal from the market and cholestasis is one of the most common DILI observed. Cholestasis stem from abnormalities in the activity of bile acid transporters, namely the sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, Ntcp (Slc10a1), and the bile salt export pump, Bsep (Abcb11). The nuclear receptors, pregnane X receptor (PXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), have been implicated in the regulation of Ntcp and Bsep. The aim of this study was to establish the relative roles of FXR and PXR in the regulation of Ntcp and Bsep, in the rat liver and sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) to establish the usefulness of SCRH as a good model for bile acid transport studies. For this purpose, male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with FXR and PXR ligands and siRNAs. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of FXR ligand, CDCA, resulted in induction in FXR mRNA levels whereas siRNA treatment knocked down FXR transcript levels. FXR induction decreased Ntcp transcript levels that were reversed in FXR knockdown animals. CDCA treatment resulted in greater than 2-fold increase in Bsep mRNA levels that was absent in FXR knockdown animals. The PXR ligand, PCN, showed an induction in PXR mRNA levels while siRNA treatment resulted in the knockdown in PXR transcript levels. PXR induction did not cause any change in Ntcp and Bsep transcript levels. Furthermore, sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes were used to ascertain if the above in vivo findings are reproducible in vitro. Treatment of hepatocytes with FXR ligand, CDCA, and PXR ligand, PCN, caused greater than 5-fold increase in the respective mRNA levels whereas respective siRNA treatment caused >79% knocked in their transcript levels. FXR induction decreased Ntcp mRNA levels that were ablated in FXR knockdown cultures. FXR induction resulted in a 6-fold increase in Bsep mRNA levels that disappeared in FXR knockdown cultures. On the contrary, PXR induction did not influence the expression levels of Ntcp and Bsep. Taken together these data demonstrate that both FXR and PXR are inducible at mRNA and protein levels in vivo and their expression can be knocked down in the rat liver. Moreover, FXR negatively regulate Ntcp and positively regulate Bsep while PXR does not influence Ntcp and Bsep expression. Finally, the data shows that these in vivo findings can be successfully reproduced in sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes. To conclude, sandwich cultured rat hepatocytes mimic the in vivo situation and provide a good model for bile acid transport studies.

Depois que a agricultura brasileira passou a ser destacada no cenário de das pesquisas científicas, o grande desafio passou a ser a padronização de produtividade em todo território nacional. Um dos principais focos vem sendo a região semi-árida pela sua escassez de água, tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa, por ser uma região com baixo índice de precipitação e por suas águas subterrâneas normalmente serem águas salobras. Com este desafio nacional, vem se destacando a hidroponia em alguns Estados, pelo uso da água racionalmente. Com este aumento do uso da hidroponia vem aparecendo algumas dificuldades devido à falta de informações sobre este sistema. Contudo, estudos a ser realizados visando aumentar informações sobre uso de águas salobras em hidroponia, e também buscando informação sobre os níveis de resposta das culturas à salinidade, são de fundamental importância para aperfeiçoar os investimentos em produções hidropônicas, principalmente na região Nordeste do Brasil. Tendo em vista a falta de informação para a cultura do agrião hidropônico, o objetivo deste trabalho foi: averiguar a resposta à salinidade da cultura do agrião, em hidroponia e em solo; propor um manejo para a melhor utilização do sistema, com águas salinas. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior Luiz de Queiroz ESALQ-USP, em uma casa de vegetação do tipo arco simples. Utilizou-se um sistema de hidroponia composta por 32 unidades experimentais, que já se encontravam instaladas. Cada sistema hidropônico representou uma parcela independente. Para averiguar a resposta aos sais pelo agrião em sistema hidropônico NFT e no solo, foram avaliados oito níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva produzidos com NaCl, sendo a solução nutritiva e mais sete níveis de salinidade da água. Foi observado, que o níveis menores de sais, o agrião se desenvolveu melhor em relação aos níveis maiores. Foi observado também que a resposta da cultura à salinidade foi melhor nos sistemas hidropônicos. Notou-se também que os principais sintomas da salinidade foram o nanismo, coloração escura das folhas e suas folhas ficaram coriáceas. Após o experimento, conclui-se que os tratamentos salinos influenciaram significativamente todos os parâmetros de rendimento da cultura, tanto na hidroponia quanto no solo; houve melhor desenvolvimento das plantas sob salinidade na hidroponia, quando confrontado ao solo; o consumo de água palas plantas na hidroponia foi influenciado pela salinidade.
After the Brazilian agriculture started to be outstanding in the scenery of the scientific researches, the great challenge started to be the productivity standardization in whole national territory. One of the main focus is being the semi-arid area for its water scarcity, so much quantitative as qualitative, for being an area with low annual precipitation and for their underground waters be usually salty waters. With this national challenge, it been spreading the soilless in some States, to improve the water use. With this increase soilless use it is appearing some difficulties due the lack of the information on this system. However, studies to be accomplished seeking to increase information on use of salty waters in soilless, and also looking for information on the answer salinity levels crop, are of fundamental importance to improve the investments in productions hydroponics, mainly in the Northeast of Brazil. Tends in view of the information lack for the hydroponic watercress crop, the objective of this work was: determine the threshold salinity of the crop watercress, in soilless and in soil; to propose a handling for the best system use, with saline waters. The experiment was developed in the Department of Rural Engineering of the Superior School \'Luiz of Queiroz\' ESALQ-USP, in a greenhouse of the type simple arch. A soilless system was used composed by 32 experimental units, that already installed previously. Each system hydroponics represented an independent portion. To discover the answer to the salts for the watercress in system hydroponics NFT and in the soil, they were evaluated eight salinity levels of the nutritious solution produced with NaCl, being the solution nutritious and more seven salinity levels of the water. It was observed, that in smaller levels of salts, the watercress grew better in relation to the larger levels. It was also observed that the answer crop to the salinity was better in the systems hydroponics. It was also noticed that the main symptoms of the salinity were the nanism, dark coloration leaves and their leaves were coriaceous. After the experiment, it is concluded that the saline treatments influenced significantly all income parameters crop, both in soilless and in soil; there was better development of the plants under salinity in the soilless, compared to the soil; the water consumption peaks plants in the soilless was influenced by the salinity.

L’hépatite B est une maladie infectieuse grave et extrêmement contagieuse. Malgré l’existence d’un vaccin efficace plus de 240 millions de personnes souffrent d’une infection hépatique chronique et plus de 780 000 personnes meurent chaque année des conséquences aiguës ou chroniques de l’hépatite B. Les traitements actuels qui consistent en l’utilisation d’interféron et/ou d’inhibiteurs de la réplication virale sont encore insuffisants. De nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblant l’entrée virale sont en développement, notamment le Myrcludex B qui inhibe l’infection en empêchant l’entrée virale. Cependant, les mécanismes d’entrée du VHB dans l’hépatocyte sont encore mal connus. Récemment, l’identification du NTCP comme récepteur spécifique du VHB a permis de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d’attachement de ce virus. Ce récepteur constitue une nouvelle cible pour des antiviraux. C’est aussi un transporteur de sels biliaires fortement régulé par les cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient : (i) d’étudier la fusion du VHB, étape cruciale de l’entrée d’un virus enveloppé, en établissant un modèle artificiel de fusion entre des particules virales purifiées et des liposomes, et (ii) d’étudier l’effet de l’interleukine 6 sur l’entrée virale. Nous n’avons pas pu mettre en évidence de fusion entre les particules virales et des liposomes suggérant l’incapacité de ce virus à fusionner avec une bicouche lipidique néanmoins il reste possible que des conditions particulières liées aux spécificités du VHB soient requises. Nos résultats ont également montré que l’interleukine 6 inhibait l’entrée virale en diminuant l’expression de NTCP
Hepatitis B is a severe and extremely contagious infectious disease. Despite an effective vaccine more than 240 million people are suffering from chronic infection and over 780 000 persons die each year from the consequences of acute and chronic hepatitis B. Current treatments consisting in the use of interferon and/or viral replication inhibitors are insufficient. New therapeutics targeting viral entry are in progress, such as Myrcludex B that has been shown to inhibit HBV infection by preventing HBV entry. However, the mechanism of HBV entry into hepatocytes is still poorly understood. Recently, the identification of NTCP as a specific HBV receptor allowed us to better understand the attachment of this virus. This receptor is now a target for antiviral molecules. It is also a carrier for bile salts known to be strongly regulated by pro inflammatory cytokines. The aims of our thesis were: (i) to study HBV entry by establishing an artificial model of fusion between purified viral particles and liposomes, and (ii) to study the interleukin 6 effect on viral entry. Our results with fusion assays suggest an absence of fusion in the entry process of this virus. However, fusion could require peculiar conditions related to HBV specificities. Our results also demonstrated that interleukin 6 inhibits virus entry by down-regulating NTCP expression

Orientador: Marco Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes
Resumo: O sucesso da radioterapia está intimamente ligado à razão terapêutica que representa o quociente entre a quantidade de tecido tumoral irradiado e o volume de tecido sadio atingido. A Probabilidade de Complicação em Tecidos Normais (NTCP) e a Probabilidade de Controle do Tumor (TCP) são parâmetros fornecidos por Sistemas de Planejamentos de Tratamentos (TPS) computadorizados, usados na rotina da radioterapia que auxiliam na interpretação da qualidade do tratamento. Neste trabalho são analisados os planejamentos de radioterapia de 03 pacientes portadores de câncer de próstata. Os planejamentos dos tratamentos foram realizados no TPS XiO, simulando as técnicas de radioterapia por intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) e radioterapia tridimensional conformada (3D-CRT). A dose de radiação preconizada para o volume de tratamento planejado (PTV) foi de 7.600 cGy, as simulações foram realizadas para um arranjo de 6 campos de radiação com feixes de raios X de megavoltagem e energia de 10 MV. Os volumes prostáticos variaram entre 107 cm3 e 143 cm3. A dose de cobertura D98% do PTV variou de 6.940 cGy a 7.570 cGy com IMRT e de 6.410 cGy a 7.250 cGy com 3D-CRT. Os valores obtidos para o TCP ficaram entre 73,5% a 81,1% com IMRT e entre 70,6% a 75,9% com 3D-CRT. Considerando os valores de NTCP para o reto e a bexiga, os maiores valores encontrados foram 6,9% para o reto e 6,1% para a bexiga, ambos planejados com a técnica de 3D-CRT. Para os casos analisados, os resultados mostram que a técnic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The success of radiotherapy is closely related to the therapeutic ratio which represents the ratio of the amount of irradiated tumor tissue to the volume of healthy tissue achieved. Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) and Tumor Control Probability (TCP) are parameters provided by computerized treatment planning systems (TPS), used in radiotherapy routine and also allow the interpretation of treatment quality. The aim of this work is analyze the planning of 03 cases of patients submitted to prostate cancer radiotherapy. The treatment plans were performed in TPS XiO, simulating the techniques of beam intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and tree-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). The recommended radiation dose for the planned treatment volume (PTV) was 7600 cGy, the simulations were performed for an arrangement of 6 radiation fields with megavoltage X-ray beams and 10 MV energy. Prostatic volumes ranged from 107cm3 to 143cm3 . The D98% PTV coverage dose ranged from 6,940 cGy to 7,570 cGy with IMRT and from 6,410 cGy to 7,250 cGy with 3D-CRT. The values obtained for TCP were between 73.5% to 81.1% with IMRT and between 70.6% to 75.9% with 3D-CRT. Considering the NTCP values for the rectum and bladder, the highest values found were 6.9% for the rectum and 6.1% for the bladder, both planned using the 3D-CRT technique. For the analyzed cases, the results show that the IMRT technique presents better NTCP and TCP values than the 3D-CRT technique. These par... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

El presente proyecto de fin de carrera responde a la necesidad creada a causa de las normativas publicadas por la Oficina Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico e Informática (ONGEI) que declaran de uso obligatorio las Normas Técnicas Peruanas NTP-ISO/IEC 27001:2008 y NTP-ISO/IEC 17799:2007 (con fechas de publicación mayo 2012 y julio 2011 respectivamente) a una lista de empresas del estado peruano que pertenezcan y/o estén involucradas en la Administración Pública con la finalidad de establecer un modelo integral para el desarrollo de los planes de seguridad de la información de la misma. Esta necesidad, a causa del carácter obligatorio de las normas mencionadas, es reconocida como la atención a la falta de procedimientos que permitan realizar auditorías que verifiquen el cumplimiento de la NTP-ISO/IEC 17799 como parte del proceso de cumplimiento integral de la NTP-ISO/IEC 27001 en las empresas del estado peruano. La elaboración de estos procedimientos estarán basados en COBIT 5.0, publicado en mayo de 2012, nuevo estándar de facto para Tecnologías de Información reconocido internacionalmente. Estos procedimientos estarán acompañados de la declaración de aplicabilidad para la norma NTP-ISO/IEC 17799 para poder definir los controles que serán establecidos e implementados por la institución, un Inventario de activos de información comúnmente relacionados con los controles presentes en la NTPISO/ IEC 17799 y un Mapeo del marco COBIT 5.0 frente a la norma NTP 17799 identificando la correspondencia de los dominios de COBIT hacia los controles de la NTP.
Tesis

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2012.
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Metadados de arquivos e pastas em sistemas de arquivos armazenam informações relevantes para a análise pericial, com destaque para os rótulos de tempo. No entanto, esses rótulos podem ser afetados por configurações erradas do relógio, problemas de alimentação elétrica ou alterações intencionais dos rótulos de tempo ou do relógio do sistema, exigindo do examinador maior cuidado em sua análise. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar procedimentos periciais de informática em sistemas de arquivos NTFS (New Techonologies File System), na plataforma Windows XP, que permitam afirmar acerca do grau de contabilidade dos rótulos de tempo, indicar a quais operações os arquivos e pastas de interesse foram submetidos, bem como elaborar uma linha de tempo. Em uma máquina virtual Windows XP, foram realizadas simulações de operações com arquivos e pastas e um estudo de seus efeitos nos rótulos de tempo. Além das simulações de operações comuns, foram testadas alterações intencionais nos rótulos de tempo e no relógio do sistema, o efeito de varreduras do Windows Media Player e de programas antivírus, além de transferências de arquivos e pastas de um sistema FAT (File Allocation Table) para o sistema NTFS. Investigou-se também como a geração de pontos de restauração pelo Windows pode contribuir para a análise temporal. Para exposição dos resultados dos experimentos, foram elaboradas tabelas que apresentam relações cronológicas entre os rótulos de tempo dos atributos analisados, relações de igualdade e desigualdade entre rótulos de atributos diferentes e características dos rótulos de tempo para cada operação analisada. Esses resultados permitem, na maioria dos casos, individualizar as operações. Os programas para manipulação dos rótulos de tempo avaliados mostraram-se ineficazes, pois não impediram que, no exame pericial, tanto a alteração quanto o instante em que ocorreram fossem detectados. Constatou-se também que é possível detectar arquivos alterados com o relógio do sistema manipulado, sendo necessário avaliar o campo LSN ($LogFile Sequence Number) dos arquivos de interesse e os que apresentam valores próximos, juntamente com seus rótulos de tempo. A análise do Registro ativo e de suas cópias armazenadas nos pontos de restauração mostrou-se importante para determinar configurações relevantes para a análise temporal. Finalmente, os resultados obtidos foram aplicados em um caso real, permitindo a afirmação da autenticidade dos arquivos questionados e a elaboração de suas linhas de tempo. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Timestamps within file system metadata hold important forensic information. However, their analysis is not straightforward, as they can be unwittingly tampered as a result of the computer clock being incorrect, low clock battery or time zone/day-light saving time misconfiguration. They can also be deliberately manipulated with direct tampering of timestamps or of the computer clock. This study intends to determine digital forensic procedures for NTFS (New Techonologies File System) file systems on Windows XP. These procedures would allow investigators to assess the reliability of timestamps and determine the operations to which files and folders were submitted to and generate their timeline. The most common operations on files and folders were performed on a Windows XP virtual machine and their effects on NTFS timestamps were evaluated. Direct timestamp and computer clock tampering, scans by Windows Media Player and antivirus programs and FAT (File Allocation Table) to NTFS file transfers were also evaluated. Files generated by restore point were also forensically investigated. As a result, we developed tables containing chronological relationships between timestamps, comparisons of timestamps between attributes and timestamp characteristics of some operations, allowing distinguishing among most of the analyzed operations. Several timestamp manipulation programs were tested and proved to be ineffective because a forensic analysis is capable to identify the manipulation and also to end out its time of occurrence. Computer clock tampering can also be detected by evaluating the LSN ($LogFile Sequence Number) and timestamps of the files under investigation and also of the ones with close LSN values. The operating system Registry and its backup copies stored on restore points should be examined to determine system configurations at the time of analysis. The results from this study were applied to a real case and allowed the determination of the authenticity of files and supported the creation of their timeline.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2008.
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A pesquisa aborda o tema da Saúde do Trabalhador sob a perspectiva do direito constitucional, na seara dos direitos fundamentais, articulado em mecanismos de peso-e-contrapeso com outros dois: livre-iniciativa e meio ambiente do trabalho. O aparente conflito de constitucionalidade entre esses três direitos é desfeito ao se evidenciar que, na essência, as distorções e anacronismos do atual sistema protetivo acidentário, dito esgotado, são de natureza infraconstitucionais, cujos vícios ideológicos, administrativos, políticos, econômicos, epistemológicos, teóricos e práticos suscitam a precedência do vértice liberal, de cunho individualista, sobre os demais. A tese mitiga essa protuberância da livre-iniciativa no triângulo distorcido dos direitos fundamentais ao sugerir um novo marco regulatório estatal. De um lado, o financiamento flexível e dinâmico do Seguro Acidente do Trabalho - SAT, conforme a regra de mercado, inspiradora do FAP, que vincula a doença ao prejuízo e a saúde ao lucro sob o prisma da regra espelho do poluidor-pagador; de outro lado, no campo social, passa o ônus da prova ao empregador quando da concessão pelo Instituto Nacional de Seguro Social - INSS dos benefícios acidentários, presumidos pelo NTEP. Tal regulação se fundamenta no retorno econômico dos empregadores como potente propulsor do saneamento do meio ambiente do trabalho. A tese, no âmbito do objetivo geral, propõe uma nova configuração da Saúde do Trabalhador ao aproveitar, dialeticamente, as forças liberal, social e ambiental em um sistema cineticamente autobalanceável com resultantes positivas às empresas, ao Estado e à sociedade, no médio-longo prazo. Todo estudo é alimentado por dois grandes repositórios de dados institucionais, pertencentes ao Ministério da Previdência ocial - MPS: Sistema Único de Benefício – SUB e Cadastro Nacional de informações Sociais – CNIS. O CNIS provê os dados populacionais e arrecadatórios e o SUB, os dados relativos à casuística, cuja indexação se dá por duas variáveis: CNAE (Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas), exposição, representante populacional, como figura ontológica, de isomorfia coercitiva, mimética e normativa, de representações sociais, epidemiológicas, econômicas, jurídicas e geodemográficas, de natureza sintética e a CID (Classificação Internacional de Doenças), desfecho clínico incapacitante, representante da casuística, sob o prisma anatomoclínico e fisiopatológico, de natureza analítica. Nos objetivos específicos, este estudo elabora três metodologias, a saber: 1) Aferição da insalubridade dos ambientes de trabalho por intermédio do NTEP, que consiste na sugestão de nexo de causalidade entre a classe de atividade econômica da empresa empregadora – dada pela CNAEClasse – e o grupo de doença incapacitante (Agrupamento-CID), que haja produzido benefício pago pelo INSS, do tipo auxílio-doença previdenciário (B31), auxílio-doença acidentário (B91), aposentadoria por invalidez previdenciária (B32) e aposentadoria por invalidez acidentária (B92). Esses benefícios totalizaram 12.464.713 casos para os 174 Agrupamento-CID da casuística - excluídos aqueles dos capítulos 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 e 21 da CID, bem como o agrupamento HIV-AIDS (B20-B24) – oriundos da população média sob estudo de 24.269.946 vínculos empregatícios, distribuída nos 675 CNAE-Classe, cuja taxa de rotação média ficou em 36%. A coorte previdenciária de sete anos, censitária, dinâmica, não-concorrente, iniciada em 01/01/2000 e seguida até 31/12/2006, acumulou 139.136.758 vínculos-ano e apresentou prevalência geral 848 (x 10.000), sendo 80,2% da espécie B31 (previdenciário); e, 8,7% de B91(acidentário). O NTEP só é estabelecido quando cumulativamente os três seguintes requisitos são atendidos: i) Limite Inferior do Intervalo de Confiança para 99% (LIIC) da Razão de Chances (RC) maior que um (=1%); ii) Tamanho Amostral (n) maior que Quantidade Média de Vínculos (Qt) para um poder estatístico (1-) de 95% e iii) Amplitude Relativa da Razão de Chances (ARRC) menor que três. Além do NTEP, esta coorte produz indicadores epidemiológicos - medidas de freqüência, de associação e de impacto, bem como prevalências gerais e específicas de CNAE - norteadores de políticas públicas e privadas e de novos e aprofundados estudos científicos, no campo da promoção à saúde do trabalhador. Por exemplo, indicamse a Razão de Chances (RC), a Fração Etiológica entre os Expostos (FEExp) e a Fração Etiológica Populacional (FEpop) para os CNAE de Curtimento de couro com Agrupamento-CID de Traumatismos do punho e da mão (RC= 3,15; FEExp = 63,25% e FEpop = 0,27%) ; Produção de ferro-gusa e Queimaduras e corrosões (RC= 34,98; FEExp = 96,67% e FEpop = 1,57%); Fabricação de automóveis e Transtornos dos tecidos moles (RC= 6,68; FEExp = 79,47% e FEpop = 1,47%); e, Banco Múltiplos, com Carteira e Transtorno dos Nervos (RC= 4,37; FEExp = 69,72% e FEpop = 2,79%). 2) Gradação tributária dos grupos de riscos leve, médio e grave (cluster) atribuíveis ao SAT para os 675 CNAE-Classe, que apresentam 16,2 ocorrências acidentárias (x 10.000), com perda de 27,7 dias para 1.000 dias trabalhados, ao custo de R$1.976,86 pagos, a cada R$ 1.000,00 recolhidos aos cofres públicos. A gradação é feita com uso da técnica multivariada de análise de discriminantes (conglomeração) que consiste em agrupar os CNAE pela similaridade da distância euclidiana quadrática no espaço tridimensional das variáveis padronizadas dos coeficientes de freqüência, gravidade e custo, segundo o critério de ward combinado ao k-means. A freqüência é carregada por todos os benefícios acidentários (B91, B92, B93), acrescidos daqueles (B31 e B32) que possuam NTEP. O processamento é feito pelo pacote computacional SPSS, cuja convergência para os três clusters acontece com a seguinte configuração: 345 CNAE-Classe no grau leve (51%); 173 de grau médio (26%) e 157 de grau grave (23%). 3) Dosimetria tributária para as empresas pertencente a uma CNAE-Classe mediante aplicação do fapímetro, cujo número, FAP, multiplica as alíquotas de 1%, 2% ou 3% do SAT, dentro do intervalo contínuo fechado [0,5000; 2,000], de forma a reduzi-las até 50% ou majorá-las em até 100%. O fapímetro opera por interpolação linear simples e leva em conta o score apurado por empresa ao compará-lo ao score médio da CNAE, segundo as três variáveis (coeficientes padronizados de freqüência, gravidade e custo). Por exemplo, para as 28 primeiras empresas, em ordem decrescente de score, do CNAE 2910 (Fabricação de Automóveis) verifica-se que em apenas duas delas houve o FAP máximo (FAP=2,0); nove ficaram com FAP entre 1,0 e 2,0 e as outras 17 receberam o FAP entre de 0,50 e 1,0. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The research approaches the subject of the Health of the Worker under the perspective of the constitutional law, according to the basic rights, articulated in elements of balance-and-counterbalance of weight with others two: free-initiative and environment of the work. The apparent conflict of constitutionality between these three rights is undone by the moment that is evident that, in essence, the distortions and anachronisms of the recent accidental protector system insults to if to evidence that, in the essence, such biases of the current accidental protector system, depleted, are infraconstitutional. The thesis mitigates this lump of the freeinitiative in the distorted triangle of the basic rights when suggesting a new landmark of regulatory state. In one hand, the flexible and dynamic financing of the Work Accident Insurance - SAT, as the market principles, inspirer of the FAP, this ties the illness to the damage and the health to the profit under the prism of the rule mirror of the polluting agent-payer. In the other hand, in the social field, it is transferred the responsibility of the test to the employer when the concession for the National Social Security Institute - INSS of the accidental benefits is established, presumed by the NTEP. Such regulation is based on the economic return of the employers as powerful propellant of the sanitation of the environment of the work. The thesis, in the scope of the general objective, considers a new configuration of the Health of the Worker when taking advantage, dialectically, the liberal, social and ambient forces in a kinetically system with positive resultants to the companies, the State and the society, in the medium-long stated period. All the study is fed by two great repositories of institutional data, pertaining to the Ministry of Social Security - MPS: National Social Security Unified Benefits System (SUB) and Cadastre National of Social Information - CNIS. The CNIS provides the population and collectors and the relative SUB, the amount of cases data, which indexation is based on two of variables: CNAE (exposition), populational representative, as ontological figure, of coercive isomorphy, mimetic and normative, of social representations, epidemiologists, economic, legal of synthetic nature; the CID (International Classification of Diseases), representative of the amount of cases, under the anatomoclinical and fisiopatologic prism, of analytical nature. In the specific objectives, this study elaborates three methodologies, 1) Gauging of the unhealthy of the environments of work by intermediate of the NTEP, which consists in the suggestion of causality nexus among the Class of economic activity of the company employer - given for the National Classification of Economic Activities (CNAE-Class) - and the group of handicap illness, diagnosed according to grouping CID, which has paid benefit for the INSS, of the type social security sick (B31), accidental benefits sick (B91), retirement for social security disability (B32) and retirement for accidental benefits disability (B92). These benefits totalized 12.464.713 cases for the 174 Grouping of the amount of cases - excluded those of chapters 15, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 21 of the CID, as well as grouping SIDA (B20-B24) - deriving of the average population under study of 24.269.946 employment bonds, distributed in the 675 CNAE-Class, which tax of average rotation was in 36%. Cohort of Social Security of seven years, dynamic, not-competitor, from 01/01/2000 to 31/12/2006, accumulated 139.136.758 bond x year and presented general prevalence 848 (x 10,000), being 80.2% of the B31 species (Social Security); 8.7% of B91 (accidental benefits). The NTEP alone is established when cumulatively the three following requisites are: i) Low Limit of the Reliable Interval for 99% (LIIC) of the Odds Ratio (RC) bigger than one (=1%); II) Size bigger Amostral (n) bigger than Average Amount of Bonds (Qt) for a statistic power (1-) of 95% and III) Relative Amplitude of the Odds Ratio (ARRC) lesser than three. Beyond the NTEP, this cohort produces pointers epidemiologists - measure of frequency, association and impact, as well as general and specific prevalence of CNAE - guide of public and private politics and new and deepened scientific studies, in the field of promotion to the health of the worker. For example, the Odds Ratio (RC) is indicated, the Etiological Fraction between Exposed (FEExp) and the Populational Etiological Fraction (FEpop) for the CNAE of leather Tanning with Grouping de Traumatism of the fist and hand (RC= 3,15; FEExp = 63.25% and FEpop = 0.27%); Production of iron and burnings (RC= 34,98; FEExp = 96.67% and FEpop = 1.57%); Manufacture of automobiles and Troubles with soft fabrics (RC= 6,68; FEExp = 79.47% and FEpop = 1.47%); Commercial bank, with Wallet and Upheaval of Nerves (RC= 4,37; FEExp = 69.72% and FEpop = 2.79%). 2) Gradation tax of the groups of light risks, average and serious (to cluster) attributable to the SAT for the 675 CNAE-Class, which presents 16,2 accidental benefits occurrences (x 10,000), with loss of 27,7 days for 1.000 days worked, at the cost of R$1.976,86 paid , to each R$ 1,000, 00 collected to the public coffers. The gradation is made by the use of the multivaried technique of analysis of discriminants (conglomeration) that consists in grouping the CNAE for the Euclidean similarity of the quadratic distance in the three-dimensional space of the standardized 0 variable of the coefficients of frequency, gravity and cost, according to criterion of agreed Ward to k-means. The frequency is loaded for all the accidental benefits (B91, B92, B93), increased of those (B31 and B32) that possess NTEP. The processing is made by computational package SPSS, which convergence for three clusters occurs with the following configuration: 345 CNAEClass in the light degree (51%); 173 of average degree (26%) and 157 of serious degree (23%). 3) Doses control tax for the companies pertaining to a CNAE-Class by means of application of fapimeter, which number, FAP, multiplies the aliquots of 1%, 2% or 3% of the SAT, inside of the closed continuous interval [0,5000; 2,000], in order to reduce them until 50% or to increase them to 100%. Fapimeter operates for simple linear interpolation and considers the appropriate score for company when comparing its score average of the CNAE, according to three variables (standardized coefficients of frequency, gravity and cost). For example, for the 28 first companies, in sequence decreasing of score, CNAE 2910 (Manufacture of Automobiles) it is verified that in only two of them it had the maximum FAP (FAP=2,0); nine had been with FAP between 1,0 and the 2,0 and others 17 had received the FAP between from 0,50 and 1,0.

La chimie des ions N-acyliminiums est un axe de recherche important dans le domaine de la chimie moderne. L’apport de la catalyse, avec l’utilisation de super acides de Lewis, a permis d’améliorer de nombreux processus synthétiques. Nous avons pu développer des réactions d’α-amidoalkylation catalytiques directes de cétones et d’aldéhydes. Ces réactions sont catalysées par des charges très faibles (0.5-2 mol%) du super acide de Lewis, le triflimidate d’étain IV Sn(NTf2)4 et donnent accès à une large gamme de structures carbonylées très intéressantes, avec de bons rendements. L’influence des différents paramètres gouvernant la réactivité et l’étendue de la méthode ont été étudiées. Par la suite, le potentiel synthétique des produits obtenus a été étudié. Deux stratégies de réactions intramoléculaires ont été testées à partir d’adduits alkylés judicieusement fonctionnalisés, en utilisant soit des catalyseurs à base d’or, soit des catalyseurs de métathèse, permettant d’atteindre quelques structures polycycliques
AThe chemistry of N-acyliminiums ions is one important area of research in modern organic chemistry. Lewis superacid catalysis has contributed in the improvement of many synthetic processes. We have developed some direct α-amidoalkylation reactions starting from unmodified ketones and aldehydes. The reactions were catalyzed by the Lewis superacid tin IV triflimidate, Sn(NTf2)4, at a very low catalyst loading(0.5-2 mol%), providing access to a set of very interesting carbonylated structures in good yields. The influence of different parameters governing the reactivity and the scope of the reaction were studied. Thereafter, the synthetic potential of the obtained products was evaluated. Two intramolecular approaches from suitably functionalized alkylated products were tested using gold and metathesis catalysts, allowed access to some polycyclic structures

Phosphonate antiscalants are commonly used in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis water treatment to prevent membrane fouling by mineral scale. In many circumstances it is desirable to remove these phosphonate compounds before concentrate disposal or further treatment. This research investigated the removal of phosphonate compounds from simulated membrane concentrate solutions using ferric hydroxide adsorbents. Two phosphonate antiscalants were investigated, Permatreat 191® (PT191) and nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP). Batch adsorption isotherms and column breakthrough and regeneration experiments were performed on two commercial adsorbents and a ferric hydroxide loaded polyacrylonitrile fiber adsorbent prepared in our laboratory. The best performing adsorbent was Granular Ferric Hydroxide® (GFH) obtained from GEH Wasserchemie. Adsorption isotherms measured after 24-hour equilibration periods showed initial concentration effects, whereby the isotherms were dependent on the initial adsorbate concentration in solution. Significant differences in adsorption behavior were observed between the PT191 and the NTMP adsorbates. Differences in adsorption behavior between NTMP and PT191 are all consistent with the PT191 containing fewer phosphonate functional groups per molecule than NTMP. Desorption rates were bimodal, with 40-50% of the adsorbed phosphonate being released on a time scale of 10-24 hours, while the remaining fraction was released approximately one order of magnitude more slowly. The slow desorbing fraction primarily resulted from equilibrium effects resulting from significant phosphonate adsorption, even in 1.0 mol/L NaOH solutions. Complete regeneration could not be achieved, even after eluting the adsorbent columns with more than 300 bed volumes of 1.0 mol/L NaOH. However, the incomplete regeneration had only a minor effect on phosphonate uptake in subsequent column breakthrough experiments.

Certains problèmes scientifiques et techniques, imparfaitement résolus dans la mise en œuvre des traitements par ions légers ont été étudiés. La thèse développe successivement les trois approches suivantes : 1) La première partie de cette thèse travaille sur la définition de l'équipement (faisceaux fixes versus gantry) pour un centre de traitement et ainsi traiter la plus large variété possible de tumeurs pour un spectre élargi de situations cliniques caractéristiques chez l'adulte. Les tumeurs étudiées sont des tumeurs de la base du crâne, du rachis cervical haut, bronchiques, ganglionnaires thoraciques, ganglionnaires abdominales et de la prostate, l'on obtient ainsi un éventail assez large d'indications thérapeutiques. 2) La seconde partie met à contribution une partie des outils développés dans la première phase (traitement chez l'adulte). Le même design de salle de traitement est utilisé mais pour un ensemble de tumeurs intracrâniennes de la base du crâne et de la sphère ORL chez l'enfant et l'adulte jeune. Il peut être conclu que l'étude de multiples situations anatomo-pathologiques en thérapie protons n'a pas permis de dégager d'incidences faisceaulogiques originales et particulières à la gantry. 3) La dernière phase donne lieu à l'étude des caractéristiques physiques propres aux faisceaux d'ions carbones. Une comparaison est menée sur la base de simulations de données par l'utilisation de modèles de calcul du risque d'induction néoplasique après traitement chez l'adulte et plus spécifiquement chez l'enfant. La simulation semble indiquer que les ions carbones induiraient un phénomène de stérilisation cellulaire à doses intermédiaires & hautes dans les tissus & organes chez l'adulte et l'enfant
The question of the protontherapy is seen through a purely dosimetric aspect. The main question is to know if the multiplication of beam incidences thanks to a gantry allows obtaining an increase of the therapeutic benefit for the patient. These results suggest that a facility equipped with at least three fixed incidences of beam (horizontal, vertical from above and oblique around 50°) could probably treat properly most of the tumour locations. The second part focus on the pediatric cases in protontherapy. The protons as effective inducer of deterministic and stochastic effects in the paediatric tissues are gauged in the discussion. A thorough investigation on the limits and the possibilities offered by the protons for children is proposed. The third part introduces the study of the carbon-ions treatment. Their carcinogenic action is evaluated and compared against the photons, with consideration to the pediatric tissues and organs. The goal is to estimate by simulation if the carbon-ions bring a therapeutic advantage against the photon or proton treatments. The set of complex interactions within the tissues and organs are precisely explained and a simplified approach is brought. In conclusion, the set of complex radiobiological effects acting within tissues to induce different dose-responses of neoplasic risk can have contradictory actions. The standard and the repopulation models provide a comprehensive insight in spite of their purely theoretical aspect. They reveal some encouraging possibilities for the treatment of children by carbon-ions, especially when the choice of hypofractionation will be possible

Thesis deals with testing of selected vulnerabilities from the IEC 61850 standard and following design of mitigation measures for selected vulnerabilities. Author simulated vulnerabilities of the GOOSE protocol, NTP attack and attack ona MMS client. Those attacks were GOOSE stNum, GOOSE semantic, GOOSE test bit,GOOSE replay, GOOSE flood, NTP spoofing and MMS password capture. Attacks on protocols GOOSE and MMS were successful, attack on NTP was only partially successful since the device confirmed receiving spoofed time, however it did not change it’s inner clock. Author then designed possible mitigation measures. Tool for automatic testing of selected vulnerabilities, parser for the GOOSE protocol and lightweight multiplatform parser for configuration files were created as well.The outcome of this thesis allows the implementation of lager scale tool for penetration testing of industrial networks as well as it allows implementation of discussed mitigation measures.

La Presidencia de Consejo de Ministros (PCM) emitió un conjunto de normas entre ellas algunas relacionadas a la seguridad de la información, con la cual se dispuso la obligatoriedad de uso de la NTP ISO/IEC 27001:2008 (aprobada con RM Nº 129-2012- PCM del 4 de junio de 2012), posteriormente la Norma Técnica Peruana NTP-ISO /IEC 27001:2014 2da Edición (aprobada con RM N° 004-2016-PCM del 8 de enero de 2016). Sin embargo, han pasado 6 años desde entonces, y pocas entidades han logrado la implementación total de la norma, es por ello que este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo identificar estos factores de éxito o limitantes para la implementación de la norma. La investigación se desarrolló en la Municipalidad Provincial de Huancayo, para lo cual elabore un check list en base a lo que solicita la norma y verifique la existencia en la Municipalidad durante I trimestre del año 2018, cualquiera fuese el resultado se solicitó información de los factores que permitieron el nivel alcanzado. Al finalizar la investigación se identificó que la entidad implemento 32% de lo solicitado por la norma, que algunos de los factores de éxito fue el conocimiento, experiencia e interés por parte del funcionario público responsable, y entre los limitantes la falta de procesos, cultura organizacional, presupuesto y capacitaciones.

This diploma thesis concerns design and creation of a navigational system as a tool for pilots of helicopters and ultralight planes. Choosing required functions is critical part for realization of this project. The paper also contains description of draft of application.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, 2018.
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Introdução: A doença de Alzheimer é a patologia com maior prevalência entre as demências. Os biomarcadores urinários possuem boa especificidade e acurácia para o diagnóstico precoce da doença. Objetivos: Analisar a relação dos níveis da AD7c-NTP com a Densidade mineral óssea em pessoas diagnosticadas com a doença de Alzheimer nas fases leve e moderada. Métodos: Estudo transversal e descritivo, que avaliou 21 idosos com a doença de Alzheimer na fase inicial e moderada da doença, realizando os procedimentos de avaliação com a coleta de dados pessoas por anamnese, questionários (mini exame do estado mental, avaliação cognitiva de Montreal, questionário de Baecke modificado e escore de avaliação clínica), analise da composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea e analise da proteína AD7c-NTP.Resultados: Foi observada uma prevalência do gênero feminino com n = 13 (61.9%), osteopenia de quadril (71,4%) e media de concentração da proteína em 2,977(±0,398). Conclusão: Ao correlacionar a proteína AD7c-NTP com as variáveis de densidade mineral óssea não foram encontradas associações lineares significantes, assim como não foram encontradas correlações significativas com a evolução da doença.
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent pathology among dementias. Urinary biomarkers have good specificity and accuracy for the early diagnosis of the disease. Objectives: To analyze the relationship of AD7c-NTP levels with bone mineral density in people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in the mild and moderate phases. Methods: This was a cross - sectional and descriptive study that evaluated 21 elderly people with Alzheimer 's disease in the initial and moderate stages of the disease, performing the evaluation procedures with the data collection by anamnesis, questionnaires (mini mental status examination, cognitive evaluation of Montreal, modified Baecke questionnaire and clinical evaluation score), analysis of body composition and bone mineral density and analysis of AD7c-NTP protein. Results: A prevalence of females was observed with n = 13 (61.9%), hip osteopenia 71.4%) and mean protein concentration at 2,977 (± 0,398). Conclusion: When correlating the AD7c-NTP protein with the variables of bone mineral density, no significant linear associations were found, nor were significant correlations with the evolution of the disease found.

L'introduction des nouvelles technologies pour la formation dans les organismes de formation pose la question de l'avenir du métier de formateur. Comment les formateurs accueillent-ils le changement ? Les formateurs sont-ils capables d'innover avec les nouvelles technologies ? Cette étude a pour objet de définir les conditions de l'évolution de la fonction de formateur à travers l'usage des nouvelles technologies pour la formation. Nous nous intéresserons à une catégorie de formateurs, les enseignants des centres de formation d'apprentis. Nous analyserons leurs discours et leurs pratiques pour répondre à ces questions : - qu'apportent les nouvelles technologies aux formateurs ? - Quelles compétences sont nécessaires à leur utilisation ? - Quels sont les facteurs qui empêchent les formateurs de faire évoluer leurs prestations ou, au contraire, les y encouragent ?
The introduction of new technologies in the field of training asks the question of the adult instructors' profession. How do the instructors receive these changings ? Are the instructors able to innovate with new technologies ? The am of this study is to define the conditions of evolution of the adult instructor's function, by means of the use of new formation technologies. We will focuse on a category of instructors, i. E. , the teachers of the "c. F. A. ". We will analyse their talks and practices to answer the following questions : - What do new technologies bring to the adult instructors ? - Which skills are required for their use ? - What are the fazctors which either prevent, or on the contrary encourage instructors to allow this evolution of their job ?