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Livres sur le sujet « Object decision »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 9 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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1

Goldberg, Adele. Succeeding with objects: Decision frameworks for project management. Addison-Wesley, 1995.

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2

Ying, Liu. A pattern directed approach towards an object adaptive decision support environment for water resources management. Delft University Press, 1995.

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3

International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics, and Cybernetics (19th 2007 Baden-Baden, Germany). Advances in environmental systems research: Sustainability, environmental sciences, support systems : effects of electromagnetic exposition on honeybees, principles of neuro-empirism and dynamic models, application of stochastic networks, sustainability of fuzzy theory, object oriented analysis, integrated logistic support principles, business information management system, sustainable decision support systems, health service delivery. International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2007.

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4

International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics, and Cybernetics (19th 2007 Baden-Baden, Germany). Advances in environmental systems research: Sustainability, environmental sciences, support systems : effects of electromagnetic exposition on honeybees, principles of neuro-empirism and dynamic models, application of stochastic networks, sustainability of fuzzy theory, object oriented analysis, integrated logistic support principles, business information management system, sustainable decision support systems, health service delivery. International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 2007.

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5

Novosel'cev, Viktor, Sergey Kochedykov, Dar'ya Orlova, Kirill Plyuschik, L. Rossihina, and I. Goncharov. Conflict-active project management for the development of information security systems of infocommunication networks. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1921360.

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The object of study in the monograph is the conflict "information security system of infocommunication networks of critical socio-economic infrastructure objects — an attacker (criminal element)". The subject of the research is the development of a methodology for conflict-active project management for the development of information security systems for these networks, including models for supporting project decision-making. The theoretical basis of the above is the provisions of system analysis, the theory of management and decision-making, the theory of active systems, the theory of informat

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6

1935-, Lasker G. E., International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics., and International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics (9th : 1997 : Baden-Baden, Germany), eds. Advances in database and expert systems: Design issues, data mining, object-oriented databases, generic model for knowledge bases, rapid database prototyping, knowledge-based tools in decision support systems. International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 1997.

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7

Steen, Andreassen, Engelbrecht R, Wyatt J, and European Society for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine., eds. Artificial intelligence in medicine: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe, 3-6 October 1993. IOS Press, 1993.

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8

Gurko, Aleksandr, and Tat'yana Sahnovich. Systematic research of economic objects. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/2189088.

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The monograph presents the authors' view on the system analysis of economic objects. In accordance with the logic of systems research, the first part of the book examines an economic object: its consistency, functions, structure, external environment, management, and modeling methods. The second part is devoted to system analysis and evaluation, with special attention paid to solving the problem of choice in management. Approaches to assessing the quality and effectiveness of management decisions, modeling the manager's activities, and researching management adaptation problems are also consid

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9

Nassarawa State (Nigeria). Administrative Panel on the Stool of Osuko of Obi. Government views and decisions on the report of the Administrative Panel on the Stool of Osuko of Obi. s.n., 2003.

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10

Orlova, Dar'ya, Sergey Kochedykov, Vyacheslav Chertov, and Viktor Novosel'cev. LANGUAGE TOOLS FOR CREATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR INTELLIGENT DECISION-MAKING SUPPORT. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2129777.

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The monograph deals with the problem of choosing language tools for the creation of information technologies of intellectual decision support in the management of critical objects of the social sphere. It includes seven chapters: introductory chapter - system understanding of information technology of intellectual decision support; language of matrices; logical languages (calculus of statements and predicate calculus); language of semantic networks; language of fuzzy sets; language of frames; language of artificial neural networks; language of mathematical optimization. Examples of using these

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Schneewind, Sarah. The Social Drama of Daily Work. Amsterdam University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048559534.

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Part manifesto, part manual, this book offers historians of all levels both subject and approach. The subject is work. In every place-time people made and sold objects - and struggled with annoying customers or government regulation. They healed clients - and wanted to bolster their prestige and keep out interlopers. Studying work allows historians to delve into the experiences of non-elite groups using texts, images, or objects. The wide-ranging approach is based on the Chicago-school sociology of occupations, which starts from the premise that work isn’t just a job: it’s a drama created by p

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Kochetova, Zhanna, Natal'ya Maslova, and Oleg Bazarskiy. Aviation and missile clusters and the environment. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1544137.

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The monograph introduces a new concept - the aviation and missile cluster as a new class of objects of geo-ecological monitoring, united by the solution of identical strategic tasks of the state, the interconnection of its structural elements, the identity of priority contaminants and products of their transformation. The scientific and methodological apparatus of complex geoecological monitoring of territories under the influence of objects of aviation and space activities is presented, including predictive models of the spread and transformation of priority contaminants in environmenta

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Karpychev, Mihail, Al'fir Huzhin, Igor' Il'in, et al. Civil Law: in 2 volumes. Volume 1. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1184792.

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The first volume of the textbook, prepared in accordance with the curriculum on the discipline "Civil Law" for educational institutions of higher education, discusses the issues of the General part (basic provisions, legal relations, persons, objects of civil rights, transactions, decisions of meetings, representation, terms and limitation period) and a number of sub-branches and institutions of civil law of Russia (property law, personal non-property rights; general provisions of the law of obligations). Complies with the federal state educational standards of higher education of the la

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Gasperini, Chiara, and Tommaso Rafanelli. SIMdisaster. Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-616-7.

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SIMdisaster is a simulation software conceived to respond to the training needs of health operators managing aid in maxi-emergencies, since the reproduction of such events for didactic purposes proves to be both complex and costly. SimDisaster reconstructs the scenario of a catastrophe using photos and films manipulated using computer graphics and integrated with three-dimensional objects generated by the computer. An interactive interface makes it possible to assess the scenario and hence take decisions about the logistics of aid operations, the choice of auto-protection techniques, triage in

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1935-, Lasker G. E., International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics., and International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics, and Cybernetics (7th : 1994 : Baden-Baden, Germany), eds. Advances in database and expert systems: Federated and replicated databases, spatio-temporal databases, multi database systems, database design methodologies, complex object modeling, knowledge and knowledge-based systems, computer-based decison [sic] support systems, expert systems in a distributed database environment, formal models of legal reasoning, legal databases and legal expert systems. International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 1995.

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Fundamentals of object tracking. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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17

Starfish, Pixy. Find The Differences : Puzzles and Coloring Book For Kids: Children activities books to spot the differences or find the hidden object to improve ... decision-making skills and boost creativity. Independently published, 2019.

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18

Soudris, Dimitrios, Kostas Siozios, and Elias Kosmatopoulos. CyberPhysical Systems: Decision Making Mechanisms and Applications. River Publishers, 2022.

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19

Soudris, Dimitrios, Kostas Siozios, and Elias Kosmatopoulos. CyberPhysical Systems: Decision Making Mechanisms and Applications. River Publishers, 2022.

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CyberPhysical Systems: Decision Making Mechanisms and Applications. River Publishers, 2017.

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21

Nosofsky, Robert M., and Thomas J. Palmeri. An Exemplar-Based Random-Walk Model of Categorization and Recognition. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.7.

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In this chapter, we provide a review of a process-oriented mathematical model of categorization known as the exemplar-based random-walk (EBRW) model (Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1997a). The EBRW model is a member of the class of exemplar models. According to such models, people represent categories by storing individual exemplars of the categories in memory, and classify objects on the basis of their similarity to the stored exemplars. The EBRW model combines ideas ranging from the fields of choice and similarity, to the development of automaticity, to response-time models of evidence accumulation

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Soudris, Dimitrios, Kostas Siozios, and Elias Kosmatopoulos. Cyber-Physical Systems: Decision Making Mechanisms and Applications. River Publishers, 2017.

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23

Buchanan, James M. Politics and Scientific Enquiry. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0055.

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This article studies politics and scientific inquiry. It first determines what the state is, and examines the ethical norms for guiding the behaviour of decision-makers. The unitary-mind model is discussed in one section, and this is followed by the theory of ‘democratic’ politics. The object of collective action, normative relevance, and the operational science of politics are some of the topics discussed in this article.

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24

Engelbrecht, R., J. Wyatt, and S. Andreassen. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. IOS Press, Incorporated, 1993.

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Andreassen, Steen, and R. Engelbrecht. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe, Munich, Germany, October 3-6, 1993, Vol. 10. Ios Pr Inc, 1993.

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26

Kahan, Dan M., and Ashley R. Landrum. A Tale of Two Vaccines—and Their Science Communication Environments. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.18.

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This chapter examines the difference in the US public’s reactions to proposals for universal administration of two adolescent immunizations: the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which provoked a firestorm of political controversy, and the Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine, which aroused no such opposition. This chapter argues that the reason for this was that the public became familiar with the latter (but not the former) in a polluted science communication environment. It identifies decisions made by the vaccine’s manufacturer that drove the HPV vaccine off the nonpoliticized administrative-approv

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27

Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 4. Partnership disputes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823230.003.0004.

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A decision of the majority of the partners on an ‘ordinary matter’ is binding on the minority. The wishes of the majority prevail over those of the minority who object. However, partnership law provides some machinery for protecting the partner who is aggrieved by what the other partners have done. This chapter considers the remedies available to a partner. These include dissolution of the partnership, appointment of a receiver, arbitration, and expulsion of the partner.

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Slorach, J. Scott, and Jason Ellis. 4. Partnership disputes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787686.003.0004.

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A decision of the majority of the partners on an ‘ordinary matter’ is binding on the minority. The wishes of the majority prevail over those of the minority who object. However, partnership law provides some machinery for protecting the partner who is aggrieved by what the other partners have done. This chapter considers the remedies available to a partner. These include dissolution of the partnership, appointment of a receiver, arbitration, and expulsion of the partner.

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Koslicki, Kathrin. Concrete Particular Objects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews existing approaches to the metaphysics of concrete particular objects and positions the doctrine of hylomorphism with respect to competing accounts. The literature is divided over whether concrete particular objects are or are not further analyzable into constituents which do not themselves belong to the ontological category of concrete particular objects and in terms of which the character of these latter entities is to be explained. This chapter briefly surveys constituent ontologies (e.g., bundle theories or substratum theories) as well as non-constituent ontologies (e.

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Moltmann, Friederike. Objects and Attitudes. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878481.001.0001.

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Abstract This book develops a new approach to the semantics of sentences based on a novel ontology of attitudinal and modal objects, or more generally satisfiable objects. On that view, roughly, (embedded and independent) sentences serve as predicates of attitudinal objects (entities like claims, beliefs, decisions, requests, and promises), of modal objects (entities like needs, obligations, permissions), and of locutionary and phatic objects of different kinds. The view overcomes various conceptual and empirical problems for propositions, abstract objects standardly taken to be the referents

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Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium Models in Economics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.001.0001.

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Equilibrium models used in beginning economics classes are based on the equilibrium concept developed by Alfred Marshall, but that concept of an equilibrium does not correspond to the equilibrium concept recognized in modern formal mathematical models taught to graduate students. In both cases, the assumptions needed to produce explanations of economic events are open to question. The assumptions needed to prove the existence of an equilibrium in formal mathematical models are often questioned not only by older model builders but also by today’s formal model builders. This book critically exam

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Wu, Shih-Wei, and Paul W. Glimcher. The Emerging Standard Neurobiological Model of Decision Making. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.45.

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The standard neurobiological model of decision making has evolved, since the turn of the twenty-first century, from a confluence of economic, psychological, and neurosci- entific studies of how humans make choices. Two fundamental insights have guided the development of this model during this period, one drawn from economics and the other from neuroscience. The first derives from neoclassical economic theory, which unambiguously demonstrated that logically consistent choosers behave “as if” they had some internal, continuous, and monotonic representation of the values of any choice objects und

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Wygralak, M. Vaguely Defined Objects: Representations, Fuzzy Sets and Nonclassical Cardinality theory (Theory and Decision Library B:). Springer, 1995.

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Masuda, Takahiko, Liman Man Wai Li, and Matthew J. Russell. Judging the World Dialectically versus Non-Dialectically. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0007.

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For over three decades, cultural psychologists have advocated the importance of cultural meaning systems and their effects on basic modes of perception and cognition. This chapter reviews findings which have demonstrated that culturally dominant ways of thinking influence people’s basic perceptual and cognitive processes: East Asians are more likely to endorse holistic thinking and dialectical thinking style when they process information, such that they incorporate more contextual information into their judgments of focal objects, and North Americans are more likely to endorse non-dialectical

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Nizamuddin, Sarah, and Caitlin Aveyard. Airway Foreign Body Aspiration. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0024.

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Aspiration of a foreign body is a potentially life-threatening problem that often necessitates an anesthetic for removal of the foreign body. Foreign body aspiration is most common among children aged 1 to 4 years old and has a wide variety of symptoms ranging from a mild, nagging cough to complete airway obstruction. Definitive diagnosis and treatment of foreign body aspiration involve flexible or rigid bronchoscopy. The urgency of the procedure depends on the type of object aspirated and the location of the foreign body in the airway. The appropriate anesthetic for removal of the foreign bod

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Figdor, Carrie. Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809524.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 begins to illustrate the problem with details of recent scientific research into plants and bacteria and the uses of psychological predicates to describe the new discoveries. Plants are responsive to their environments in ways that have prompted researchers to ascribe learning, individuality, the ability to make choices, and other capacities to them. Bacterial colonies possess complex signaling mechanisms for communication and group decision-making. Individual bacteria, once considered mere bags of chemicals, have internal machinery that enables them to engage in signal transduction

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Houdé, Olivier, and Grégoire Borst, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108399838.

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How does cognition develop in infants, children and adolescents? This handbook presents a cutting-edge overview of the field of cognitive development, spanning basic methodology, key domain-based findings and applications. Part One covers the neurobiological constraints and laws of brain development, while Part Two covers the fundamentals of cognitive development from birth to adulthood: object, number, categorization, reasoning, decision-making and socioemotional cognition. The final Part Three covers educational and school-learning domains, including numeracy, literacy, scientific reasoning

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Jeffares, Ben, and Kim Sterelny. Evolutionary Psychology. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0020.

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The article presents several models of evolutionary psychology. Nativist evolutionary psychology is built around a most important insight that ordinary human decision-making has a high cognitive load. Evolutionary nativists defend a modular solution to the problem of information load on human decision-making. Human minds comprises of special purpose cognitive devices or modules. One of the modules is a language module, a module for interpreting the thoughts and intentions of others, another is a ‘naive physics’ module for causal reasoning about sticks, stones, and similar inanimate objects, a

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Kyritsis, Dimitrios. Against the Democratic Objection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672257.003.0004.

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This chapter critically examines sceptical views about constitutional review of primary legislation. Sceptics argue that constitutional review is illegitimate because it negates political equality. Political equality requires that political decisions be made following procedures that give every citizen’s view equal weight. But constitutional review gives a small group of unelected officials the power to overrule the decisions of democratically accountable legislators. Against the sceptics it is argued that they ignore the significant imbalance of power that exists between elected legislators a

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Impett, Jonathan. Making a mark The psychology of composition. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0037.

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This article discusses the psychology of composition. Composition is a reflexive, iterative process of inscription. The work, once named as such and externalizable to some degree, passes circularly between inner and outer states. It passes through internal and external representations – mostly partial or compressed, some projected in mental rather than physical space, not all necessarily conscious or observable – and phenomenological experience, real or imagined. At each state-change the work is re-mediated by the composer, whose decision-making process is conditioned by the full complexity of

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Sandler, Stanley L. Battleships. ABC-CLIO, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400617003.

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From ancient times to World War II and the postwar period,Battleshipscharts the evolution of the vessel that ruled the seas—a vessel that, until the arrival of the aircraft carrier, would be the most expensive and complex human-made moving object in history. Battleshipscharts the dramatic evolution of this dominating war vessel. Coverage ranges from ancient galleys to the great ships of World War II to the present, with special emphasis on the ironclad era of the mid-19th century (which saw the greatest innovation over the shortest timespan in naval history) and the great 20th-century battlesh

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Bianchi, Andrea, and Moshe Hirsch, eds. International Law's Invisible Frames. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847539.001.0001.

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Law as a social process carried out by human beings is a stimulating object of investigation for those who would like to analyse social cognition and knowledge production processes. Humans acquire and form their knowledge through cognitive processes and in turn form a representation of reality by processing and using this knowledge through different mental channels. To better conceive the invisible frames within which international law moves and performs, we must understand how psychological and socio-cultural factors can affect decision-making in an international legal process, identify the g

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Gover, K. E. Art and Authority. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768692.001.0001.

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Art and Authority is a philosophical essay on artistic authority and freedom: its sources, nature, and limits. It draws upon real-world cases and controversies in contemporary visual art and connects them to significant theories in the philosophical literature on art and aesthetics. Artworks, it is widely agreed, are the products of intentional human activity. And yet they are different from other kinds of artifacts; for one thing, they are meaningful. It is often presumed that artworks are an extension of their makers’ personality in ways that other kinds of artifacts are not. This is clear f

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Graff Zivin, Erin. Anarchaeologies. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823286829.001.0001.

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How do we read after the so-called death of literature? If we are to attend to the proclamations that the representational apparatuses of literature and politics are dead, what aesthetic, ethical, and political possibilities remain for us today? This book brings together works of continental philosophy and critical theory (Emmanuel Levinas, Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Rancière) and works of art from Argentina (J. L. Borges, Juán José Saer, Ricardo Piglia, César Aira, Albertina Carri, the Internacional Errorista) in order to practice what Graff Zivin calls anarchaeological reading: re

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Linnebo, Øystein. The Julius Caesar Problem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641314.003.0009.

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The Julius Caesar problem concerns cross-categorical identities such as “3 = Julius Caesar”. The problem and its significance to some Fregean projects are explained. The notions of sortal and category are introduced. A neo-Fregean argument to the effect that every object belongs to a unique category is criticized and an alternative, more pragmatic argument to the same effect is developed. The handling of such mixed identity statements often needs conceptual decisions, not just factual discoveries. The conceptual decisions of our ancestors are implicit in our inherited linguistic practices, whi

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Castelli Gattinara, Pietro, and Andrea L. P. Pirro. Movement Parties of the Far Right. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198892083.001.0001.

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Abstract In an era of traditional political party decline, Movement Parties of the Far Right explores a new phase of nativist mobilization, in which street politics holds an increasingly important role. Pietro Castelli Gattinara and Andrea L. P. Pirro delve into the hybrid and transitional nature of far-right movement parties, i.e. collective actors that contest elections like political parties and mobilize in the protest arena like social movements. Movement parties offer an exceptional object of study since they challenge the conventional distinction between institutional and non-institution

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Connell, Kieran, and Matthew Hilton, eds. Cultural Studies 50 Years On. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881812942.

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Stuart Hall conceptualized his time at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies as a series of interruptions. It was this fluidity that gave rise to Hall’s conception of cultural studies as a ‘moving target’, a fusion of a range of disciplinary approaches that was uniquely influenced by politics in the world beyond the academy. The political commitments of those at the Centre were wide-ranging and, from its embrace of collective ways of research and decision-making to its deployment of various strands of European Marxist theory, had a critical impact on the Centre’s working practices. Yet

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Pylyshyn, Zenon W. Scientific Theories and Fodorian Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0009.

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The chapter sketches how Fodor and I, beginning from different perspectives, were led to make a sharp distinction between registering certain distal objects in visual perception and categorizing and recognizing these objects. The precategorical or nonconceptual operations in categorizing were unlike cognitive processes in general in that they were insensitive to beliefs or to inferences from background knowledge, thus they were barred from using expectations even when the latter were relevant to correct decisions or goal-driven actions. We postulated certain fixed mechanisms of perception—what

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Below, Amy. Latin American Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.253.

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Latin American foreign policy has drawn the attention of scholars since the 1960s. Foreign policy–related literature began to surge in the 1980s and 1990s, with a focus on both economic and political development. As development in the region lagged behind that of its northern neighbors, Latin American had to rely on foreign aid, largely from the United States. In addition to foreign aid, two of the most prevalent topics discussed in the literature are trade/economic liberalization and regional economic integration (for example, Mercosur and NAFTA). During and after the Cold War, Latin America

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Miller, Nicholas R. Social Choice Theory and Legislative Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1.

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Résumé :

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Please check back later for the full article.Narrowly understood, social choice theory is a specialized branch of applied logic and mathematics that analyzes abstract objects called preference aggregation functions, social welfare functions, and social choice functions. But more broadly, social choice theory identifies, analyzes, and evaluates rules that may be used to make collective decisions. So understood, social choice is a subfield of the social sciences that examines what may be called “

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