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Bibliographies thématiques / Oceanic mixing

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Oceanic mixing »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 2 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

1

Legg, Sonya. « Mixing by Oceanic Lee Waves ». Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 53, n^o 1 (5 janvier 2021) : 173–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-051220-043904.

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Oceanic lee waves are generated in the deep stratified ocean by the flow of ocean currents over sea floor topography, and when they break, they can lead to mixing in the stably stratified ocean interior. While the theory of linear lee waves is well established, the nonlinear mechanisms leading to mixing are still under investigation. Tidally driven lee waves have long been observed in the ocean, along with associated mixing, but observations of lee waves forced by geostrophic eddies are relatively sparse and largely indirect. Parameterizations of the mixing due to ocean lee waves are now being developed and implemented in ocean climate models. This review summarizes current theory and observations of lee wave generation and mixing driven by lee wave breaking, distinguishing between steady and tidally oscillating forcing. The existing parameterizations of lee wave–driven mixing informed by theory and observations are outlined, and the impacts of the parameterized lee wave–driven mixing on simulations of large-scale ocean circulation are summarized.

2

McWilliams, James C. « Oceanic Frontogenesis ». Annual Review of Marine Science 13, n^o 1 (3 janvier 2021) : 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032320-120725.

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Frontogenesis is the fluid-dynamical processes that rapidly sharpen horizontal density gradients and their associated horizontal velocity shears. It is a positive feedback process where the ageostrophic, overturning secondary circulation in the cross-front plane accelerates the frontal sharpening until an arrest occurs through frontal instability and other forms of turbulent mixing. Several well-known types of oceanic frontal phenomena are surveyed, their impacts on oceanic system functioning are assessed, and future research is envisioned.

3

Zhu, Yuchao, Rong-Hua Zhang et Jichang Sun. « North Pacific Upper-Ocean Cold Temperature Biases in CMIP6 Simulations and the Role of Regional Vertical Mixing ». Journal of Climate 33, n^o 17 (1 septembre 2020) : 7523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0654.1.

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AbstractSubstantial model biases are still prominent even in the latest CMIP6 simulations; attributing their causes is defined as one of the three main scientific questions addressed in CMIP6. In this paper, cold temperature biases in the North Pacific subtropics are investigated using simulations from the newly released CMIP6 models, together with other related modeling products. In addition, ocean-only sensitivity experiments are performed to characterize the biases, with a focus on the role of oceanic vertical mixing schemes. Based on the Argo-derived diffusivity, idealized vertical diffusivity fields are designed to mimic the seasonality of vertical mixing in this region, and are employed in ocean-only simulations to test the sensitivity of this cold bias to oceanic vertical mixing. It is demonstrated that the cold temperature biases can be reduced when the mixing strength is enhanced within and beneath the surface boundary layer. Additionally, the temperature simulations are rather sensitive to the parameterization of static instability, and the cold biases can be reduced when the vertical diffusivity for convection is increased. These indicate that the cold temperature biases in the North Pacific can be largely attributed to biases in oceanic vertical mixing within ocean-only simulations, which likely contribute to the even larger biases seen in coupled simulations. This study therefore highlights the need for improved oceanic vertical mixing in order to reduce these persistent cold temperature biases seen across several CMIP models.

4

Whalen, Caitlin. « Measuring ocean mixing : From observing processes to quantifying impacts ». Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, n^o 4 (octobre 2022) : A151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015854.

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The impacts of ocean mixing are varied, ranging from the local across-isopycnal transport of heat, salt, and nutrients, to the global overturning circulation with implications for climate. A full understanding of turbulent mixing, from driving processes to impacts, spans all oceanic time and length scales. Turbulent mixing in the ocean occur on scales less than centimeters and timescales less than hours, yet the processes that drive this turbulence occurs on meters to 100s of km length scales and the impact of the turbulent mixing spans the full range of oceanic spatiotemporal scales. Here, we will discuss current approaches to measuring ocean mixing and explore how to bridge this scale gap to link the turbulence measurements to the processes that drive ocean mixing and the subsequent impacts. Intriguing examples of ocean mixing processes and their influence on ocean dynamics will be discussed throughout.

5

Huang, Rui Xin. « Mixing and Energetics of the Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation* ». Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, n^o 4 (avril 1999) : 727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0727:maeoto>2.0.co;2.

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6

Grant, Alan L. M., et Stephen E. Belcher. « Wind-Driven Mixing below the Oceanic Mixed Layer ». Journal of Physical Oceanography 41, n^o 8 (1 août 2011) : 1556–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-10-05020.1.

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Abstract This study describes the turbulent processes in the upper ocean boundary layer forced by a constant surface stress in the absence of the Coriolis force using large-eddy simulation. The boundary layer that develops has a two-layer structure, a well-mixed layer above a stratified shear layer. The depth of the mixed layer is approximately constant, whereas the depth of the shear layer increases with time. The turbulent momentum flux varies approximately linearly from the surface to the base of the shear layer. There is a maximum in the production of turbulence through shear at the base of the mixed layer. The magnitude of the shear production increases with time. The increase is mainly a result of the increase in the turbulent momentum flux at the base of the mixed layer due to the increase in the depth of the boundary layer. The length scale for the shear turbulence is the boundary layer depth. A simple scaling is proposed for the magnitude of the shear production that depends on the surface forcing and the average mixed layer current. The scaling can be interpreted in terms of the divergence of a mean kinetic energy flux. A simple bulk model of the boundary layer is developed to obtain equations describing the variation of the mixed layer and boundary layer depths with time. The model shows that the rate at which the boundary layer deepens does not depend on the stratification of the thermocline. The bulk model shows that the variation in the mixed layer depth is small as long as the surface buoyancy flux is small.

7

MONAHAN, ADAM HUGH. « CORRELATION EFFECTS IN A SIMPLE STOCHASTIC MODEL OF THE THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION ». Stochastics and Dynamics 02, n^o 03 (septembre 2002) : 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219493702000510.

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A simple model of the thermohaline circulation of the World Ocean is considered, in which fluctuations in internal oceanic mixing and in freshwater forcing are represented by stochastic processes. The effects on the stationary probability density function of correlations between fluctuations in mixing and freshwater forcing, and of finite autocorrelation time in oceanic mixing, are determined using a mixture of analytical and numerical techniques. The quantitative behaviour of the system is found to depend on the strength and correlation character of the noise processes, quite sensitively so in some regions of parameter space. The results of this analysis suggest the importance of accurately modelling high-frequency variability in nonlinear models of the climate system.

8

Heesterman, Aart. « Restoring or maintaining the vertical mixing of oceanic waters ». International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 11, n^o 6 (28 juin 2021) : 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.11.06.2021.p114102.

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9

Hsu, S. A., Robert Fett et Paul E. La Violette. « Variations in atmospheric mixing height across oceanic thermal fronts ». Journal of Geophysical Research 90, n^o C2 (1985) : 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc090ic02p03211.

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10

Gibson, Carl H. « Fossil turbulence and intermittency in sampling oceanic mixing processes ». Journal of Geophysical Research 92, n^o C5 (1987) : 5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc092ic05p05383.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

1

Brainerd, Keith. « Upper ocean turbulence, mixing, and stratification / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11007.

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2

Kay, David J. « Mixing processes in a highly stratified tidal flow / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9639.

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3

Carter, Glenn S. « Turbulent mixing near rough topography / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10976.

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4

Font, i. Ferré Jordi. « La circulació general a la mar Catalana ». Barcelona : Centre de Publicacions, Intercanvi Cientific i Extensio Universitaria, Universitat de Barcelona, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32908084.html.

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5

Wells, Mathew Graeme. « Convection, turbulent mixing and salt fingers ». View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011212.103012/index.html.

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6

Xu, Danya. « Lagrangian Study of Particle Transport Processes in the Coastal Gulf of Maine ». Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/XuD2008.pdf.

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7

Straneo, Fiammetta. « Dynamics of rotating convection including a horizontal stratification and wind / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10996.

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8

Deese, Heather E. « Chaotic advection and mixing in a western boundary current-recirculation system : laboratory experiments / ». Online version, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3036.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), February 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-118).

9

Chadwick, David Bartholomew. « Tidal exchange at the bay-ocean boundary / ». Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9823709.

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10

Hamme, Roberta Claire. « Applications of neon, nitrogen, argon, and oxygen to physical, chemical, and biological cycles in the ocean / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10997.

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Livres sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

1

Gnanadesikan, Anand. Dynamics of Langmuir circulation in oceanic surface layers. Woods Hole, Mass : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1994.

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2

Spitzer, William Seth. Rates of vertical mixing, gas exchange, and new production : Estimates from seasonal gas cycles in the upper ocean near Bermuda. Woods Hole, Mass : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1989.

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3

Smith, Wendy Marie. The effects of double-diffusion on a baroclinic vortex. Woods Hole, Mass : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987.

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4

Biercamp, Joachim. Untersuchung eines gekoppelten Systems, bestehend aus einem Modell der allgemeinen atmosphärischen Zirkulation und einem Modell des oberen Ozeans. Hamburg : G.M.L. Wittenborn, 1987.

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5

Smith, Wendy Marie. The effects of double-diffusion on a baroclinic vortex. Woods Hole, Mass : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1987.

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6

California. State Water Resources Control Board, California. Dept. of Water Resources et Geological Survey (U.S.), dir. A review of circulation and mixing studies of San Francisco Bay, California. Denver, CO : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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7

Kamenkovich, V. M. Synoptic eddies in the ocean. Dordrecht : D. Reidel, 1986.

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8

Schlitz, Ronald J. Interaction of shelf water with warm-core rings, focusing on the kinematics and statistics of shelf water entrained within streamers. Woods Hole, Mass. (166 Water St., Woods Hole 02543-1026) : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 2003.

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9

Montgomery, Ellyn T. Fine- and microstructure observations at Fieberling Guyot : R/V New Horizon cruise report. [Woods Hole, Mass.] : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1994.

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10

Kamenkovich, V. M. Sinopticheskie vikhri v okeane. 2^e éd. Leningrad : Gidrometeoizdat, 1987.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

1

Grigoriev, Roman O. « Mixing in Laminar Fluid Flows : From Microfluidics to Oceanic Currents ». Dans Transport and Mixing in Laminar Flows, 1–4. Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527639748.ch.

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2

Gargett, Ann E. « Parameterizing the Effects of Small-Scale Mixing in Large-Scale Numerical Models ». Dans Modelling Oceanic Climate Interactions, 185–204. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84975-6_5.

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3

Prants, Sergey V., Michael Yu Uleysky et Maxim V. Budyansky. « Chaotic Transport and Mixing in Idealized Models of Oceanic Currents ». Dans Lagrangian Oceanography, 19–81. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53022-2_2.

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4

Prants, Sergey V., Michael Yu Uleysky et Maxim V. Budyansky. « Erratum to : Chaotic Transport and Mixing in Idealized Models of Oceanic Currents ». Dans Lagrangian Oceanography, E1—E2. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53022-2_9.

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5

Ganoulis, J. G. « Pollutant Dispersion in Oceans ». Dans Disorder and Mixing, 139–42. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2825-1_10.

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6

Kraus, Eric B. « Diapycnal Mixing ». Dans Climate-Ocean Interaction, 269–93. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2093-4_14.

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7

Lindau, Ralf. « Mixing Ratio ». Dans Climate Atlas of the Atlantic Ocean, 105–24. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59526-4_13.

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8

Melville, W. K., Ronald J. Rapp et Eng-Soon Chan. « Wave Breaking, Turbulence and Mixing ». Dans The Ocean Surface, 413–18. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_56.

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9

Toole, John M. « Turbulent Mixing in the Ocean ». Dans Ocean Modeling and Parameterization, 171–90. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5096-5_7.

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Dauxois, T., E. Ermanyuk, C. Brouzet, S. Joubaud et I. Sibgatullin. « Abyssal Mixing in the Laboratory ». Dans The Ocean in Motion, 221–37. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71934-4_16.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

1

Miller, P., C. K. R. T. Jones, G. Haller et L. Pratt. « Chaotic mixing across oceanic jets ». Dans Chaotic, fractal, and nonlinear signal processing. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51055.

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2

Chen, Jun, Philippe Odier, Michael Rivera et Robert Ecke. « Laboratory Measurement of Entrainment and Mixing in Oceanic Overflows ». Dans ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37673.

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The mixing and entrainment processes existing in oceanic overflows, e.g., Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO), affect the global thermohaline circulation. Owing to limited spatial resolution in global climate prediction simulations, the small-scale dynamics of oceanic mixing must be properly modeled. A series of experiments are performed in an Oceanic Overflow Facility to study the mixing and entrainment of a gravity current along an inclined plate, flowing into a steady ambient medium. At small values of the Richardson number, the shear dominates the stabilizing effect of the stratification and the flow at the interface of the current becomes unstable, resulting in turbulent mixing. In addition, the level of turbulence is enhanced by an active grid device. Using PIV and PLIF to measure, respectively, the velocity and density fields, we characterize the statistical properties of the mixing. We also study the entrainment of the ambient fluid by the flow. An accurate parametrization of the mixing and entrainment can be a valuable input for ocean circulation models.

3

Xu, Duo, et Jun Chen. « Experimental Study of Structure and Dynamics of Turbulent Stratified Jet ». Dans ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30740.

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Stratified flows are frequently observed in environmental and oceanic applications, which often involve interaction of momentum and scalar flux. In this study, Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence are applied to simultaneously measure the velocity and density fields of a turbulent jet discharged horizontally into an environment with density difference, for studying the mixing and entrainment process in stratified flows. The data are analyzed to gain understanding of the physical mechanism of vertical mixing (mixing along gravity direction) and horizontal mixing (mixing along horizontal direction) introduced by the turbulent jet flows. The dataset also provides a test platform for mixing models used in stratified flow simulations.

4

Chen, Baixin, Yongchen Song, Masahiro Nishio et Makato Akai. « Numerical Prediction of the Effects of Oceanic Flow Characters on the Evolution of CO2 Eniched Plumes ». Dans ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51103.

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The near-field dynamics of CO2 rich plume draw attention of assessment of the local impacts of CO2 ocean sequestration on natural oceanic environment. In this study, we attempt to predict numerically the role of ocean flow characters, including the current profile and the turbulent intensity, and of the injection parameters, including the injection rate and initial droplet diameters, on the evolution of liquid CO2 (LCO2) droplet and CO2 enriched seawater plumes. The numerical model we used in this study is a two-phase large-eddy simulation model. From numerical experiments we found: 1). The plume height (both LCO2 plume and CO2 enriched seawater plume) is insensitive to ocean currents and turbulent intensity but do sensitive to initial droplet diameter. For releasing rates of 0.6kg/sec, the estimated plume heights at initial droplet diameters of 8.0 and 5.0 millimeter are approximately 170 and 80 meters for different oceanic flows. 2). The physics of CO2 enriched seawater plume, for instance CO2 concentration distribution and local largest concentration, however, are governed sensitively by seawater flow characters and alternatively by injection rate and initial droplet diameter. 3). Strong turbulence enhanced the dispersion and mixing of droplets and CO2 enriched seawater with fresh seawater to produce an improved CO2 concentration distribution.

5

Navrotsky, Vadim, et Vadim Navrotsky. « ON COASTAL - OPEN SEA DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS DEFINING PRODUCTIVITY AND ECOLOGY OF SHELF AND ADJACENT TO SHELF WATERS ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93860f9e48.04241706.

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It is known that considerable part of living matter in the ocean falls out of biological cycle irretrievably by way of sedimentation. It means that quasi-stationary state of oceanic ecosystems is possible only with supply of mineral and organic matter from land. That supply, which includes also contaminating matter, takes place mainly in near-shore regions, concentrates in bottom boundary layers, and is transferred to the open sea via shelves by means of horizontal and vertical mixing. Effective mixing in shelves is carried out by small-scale processes, which are considerably fed by energy of large-scale processes from out-of-shelf regions. The main objective of our paper is to identify mechanisms of energy transfer from large to small-scale motions and from open sea to near-shore areas. Our experiments and observations in the shelf zone of the Sea of Japan revealed important specific features in stratified bottom boundary layers: 1) Temporal intermittence of internal waves (IW) in near-bottom layers and their transformation into sequences of stratified boluses moving in non-stratified medium. 2) Extremely high horizontal and vertical velocities in the near-bottom layers. 3) Considerable power fluctuations caused by correlated fluctuations of near-bottom pressure and velocity. 4) Non-monotonic vertical structure of temperature and velocity leading to possibility of simultaneous existing of IW breaking and secondary generation of high-frequency IW by turbulence in layers with high curvature of velocity profiles. Taking into account satellite observations of high correlation between chlorophyll-a concentration in coastal and in out-of-shelf waters, as well as dispersion relations for different types of internal waves and results of our field experiments we suggest that interconnection of biological parameters in coastal and in open sea waters is exercised substantially by gravitational and inertial internal waves generated by tides and eddies in the region of continental slope near the shelf boundary.

6

Navrotsky, Vadim, et Vadim Navrotsky. « ON COASTAL - OPEN SEA DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS DEFINING PRODUCTIVITY AND ECOLOGY OF SHELF AND ADJACENT TO SHELF WATERS ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43167ef5ab.

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It is known that considerable part of living matter in the ocean falls out of biological cycle irretrievably by way of sedimentation. It means that quasi-stationary state of oceanic ecosystems is possible only with supply of mineral and organic matter from land. That supply, which includes also contaminating matter, takes place mainly in near-shore regions, concentrates in bottom boundary layers, and is transferred to the open sea via shelves by means of horizontal and vertical mixing. Effective mixing in shelves is carried out by small-scale processes, which are considerably fed by energy of large-scale processes from out-of-shelf regions. The main objective of our paper is to identify mechanisms of energy transfer from large to small-scale motions and from open sea to near-shore areas. Our experiments and observations in the shelf zone of the Sea of Japan revealed important specific features in stratified bottom boundary layers: 1) Temporal intermittence of internal waves (IW) in near-bottom layers and their transformation into sequences of stratified boluses moving in non-stratified medium. 2) Extremely high horizontal and vertical velocities in the near-bottom layers. 3) Considerable power fluctuations caused by correlated fluctuations of near-bottom pressure and velocity. 4) Non-monotonic vertical structure of temperature and velocity leading to possibility of simultaneous existing of IW breaking and secondary generation of high-frequency IW by turbulence in layers with high curvature of velocity profiles. Taking into account satellite observations of high correlation between chlorophyll-a concentration in coastal and in out-of-shelf waters, as well as dispersion relations for different types of internal waves and results of our field experiments we suggest that interconnection of biological parameters in coastal and in open sea waters is exercised substantially by gravitational and inertial internal waves generated by tides and eddies in the region of continental slope near the shelf boundary.

7

Babanin, Alexander V. « Wave-Induced Turbulence, Linking Metocean and Large Scales ». Dans ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18373.

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Abstract Until recently, large-scale models did not explicitly take account of ocean surface waves which are a process of much smaller scales. However, it is rapidly becoming clear that many large-scale geophysical processes are essentially coupled with the surface waves, and those include ocean circulation, weather, Tropical Cyclones and polar sea ice in both Hemispheres, climate and other phenomena in the atmosphere, at air/sea, sea/ice and sea/land interface, and many issues of the upper-ocean mixing below the surface. Besides, the wind-wave climate itself experiences large-scale trends and fluctuations, and can serve as an indicator for changes in the weather climate. In the presentation, we will discuss wave influences at scales from turbulence to climate, on the atmospheric and oceanic sides. At the atmospheric side of the interface, the air-sea coupling is usually described by means of the drag coefficient Cd, which is parameterised in terms of the wind speed, but the scatter of experimental data with respect to such dependences is very significant and has not improved noticeably over some 40 years. It is argued that the scatter is due to multiple mechanisms which contribute into the sea drag, many of them are due to surface waves and cannot be accounted for unless the waves are explicitly known. The Cd concept invokes the assumption of constant-flux layer, which is also employed for vertical profiling of the wind measured at some elevation near the ocean surface. The surface waves, however, modify the balance of turbulent stresses very near the surface, and therefore such extrapolations can introduce significant biases. This is particularly essential for buoy measurements in extreme conditions, when the anemometer mast is within the Wave Boundary Layer (WBL) or even below the wave crests. In this presentation, field data and a WBL model are used to investigate such biases. It is shown that near the surface the turbulent fluxes are less than those obtained by extrapolation using the logarithmic-layer assumption, and the mean wind speeds very near the surface, based on Lake George field observations, are up to 5% larger. The dynamics is then simulated by means of a WBL model coupled with nonlinear waves, which revealed further details of complex behaviours at wind-wave boundary layer. Furthermore, we analyse the structure of WBL for strong winds (U10 > 20 m/s) based on field observations. We used vertical distribution of wind speed and momentum flux measured in Topical Cyclone Olwyn (April 2015) in the North-West shelf of Australia. A well-established layer of constant stress is observed. The values obtained for u⁎ from the logarithmic profile law against u⁎ from turbulence measurements (eddy correlation method) differ significantly as wind speed increases. Among wave-induced influences at the ocean side, the ocean mixing is most important. Until recently, turbulence produced by the orbital motion of surface waves was not accounted for, and this fact limits performance of the models for the upper-ocean circulation and ultimately large-scale air-sea interactions. While the role of breaking waves in producing turbulence is well appreciated, such turbulence is only injected under the interface at the vertical scale of wave height. The wave-orbital turbulence is depth-distributed at the scale of wavelength (∼10 times the wave height) and thus can mix through the ocean thermocline in the spring-summer seasons. Such mixing then produces feedback to the large-scale processes, from weather to climate. In order to account for the wave-turbulence effects, large-scale air-sea interaction models need to be coupled with wave models. Theory and practical applications for the wave-induced turbulence will be reviewed in the presentation. These include viscous and instability theories of wave turbulence, direct numerical simulations and laboratory experiments, field and remote sensing observations and validations, and finally implementations in ocean, Tropical Cyclone, ocean and ice models. As a specific example of a wave-coupled environment, the wave climate in the Arctic as observed by altimeters will be presented. This is an important topic for the Arctic Seas, which are opening from ice in summer time. Challenges, however, are many as their Metocean environment is more complicated and, in addition to winds and waves, requires knowledge and understanding of ice material properties and its trends. On one hand, no traditional statistical approach is possible since in the past for most of the Arctic Ocean there was limited wave activity. Extrapolations of the current trends into the future are not feasible, because ice cover and wind patterns in the Arctic are changing. On the other hand, information on the mean and extreme wave properties is of great importance for oceanographic, meteorological, climate, naval and maritime applications in the Arctic Seas.

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Jirka, G., J. Colonell et D. Jones. « Outfall mixing in shallow coastal water under arctic ice cover ». Dans OCEANS '85 - Ocean Engineering and the Environment. IEEE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1985.1160146.

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Rascle, N., et F. Ardhuin. « Wave-induced drift and mixing ». Dans Oceans 2005 - Europe. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2005.1513147.

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Clarke, Bob. « Self-sealing Grout for the Remote Repair of a Deep Ocean Outfall ». Dans Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Grouting and Deep Mixing. Reston, VA : American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412350.0161.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Oceanic mixing":

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Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K. Dynamics and Modeling of Turbulent Mixing in Oceanic Flows. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542707.

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Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K. Turbulent Mixing Parameterizations for Oceanic Flows and Student Support. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598329.

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Venayagamoorthy, Subhas K. Dynamics and Modeling of Turbulent Mixing in Oceanic Flows. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557098.

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Venayagamoorthy, Subhs K. Turbulent Mixing Parameterizations for Oceanic Flows and Student Support. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623416.

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Molemaker, M. J., James C. McWilliams et Alexander F. Shchepetkin. Submesoscale Flows and Mixing in the Oceanic Surface Layer Using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada624753.

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Molemaker, M. J. Submesoscale Flows and Mixing in the Ocean Surface Layer Using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada601142.

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McWilliams, James C. Development and Utilization of Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Delicacy, Imprecision, and Uncertainty of Oceanic Simulations : An Investigation with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Mixing in the Ocean Surface Layer Using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada556948.

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Lozovatsky, Iossif, et Harindra J. Fernando. Topographic Influence on Internal Waves and Mesoscale Oceanic Dynamics, Including Lateral and Vertical Mixing in Marginal Zones of North Atlantic. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623162.

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Moum, James N. Ocean Mixing. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, décembre 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442184.

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Moum, James N. Ocean Mixing. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, septembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628691.

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