Thèses sur le sujet « Ondas estacionárias »
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Silva, Tarciana Maria Santos da. « Ondas estacionárias para algumas classes de equações de Schrödinger ». UFPE, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/14108.
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Capes/Cnpq
Usando métodos variacionais estudamos existência e multiplicidade de soluções para algumas classes de equações de Schrödinger com potenciais que podem mudar de sinal e não linearidades que têm crescimento subcrítico Sobolev e crescimento crítico no sentido de Trudinger-Moser
Ramos, Tiago dos Santos. « Força de radiação acústica produzida por ondas estacionárias de ultrassom ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-06122017-085952/.
Texte intégralThe study of the acoustic radiation force is of high relevance to understand the acoustic levitation, since it is responsible for the levitation of small objects in the interior of an acoustic cavity. The acoustic cavity is the region delimited by the surfaces of the transducer and the reflector, where it is generated an acoustic standing wave field of high intensity. In this technique, called standing wave acoustic levitation, small objects are entrapped at the pressure nodes of the standing wave. In addition, there is also another levitation technique where there is no need to use a reflector. This technique is known as near-field levitation, in which there is only one transducer and the flat-faced object to be levitated. In this technique there is a small region with air between the transducer and the object, with the thickness of the air layer being much smaller than the wavelength. In this work, a numerical and experimental study of the acoustic radiation force in acoustic wave levitators and near-field levitators was done. The simulations were performed in the finite element software COMSOL Mutiphysics. In the experimental results, an electronic scale was used to measure the acoustic radiation force and a high speed camera was applied to observe the oscillatory behavior of spherical objects inside the acoustic cavity. The study of acoustic radiation strength resulted in three main contributions. The first contribution is related to the characterization of nonlinear effects in an acoustic levitator, such as the jump phenomenon and the hysteresis phenomenon. The second contribution is related to the numerical and experimental study of the acoustic radiation force that acts on the reflector of an acoustic levitator. Finally, a study of the acoustic radiation force that acts on the reflector for the near field region was also made. In this last study, it was verified that when the transducer is small in comparison with the wavelength, an attractive force appears on the reflector. This force can be used to levitate a flat object below the transducer face, without requiring a reflector.
Freitas, Ana Carolina Vasques. « Mudanças nas ondas quase-estacionárias em um cenário de aquecimento do clima ». Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2011. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2011/05.01.17.05.
Texte intégralChanges in the Stationary Rossby Waves (SRW) are connected to the regional climate change and the energy propagation of these waves have great influence on the evolution and development of general circulation. Thus, in a warming scenario with increasing greenhouse gases concentration, these waves probably will change. So, this work investigates, firstly, the SRW global response to the projected climate change for the future climate. The performance of ten Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models (OAGCMs), included on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was evaluated to reproduce the climatological SRW observed in the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalysis. Six OAGCMs were selected to analyze the simulated climate changes in SRW and in their propagation. For the analysis of changes in SRW propagation a new method was used, which consists in use the SRW kinetic energy as a measure of wave activity throughout the waveguide. The results reveal that the SRW really change in a warming scenario, with modifications in their amplitude and in the characteristics systems of these waves. In the future climate, the SRW propagation is not favored in all waveguides analyzed and the subtropical jet stream has a displacement towards pole in winter season, especially in Southern Hemisphere (SH). A not favored SRW propagation in the Asian jet stream waveguide can result in the weakening of the ridge over the west tropical Pacific and the trough over East Asia. The not favored SRW propagation in the subtropical North Atlantic jet stream and in the SH polar jet waveguides can result in the weakening of the troughs around south Cuba and over the west tropical Atlantic, respectively. Since late 1970s and early 1980s many studies showed a major shift in the structure of large-scale circulation occurring in both hemispheres. So, posteriorly, the observed climate changes in the SRW pattern and their propagation associated with these climate shifts were investigated. The SRW propagation changes analysis were divided in two parts. In the first part, the multidecadal changes in the SRW activity were examined for two periods: 1948-1978 and 1979-2000. The results revealed that in the last period the SRW propagation was favored in both hemispheres. There are indications that these changes can be associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation warm phase, the North Atlantic Oscillation positive phase and with sea surface tropical temperature fluctuations. In the second part, the interannual changes in the SRW propagation were examined during strong El Niño and La Niña episodes, which occurred from 1948-2000. The results showed that, during strong El Niño events, the SRW propagation was not favored in Northern Hemisphere and is associated with the East Asia monsoon winter weakening and was favored in SH, being associated with a strong ridge in east Australia.
Gemiacki, Lizandro. « Características das ondas quase-estacionárias no hemisfério sul e interações com anomalias climáticas ». Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), 2012. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19/2012/06.19.04.18.
Texte intégralThe climatological characteristics of quasi-stationary waves in the Southern Hemisphere, as well as their variability and relations with the atmospheric circulation over South America were studied using the NCEP-DOE reanalyses 2, for the period 1976-2006. The analyses were performed through the decomposition of the geopotencial in the Fourier series components. The quasi-stationary waves 1, 2 and 3 presented similar characteristics than those shown in previous studies, however, with details of the monthly behaviour in relation to amplitude and zonal, meridional and vertical structures. The analyses of waves 1 to 4, revealed that waves 3 and 4 are important in characterizing the Summer circulation over South America, representing large part of the Bolivian High and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) systems. The wave 4 displays a pattern very similar to the SACZ, with a NW-SE tilting over South America. The other 3 regions which display similar features are located in the regions of the other convergence zones in the SH: the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the Indian Convergence Zone : ICZ and a convergence zone near Austrália. In the variability analysis, the waves 1 to 4 presented large monthly variability, reaching small amplitudes in some months and great values in others. The phases of the waves were analyzed near South America and a large variability was observed during the months and years. In one year a positive phase can be established during a certain month in that region and in another year, the same month can display a negative phase in the same region. This variability can have impacts on SH climate anomalies. In order to analyze the effect of different phases of waves over South America and adjacent oceans, cases with large amplitude anomalies were selected and analyzed in composites. The patterns identified in the composites suggest that the waves 1 and 2 have interactions with El Nino and La Nina phenomenon. Wave 3 has a relation with positive precipitation anomalies over North and Northeastern Brazil and negative anomalies over southern Brazil, in the summer and autumn. The waves 1, 2 and 3 also presented relations with the low levei temperature near Antarctica. Wave 4 showed a relation with precipitation anomalies in the south, southeast and central-west Brazil in the springer and summeI. In this study, complementary features of the quasi-stationary waves in the SH were discussed, with a detailed analysis of the amplitude and zonal, meridional and vertical structures of the waves, for each month. The effect of waves 3 and 4 in the summer circulation over South America were emphasized, as well as the interaction between the anomalous waves and climate anomalies.
Andrade, Marco Aurélio Brizzotti. « Estudo da força de radiação acústica em partículas produzida por ondas progressivas e estacionárias ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-11082010-164959/.
Texte intégralThe objective of this work is to study the acoustic radiation force produced by progressive and standing waves. In this work, the studies related to the acoustic radiation force generated by ultrasonic standing waves are applied in the analysis of an acoustic levitator and the studies involving the acoustic radiation force generated by progressive waves are conducted aiming the design of acoustic separators. In this work, the finite element method is used to simulate an acoustic levitator. First, an acoustic levitator consisting of a 20 kHz Langevin ultrasonic transducer with a plane radiating surface and a plane reflector is simulated by the finite element method. The finite element method is used to determine the transducer face displacement and the acoustic radiation potential that acts on a small sphere. The numerical displacement is compared with that obtained by a fiber-optic vibration sensor and the acoustic radiation potential determined by the finite element method is verified experimentally by placing small Styrofoam spheres in the levitator. After verifying the numerical method, the finite element method was used to optimize an acoustic levitator consisting of a concave-faced transducer and a curved reflector. The numerical results show that the acoustic radiation force in the new levitator is enhanced 604 times compared with the levitator consisting of a plane transducer and a plane reflector. This work also presents a numerical model to determine the trajectory of sphere particles when submitted to ultrasonic progressive waves. This model assumes that the following forces act on the particle: gravity, buoyancy, viscous forces and acoustic radiation force due to the progressive wave. In order not to restrict the model to a small particle size range, the viscous forces that act on the sphere are modeled by an empirical relationship of drag coefficient that is valid for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The numerical model requires the pressure field radiated by the ultrasonic transducer. The pressure field is obtained experimentally by using a calibrated needle hydrophone. The numerical model validation is done by dropping small glass spheres (on the order of 500 m diameter) in front of a 1-MHz 35-mm diameter ultrasonic transducer.
Fernandez, Julio Pablo Reyes. « Ondas quase-estacionárias no hemisférico sul : observações e simulações climáticas sobre a América do Sul ». Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 2004. http://urlib.net/sid.inpe.br/jeferson/2004/06.22.15.46.
Texte intégralCharacteristics of the quasi-stationary waves in the Southern Hemisphere with emphasis on their behavior over South America are discussed. In the first part, an observational study is performed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The nature of seasonal and inter anual variabilities is analyzed. A comparison between the of the quasi-stationary wave's amplitudes and phases betweenthe 1950-1998 and 1979-1998 periods data showed that the differences are not large and the 49 years data can be used for the study. It is found that the amplitude of wave 1 is high and the waves 2 and 3 have much less amplitude. The wave 1 shows two maxima, one at high latitudes in the stratosphere in the austral spring and the other at sub-tropics in the upper troposphere in the austral winter. A comparison of the Eliassen-Palm fluxes between the EI Nino and La Nina events showed that during the EI Nino a stronger upward and equatorward propagation (energy) of the quasi-stationary waves occurs, particularly in the austral spring. To examine the quasi-stationary wave propagation Plumb's methodology is used. During the EI Nino and La Nina events a c1ear wave train can be identified at 300 hPa in all seasons except in summer and centers of positive (negative) anomalies of geopotential in the austral spring over the southeast Pacific near South America, favors (disfavors) the occurrence of blocking highs in this region. In the second part, a modeling study is perfomated using the ETACLIM and RegCM3 regional c1imate mo dels to simulate the quasi-stationary circulations (Bolivian High) over South America in the austral summer. The effects of global anomalies (EI Nino 1997/1998 and La Nina 1998/1999) over the region were examined. The validation of simulations of the c1imatology of January (1991-2000) in both models showed similar skill. However, the simulations of upper and lower levels circulations and precipitation fields of ETACLIM were better that of the RegCM3. Both models are able to simulate the interanual variability during ENSO events with success. The quasi-stationary anomalies were filtered (total and partial) in the integrations of both mo dels during this events. In the southeast of continent, the Amazonian and north of Peru regions showed great sensitivity to these anomalies and others regions the signal was less evident. These results showed the relative role of quasi-stationary waves over South America.
Sousa, Luís José Silveira de. « Localização de campos em branas isotrópicas e anisotrópicas em seis dimensões ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/13882.
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Nesta tese propõe-se o estudo de mundos branas isotrópicos e anisotrópicos em seis dimensões. No que concerne às branas anisotrópicas é realizada a extensão de cinco para seis dimensões de um modelo de mundo brana com solução de ondas gravitacionais estacionárias. Não há preocupação quanto ao estudo da cosmologia mas, principalmente, evidencia-se os mecanismos de localização de campos em tais cenários. Em cinco dimensões a brana é gerada por um campo do tipo fantasma, o qual não satisfaz as condições de energia. Por esta razão no modelo em seis dimensões aqui apresentado houve a preocupação de que o mesmo seja gerado por matéria normal. No contexto de branas isotrópicas algumas soluções relevantes foram obtidas. Particularmente, foi construída uma 4-brana como solução das equações de Einstein em seis dimensões, sendo que neste caso a dimensão compacta pertence à brana e deve ser considerada pequena o suficiente para que a membrana possa representar o universo visível (compactificação híbrida). Esta solução representa uma brana espessa o que generaliza modelos já presentes na literatura, como o defeito tipo corda, por exemplo. Nessa geometria foi realizada a localização dos campos escalar, vetorial e fermiônico. Ainda no contexto de branas isotrópicas foi realizada a localização do campo de Kalb-Ramond em um defeito tipo corda. No que se refere aos modelos de branas anisotrópicas propostos aqui, foi possível generalizar o modelo de cinco para seis dimensões obtendo as seguintes soluções: um modelo de brana espessa anisotrópica, o qual generaliza o modelo de brana espessa homogênea referido anteriormente; uma versão mais simples deste modelo, em que se considera uma 4-brana fina em seis dimensões e dois outros modelos de brana anisotrópica com solução de ondas estacionárias sendo um na presença de matéria não normal e um outro gerado por matéria normal, o que vem a ser o resultado principal desta tese. Nesta geometria foi possível resolver o problema da hierarquia à maneira do que se obtém em modelos do tipo Randall-Sundrum. No que concerne à localização de campos em branas anisotrópicas foram considerados os campos escalar e fermiônico na brana fina antes referida. A localização para ambos os campos foi realizada com sucesso.
Sousa, Miguel Pereira e. « Ilustração científica e pedagógica de sistemas de adaptação de impedâncias ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23474.
Texte intégralO ensino totalmente teórico pode não ser a forma mais fácil de ensino. É possível provar que um ensino recorrendo a exemplos práticos com ilustrações gráficas pode ser bastante benéfico quando a temática a abordar é complexa, difícil de explicar e abstrata. A temática de adaptação e linhas de transmissão é um exemplo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta gráfica e interativa, fácil de utilizar, que oferece um melhor entendimento não só sobre a forma como as ondas de tensão e corrente se propagam numa linha mas também conceitos fundamentais de linhas de transmissão e sua adaptação. Para essa finalidade foram desenvolvidos dois programas em MATLAB, em que o primeiro foi dividido em dois e o segundo em cinco subprogramas.
Totally theoretical teaching may not be the easiest form of teaching. It is possible to prove that teaching using practical examples and graphic illustrations can be very beneficial when the subject to be addressed is complex, difficult to explain and abstract. The subject of adaptation and transmission lines is an example. Thus, the objective of this work is the development of an easy-to-use graphical and interactive tool that offers a better understanding of how voltage and current waves propagate in a fundamental line and concepts of transmission lines and their adaptation. For this purpose, two programs were developed in MATLAB, in which the first one was divided in two and the second in five subprograms.
Nóbrega, Juliana Dorn. « Escoamento deslizante sobre turbilhões em descarregadores em degraus de largura constante e convergentes, usando o método Hidrodinâmica Suavizada de Partículas ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-18032019-162340/.
Texte intégralA numerical study using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method (SPH) was developed for smooth and stepped spillways (for skimming flow regime), with converging and non-converging sidewalls, using the software DualSPHysics. In numerous situations, it is convenient to built spillways with longer width at the crest and narrower width at the downstream end of the spillway, depending on the site constrains. The gradual narrowing of the spillway width is usually made through converging sidewalls, which induce the formation of shockwaves, leading to higher flow depths along the sidewalls. Few studies in the literature were carried out in this research topic to date, justifying the numerical study developed in this project. The numerical model was based on a physical model assembled at the Hydraulic and Water Resources Laboratory of the Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal, using experimental data obtained in previous studies. The experimental setup was composed by a spillway with slope of 26.6º, and angles of converging sidewalls of 0º, 9.9º, and 19.3º in relation to the vertical plane. Two-dimensional or three-dimensional simulations were carried out according to the condition of constant width or converging walls. The results were compared with experimental data, related to the flow depths at the centerline and sidewall of the spillway, the velocity profiles on the non-aerated region, and the lateral standing wave width. Regarding the three-dimensional simulations, contours of the flow depth were also represented, to visualize the extent and height of the sidewall shockwaves, according to the smoothed or stepped face. In general, a good agreement was obtained between numerical and experimental results, which confirms the ability of the SHP method to simulate the skimming flow over stepped spillways, or the flow on more conventional, smooth spillway chutes.
Miranda, Caio Marcelo de. « Determinação da frequência de autorressonância por onda estacionária em enrolamentos solenoidais e proposta de um sistema autorresonante de transferência de energia sem fio utilizando bobinas bifilares abertas ». Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2742.
Texte intégralComuns em projetos de engenharia elétrica, bobinas solenoidais com núcleo de ar e camada simples de enrolamento podem apresentar frequência de autorressonância por efeitos de onda estacionária. A compreensão e determinação destas frequências é portanto de primordial interesse para os profissionais envolvidos com estes componentes. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma teoria que visa explicar o comportamento deste componentes quando em autorressonância por onda estacionária, sendo também desenvolvida uma equação prática que pode determinar tais valores de frequência. O comportamento da impedância nestes componentes também é discutido e demonstrado, onde, baseado nesta teoria, duas novas configurações são apresentadas: uma bobina com ambos terminais abertos e uma bobina com ambos terminais aterrados. Através de uma abordagem didática, correlaciona-se o enrolamento com um tubo de ar ressonante, e explica-se o que é registrado em termos de impedância e fase em um analisador vetorial de impedâncias ao conectar em seus terminais um enrolamento que apresenta autorressonância por onda estacionária. Uma análise da transferência de energia sem fio em circuitos ressonantes magneticamente acoplados é também apresentada, onde é destacada a relação entre eficiência, transferência relativa de potência e impedância refletida em circuitos com 2 e 4 bobinas. Um sistema de transferência de energia sem fio, utilizando bobinas bifilares abertas, é proposto. O sistema possui algumas vantagens uma vez que, a bobina bifilar aberta, ao contrário de uma bobina convencional, possui uma autorressonância série. Portanto, o sistema se comporta como um circuito contendo indutor e capacitor em série. Ainda, uma vez que o circuito dispensa o uso de capacitores, possibilita-se uma menor dimensão das unidades transmissora e receptora, além de se evitar eventuais danos aos capacitores em aplicações envolvendo maiores potências.
Common in electrical engineering projects, air-core single-layer solenoid coils can present self-resonant frequencies due to stationary waves effects. The comprehension and determination of these frequencies is of primordial interest for the professionals evolved with these components. In this work, a theory that aims to explain these components behavior at standing wave self-resonance is presented, a practical equation that can determine such frequency values is also developed. The impedance behavior in these components is also discussed and demonstrated, where, based in this theory, two new configurations are presented: a coil with both terminals open and a coil with both terminals grounded. Through a didactic approach the coil and a resonant air-pipe are correlated, and it is explained what is registered in terms of impedance and phase on a vector impedance analyzer when a standing wave self-resonant coil is connected on its terminals. An analysis of the wireless energy transfer in magnetically coupled resonant circuits is also presented, being emphasized the relation between efficiency, relative power transfer and reflected impedance in 2 and 4-coils circuits. A wireless power transfer system using open bifilar coils is proposed. The proposed system has the advantages that the open bifilar coil, different from a conventional coil, has a series self-resonance. Thus, the system behaves as a series-inductor capacitor circuit. Also, since the circuit avoids capacitors, it allows a smaller transmitter and receptor units dimensions, besides avoiding eventual damages to capacitors in higher power applications.
Roman, Alisson Luiz. « Desenvolvimento de um refrigerador termoacústico tipo onda estacionária ». reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/92456.
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Termoacustica é um fenomeno físico no qual um gradiente de temperatura em uma parede gera uma onda sonora ressonante, ou uma onda sonora ressonante gera um gradiente de temperatura em uma parede. Este fenomeno é utilizado para se obter gradientes de temperatura da ordem dos gradientes presentes em refrigeradores dom´esticos, utilizando energia sonora. O conceito de refrigeraçao termoacustica é ecologicamente correto pois utiliza apenas gases inertes, como o helio e o argonio, como gas de trabalho. O proposito deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia de projeto de um refrigerador termoacustico e tamb´em compreender o efeito das suas variaveis no seu desempenho. A metodologia aplicada consiste na definiçao do gas de trabalho, seguido do projeto do atuador, que entao possibilita o dimensionamento dos parametros de projeto do refrigerador termoacustico. Para o prototipo construido foi medido um gradiente de temperatura de 19oC entre os trocadores quente e frio, com 17oC de temperatura fria, 9oC abaixo da temperatura ambiente. Contudo, os resultados obtidos nao foram muito expressivos devido as dificuldades de mediçao encontrada, como vazamentos e confiabilidade.
Thermoacoustic is a physical phenomenon witch a temperature gradient in a wall generates an acoustic resonant wave, or an acoustic resonant wave generates a temperature gradient in a wall. This phenomenon was used to obtain temperature gradients using acoustic waves, gradients the same size as those present is household refrigerators. The thermoacoustic refrigeration is a green concept because it uses only inert gases like helium and argon as working gas. The goal of this work is to present a thermoacoustic refrigerator design methodology and also to understand the effect of its variables on its performance. The applied methodology consists in the working gas definition followed by the actuator project, witch enables the thermoacoustic refrigerator parameters dimensioning. The constructed prototype reached 19oC gradient temperature between the hot and cold heat exchangers, with 17oC at the cold heat exchanger and 9oC lower than room temperature. However the results were not very expressive due to measurement difficulties, like leakages and reliability.
Pereira, Antonio José Ortolan 1965. « Análise da fase estacionária da interpolação interferométrica de traços aplicada a refletores mergulhantes ». [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265913.
Texte intégralDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O foco deste trabalho é a análise da viabilidade da aplicação da interferometria sísmica na interpolação de traços. Tais traços foram usados no preenchimento de falhas na cobertura sísmica devido à presença de obstruções durante campanhas de aquisição sísmica marítima. O tema proposto é particularmente relevante pois a falta de cobertura sísmica degrada consideravelmente a qualidade das seções e cubos sísmicos, com um impacto negativo para a sísmica como insumo para a atividade de exploração de petróleo. Para o estudo do significado físico dos fenômenos interferométricos foi aplicado o método da fase estacionária em um refletor plano e inclinado, que pode ser tomado como um análogo do fundo do mar na região da quebra do talude continental. Posteriormente utilizamos a interferometria sísmica para interpolação de traços sísmicos em um conjunto de dados sintéticos. Os resultados mostraram que a interpolação interferométrica tem um bom potencial para criação dos traços virtuais com um baixo custo computacional
Abstract: The scope of this work was the analysis of feasibility of the Seismic Interferometry application in trace interpolation. These traces can be used to fill coverage gaps in seismic surveys. In general these gaps are created by the obstruction of seismic vessel tracks, due to the presence of platforms, vessels and other facilities in offshore oil fields. The trace interpolation is a particularly important step in seismic processing in order to avoid losses of quality in seismic sections, which impacts negatively the value of Seismic information in Exploration. One of the most promising use of this technique is the ability to create new positions of sources and receivers by cross correlating the seismic wavefield recorded. To understand the physical meaning of Seismic Interferometry we studied one of its fundamental equations by means of the Stationary Phase method, in a very simple geometry: a flat dip reflector. After this we applied the interferometric equation of correlation type to create new virtual traces (interferometric traces) using a synthetic dataset. The results showed the good potential of interferometric interpolation
Mestrado
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Begnini, Fernanda Ribeiro. « Preparação e caracterização de fase estacionária reversa fenil-propil-metil-siloxano, imobilizada por micro-ondas, para cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência ». [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250515.
Texte intégralDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: Novas fases estacionárias (FE) para Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência em fase reversa (CLAE-FR) foram preparadas a partir da sorção e imobilização por micro-ondas do copolímero poli(2- fenilpropil)metilsiloxano (PFPMS) sobre suporte de sílica Kromasil (tipo B, esférica, 5 mm). A FE preparada com carga do copolímero de 50%, imobilizada a 540 W por 80 minutos e extraída com clorofórmio (3 horas) e metanol (2 horas) após 8 dias de imobilização, apresentou desempenho cromatográfico satisfatório, com eficiências acima de 60000 pratos/m e parâmetros cromatográficos na faixa aceita pela literatura. Através da caracterização físico-química da FE preparada, pelas técnicas de RMN Si e C, e espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho, entre outras, foi possível sugerir que o PFPMS encontra-se fisicamente sorvido e quimicamente ligado à sílica. A caracterização cromatográfica mostrou que a FE possui seletividade hidrofóbica, seletividade estérica, pouca interação com analitos polares e grupos silanóis residuais, sendo características apropriadas para uma FR. A FE preparada apresenta grande potencial na separação de agrotóxicos, fármacos e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, além de possuir estabilidade em meio ácido
Abstract: A new stationary phase for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was prepared by sorption and microwave immobilization of the copolymer poly(2- phenylpropyl)methylsiloxane (PPPMS) onto a silica support (Kromasil®, type B, 5 mm). The stationary phase prepared with copolymeric content of 50%, immobilized at 540 W for 80 min and extracted with chloroform (3 hours) and methanol (2 hours) eight days after immobilization, showed satisfactory chromatographic performance, with efficiency above 60000 plates/m and symmetrical peaks. The physical¿chemical characterization of the new microwave immobilized stationary phase using solid-state NMR spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy suggested that the copolymer is physically sorbed and chemically bonded onto the silica support. The chromatographic characterization showed that the stationary phase has hydrophobic selectivity, steric selectivity, low interaction with polar analytes and residual silanols, suggesting that the stationary phase prepared is promising to be used in RP-HPLC. The microwave immobilized stationary phase presented chemical stability and potential applicability to separation of pesticides, pharmaceutical drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Mestrado
Quimica Analitica
Mestre em Química
Atehortua, Carlos Mario Giraldo. « Estudo da intensificação da coalescência de emulsões de água em óleo com a aplicação de onda estacionária de ultrassom ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-16062016-143355/.
Texte intégralConsidering that oil when extracted from the wells in deep water have water content greater than 50%, and that before to be sent to the refinery must have a quantity of water less than 1%, it becomes necessary to use water amount reduction techniques. During the oil extraction are formed water-in-oil emulsions that are highly stable due to an interfacial film containing asphaltenes and / or resins around the water droplets. This work presents the use of ultrasonic standing waves to perform that emulsion break. When water droplets with dimensions about 10m, much smaller than the wavelength, are placed in a standing acoustic field in oil, the acoustic radiation force pushes the water droplets to the pressure wave nodes. A coalescing chamber with frequency about 1 MHz, with four layers comprising a piezoelectric, a solid coupling, one with the liquid, and another reflector, was modeled using the matrix transfer method, that allows calculating the electrical impedance as a function of frequency. To minimize the effect of the temperature gradient between the inlet and the outlet of the chamber cavity, when it is operating, were used two groups of piezoelectric transducers positioned transverse to the flow which are excited and controlled independently. A digital controller has been implemented to adjust the frequency and the power of each transducer. The controller has as input the modulus and phase of electrical current of the transducer and as output the amplitude of voltage and the frequency. For developed cells, the control algorithm follows an specific resonance peak within the chambers cavity in the frequency range 1.09 to 1.15 MHz. Acoustic separation of water in oil emulsions was carried out on a laboratory oil processing plant. Tests were performed by varying the amount of the chemical demulsifier, the initial water content in the emulsion. The system flow rate was kept constant at 80 W using the control system. Residence time within the separation chamber was identified as an important factor in the water in oil emulsions coalescence process. The use of chemical demulsifier is required to perform the separation, however in large quantities, it implies the use of additional processes before the oil final transfer to the refinery. Initial water contents in the emulsion about 30 and 50% indicate that the use of the acoustic standing wave in the emulsion coalescence has not limitation on this parameter. According to the results obtained in laboratory, this technique would be indicated as an alternative to integrate a primary processing system together with an electrostatic separator.
Ribeiro, Carlos Manuel Ferreira. « Propagação em meios guiados : ilustração científica e pedagógica ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14175.
Texte intégralO objetivo principal deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de software interativo que permite ilustrar os tópicos principais da propagação de ondas em linhas de transmissão e ainda da incidência, reflexão e transmissão, como etapa importante para a compreensão dos fenómenos de propagação em linhas de transmissão, sistemas de adaptação de impedâncias e reflexão e transmissão de ondas planas. Foram desenvolvidos cinco programas através da interface GUI do MATLAB, que visam os seguintes temas: modelo básico de uma linha de transmissão; propagação numa linha de transmissão abordando o estabelecimento da onda estacionária - incidência, reflexão e interferência de ondas; impedância e coeficiente de reflexão ao longo da linha de transmissão, interligando com o conceito de Carta de Smith; adaptação de impedâncias com a técnica de um stub e incidência de uma onda plana entre dois meios com uma ilustração detalhada dos campos nesses meios.
The main objective of this work is the development of interactive software that allows to illustrate the main topics of wave propagation in transmission lines and yet the incidence, reflection and transmission as an important step towards the understanding of propagation phenomena in transmission lines, impedance matching and reflection and transmission of plane waves. Five programs were developed using MATLAB GUI interface, which addressed the following topics: basic model of a transmission line; propagation in a transmission line addressing the establishment of the standing wave - incidence, reflection and interference of waves; reflection coefficient and impedance along the transmission line connecting the concept of Smith Chart; impedance matching techniques with a stub and the incidence of a plane wave between two media with a detailed illustration of the fields in these media.
Venâncio, Tiago. « \"Novas aplicações da precessão livre em onda contínua em ressonância magnética nuclear de baixa e alta resolução\" ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-18012007-093344/.
Texte intégralIn this work a study of the continuous wave free precession (CWFP), a special condition of the steady-state free precession (SSFP), and some applications, was developed. The experimental results, together with simulated ones, have shown that the CWFP signal is attained after two previous stages. The first one is dependent on the non-homogeneity of the magnetic field, related to Tp/T2* ratio. The second, which is called quasi-stationary state, is dependent of both relaxation times, T1 and T2. This second stage allows leading the magnetization in the thermal equilibrium to a truly stationary state. The information of the signal amplitude in the thermal equilibrium and in the steady state, and also the signal decaying during the quasistationary state, allows the fast and simultaneous determination of the relaxation times, performed in a single experiment. This method offers interesting applications for studying dynamical processes, also proposed in this work. It was possible to verify that the CWFP signal can be used to monitor kinetics of reactions, which variations of viscosity are involved, for example, in polymerization reactions, always associated to structural changes. A method for evaluating thermal conductivity in elastomers was proposed, with results in accordance to the literature, which uses other methods. The dependence of the CWFP signal with the offset frequency has permitted to study an application to the High-Resolution NMR, about the solvent suppression. The results demonstrated that it is necessary to perform some adjustments in the pulse width, together the phase cycle, to minimize some phase and intensity anomalies of the frequency-domain signal. This technique was applied in in vivo spectroscopy, which can solve, for example, problems with the determination of the sugar content in fresh fruits, where the sugar signal is very close to the intense signal of the water.
Silva, Murilo da. « Implementação de um localizador de faltas híbrido para linhas de transmissão com três terminais baseado na transformada wavelet ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-11042008-110740/.
Texte intégralThis work presents a study and development of a hybrid algorithm for fault detection, classification and location in tree terminal lines based on wavelet transform (WT). It will be presented in two versions: discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and stationary wavelet transform (SWT). The algorithm is called hybrid because it uses two fault location methodologies: one based on fundamental components and other based on traveling waves. The proposed methodology works either with synchronized tree terminal data or only local data. The hybrid fault locator chooses automatically which location technique to be used in order to reach a reliable and accurate fault location. In this manner, this technique can avoid some difficulties present in other techniques, aiming to reach an optimized fault location. The proposed hybrid fault location was evaluated by simulated fault signals obtained by alternative transient program (ATP). In the tests, several parameters, which would influence the performance of the hybrid algorithm, were varied, such as: fault inception angle, fault resistance, fault type, etc. The results obtained by the proposed methodology are very encouraging and it points out to a very promising application.
Tacanho, Alexandre da Silva. « Aparato para medição do espetro de ondulação do Tanque do Laboratório de Arquitetura Naval ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/12182.
Texte intégralThis study aims to characterize the wave spectrum of the Tank of the Laboratory of Naval Architecture, using a sensor and a float designed with the objective of being sensitive to the influence of the generated waves, determining the acceleration of the free surface variation derived from his elevation caused by these waves. This dissertation is based on the linear theory of waves, since waves are going to be generated in the tank and, as these interfere with the object designed, the heave effect will be perceived in that same object. Due to its sensitivity to detect the acceleration caused by the waves, and with the help of an accelerometer, a charge accelerator and an oscilloscope, we will obtain the graph corresponding to that acceleration in a certain period of time, carefully defined to avoid the stationary waves originated due to the dimensions and constraints of the tank. After these data are collected and using the we will carry out the integration of the graphs corresponding to the measurements in order to transform the graph corresponding to the measured acceleration into a displacement graph. For the corresponding wave spectrum of the tank, it is necessary to create a code relating to the Fast Fourier Transform using different rotation regimes of the wave generator. To confirm the trend of values to obtain for the frequency and amplitude variation of the rotation speed of the motor, the resulting graphics will be compared with the values obtained using the linear wave theory.
Monteiro, João Carlos Ferreira. « Projeto, realização e estudo comparativo de 2 agregados de fendas ». Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/19509.
Texte intégralNowadays, wireless networks appear as a component capable to provide the most varied services (Television, Internet, Phone, etc). Such networks appear available to all users, whether in study places (Universities, etc), in recreational sites (bars, shopping malls, etc) or even created by the users themselves for their own enjoyment. The growing demands for such networks, encourage the development of projects in that area, as well as optimize the existing recourses in order to make this service more competitive. This dissertation arose from the ambition to make a comparative study of two antennas composed by waveguides with slots in orthogonal plane. The antennas have the same number of slits. However the position of the slits differs, one contains the slots in the plane zx, and the other in the plane zy. They differ in offset parameters; the antenna with slots in plane zx requires the dimensioning of the offset, while the antenna with slots in zy plane has no offset. The antennas analysis will be based on characteristic parameters such as -3dB bandwidth, the gain in different polarization planes and the standing wave ratio. The aim is to project the antennas to work in 2,45GHz band, performing the simulations and experimental measurements corresponding to the parameters under study using the CST MWS and anechoic chamber, respectively. This study also aims to acquire experience in design, implementation and practice of antennas; characterization, simulation and measurement of radiation characteristics and finally the dimensioning of adaptive systems.
Soeiro, Gonçalo Correia. « Projeto de uma antena para controlo wireless de um robot ». Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/14232.
Texte intégralCommunication and wireless transmission of information has become a reality and it is increasingly used by contemporary societies. At a professional level, the military forces have searched recently an upgrade of its means of operation, in order to increase efficiency and safety in certain tasks. In this sense, the Portuguese army acquired recently a robot (ROVIM) whose function is to perform reconnaissance and surveillance actions. The objective of this dissertation is to design and build an antenna for wireless control of this robot (ROVIM). The technical specifications of this antenna required that two modes of operation could be used. One with a larger beamwidth and another with a narrower beamwidth. In order to fulfill these objectives we have designed and built two antennas, the first antenna is an conventional Yagi - Uda antenna and the second one is an antenna with a novel structure that allows the adjustment of gain and beamwidth at -3 dB. The first antenna will be the base model for the second antenna, which presents the innovative features of the control of radiation characteristics. This control is possible through the introduction of diodes and the respective bias circuit in the antenna structure. Initially, the antennas were designed and simulated using the simulation program CST MWS to operate in the 2.4 GHz band. After construction of the antennas, the radiation characteristics were measured using the anechoic chamber and the network analyzer, and thus allowing the comparison of measured with simulated results.