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1
Aigrain, Philippe. « Quels droits, et quel pouvoir pour les individus ? » Statistique et société 2, no 4 (2014) : 51–55. https://doi.org/10.3406/staso.2014.934.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Dans le droit actuel, les droits des individus face aux traitements informatiques reposent sur deux principes de base : la finalité et le consentement. Chaque traitement a une finalité claire ; chaque individu, informé de cette finalité, donne son consentement pour participer au traitement. Ces principes établis dans les années 1970 pour des recueils de données structurées sont mis en difficulté aujourd’hui où le champ des données s’est considérablement étendu, puisqu’il couvre les traces laissées par les internautes ou les opinions qu’ils expriment. Et l’anonymisation n’est pas la panacée. Suffira-t-il pour autant de définir de nouveaux droits ? On a également besoin d’une attention plus forte portée aux architectures informatiques et aux modèles commerciaux, qui conditionnent la réalité de l’exercice d’un droit comme celui du consentement.
2
Cochrane, Christopher. « Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics ». Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no 3 (septembre 2010) : 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000624.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract. This article examines the influence of ideology in Canadian politics. The core theory is that political opinions are bound together into ideological clusters by underlying influences that affect simultaneously the opinions of individuals about more than one issue. The central hypothesis is that ideological disagreement between the left and the right is asymmetrical, that is, that leftists and rightists bundle in different ways their opinions about issues. The analysis draws on evidence from Benoit and Laver's survey of experts (2006) about the policy positions of political parties, the Comparative Manifesto Research Project (Budge et al., 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006), and Cross and Young's survey of Canadian political party members (2002). The results of the analysis indicate, first, that Canada's left/right ideological divide is wide by cross-national standards, and, second, that leftists and rightists organize their opinions about the world in different ways.Résumé. Cet article examine l'influence des idéologies dans l'environnement politique canadien. La théorie centrale stipule que les opinions politiques sur diverses questions sont structurées en groupes idéologiques consolidés par des influences sous-jacentes qui affectent simultanément les opinions des individus. L'hypothèse principale découlant de cette théorie est que la structure du désaccord idéologique entre la gauche et la droite est asymétrique; plus précisément, que les individus situés à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique canadien organisent de manière différente leurs opinions politiques. L'analyse s'appuie tout d'abord sur les données d'un sondage auprès d'experts politiques réalisé par Benoit et Laver (2006) et portant sur les positions politiques des partis. Elle utilise également les données du Comparative Manifesto Research Project (Budge et al. 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006) et celles d'un sondage d'opinion de Cross et Young (2002) effectué auprès des membres de partis politiques canadiens. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent, en premier lieu, qu'il existe un clivage important entre la droite et la gauche au Canada même lorsqu'il est observé dans une perspective comparative, et en second lieu, que les individus se situant à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique ont tendance à organiser de manière différente leurs opinions sur le monde.
3
Fauchier, Louise. « Les espaces marchands dans l’Athènes classique. Des lieux de mobilisation et d’acquisition de savoirs politiques ». Dialogues d'histoire ancienne S 27, Supplément27 (12 octobre 2023) : 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dha.hs27.0167.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les espaces marchands – agora, boutiques et ateliers – semblent avoir constitué d’importants lieux de sociabilité dans l’Athènes classique. Outre les relations marchandes qui y sont à l’œuvre, ce sont des espaces d’acquisition et de mobilisation de savoirs politiques. Des individus de différents statuts pouvaient s’y rencontrer et partager des ragots, des opinions et des informations hétéroclites concernant la cité et ses habitants : actualités politiques et judiciaires, affaires individuelles, éducation philosophique, etc. Ces espaces ouverts pouvaient accueillir des rassemblements hétérogènes et spontanés mais offraient aussi des lieux d’échanges pour des groupes sociaux particuliers.
4
Bergeot, Julien, et Florence Jusot. « Croyances, préférences face au risque et au temps et comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19 des séniors en France ». Revue économique Vol. 74, no 3 (20 juillet 2023) : 319–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.743.0319.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cet article analyse le rôle des préférences liées au risque et au temps, la confiance envers les autres et les opinions politiques dans l’adoption de comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19 en France. Nous utilisons les données au niveau individuel de la partie française de plusieurs vagues de l’Enquête sur la santé, le vieillissement et la retraite en Europe (SHARE), qui enquête des Européens âgés de 50 ans et plus, appariées aux données de l’enquête SHARE-Corona à l’été 2020, et aux informations sur les préférences et croyances collectées en 2019 à l’aide d’un questionnaire spécifique à la France. Nos résultats suggèrent que la patience et l’aversion au risque prédisent fortement les comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19. Les individus patients sont plus susceptibles de s’abstenir de rendre visite à leur famille, de porter un masque et de garder leurs distances en dehors de chez eux. L’aversion au risque augmente la probabilité de ne pas se réunir avec plus de cinq personnes extérieures au ménage et de ne plus rendre visite aux membres de la famille. Avoir un plus haut niveau de confiance envers les autres atténue au contraire le respect des recommandations sur les rassemblements de plus de cinq personnes et les réunions familiales, les individus faisant confiance aux autres percevant sans doute un moindre risque d’être infecté par des amis ou de la famille. Les opinions politiques extrêmes sont également associées à un moindre respect des recommandations sur les rassemblements de plus de cinq personnes. Ces résultats suggèrent de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des préférences et des croyances individuelles pour la définition des politiques et recommandations de prévention, notamment contre le COVID-19 . Classification JEL : I12, I18, D91, H12.
5
Blanchet, Alexandre, et Normand Landry. « L'aptitude au travail comme heuristique de mérite dans la formation des opinions à l’égard des personnes assistées sociales ». Canadian Journal of Political Science 56, no 2 (juin 2023) : 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423923000276.
Texte intégralRésumé :
RésuméCet article étudie les attitudes des Québécois à l’égard des personnes assistées sociales. Il s'intéresse à la variation du niveau d'aide mensuel que les Québécois sont prêts à leur accorder en fonction du profil de prestataires. L'article vise plus spécifiquement à étudier l'influence de l'aptitude au travail en tant qu'heuristique de mérite structurant l'opinion des Québécois. Nos résultats indiquent que les Québécois sont d'avis que les prestataires de l'assistance sociale devraient recevoir des soutiens mensuels inférieurs à ce qu'ils considèrent être le revenu minimum nécessaire pour couvrir les besoins de base. L'opinion des Québécois quant au niveau adéquat d'aide devant être offerte aux personnes assistées sociales est aussi fortement structurée par la question de l'aptitude au travail et par la perception que les individus sont en contrôle de leur situation. Finalement, la notion d'aptitude au travail se distingue clairement d'une variété d'autres caractéristiques individuelles pouvant influencer les opinions des Québécois.
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Motoi, Ina. « Espace d’animation et processus dialogique ». Revue internationale animation, territoires et pratiques socioculturelles, no 26 (21 décembre 2024) : 245–64. https://doi.org/10.55765/atps.i26.2762.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Alors que des tensions sociétales majeures affectent le tissu social, la portée de l’animation de groupe est immense car elle peut transformer, faire dévier ou renforcer des comportements, des opinions et des manières de penser. Organisant la communication par une scénarisation préalable, l’animation peut soit imposer ses objectifs en toute transparence ou les dissimuler derrière des masques de la vertu, soit passer son pouvoir d’influence aux individus afin qu’ils déterminent par le dialogue un sens commun qui est leur bien social le plus précieux. En s’éloignant d’une approche intersubjective, l’espace d’animation s’est rétréci puisque de nombreux citoyens refusent de participer à des activités conçues pour eux et non avec eux. Si seuls des processus dialogiques peuvent faire croitre une distanciation réflexive et une pensée critique, comment une revue consacrée à ce thème peut-elle les appliquer dans son animation d’une communauté de recherche et de pratique ?
7
Olivé Conde, Patrícia. « Crisi social, experiència individual, identitat cultural i acció col·lectiva ». Arxiu d'Etnografia de Catalunya, no 15 (22 décembre 2015) : 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17345/aec15.37-56.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Aquest article és un breu resum dels principals aspectes tractats en el projecte de tesi doctoral –en procés de realització– on s’analitzen tant la crisi econòmica i social que s’ha produït en els últims anys com els discursos explicatius que s’han traslladat a l’opinió pública, i també, finalment, com aquests han estat llegits per la ciutadania i com l’experiència dels individus i la lectura que en fan han transformat els seus valors i actituds.Farem una breu anàlisi bibliogràfica sobre dos dels aspectes claus tractats: en primer lloc, el concepte de Mediterrània com a oposat a Europa i carregat d’un simbolisme associat a estereotips negatius (irresponsabilitat, malbaratament, irracionalitat…), i en segon lloc, les principals transformacions socioeconòmiques anteriors i contemporànies a la crisi financera actual. Ambdós elements, entenem, permeten contextualitzar el procés viscut, alhora que situen els punts de vista dels informants consultats al voltant d’aspectes de la seva identitat i de l’anàlisi de la realitat socioeconòmica; les opinions dels informants constitueixen el nucli de l’article.
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Olivé Conde, Patrícia. « Crisi social, experiència individual, identitat cultural i acció col·lectiva ». Arxiu d'Etnografia de Catalunya, no 15 (22 décembre 2015) : 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17345/aec201537-56.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p class="p1">Aquest article és un breu resum dels principals aspectes tractats en el projecte de tesi doctoral –en procés de realització– on s’analitzen tant la crisi econòmica i social que s’ha produït en els últims anys com els discursos explicatius que s’han traslladat a l’opinió pública, i també, finalment, com aquests han estat llegits per la ciutadania i com l’experiència dels individus i la lectura que en fan han transformat els seus valors i actituds.</p><p class="p1">Farem una breu anàlisi bibliogràfica sobre dos dels aspectes claus tractats: en primer lloc, el concepte de Mediterrània com a oposat a Europa i carregat d’un simbolisme associat a estereotips negatius (irresponsabilitat, malbaratament, irracionalitat…), i en segon lloc, les principals transformacions socioeconòmiques anteriors i contemporànies a la crisi financera actual. Ambdós elements, entenem, permeten contextualitzar el procés viscut, alhora que situen els punts de vista dels informants consultats al voltant d’aspectes de la seva identitat i de l’anàlisi de la realitat socioeconòmica; les opinions dels informants constitueixen el nucli de l’article.</p>
9
Ferrari, Marcela. « Les préférences politiques et électorales des Argentins : mémoires des votes (1946—2001) ». Social Science Information 48, no 4 (17 novembre 2009) : 667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409344786.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cet article tente d’éclairer les motivations des préférences électorales et politiques des Argentins pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle en analysant les perceptions des ‘gens du commun’, c’est-à-dire, des personnes éloignées des lieux gouvernementaux de prise de décision. Les analyses des sciences sociales sur les processus politiques de l’histoire de l’Argentine sont ici confrontées avec les perceptions des individus qui font appel à leur mémoire de vote et à la façon dont ils se souviennent avoir vécu différents événements, ainsi qu’à leur évaluation personnelle quant à l’importance de leur participation électorale. Les témoignages des protagonistes de ‘l’histoire d’en bas’ donnent à voir des opinions — ou parfois des évocations — sur la politique et les hommes politiques de la période 1946—2001. Ils expriment des sentiments ou des émotions qui permettent de compléter, nuancer, confronter ou encore mettre en tension les interprétations historiographiques avec lesquelles ils sont mis en dialogue. Ces différents protagonistes ont tous pris une position plus ou moins tranchée par rapport aux partis politiques ou aux gouvernements dont ils ont été contemporains et surtout, au clivage péronisme/anti-péronisme qui, de 1946 à nos jours, a parcouru l’histoire de l’Argentine. Mots-clés: Histoire de l’Argentine; Histoire récente; Mémoire; Participation électorale; Participation politique
10
DZIKOWSKI, ANDRZEJ, et JÓZEF SZAREK. « Individual independent veterinary expert opinions. Trends of 25 years in forensic veterinary expertise ». Medycyna Weterynaryjna 81, no 5 (2025) : 253–61. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.7012.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 25 years of forensic veterinary expert opinion-making (2000- 2024) with a special focus on independent veterinary expert opinions. A total of 166 individual, independent expert opinions were studied and discussed. The types of individual opinions were determined. The large role of the civil law in veterinary opinions was indicated from the perspective of both the commissioning entities and topics of opinions. Similarities and differences in relation to earlier works on veterinary expert opinions were demonstrated. A growing trend in the number of opinions issued and their diversity was confirmed. Individual, independent expert opinion-making was proven to be a vital part of forensic activities and veterinary services for the public.
11
ALIZADEH, MEYSAM, CLAUDIO CIOFFI-REVILLA et ANDREW CROOKS. « THE EFFECT OF IN-GROUP FAVORITISM ON THE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUALS' OPINIONS ». Advances in Complex Systems 18, no 01n02 (février 2015) : 1550002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525915500022.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Empirical findings from social psychology show that sometimes people show favoritism toward in-group members in order to reach a global consensus, even against individuals' own preferences (e.g., altruistically or deontically). Here we integrate ideas and findings on in-group favoritism, opinion dynamics, and radicalization using an agent-based model entitled cooperative bounded confidence (CBC). We investigate the interplay of homophily, rejection, and in-group cooperation drivers on the formation of opinion clusters and the emergence of extremist, radical opinions. Our model is the first to explicitly explore the effect of in-group favoritism on the macro-level, collective behavior of opinions. We compare our model against the two-dimentional bounded confidence model with rejection mechanism, proposed by Huet et al. [Adv. Complex Syst.13(3) (2010) 405–423], and find that the number of opinion clusters and extremists is reduced in our model. Moreover, results show that group influence can never dominate homophilous and rejecting encounters in the process of opinion cluster formation. We conclude by discussing implications of our model for research on collective behavior of opinions emerging from individuals' interaction.
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Mendoza, Sandra Edith Medellín, et Joana Cecilia Chapa Cantú. « Victimización en México : Un análisis de equilibrio general ». Regions and Cohesions 5, no 2 (1 juin 2015) : 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2015.050203.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There exists few studies on Mexico related to research of the factors involved in the decision-making process of individuals when choosing whether to be a law-abiding citizen or a criminal. From the perspective of members of criminal markets—i.e., victims, felons, and the government—this work explains under a general equilibrium model how the delinquency rate for felonies, such as theft, in the various Mexican states function as structural parameters for wages, taxes, police reliability, and legal penalties. The results suggest that, in an environment of low accusation and punishment, the only variable in this model which has a real effect in reducing crime are monetary penalties, due to the fact that the felon must face this kind of penalty once accused, captured, and jailed. Spanish Existen pocos estudios para el caso mexicano donde se investiga cuáles son los factores que intervienen en la toma de decisiones de los individuos al elegir entre ser criminal o no. Desde la perspectiva de los integrantes del mercado del crimen, esto es, víctimas, delincuentes y gobierno, este trabajo explica bajo un modelo de equilibrio general, cómo responde la tasa de delincuencia para delitos como el robo de las entidades federativas mexicanas ante cambios en los parámetros estructurales como salarios, impuestos, productividad de la policía y las penas consideradas en el marco legal. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que en un contexto de bajas tasas de denuncia y castigo, la única variable de política que en el marco de este modelo tiene efecto para reducir el crimen son las penas monetarias, ya que estas las enfrenta el criminal una vez que es denunciado, capturado y encarcelado. French Rares sont les études au Mexique qui s'interrogent sur les facteurs liés au processus de prise de décision chez les individus concernant leur choix de devenir ou non des criminels. Fondé sur les opinions des agents du crime organisé, dont les victimes, les criminels et le gouvernement, cet article analyse sur la base d'un modèle d'équilibre général, la manière dont le taux de délinquance, à l'instar des détournements des fonds publics dans des régions mexicaines, réagit aux changement des paramètres structurels tels que les salaires, les impôts, l'efficience de la police et la fiabilité des sanctions dans le cadre juridique. Les résultats suggèrent que dans un contexte pareil marqué par un faible taux de plaintes et de sanctions, la seule variable de politiques susceptibles de réduire efficacement la criminalité, sont les sanctions pécuniaires, auxquelles les criminels seraient systématiquement confrontés en cas de dénonciation, d'arrestation ou d'emprisonnement.
13
XIONG, FEI, YUN LIU et ZHENJIANG ZHANG. « DYNAMICS WITH CO-EVOLUTION OF INDIVIDUAL INCLINATION AND OPINION ». International Journal of Modern Physics C 22, no 01 (janvier 2011) : 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183111016051.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Based on the voter model, we present a new opinion formation model which takes into account the evolution of both opinions and individual inclinations. A memory-based inclination is developed gradually during the process of social interaction; however, if the individual inclination gets strong enough, it will react to opinion dynamics. We assume that an individual inclination increases with the number of times the individual has held its most frequent opinion in the past interactions. As a result of inclination choices the transition rate following neighbors decreases, thus slowing down the microscopic dynamics. Analytical and simulation results indicate the system under the action of opinion inclinations evolves to a more polarized state for average opinion. The appearance of extremists holding the minority opinion is observed in the final state, where one opinion predominates. It is also found that the stable opinion and relaxation time depend on network topology and memory length. Moreover, this model is not only valid to the voter model, but can also be applied to other spin systems.
14
Gezha, Vladislav N., et Ivan V. Kozitsin. « The Effects of Individuals’ Opinion and Non-Opinion Characteristics on the Organization of Influence Networks in the Online Domain ». Computers 12, no 6 (2 juin 2023) : 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers12060116.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The opinion dynamics literature argues that the way people perceive social influence depends not only on the opinions of interacting individuals, but also on the individuals’ non-opinion characteristics, such as age, education, gender, or place of residence. The current paper advances this line of research by studying longitudinal data that describe the opinion dynamics of a large sample (~30,000) of online social network users, all citizens of one city. Using these data, we systematically investigate the effects of users’ demographic (age, gender) and structural (degree centrality, the number of common friends) properties on opinion formation processes. We revealed that females are less easily influenced than males. Next, we found that individuals that are characterized by similar ages have more chances to reach a consensus. Additionally, we report that individuals who have many common peers find an agreement more often. We also demonstrated that the impacts of these effects are virtually the same, and despite being statistically significant, are far less strong than that of opinion-related features: knowing the current opinion of an individual and, what is even more important, the distance in opinions between this individual and the person that attempts to influence the individual is much more valuable. Next, after conducting a series of simulations with an agent-based model, we revealed that accounting for non-opinion characteristics may lead to not very sound but statistically significant changes in the macroscopic predictions of the populations of opinion camps, primarily among the agents with radical opinions (≈3% of all votes). In turn, predictions for the populations of neutral individuals are virtually the same. In addition, we demonstrated that the accumulative effect of non-opinion features on opinion dynamics is seriously moderated by whether the underlying social network correlates with the agents’ characteristics. After applying the procedure of random shuffling (in which the agents and their characteristics were randomly scattered over the network), the macroscopic predictions have changed by ≈9% of all votes. What is interesting is that the population of neutral agents was again not affected by this intervention.
15
Terraf, Mariano. « Individuo tirano y emprendedorismo en el capitalismo especulativo ». Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no 10 (6 décembre 2024) : e240166. https://doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v5i10.166.
Texte intégralRésumé :
El individuo tirano refiere al sujeto empoderado por la tecnología digital que, obsesionado con la autoafirmación y el control a través de las redes sociales, impone sus preferencias y opiniones sin considerar las consecuencias sociales, éticas y políticas. Esta conducta, sumada a un régimen de posverdad, fomenta el descreimiento en las instituciones, el aislamiento y la no aceptación de lo distinto, propiciando que los individuos descarguen entre sí de opiniones infundadas e instaurando una lógica amigo-enemigo que hace emerger la actitud antipolítica y daña el tejido democrático. En paralelo, el capitalismo actual se caracteriza por el volumen masivo de capitales especulativos, generando crisis e inestabilidad. En este "capitalismo especulativo", el neoliberalismo desde abajo emerge como estrategia de adaptación de grupos sociales, evidenciando cómo el emprendedorismo ha cooptado a la clase trabajadora. Este artículo propone analizar cómo la convergencia del individuo tirano, el emprendedorismo y el capitalismo especulativo genera una torsión en las subjetividades contemporáneas. Esta se manifiesta en la precariedad de sus condiciones de vida, la aceptación pasiva frente a la incertidumbre, la autoresponsabilización ante el fracaso, el individualismo extremo y la credulidad en narrativas que exigen apostar al riesgo en busca de un futuro mejor.
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Olguín Meza, María de Jesús. « La Libertad de Expresión en la Sociedad del Conocimiento ». Con-Ciencia Boletín Científico de la Escuela Preparatoria No. 3 10, no 20 (5 juillet 2023) : 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/prepa3.v10i20.10575.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Actualmente sabemos que la Libertad de expression en la sociedad, es una forma de proclamarse libre sobre si misma, sus intereses ya aean públicos o privados, así como el derecho a comunicarse y emitir opinions, sin discriminación alguna. Podemos decir que es un requisite indispensable para una Sociedad, dentro de un mundo globalizado, donde puedan ejercer sus derechos como ciudadano y como persona razonable donde no exista restricción alguna, ya sea en comunicación, investigación y diffusion de información de interes público o privado. Según las Naciones Unidas (1946) todo individuo tiene derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; este derecho incluye el no ser molestado a causa de sus opiniones, el de investigar y recibir informaciones y opiniones y el de difundirlas, sin limitaciones de froteras, por cualquier medio informative.
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Wei, Jinpeng, Shaojian Qu, Shan Jiang, Can Feng, Yuting Xu et Xiaohui Zhao. « Robust minimum cost consensus models with aggregation operators under individual opinion uncertainty ». Journal of Intelligent & ; Fuzzy Systems 42, no 3 (2 février 2022) : 2435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-211704.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Individual opinion is one of the vital factors influencing the consensus in group decision-making, and is often uncertain. The previous studies mostly used probability distribution, interval distribution or uncertainty distribution function to describe the uncertainty of individual opinions. However, this requires an accurate understanding of the individual opinions distribution, which is often difficult to satisfy in real life. In order to overcome this shortcoming, this paper uses a robust optimization method to construct three uncertain sets to better characterize the uncertainty of individual initial opinions. In addition, we used three different aggregation operators to obtain collective opinions instead of using fixed values. Furthermore, we applied the numerical simulations on flood disaster assessment in south China so as to evaluate the robustness of the solutions obtained by the robust consensus models that we proposed. The results showed that the proposed models are more robust than the previous models. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of uncertain parameters was discussed and compared, and the characteristics of the proposed models were revealed.
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Sadeghi, Atiyeh, Sebastian Pape et David Harborth. « The Impact of Individuals’ Social Environments on Contact Tracing App Use : Survey Study ». JMIR Human Factors 10 (31 mai 2023) : e45825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/45825.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background The German Corona-Warn-App (CWA) is a contact tracing app to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. As of today, it has been downloaded approximately 45 million times. Objective This study aims to investigate the influence of (non)users’ social environments on the usage of the CWA during 2 periods with relatively lower death rates and higher death rates caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methods We conducted a longitudinal survey study in Germany with 833 participants in 2 waves to investigate how participants perceive their peer groups’ opinion about making use of the German CWA to mitigate the risk of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we asked whether this perceived opinion, in turn, influences the participants with respect to their own decision to use the CWA. We analyzed these questions with generalized estimating equations. Further, 2 related sample tests were performed to test for differences between users of the CWA and nonusers and between the 2 points in time (wave 1 with the highest death rates observable during the pandemic in Germany versus wave 2 with significantly lower death rates). Results Participants perceived that peer groups have a positive opinion toward using the CWA, with more positive opinions by the media, family doctors, politicians, and virologists/Robert Koch Institute and a lower, only slightly negative opinion originating from social media. Users of the CWA perceived their peer groups’ opinions about using the app as more positive than nonusers do. Furthermore, the perceived positive opinion of the media (P=.001) and politicians (P<.001) was significantly lower in wave 2 compared with that in wave 1. The perceived opinion of friends and family (P<.001) as well as their perceived influence (P=.02) among nonusers toward using the CWA was significantly higher in the latter period compared with that in wave 1. The influence of virologists (in Germany primarily communicated via the Robert Koch Institute) had the highest positive effect on using the CWA (B=0.363, P<.001). We only found 1 decreasing effect of the influence of politicians (B=–0.098, P=.04). Conclusions Opinions of peer groups play an important role when it comes to the adoption of the CWA. Our results show that the influence of virologists/Robert Koch Institute and family/friends exerts the strongest effect on participants’ decisions to use the CWA while politicians had a slightly negative influence. Our results also indicate that it is crucial to accompany the introduction of such a contact tracing app with explanations and a media campaign to support its adoption that is backed up by political decision makers and subject matter experts.
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Chen, Tinggui, Qianqian Li, Peihua Fu, Jianjun Yang, Chonghuan Xu, Guodong Cong et Gongfa Li. « Public Opinion Polarization by Individual Revenue from the Social Preference Theory ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no 3 (4 février 2020) : 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030946.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Social conflicts occur frequently during the social transition period and the polarization of public opinion happens occasionally. By introducing the social preference theory, the target of this paper is to reveal the micro-interaction mechanism of public opinion polarization. Firstly, we divide the social preferences of Internet users (network nodes) into three categories: egoistic, altruistic, and fair preferences, and adopt the revenue function to define the benefits obtained by individuals with different preferences among their interaction process so as to analyze their decision-making behaviors driven by the revenue. Secondly, the revenue function is used to judge the exit rules of nodes in a network, and then a dynamic network of spreading public opinion with the node (individual) exit mechanism is built based on a BA scale-free network. Subsequently, the influences of different social preferences, as well as individual revenue on the effect of public opinion polarization, are analyzed through simulation experiments. The simulation results show that (1) Different social preferences demonstrate different influences on the evolution of public opinions, (2) Individuals tend to interact with ones with different preferences, (3) The network with a single preference or a high aggregation is more likely to form public opinion polarization. Finally, the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified by a real case.
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Chen, Tinggui, Jingtao Rong, Jianjun Yang, Guodong Cong et Gongfa Li. « Combining Public Opinion Dissemination with Polarization Process Considering Individual Heterogeneity ». Healthcare 9, no 2 (7 février 2021) : 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020176.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The wide dissemination of false information and the frequent occurrence of extreme speeches on online social platforms have become increasingly prominent, which impact on the harmony and stability of society. In order to solve the problems in the dissemination and polarization of public opinion over online social platforms, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on the formation mechanism of the dissemination and polarization of public opinion. This article appends individual communicating willingness and forgetting effects to the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) model to describe individual state transitions; secondly, it introduces three heterogeneous factors describing the characteristics of individual differences in the Jager-Amblard (J-A) model, namely: Individual conformity, individual conservative degree, and inter-individual relationship strength in order to reflect the different roles of individual heterogeneity in the opinions interaction; thirdly, it integrates the improved SEIR model and J-A model to construct the SEIR-JA model to study the formation mechanism of public opinion dissemination and polarization. Transmission parameters and polarization parameters are simulated and analyzed. Finally, a public opinion event from the pricing of China’s self-developed COVID-19 vaccine are used, and related Weibo comment data about this event are also collected so as to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Gimenez, Maria Cecilia, Luis Reinaudi, Serge Galam et Federico Vazquez. « Contrarian Majority Rule Model with External Oscillating Propaganda and Individual Inertias ». Entropy 25, no 10 (30 septembre 2023) : 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25101402.
Texte intégralRésumé :
We study the Galam majority rule dynamics with contrarian behavior and an oscillating external propaganda in a population of agents that can adopt one of two possible opinions. In an iteration step, a random agent interacts with three other random agents and takes the majority opinion among the agents with probability p(t) (majority behavior) or the opposite opinion with probability 1−p(t) (contrarian behavior). The probability of following the majority rule p(t) varies with the temperature T and is coupled to a time-dependent oscillating field that mimics a mass media propaganda, in a way that agents are more likely to adopt the majority opinion when it is aligned with the sign of the field. We investigate the dynamics of this model on a complete graph and find various regimes as T is varied. A transition temperature Tc separates a bimodal oscillatory regime for T<Tc, where the population’s mean opinion m oscillates around a positive or a negative value from a unimodal oscillatory regime for T>Tc in which m oscillates around zero. These regimes are characterized by the distribution of residence times that exhibit a unique peak for a resonance temperature T*, where the response of the system is maximum. An insight into these results is given by a mean-field approach, which also shows that T* and Tc are closely related.
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Masi, Giulia De, Judhi Prasetyo, Raina Zakir, Nikita Mankovskii, Eliseo Ferrante et Elio Tuci. « Robot swarm democracy : the importance of informed individuals against zealots ». Swarm Intelligence 15, no 4 (23 novembre 2021) : 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11721-021-00197-3.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractIn this paper we study a generalized case of best-of-n model, which considers three kind of agents: zealots, individuals who remain stubborn and do not change their opinion; informed agents, individuals that can change their opinion, are able to assess the quality of the different options; and uninformed agents, individuals that can change their opinion but are not able to assess the quality of the different opinions. We study the consensus in different regimes: we vary the quality of the options, the percentage of zealots and the percentage of informed versus uninformed agents. We also consider two decision mechanisms: the voter and majority rule. We study this problem using numerical simulations and mathematical models, and we validate our findings on physical kilobot experiments. We find that (1) if the number of zealots for the lowest quality option is not too high, the decision-making process is driven toward the highest quality option; (2) this effect can be improved increasing the number of informed agents that can counteract the effect of adverse zealots; (3) when the two options have very similar qualities, in order to keep high consensus to the best quality it is necessary to have higher proportions of informed agents.
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Prabandari, Darlyss Chatarina Elsa, et Denrich Suryadi. « GAMBARAN ATTITUDES AND OPINIONS DISCLOSURE PADA MANAJEMEN KONFLIK PASANGAN DEWASA MUDA ». Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 6, no 3 (22 juillet 2023) : 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v6i3.19431.2022.
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Salah satu tugas perkembangan pada masa dewasa muda yakni menjalin hubungan romantis dengan lawan jenis. Pada dasarnya, hubungan berpacaran merupakan bentuk penjajagan dari hubungan intim, yang melalui relasi tersebut harapannya kedua individu mampu untuk belajar saling mengenal dan memahami lebih dalam satu sama lain. Namun, adanya perbedaan atau pertentangan pola pikir, sikap dan sudut pandang tertentu dapat menyebabkan konflik relasional. Self-dislcosure dalam teori penetrasi sosial berguna untuk memahami kualitas dan meningkatkan keterhubungan serta dukungan sosial yang lebih baik, melalui salah satu aspek yang mendasari perbedaan individu yakni keterbukaan pada sikap dan pandangan personal. Meskipun konflik dalam hubungan dapat menyebabkan munculnya pengaruh negatif bagi individu maupun keberlangsungan hubungan, konflik juga dapat memberikan evaluasi yang lebih baik dari suatu relasi romantis yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan strategi manajemen konflik melalui komunikasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologi melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap tiga pasangan pria dan wanita dalam rentang usia dewasa muda 19-40 tahun yang telah menjalin hubungan romantis minimal selama satu tahun. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa keterbukaan diri dalam hal sikap dan pandangan personal berpengaruh positif dalam rangka memediasi manajemen konflik dengan pasangannya. Saat mengekspresikan dirinya selama konflik, adanya determinasi sosial dan peran gender turut mempengaruhi bagaimana individu berperilaku. Para subyek menunjukkan adanya beragam gaya manajemen konflik dengan jenis compromising style, integrating style, obligin style, dominating style, dan avoiding style.
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González Reyna, Susana. « La comunicación persuasiva como instrumento para el cambio de opiniones ». Revista Mexicana de Opinión Pública, no 25 (5 juillet 2018) : 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.24484911e.2018.25.65182.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<p>En este artículo señalaremos algunas características de los elementos que intervienen en el proceso de la formación y del cambio de opiniones en los individuos. Para ello nos referiremos fundamentalmente a tres conceptos: la comunicación en general, siempre enfocada desde el punto de vista de la formación de opiniones; la comunicación persuasiva, como instrumento para lograr el cambio de opiniones en los individuos y, por último, el fenómeno de liderazgo como factor importante y trascendental dentro del proceso de formación y cambio de opiniones.</p>
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Chapman Quevedo, Willian Alfredo, Ángela Lucía Agudelo González et Alex Silgado Ramos. « Impresos, grupos políticos y opinión pública en la provincia de Popayán, 1832-1853 ». HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 9, no 17 (1 janvier 2017) : 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v9n17.55486.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Este artículo presenta un análisis de la incidencia de los impresos en el proceso formación de la opinión pública en la provincia de Popayán entre 1832 y 1853. En este sentido, demuestra que esta estuvo ligada a la circulación de periódicos, pasquines, hojas sueltas e imágenes impresas. Asimismo, pone en evidencia que los impresos e imágenes no estaban diseñados exclusivamente para un público cualificado, sino que también tenían como objetivo llegar a individuos pertenecientes al “bajo pueblo”, muchos de ellos analfabetos pero que a través de la oralidad y las imágenes se hacían una idea de la realidad política de la época. De esta forma concluye, que la escritura y las imágenes impresas, acompañadas de la oralidad, eran herramientas imprescindibles para pretender edificar una realidad diferente; con esto último no se pretende decir que la experiencia estaba mediada por la palabra, pero si incidía en la sociedad payanesa del período estudiado, interviniendo en la manera de percibir a un individuo, a un grupo político e incluso al Estado.
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Levy, W. B., et H. Delic. « Maximum entropy aggregation of individual opinions ». IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 24, no 4 (avril 1994) : 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/21.286381.
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Ozpulat, Funda, Fatma Yagmur Bulut et Merve Kor. « University students' opinions on LGBT individuals ». International Journal of New Trends in Social Sciences 1, no 2 (6 décembre 2017) : 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijss.v1i2.2768.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin lezbiyen, gay, biseksüel ve transeksüel (LGBT) bireyler hakkındaki görüşlerini saptamayı amaçlayan tanımlayıcı bir araştırmadır. 18 Nisan - 11 Mayıs 2016 tarihleri arasında 600 öğrencinin katılımı ile yürütülen çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen ve 2 bölümden oluşan anket formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, verilerin yüzdeler ve sayılarla değerlendirilmesi yanı sıra, Ki-Kare hesaplaması yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılanların %68.3’ü kadınlardan oluşmakta, %77.3’ü 17-21 yaş aralığında bulunmaktadır. %81.7’sinin ailesi çekirdek ailedir. Araştırma sonunda, LGBT bireylerin, kendilerini özgürce ifade etmesi, LGBT bireylere devlet tarafından kanunlarca haklar verilmesi, LGBT bireylerin sözlü veya fiziksel şiddete maruz kalmasıyla ilgili ifadelere verilen cevapların katılımcıların cinsiyetine göre değiştiği ve erkeklerin daha yüksek oranlarla olumsuz cevaplar verdikleri saptanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Üniversite öğrencileri, lezbiyen, gay, biseksüel, transeksüel, katılımcı görüşleri
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McCaffery, Rosemary, Alyson Lee, Pramod Jauhar et Jan Scott. « A survey of opinions on the management of individuals who express suicidal ideation while intoxicated with alcohol ». Psychiatric Bulletin 26, no 9 (septembre 2002) : 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.26.9.332.
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Aims and MethodIt was noted that approaches to the assessment and management of individuals intoxicated with alcohol who express suicidal ideation varied widely. This study explored what guidance is currently available and sought the opinions of 218 junior and senior psychiatrists.ResultsThe Royal College of Psychiatrists has no specific guidelines on this issue, but the Medical Defence Union and Scottish Central Legal Office gave opinion regarding a psychiatrist's duty of care and clinical responsibilities. This information did not reflect the opinions of the psychiatrists canvassed. There was no consensus among the 65% of clinicians who responded to the survey.Clinical ImplicationsThere is a need for greater clarity and guidance on the management of individuals who are intoxicated and express acute suicidal ideation. Sharing of good practice guidelines and greater integration of local and national policies is needed. It is certainly a topic worthy of inclusion in all induction days for junior psychiatrists.
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Schultze, Thomas, Andreas Mojzisch et Stefan Schulz-Hardt. « Why dyads heed advice less than individuals do ». Judgment and Decision Making 14, no 3 (mai 2019) : 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004381.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractFollowing up on a recent debate, we examined advice taking in dyads compared to individuals in a set of three studies (total N = 303 dyads and 194 individuals). Our first aim was to test the replicability of an important previous finding, namely that dyads heed advice less than individuals because they feel more confident in the accuracy of their initial judgments. Second, we aimed to explain dyads’ behavior based on three premises: first, that dyads understand that the added value of an outside opinion diminishes when the initial pre-advice judgment is made by two judges rather than one judge (given that the dyad members’ opinions are independent of each other); second, that they fail to recognize when the assumption of independence of opinions does not hold; and third, that the resistance to advice commonly observed in individuals persists in groups but is neither aggravated nor ameliorated by the group context. The results of our studies show consistently that previous findings on advice taking in dyads are replicable. They also support our hypothesis that groups exhibit a general tendency to heed advice less than individuals, irrespective of whether the accuracy of their initial judgments warrants this behavior. Finally, based on the three assumptions mentioned above, we were able to make accurate predictions about advice taking in dyads, prompting us to postulate a general model of advice taking in groups of arbitrary size.
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Wang, Lifu, et Bo Shen. « The Collective Behaviors of Self-Excitation Information Diffusion Processes for a Large Number of Individuals ». Complexity 2020 (24 août 2020) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1861583.
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The opinion dynamics is a complex and interesting process, especially for the systems with a large number of individuals. It is usually hard to describe the evolutionary features of these systems. In some previous works, it has been shown that the self-excitation type model has superior performance in learning and predicting opinions. Following this line, we consider the self-excitation opinion model and study the collective behaviors of the self-excitation model. We propose a Mckean–Vlasov-type integrodifferential equation to describe the asymptotic behaviors of the model and show that the introduced equation, by coupling with the initial distribution, has the ability of capturing the influence of the self-excitation process, which describes the mutually exciting and recurrent nature of individuals. We also find that the steady-state distribution is a “contraction” of the initial distribution in the linear and bounded confidence (DW model) interaction cases, which is different from the results of the model with nonself-excitation interaction.
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Daniluk, Katarzyna. « Effectiveness of Selected Investment Strategies in the Opinion of Polish Individual Investors Depending on their Personal Preferences ». Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
SummarySubject and purpose of work: The work aimed at identifying and characterising the interdependence between Polish investors’ personal preferences in investing and their opinion about the effectiveness of investment strategies. It was examined how the adopted investment horizon, the level of risk aversion and the time spent daily on investing impact the interviewees’ experiences and opinions on the effectiveness of investment strategies.Materials and methods: As the survey method was employed, a questionnaire was sent to randomly selected Polish individual investors. The research material consisted of 652 questionnaire forms.Results: The study showed a relevant dependence between Polish investors’ personal preferences and their opinions on the effectiveness of the particular strategies.Conclusions: The interdependencies revealed in the study may be used by potential investors in the process of matching a strategy to individual needs so as to enhance the effectiveness of the choice. A higher awareness of the problem of matching an investment strategy to personal preferences will lead to improved effectiveness of capital allocation among Polish investors.
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McShane, Steven L. « Sources of Attitudinal Union Militancy ». Articles 40, no 2 (12 avril 2005) : 284–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050134ar.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les attitudes relatives à l'activité militante des syndicats ainsi que leur puissance ont beaucoup retenu l'attention au cours de la dernière décennie à la suite du développement du syndicalisme dans des industries et des professions qui, auparavant, n'avaient guère connu de relations conflictuelles. La plupart des travaux ont tente de découvrir si ces attitudes proviennent surtout de la conjoncture du milieu de travail ou des opinions et des valeurs ayant cours dans la société que les travailleurs transposent dans la profession ou à l'usine. Ainsi, même si la recherche est devenue très sophistiquée, la question n'en est pas pour autant résolue à cause de constatations contradictoires. L'objectif principal de la présente étude est de déceler l'importance relative de plusieurs groupes de variables en considérant les deux dimensions que revêt le militantisme syndical, c'est-à-dire le militantisme en milieu de travail et le militantisme du syndicat lui-même. Les cinq catégories, qui représentent quatorze indicateurs, comprennent des facteurs démographiques, familiaux, sociaux, professionnels et d'activisme en milieu de travail. La détermination de leur contribution relative se fonde sur une analyse de régression graduée normalisée de manière à refléter l'importance causale implicite des dits facteurs. L'étude compare aussi la corrélation des deux mesures de l'attitude militante des syndicats avec une mesure du comportement des individus à l'endroit du syndicalisme en général. Le but de cette comparaison est d'établir dans quelle mesure les attitudes militantes sont distinguées du comportement à l'endroit du syndicalisme ou peuvent s'y comparer, et, de ce fait, permettre une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont ces attitudes s'alignent avec les opinions que l'on professe sur le syndicalisme. Les données sur lesquelles repose l'étude furent tirées d'une enquête à laquelle ont répondu 297 membres (sur une possibilité de 482) d'un syndicat d'employés municipaux du sud de l'Ontario. Les trois variables dépendantes — le militantisme syndical, l'activisme syndical en milieu de travail et l'attitude générale à l'endroit du syndicalisme — ont été rendues opérationnelles à partir de questions multiples très crédibles. Les mesures furent établies à partir d'abord d'un échantillon initial recueilli six mois plus tôt suivi de l'analyse des données qui ont servi à l'étude. L'analyse des facteurs (par rotation oblique) dissociait nettement les questions relatives au pouvoir du syndicat du militantisme sur les lieux du travail. Le troisième facteur identifiait les questions portant sur l'appréciation du syndicalisme, mais la moitie de ces questions valaient aussi pour le facteur du militantisme sur les lieux du travail. Ainsi, l'attitude du syndique à l'endroit du syndicalisme semble en quelque sorte similaire à sa volonté de s'engager dans une activité de lutte. Les analyses de régression normalisée laissent présager que la volonté de s'engager dans une activité de lutte (c'est-à-dire le militantisme sur les lieux du travail) est rattachée davantage aux antécédents et à des facteurs sociaux qu'à la conjoncture du milieu de travail, alors que les caractéristiques de l'emploi et les attitudes syndicales et professionnelles sont davantage reliés à sa propre perception de ce que devrait être le pouvoir du syndicat (le militantisme syndical). Les résultats en ce qui concerne l'attitude à l'endroit du syndicalisme se rapprochent plus de l'activisme syndical en milieu de travail que du militantisme du syndicat. Ainsi, on peut considérer dans une certaine mesure le militantisme sur les lieux du travail comme la composante fondamentale de la confiance au syndicalisme. En plus de la distinction entre les deux attitudes militantismes et de leur correspondance avec le comportement à l'endroit du syndicalisme en général, les constatations rapportées ont montre l'importance des facteurs sociaux comme explication de ces attitudes. Des corrélations significatives entre les deux attitudes militantismes et l'adhésion syndicale de même que le comportement des amis ont souligne le fait que ces attitudes se concilient socialement et que, en conséquence, elles doivent être soutenues socialement. Aussi, plus un syndique est intègre à un milieu de culture syndicale par les liens de l'amitié, plus il est probable qu'il appuiera les actions collectives et le pouvoir du syndicat.
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KLIETSCH, NINA. « THE INFLUENCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL OPINION IN THE SZNAJD MODEL ». International Journal of Modern Physics C 16, no 04 (avril 2005) : 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183105007364.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The method of Damage Spreading was used to simulate the influence that a single persons' change of opionion has on the consensus opinion built up in a population if one assumes opinions to form according to the Sznajd Model. The results confirm the intuitive assumption that there is hardly any chance for one person to change the consensus, that the effect of this change dies out after a certain time and its range decreases with time. The consensus times were compared and it turned out that the consensus can be delayed or accelerated by this slight modification and that the amount of the difference in the consensus times obeys a certain power law as well as the lifetime of the effect. Moreover, two scaling laws concerning temporal and spatial aspects could be observed up to a certain size of population.
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Daniluk, Katarzyna. « Effectiveness of Selected Investment Strategies in the Opinion of Polish Individual Investors Depending on their Personal Preferences ». Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0032.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Summary Subject and purpose of work: The work aimed at identifying and characterising the interdependence between Polish investors’ personal preferences in investing and their opinion about the effectiveness of investment strategies. It was examined how the adopted investment horizon, the level of risk aversion and the time spent daily on investing impact the interviewees’ experiences and opinions on the effectiveness of investment strategies. Materials and methods: As the survey method was employed, a questionnaire was sent to randomly selected Polish individual investors. The research material consisted of 652 questionnaire forms. Results: The study showed a relevant dependence between Polish investors’ personal preferences and their opinions on the effectiveness of the particular strategies. Conclusions: The interdependencies revealed in the study may be used by potential investors in the process of matching a strategy to individual needs so as to enhance the effectiveness of the choice. A higher awareness of the problem of matching an investment strategy to personal preferences will lead to improved effectiveness of capital allocation among Polish investors.
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KAR, PARIJAT PROSUN, SANDIP SEN et PARTHA SARATHI DUTTA. « Effect of individual opinions on group interactions ». Connection Science 14, no 4 (décembre 2002) : 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0954009021000068943.
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Vera-Toscano, E., J. A. Gómez-Limón, E. Moyano Estrada et F. Garrido Fernández. « Individuals' opinion on agricultural multifunctionality ». Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 5, no 3 (1 septembre 2007) : 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2007053-248.
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Fudge, Daniel. « Geographic Differences of Individual Views toward the Role of Government ». American Review of Politics 37, no 2 (22 décembre 2020) : 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-779x.2020.37.2.71-96.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Government, through the provision of public services, plays an integral role in the lives of American citizens. In consequence, public opinion of government involvement has been consistently measured through the use of national surveys in order to better evaluate the public’s reaction to specific public policies. While measuring of aggregate public opinions on government involvement is valuable, there are certainly differences across various groups of Americans. The United States may be divided when it comes to partisanship and ideology, but perhaps there are also significant divisions between Americans based on their geography, or “place”. Using data from the American National Election Survey from 1994-2008, this study examines the differences in opinion on government spending towards public services, welfare programs, and Social Security. Rooted in the idea that different “places” harbor varying degrees of support for the government, I hypothesize that the role of government is viewed differently between urban and rural America, further demonstrating that America experiences an urban-rural division in regard to perceptions of American politics. The findings demonstrate that ideology drives Americans’ support for these specific policies and that “place” can serve as a conditioning effect on the standard ideological view. Specifically, liberals living in rural areas are less supportive of government spending than their liberal counterparts living in more urban areas. Additionally, rural liberals are less supportive of welfare spending; however, are more supportive of Social Security than liberals from urban areas.
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Knecht, Thomas, et Lisa M. Martinez. « Engaging the Reluctant ? Service Learning, Interpersonal Contact, and Attitudes toward Homeless Individuals ». PS : Political Science & ; Politics 45, no 01 (janvier 2012) : 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104909651100179x.
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AbstractThis article examines the extent to which service-learning courses affect students' attitudes and opinions. Elsewhere, we used a pre/postsurvey field experiment to demonstrate that volunteering with a homeless person tends to erode the stereotypes held by the domiciled—a confirmation of the venerable contact hypothesis. Here we use the same research design to assess whether students in service-learning courses exhibit a similar type of opinion change after spending a day with a homeless person. We find that even with limited contact a significant number of service-learning students came away from their time with homeless individuals holding fewer stereotypes and with a more nuanced perspective on the causes and consequences of homelessness. Nevertheless, working with a homeless person did have a negative effect on some students and contact generally failed to change students' views on public policy.
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Intyaswati, Drina, et Supratman Supratman. « Pengaruh Usia dan Pendidikan Dalam Pembentukan Persepsi dan Opini di Media Change.org ». Jurnal Penelitian Pers dan Komunikasi Pembangunan 23, no 1 (17 juin 2019) : 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46426/jp2kp.v23i1.100.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Along with the development of technology and mass media, Change.org appears in the form of websites that become to a medium for the forming of the public opinion, raising the opinions through campaigns that seeks the support of public opinion raised. This study to confirm how age and education level influencing the form of perceptions and public opinion through Change.org. This research using survey with explanitative approach, a research sampling are 200 people from Change.org users was taken with multistage cluster sampling technique with population at DKI Jakarta area. Data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results show that age and education do not affect perception and also public opinion forming. This shows that with internet-based media the acceptance of information becomes more similar and individual differences, especially age and education, are not to be an obstacle in adjusting existing public opinion.Keywords: age, education, change.org, perception, public opinion.
ABSTRAKSeiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan media massa, Change.org muncul dalam bentuk situs yang menjadi media pembentukan opini publik, penggalangan opini dilakukan melalui kampanye yang berusaha meminta dukungan terhadap opini publik yang dimunculkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari apakah usia dan Pendidikan berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan persepsi dan opini publik melalui media Change.org. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survey yang bersifat eksplanatif, dengan sampel sejumlah 200 orang dari pengguna Change.org dengan pengambilan sample menggunakan teknik cluster sampling bertahap dari populasi di area DKI Jakarta. Analisis data menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasilnya menyatakan bahwa usia dan pendidikan tidak berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan persepsi dan juga opini publik. Hal ini menunjukkan dengan adanya media berbasis internet penerimaan informasi menjadi lebih seragam dan perbedaan individu khususnya usia dan pendidikan tidak menjadi kendala dalam penyesuaian opini publik yang ada.Kata kunci: change.org, opini publik, pendidikan, persepsi, usia
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van Lierop, Dea, Jasmine Eftekhari, Aislin O’Hara et Yuval Grinspun. « Humanizing Transit Data : Connecting Customer Experience Statistics to Individuals’ Unique Transit Stories ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no 1 (janvier 2019) : 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118823196.
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Transit agencies often collect valuable information about their customers, through opinion and behavior surveys that assess travel experience and customer needs. The results of these questionnaires can be used to gain a representative snapshot of the behavior and opinions of a transit agency’s customer base. These assessments are often based on large sample sizes and are therefore useful for understanding broad trends related to users’ overall travel experience. However, these large-scale analyses generally do not capture the important and rich nuances that individuals experience while in a transit station, or on-board a train, conventional bus, streetcar, light rail, subway, or a paratransit vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how transit agencies can gain a better understanding of paratransit customers’ experiences during their interactions with paratransit and conventional transit services. Using data from the Toronto Transit Commissions’ paratransit division and the results of in-person customer interviews, a five-step mixed-method approach for mapping paratransit customers’ travel experiences is developed. Specifically, the aggregate analyses of customers’ experiences and opinions which are derived from agency-wide customer satisfaction surveys are combined with the information obtained through in-person discussions. Four example customer journey maps (CJMs) are presented, and findings demonstrate that by using CJMs, transit agencies can gain a broad understanding of their customer base while also understanding the emotions, needs, desires, and stories of individual transit users.
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Song, Ke, et Xuechan Ma. « Individual Opinions as an Agent of International Legal Development ? » Journal of International Dispute Settlement 13, no 1 (17 février 2022) : 54–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idac004.
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Abstract This article analyses the role of individual opinions as an agent of international legal development, which has been little explored in academic literature. This article selects influential individual opinions primarily by looking at endorsements by subsequent judicial cases. The analysis concludes that individual opinions are likely to be influential under two circumstances: (i) where individual opinions address legal issues on which judges’ opinions are sharply divided, thereby proactively reconciling or bridging gaps between existing divided opinions and (ii) where individual opinions deal with legal norms that are either at an early stage of operation or have rarely been entertained before any international adjudicatory body, leaving judges with considerable discretion in clarifying and developing rules. This article also provides an efficient filter for selecting and compiling a living database of influential individual opinions for more comprehensive surveys on their jurisprudential role, especially in view of the ever-growing body of international jurisprudence.
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Tambunan, Nurhalima. « Pengaruh Komunikasi Massa Terhadap Audiens ». JURNAL SIMBOLIKA : Research and Learning in Communication Study 4, no 1 (9 avril 2018) : 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/simbollika.v4i1.1475.
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<p>Perkembangan tekhnologi telah mempengaruhi pola kehidupan manusia baik secara negative maupun positif. Dengan beraneka ragamnya jenis tekhnologi komunikasi massa pada manusia</p><p>saat ini telah mampu mempengaruhi khalayak dan individu. Pengaruh media massa terhadap individu dapat melaui jalur satu tahap (<em>one step folow</em>) dan jalur dua tahap. Pengaruh komunikasi melalui satu tahap (<em>one step follow)</em> dimana komunikasi massa dapat mempengaruhi individu secara langsung tampa melaui pemuka pendapat atau opinion leader. Sedangkan komunikasi melalui dua tahap (Two step Flow) adalah dimana media massa mempengaruhi individu melalui open leader atau pemuka pendapat. Model aliran dua tahap sebagai suatu studi tentang bagaimana memilih berorientasi pada efek. Model aliran dua tahap berpendapat, efektivitas komunikasi massa terjadi setelah tahap pertama yang melalui opinion leader. Tanpa opinion leader, komunikasi massa terbatas sekali efektivitasnya terhadap masa <em>audience</em>. Tahap-tahap terjadinya model komunikasi aliran dua tahap adalah sebagai Seseorang yang memperoleh suatu ide atau gagasan baru dari media massa akan terjalin dalam suatu interaksi dengan orang lain. Adanya peranan aktif dari pemuka–pemuka pendapat dengan cara berkomunikasi. Tatap muka khusunya bagi masyarakat desa ataupun masyarakat yang sedang membangun maupun masyarakat pasif.</p>
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Li, Chenyang, Yonghui Yang et Xue-Bo Chen. « Mathematical Modeling of Individual Behavior Based on Viewpoint Dynamics : Analyzing Group Cohesion Effects Induced by Individual Potential Power Differences ». Symmetry 17, no 2 (12 février 2025) : 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020282.
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The group cohesion effect refers to individuals’ identification with the group’s viewpoint, resulting from behavioral and cognitive changes during interactions, and is crucial for group development. However, individual differences in intrinsic characteristics lead to varied group behaviors and cohesion. This paper uses a mathematical model based on viewpoint dynamics to explore how these differences shape group cohesion. The primary consideration is the potential power inherent in individual characteristics, which can be understood as symmetry-breaking concepts. In the model, individuals are classified into two types, each supporting one of two viewpoints. The potential power reflects the individuals’ degree of firmness regarding their viewpoint and their perceptual range. Differences in the potential power, both within and between types, drive shifts in viewpoints and behaviors, generating diverse cohesion effects. Additionally, the model also incorporates the influence of group size and external factors, such as individuals with no viewpoints and those holding public opinion viewpoints. The results indicate that group size has no significant effect on group cohesion, while individuals with no viewpoints contribute to stabilizing it, whereas individuals with public opinions weaken it. These findings highlight the complex relationship between individual differences in potential power and group cohesion, suggesting that symmetry-breaking dynamics can effectively explain group cohesion effects.
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Tiotsop, Lohic Fotio, Tomas Mizdos, Marcus Barkowsky, Peter Pocta, Antonio Servetti et Enrico Masala. « Mimicking Individual Media Quality Perception with Neural Network based Artificial Observers ». ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 18, no 1 (31 janvier 2022) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3464393.
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The media quality assessment research community has traditionally been focusing on developing objective algorithms to predict the result of a typical subjective experiment in terms of Mean Opinion Score (MOS) value. However, the MOS, being a single value, is insufficient to model the complexity and diversity of human opinions encountered in an actual subjective experiment. In this work we propose a complementary approach for objective media quality assessment that attempts to more closely model what happens in a subjective experiment in terms of single observers and, at the same time, we perform a qualitative analysis of the proposed approach while highlighting its suitability. More precisely, we propose to model, using neural networks (NNs) , the way single observers perceive media quality. Once trained, these NNs, one for each observer, are expected to mimic the corresponding observer in terms of quality perception. Then, similarly to a subjective experiment, such NNs can be used to simulate the users’ single opinions, which can be later aggregated by means of different statistical indicators such as average, standard deviation, quantiles, etc. Unlike previous approaches that consider subjective experiments as a black box providing reliable ground truth data for training, the proposed approach is able to consider human factors by analyzing and weighting individual observers. Such a model may therefore implicitly account for users’ expectations and tendencies, that have been shown in many studies to significantly correlate with visual quality perception. Furthermore, our proposal also introduces and investigates an index measuring how much inconsistency there would be if an observer was asked to rate many times the same stimulus. Simulation experiments conducted on several datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach can be effectively implemented in practice and thus yielding a more complete objective assessment of end users’ quality of experience.
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Jin, Cheng, Yifu Li et Xiaogang Jin. « Political opinion formation : Initial opinion distribution and individual heterogeneity of tolerance ». Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 467 (février 2017) : 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.10.025.
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Clements, Ben. « What Contributes to Change and Stability in Individual-level Attitudes towards Britain’s Membership of the EU ? An Analysis of the British Election Panel Studies, 1987-1992 and 1992-1997 ». Journal of Contemporary European Research 6, no 1 (13 mai 2010) : 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v6i1.196.
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The sources of support for the European Union amongst individuals have been studied exhaustively in recent years, but those factors which contribute to stable and unstable opinions have received less scholarly attention. This article uses the best available panel data to assess which factors contributed to both stable and unstable opinion on the European issue in Britain during a period when the major parties were in the process of revising their positions and we might also expect individuals to change their views. Analysis of the British Election Study Panel Studies shows that there is apparently significant individual-level change between 1987-1992 and 1992-1997. Using multinomial logistic regression estimation, this article then assesses which particular sociological and psychological factors are associated with stable and unstable views between 1987-1992 and 1992-1997. It shows that particular individual-level characteristics are related to stable and unstable opinions in the two periods examined here. The paper represents a contribution to the fuller understanding of the social and psychological underpinnings to individual-level attitudes on the European issue.
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Scheinin, Martin. « The ICJ and the Individual ». International Community Law Review 9, no 2 (2007) : 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x210238.
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AbstractProcedurally, individuals do not have access to the Court, or standing before the ICJ. Pursuant to the relevant articles 34.1 and 65 of the ICJ Statute individuals cannot be parties in contentious cases or in advisory opinions respectively. Individuals can be heard as witnesses and experts but this does not transform the persons in question to parties. However the individual is not completely ignored by the ICJ. On the contrary, the rights of the individuals are a core element of the legal reasoning in several decisions of the Court. These rights can be dwelt upon through an examination of the relevant human rights and humanitarian law sources. Rough this approach the court can take the individual in consideration either in an abstract fashion or in a more clearly defined way. Findings of violations in abstracto without reference to named individuals were made in the Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda Case, and the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Advisory Opinion. On the other hand, the Court may identify violations that affect clearly identified individuals, as was the case in the Breard, LaGrand and Avena cases. In some of these cases not only was a violation found but the Court went even further by addressing the issue of reparation owed. It is, consequently, evident that through the examination of human rights and humanitarian law sources and the decisions of the relevant human rights bodies the individual, although not a direct party to the dispute may, nevertheless, constitute a source of inspiration for the legal thought-processes of the Court.
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Foyle, Douglas. « Foreign Policy Analysis and Globalization : Public Opinion, World Opinion, and the Individual ». International Studies Review 5, no 2 (juin 2003) : 155–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.5020013.
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Deng, Lei, Yun Liu et Qing-An Zeng. « How information influences an individual opinion evolution ». Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391, no 24 (décembre 2012) : 6409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2012.07.037.
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Lennon, Sharron J., et Leslie L. Davis. « Individual Differences in Fashion Orientation and Cognitive Complexity ». Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no 1 (février 1987) : 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.327.
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Individual differences in cognitive complexity, innovativeness in fashion, and fashion-opinion leadership were investigated. 50 undergraduate women completed scales on innovativeness in fashion and fashion-opinion leadership. Each subject's level of cognitive complexity was measured by the Paragraph Completion Method. In accord with predictions an inverse relationship was found between fashion-opinion leadership and cognitive complexity. Fashion-opinion leaders functioned at lower levels of cognitive complexity than nonleaders. Partial correlation analysis indicated a small positive relationship between cognitive complexity and innovativeness in fashion, with fashion-opinion leadership removed. Finally, a moderate correlation was found between fashion-opinion leadership and innovativeness in fashion, replicating previous research.