Articles de revues : « Passive DTS »

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Simon, Nataline, Olivier Bour, Mikaël Faucheux, Nicolas Lavenant, Hugo Le Lay, Ophélie Fovet, Zahra Thomas et Laurent Longuevergne. « Combining passive and active distributed temperature sensing measurements to locate and quantify groundwater discharge variability into a headwater stream ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, n^o 5 (16 mars 2022) : 1459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1459-2022.

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Abstract. Exchanges between groundwater and surface water play a key role for ecosystem preservation, especially in headwater catchments where groundwater discharge into streams highly contributes to streamflow generation and maintenance. Despite several decades of research, investigating the spatial variability in groundwater discharge into streams still remains challenging mainly because groundwater/surface water interactions are controlled by multi-scale processes. In this context, we evaluated the potential of using FO-DTS (fibre optic distributed temperature sensing) technology to locate and quantify groundwater discharge at a high resolution. To do so, we propose to combine, for the first time, long-term passive DTS measurements and active DTS measurements by deploying FO cables in the streambed sediments of a first- and second-order stream in gaining conditions. The passive DTS experiment provided 8 months of monitoring of streambed temperature fluctuations along more than 530 m of cable, while the active DTS experiment, performed during a few days, allowed a detailed and accurate investigation of groundwater discharge variability over a 60 m length heated section. Long-term passive DTS measurements turn out to be an efficient method to detect and locate groundwater discharge along several hundreds of metres. The continuous 8 months of monitoring allowed the highlighting of changes in the groundwater discharge dynamic in response to the hydrological dynamic of the headwater catchment. However, the quantification of fluxes with this approach remains limited given the high uncertainties on estimates, due to uncertainties on thermal properties and boundary conditions. On the contrary, active DTS measurements, which have seldom been performed in streambed sediments and never applied to quantify water fluxes, allow for the estimation of the spatial distribution of both thermal conductivities and the groundwater fluxes at high resolution all along the 60 m heated section of the FO cable. The method allows for the description of the variability in streambed properties at an unprecedented scale and reveals the variability in groundwater inflows at small scales. In the end, this study shows the potential and the interest of the complementary use of passive and active DTS experiments to quantify groundwater discharge at different spatial and temporal scales. Thus, results show that groundwater discharges are mainly concentrated in the upstream part of the watershed, where steepest slopes are observed, confirming the importance of the topography in the stream generation in headwater catchments. However, through the high spatial resolution of measurements, it was also possible to highlight the presence of local and highly contributive groundwater inflows, probably driven by local heterogeneities. The possibility to quantify groundwater discharge at a high spatial resolution through active DTS offers promising perspectives for the characterization of distributed responses times but also for studying biogeochemical hotspots and hot moments.

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Ghafoori, Yaser, Matej Maček, Andrej Vidmar, Jaromír Říha et Andrej Kryžanowski. « Analysis of Seepage in a Laboratory Scaled Model Using Passive Optical Fiber Distributed Temperature Sensor ». Water 12, n^o 2 (29 janvier 2020) : 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020367.

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Seepage is the key factor in the safety of dikes and earth-fill dams. It is crucial to identify and localize the seepage excesses at the early stages before it initiates the internal erosion process in the structure. A proper seepage monitoring system should ensure a continuous and wide area seepage measurement. Here, continuous monitoring of seepage at the laboratory-scale is achieved by a passive optical fiber Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) system. An experimental model was designed which consists of initially unsaturated sand model, water supply, seepage outflow, optical fiber DTS system, and water and air temperature measurement. Initially, the sand temperature was higher than the temperature of the seepage water. An optical fiber DTS system was employed with a high-temperature resolution, short sampling intervals and short time intervals for temperature monitoring in the sand model. In the system, the small variation in the temperature due to groundwater flow was detected. The numerical analysis was conducted for both the seepage process and the heat transfer progression in the sand model. The results of the heat flow simulation were evaluated and compared with the measured temperature by the optical fiber DTS. Obvious temperature reduction was obtained due to seepage propagation in the sand. The rate of temperature reduction was observed to be dependent on the seepage flow velocity.

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Zhu, Zhen, Zhongqiu Xu et Jing Liu. « Application of Lightweight Deep Learning Model in Vocal Music Education in Higher Institutions ». Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (26 mars 2022) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6757341.

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The aim is to improve the teaching quality of music majors and cultivate their innovative ability. This article takes Vocal Music Education (VME) method as the research object to explore the teaching reform of Music Major courses. Firstly, this article makes an in-depth study on Big Data Analytics (BDA) and Digital Twins (DTs) technology and constructs a DTs platform connecting real teaching space and virtual teaching space. Secondly, the DTs platform is divided into online learning feature analysis and virtual-real teaching space integration functional modules. This article explores the online immersive education process design and technology application of the DTs platform from the two aspects of teaching and technology. Afterward, it designs a student action and expression recognition network based on the Visual Geometry Group (VGG) Net model and Google Net model in teaching data collection and management. Finally, the proposed system is tested. The test results show that the active and passive interaction curves of the traditional VME system have no obvious fluctuation, indicating that the interaction of the traditional VME system is not strong, and the ability of active feedback information is poor. By contrast, the active and passive interaction curves in the proposed VME have large fluctuations, showing that the proposed VME has more frequent interaction, and the teaching information can get real-time and active feedback. Therefore, the proposed VME system can better stimulate students’ learning desire. Meanwhile, the constructed Neural Network (NN) has the highest recognition accuracy of 99.07% on the student action and expression dataset. When tested with the image data taken by the research experiment, the highest accuracy is 89%, with an average of more than 85%. The proposed VME system provides ideas for applying DTs technology in the college of music education.

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Kurth, A. M., C. Weber et M. Schirmer. « How effective is river restoration in re-establishing groundwater – surface water interactions ? – A case study ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, n^o 1 (23 janvier 2015) : 1093–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1093-2015.

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Abstract. In this study we investigated whether river restoration was successful in re-establishing vertical connectivity and, thereby, groundwater-surface water interactions, in a degraded urban stream. Well-tried passive Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and novel active and passive DTS approaches were employed to study groundwater-surface water interactions in an experimental reach of an urban stream before and after its restoration and in two (near-) natural reference streams. Results were validated with Radon-222 analyses. Our results indicated that river restoration at the study site was indeed successful in increasing groundwater-surface water interactions. Increased surface water downwelling occurred locally at the tip of a gravel island created during river restoration. Hence, the installation of in-stream structures increased the vertical connectivity and thus groundwater-surface water interactions. With the methods presented in this publication it would be possible to routinely investigate the success of river restorations in re-establishing vertical connectivity, thereby gaining insight into the effectiveness of specific restoration measures. This, in turn, would enable the optimization of future river restoration projects, rendering them more cost-effective and successful.

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Sidenko, Evgenii, Konstantin Tertyshnikov, Boris Gurevich, Roman Isaenkov, Ludovic P. Ricard, Sandeep Sharma, Dominique Van Gent et Roman Pevzner. « Distributed fiber-optic sensing transforms an abandoned well into a permanent geophysical monitoring array : A case study from Australian South West ». Leading Edge 41, n^o 2 (février 2022) : 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41020140.1.

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Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data recorded by a fiber-optic array installed during the decommissioning operations of the 1550 m Harvey 3 well in Western Australia reveal an abundance of valuable information about the course of the decommissioning process and the quality of the cement job. The DAS monitoring has detected vibrational disturbances during the cement's setting up, while DTS was used to assess setting up of the cement and curing times as well as uniformity of cementation from the distribution of temperature along the borehole. A weeklong trial acquisition of passive seismic data with the same array a year later shows an abundance of seismic events in a wide frequency range from below 1 mHz to above 200 Hz. The downhole DAS array provides traveltimes and amplitudes of these events, which include earthquakes, mine blasts, ocean microseisms, and local human activity. The amplitudes of waves from distant seismic events can be used to estimate and monitor physical properties of the media along the extent of the well. When used in combination with information from active vertical seismic profiling, these events can help obtain independent estimates of velocities and densities. Spectral analysis of low-frequency microseisms shows a strong correlation between passively recorded DAS and local weather observations. This shows that the ability to continuously record oceanic microseisms at low frequencies opens opportunities to employ such arrays for wave climate studies. In addition, the data contain peculiar in-hole reverberations likely caused by crossflow of groundwater behind the intermediate casing, which may indicate imperfections of the cement job. The results demonstrate that a downhole fiber-optic array installed in an abandoned well represents an opportunity to establish a permanent facility for continuous recording of passive and active geophysical data and for exploring various applications.

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Sidenko, Evgenii, Konstantin Tertyshnikov, Maxim Lebedev et Roman Pevzner. « Experimental study of temperature change effect on distributed acoustic sensing continuous measurements ». GEOPHYSICS 87, n^o 3 (11 mars 2022) : D111—D122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2021-0524.1.

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Distributed fiber-optic sensing is useful in geophysical exploration and monitoring applications. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is used for measuring and monitoring temperature and distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) for recording the seismic wavefield. However, DAS measurements also are sensitive to temperature changes. To understand and quantify the DAS signature of temperature changes during water injections at CO2CRC Otway site, a series of experiments have been conducted at the Curtin University/National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL) well research facility and Curtin rock-physics laboratory. Overall, three DAS cables are examined. Two fibers are tested in the laboratory and one cable, which is installed behind the casing in the Curtin/NGL well, is examined in the well. Laboratory measurements and observations made during analysis of passive DAS and DTS field data recorded in four Otway wells demonstrate that DAS is sensitive to long-period temperature changes, and its response is proportional to the time derivative of temperature. Induced fiber strain is linearly related to slow temperature change, and this dependency can be estimated for a particular cable. Obtained proportionality constants between strain and temperature change indicate some dependency on the cable type/design and acquisition setup, but they are all of the same order of magnitude. DAS measurements also can be affected by low-frequency noise possibly associated with the effect of temperature on the DAS acquisition unit itself. The results can help compensate for the effect of temperature on low-frequency DAS signals and show that DAS can be used as a distributed temperature sensor if direct temperature measurements are not available.

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Ichikawa, Masaru, Shinnosuke Uchida, Masafumi Katou, Isao Kurosawa, Kohei Tamura, Ayato Kato, Yoshiharu Ito, Mike de Groot et Shoji Hara. « Case study of hydraulic fracture monitoring using multiwell integrated analysis based on low-frequency DAS data ». Leading Edge 39, n^o 11 (novembre 2020) : 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39110794.1.

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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an effective technique for hydraulic fracture monitoring. It can potentially constrain fracture propagation direction and time while monitoring strain perturbation, such as stress shadowing. In this study, we acquired passive DAS and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data throughout the entire fracturing operations of adjacent production wells with varying offset lengths from the fiber-optic cable in the Montney tight gas area. We applied data processing techniques to the DAS data to extract low-frequency components (less than 0.5 Hz) and to construct the strain rate and cumulative strain maps for detecting responses related to fracture hits along the fiber-optic cable. We used low-frequency DAS (LF-DAS) results to estimate the fracture hit position and time, and in certain cases, to additionally estimate the fracture connection. By integrating LF-DAS results with DTS results, we detected the temperature changes around the compression response near the fracture hit position and time. Furthermore, we observed that timing of the fracture hit can be constrained more precisely by using high-frequency DAS data (greater than 10 Hz). We estimated the fracture propagation direction and speed from the estimated fracture hit position and time. The fracture propagation direction deviated slightly from a perpendicular line to the fiber direction. In addition, as estimated from the first fracture hit time, the fracture length and fluid injection volume had a proportional relationship. Due to challenges associated with the data, it is important to design data acquisition geometry and fracturing operations on the premise of acquiring LF-DAS data. It is also important to apply an additional noise reduction process to the data.

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Jasim, Ruqaya Mahmood. « The passive As a grammatical phenomenon in four selected textbooks ». Journal of the College of languages, n^o 46 (1 juin 2022) : 182–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2022.0.46.0182.

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The research work is "The passive voice as a grammatical phenomenon in four selected textbooks". The research deals with the grammatical phenomenon passive in German. The research consists of two parts, the theoretical and the empirical part. The present research work is divided into 3 sections: The first section includes the definition of passive, passive types, process passive, state passive, passive with modal verbs, and other types of passive. The second section provides illustrations of the four selected textbooks. The third chapter presents the passive voice in textbooks, namely German language teaching for foreigners by Dora Schulz and Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstrasse H. and others, Em von Balme, M. and others and Studio D by Funk, H. and others. Then I go to the conclusion. Die Forschungsarbeit lautet ,, Das Passiv als grammatisches Phӓnomen in vier ausgewӓhlten Lehrwerken,,. Die Forschung beschäftigt sich mit dem grammatischen Phӓnomen Passiv im Deutschen. Die Forschung wird aus zwei Teile bestanden, theorethischer und empirischer Teil. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit wird in 3 Abschnitte eingeteilt: Der erste Abschnitt schließt die Definiton des Passivs, Passivarten, Vorgangspassiv, Zustandspassiv, Passiv mit Modalverben, und andere Arten von Passiv ein. Der zweite Abschnitt stellt Abbildungen der vier ausgewählten Lehrwerken. Das dritte Kapitel stellt das Passiv in Lehrwerken, nämlich Deutsche Sprachlehre für Ausländer von Dora Schulz und Heinz Griesbach, Delfin von Aufderstraße H. Und Andere, Em von Balme, M. und Andere und Studio D von Funk, H. und Andere. Anschließend gehe ich auf Schlussfolgerung ein.

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Kurth, A. M., C. Weber et M. Schirmer. « How effective is river restoration in re-establishing groundwater–surface water interactions ? – A case study ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, n^o 6 (9 juin 2015) : 2663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, we investigated whether river restoration was successful in re-establishing groundwater–surface water interactions in a degraded urban stream. Restoration measures included morphological changes to the river bed, such as the installation of gravel islands and spur dykes, as well as the planting of site-specific riparian vegetation. Standard distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and novel active and passive DTS approaches were employed to study groundwater–surface water interactions in two reference streams and an experimental reach of an urban stream before and after its restoration. Radon-222 analyses were utilized to validate the losing stream conditions of the urban stream in the experimental reach. Our results indicated that river restoration at the study site was indeed successful in increasing groundwater–surface water interactions. Increased surface water downwelling occurred locally at the tip of a gravel island created during river restoration. Hence, the installation of in-stream structures increased the vertical connectivity and thus groundwater–surface water interactions. With the methods presented in this publication, it would be possible to routinely investigate the success of river restorations in re-establishing vertical connectivity, thereby gaining insight into the effectiveness of specific restoration measures. This, in turn, would enable the optimization of future river restoration projects, rendering them more cost-effective and successful.

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Egger, Pedro Acácio Lemos, Ana Clara Fiuza Pereira, Bárbara Pires de Mello Barenco, Carlla Alessandra Silva Pereira, Laila Maria Corrêlo Lussari, Luísa Leite Moreira, Lara Pereira de Brito, Victória Emmanuela Thomé Bragança Capute, Willian Faustino da Conceição et Eucir Rabello. « O risco do tabagismo passivo no desenvolvimento de pneumopatias ». Revista Eletrônica Acervo Médico 23, n^o 1 (28 janvier 2023) : e11877. http://dx.doi.org/10.25248/reamed.e11877.2023.

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Objetivo: Analisar o desenvolvimento de síndromes respiratórias correlacionadas com o tabagismo passivo. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados do portal regional da Biblioteca Regional em Saúde. A busca dos artigos foi feita por meio de descritores, sendo eles “passive smoking”, “risk” e “lung disease”. A revisão foi realizada seguindo as seguintes etapas: estabelecimento do tema, definição dos parâmetros de elegibilidade, definição dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, verificação das publicações nas bases de dados, análise das informações encontradas, avaliação dos estudos encontrados e exposição dos resultados. Resultados: Foi observado que os danos causados pelo tabagismo passivo podem gerar uma série de consequências negativas para a saúde em geral, como risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardíacas e doenças respiratórias e, principalmente, as neoplasias malignas. Esse compilado de fatores, demostra a necessidade do combate ao tabagismo e consequentemente ao tabagismo passivo. Considerações finais: Diante dos fatos mencionados, foi possível inferir que a inalação passiva da fumaça do cigarro aponta para maior risco de agravar ou desenvolver doenças respiratórias, tais como asma, DPOC e câncer de pulmão.

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Abraham, Werner. « Überlegungen zum Passiv im Deutschen und anderen Sprachen : 'Argumenthypothese' und 'Aspekthypothese' ». ZAS Papers in Linguistics 15 (1 janvier 2000) : 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.15.2000.19.

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Die Ableitung des Passivs ist typologisch keine einheitlich konfigurierte Konstruktion. In den kontinental-westgermanischen Sprachen und dem Lateinischen setzt sie ein lexikalisch externes Argument (designiertes Subjektargument) voraus, im Englischen, Französischen und Russischen sowohl ein externes wie ein internes Argument (Subjekt und (direktes) Objekt). Gleichwohl sind Passive im Deutschen und Russischen - also quer zu dieser ersten Verbklassifikation – aspektuellen Beschränkungen unterworfen, Passive im Englischen dagegen nicht, jedenfalls auf den ersten Blick. Sehen wir in diesen Kreis von Sprachen noch historische Stufen hinzu, dann ist auch davon auszugehen, daß Sprachen wie das Deutsche von einer Stufe mit einem paradigmatisch einigermaßen systematisch gefestigten Aspektsystem ohne Passiv – dem Althochdeutschen – zu einer Sprache mit Passiv (und ohne Aspekt) wurde. Wir brauchen gar nicht die gemeinsame indoeuropäische Wurzel zu beschwören, um die folgenden Fragen plausibel erscheinen zu lassen: Was hat Aspekt mit Passiv zu tun? Und: Soferne solche Übergänge tatsächlich vorliegen – wie sehen die Schritte von Aspekt zum Genus verbi im einzelnen aus, und wo stehen die Sprachen heute im Vergleich zueinander, also auf einer Art Entwicklungsleiter, mit Vorläufer- gegenüber Nachläuferstufen in der relativen Diachronie von Aspekt zur Passivdiathese?

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Olivier, Gerrit, Braeden Borg, Lawrence Trevor, Boris Combeau, Philippe Dales, Jonathan Gordon, Hemant Chaurasia et Matthew Pearson. « Fleet’s Geode : A Breakthrough Sensor for Real-Time Ambient Seismic Noise Tomography over DtS-IoT ». Sensors 22, n^o 21 (1 novembre 2022) : 8372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218372.

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As most of the outcropping and shallow mineral deposits have been found, new technology is imperative to finding the hidden critical mineral deposits required to transition to renewable energy. One such new technique, called ambient seismic noise tomography, has shown promise in recent years as a low-cost, low environmental impact method that can image under cover and at depth. Wireless and compact nodal seismic technology has been instrumental to enable industry applications of ambient noise tomography, but these devices are designed for the active seismic reflection method and do not have the required sensitivity at low frequencies for ambient noise tomography, and real-time data transmission in remote locations requires significant infrastructure to be installed. In this paper, we show the development and testing of the Geode—a real-time seismic node purpose-built by Fleet Space Technologies for ambient seismic noise tomography on exploration scales. We discuss the key differences between current nodal technology and the Geode and show results of a field trial where the performance of the Geode is compared with a commercially popular nodal geophone. The use of a 2 Hz high sensitivity geophone and low noise digitiser results in an instrument noise floor that is more than 30 dB lower below 5 Hz than nodes that are commonly used in the industry. The increased sensitivity results in signal-to-noise ratios in the cross-correlation functions in the field trial that are more than double that of commercially available nodal geophone at low frequencies. When considering the full bandwidth of retrievable correlations in our study, using the Geode would reduce the required recording time from 75 h to 32 h to achieve an average signal-to-noise ratio in the cross-correlation functions of 10. We also discuss the integration of a real-time direct-to-satellite Internet of Things (DtS-IoT) modem in the Geode, which, together with edge processing of seismic data directly on the Geode, enables us to image the subsurface in real-time. During the field trial, the Geodes successfully transmitted more than 90% of the available preprocessed data packets. The Geode is compact enough so that several devices can be carried and installed by one field technician, whilst the array of stations do not require a base station to transmit data to the cloud for further processing. We believe this is the future of passive seismic surveys and will result in faster and more dynamic seismic imaging capabilities analogous to the medical imaging community, increasing the pace at which new mineral deposits are discovered.

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Estival, Dominique. « A Diachronic Study of the English Passive ». Diachronica 6, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1989) : 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.6.1.03est.

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SUMMARY The paper presents the results of a quantitative study of the evolution of the passive construction in English. Some of the syntactic environments studied (e.g., the presence of modifiers before the participle, passivization of indirect or prepositional objects, the passive of 'accusative object' verbs or of verbs with predicative complements) have been used as tests for the syntactic category of the passive participle (Wasow 1977). The relative frequency of these environments (and others, such as coordination) in a selection of texts from different periods provide evidence that the change in the grammar of English cannot be described as the introduction of a new rule forming verbal passives instead of adjectival passives (Lightfoot 1979), but is best explained by a change in the structural description of the passive rule, due to a reformulation of the rule in terms of the notion of internal argument (Williams 1981), instead of the notion of direct, or accusative, object of the active verb. RÉSUMÉ L'article présente ici les resultats d'une étude quantitative de l'évolution de la construction passive en anglais. Certains des environnements syntaxiques considérés (par exemple la présence de modificateurs du participe passé, la passivisation d'objets indirects ou prépositionnels, le passif du sujet de complément infinitifs ou de compléments prédicatifs) ont servis de tests pour la catégorie syntaxique du participe passé passif (Wasow 1977). La fréquence relative de ces environnements (ainsi que d'autres, tels que la coordination) dans une sélection de textes de différentes périodes prouve que le changement syntaxique survenue dans la grammaire de l'anglais ne peut être décrit comme l'introduction d'une nouvelle règle qui formerait des passifs verbaux par l'opposition à des passifs adjectivaux (Lightfoot 1979), mais doit s'expliquer par un changement de la description structurelle de la règle du passif, dû à une réformulation de la règle en termes de la notion d"argument interne' (Williams 1981), plutdht que de la notion d'objet direct, ou accusatif, du verbe actif. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Aufsatz stellt das Ergebnis einer quantitativen Studie der historischen Entwicklung der Passivkonstruktion im Englischen dar. Einige der hier unter-suchten syntaktischen Umgebungen (etwa das Vorhandensein von Modifikato-ren vor der Partikel, die Passivisierung indirekter oder pràpositioneller Ob-jekte, das Passiv von 'Akkusativobjekt'-Verben oder von Verben mit prädika-tivem Komplement) sind als Test für die syntaktische Kategorie des Passivpar-tizips verwendet worden (Wasow 1977). Die relative Häufîgkeit dieser Umgebungen (und anderer, z.B. die der Koordination) in einer Textauswahl ver-schiedener Zeitabschnitte liefern den Nachweis, daß die Veränderung in der Grammatik des Englischen nicht als die Einführung einer neuen Regel, die verbale anstelle von adjektivalen Passivkonstruktionen bildet, beschrieben werden kann (Lightfoot 1979), sondern vielmehr als ein Wandel in der strukturellen Beschreibung der Passivregel, und zwar als Folge einer Neuformulierung der Regel nach MaBgabe des Prinzips eines 'internen Arguments' (Williams 1981)ß und nicht des eines direkten (Akkusativ-) Objekts des aktiven Verbs.

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Majeed Hadi, Afrah. « The passive of verbs constructed with prepositions (Das Passiv der mit Präpositionen konstruierten Verben ) ». Journal of the College of languages, n^o 44 (1 juin 2021) : 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36586/jcl.2.2021.0.44.0317.

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Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.

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Madinei, Saman, Sunwook Kim, Mohammad Mehdi Alemi, Divya Srinivasan et Maury A. Nussbaum. « Assessment of Two Passive Back-Support Exoskeletons in a Simulated Precision Manual Assembly Task ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, n^o 1 (novembre 2019) : 1078–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631192.

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Low back pain (LBP) remains the most prevalent and costly work-related disability in the United States, accounting for ~40% of annual musculoskeletal disorders (BLS, 2018) and imposing an economic burden of over $50 billion (Davis, 2012). Many intervention approaches have been explored to reduce the physical requirements of occupational tasks. Examples include training in work methods, modifying work stations, re-organizing work processes, and using mechanical aids such as cranes and power-lift tables (Chaffin et al., 1999; Lavender et al., 2013; Madinei et al., 2018). While these approaches can be effective, they can also be excessively costly or even infeasible for certain work environments (Graham et al., 2009). Industrial back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) – designed to augment the back and hip muscles – have been introduced as an alternative intervention to reduce the physical demands on the back muscles and consequently mitigate the risk of LBP (De Looze et al., 2016). However, there is limited evidence regarding the efficacy of BSEs in work scenarios that require sustained and/or non-neutral trunk bending (such as manual assembly), which are well-known LBP risk factors (e.g., Norman et al., 1998; Fathallah et al., 2008). The efficacy of two passive BSE designs (i.e., BackX™ and Laevo™) was examined by quantifying trunk extensor muscle activity during a lab-based simulation of a precision manual assembly task. Both devices incorporate a passive torque generation mechanism about the hip joint that is intended to augment the torso extensor muscles. Yet, the devices differ in specific design characteristics, such as major body anchor points for the torque generation mechanism (upper back, waist, and thigh [BackX™ AC] vs. chest, waist, and thigh [Laevo™]). Eighteen (gender-balanced) participants, with no recent musculoskeletal injuries or disorders, completed a simulated assembly task using a “grooved pegboard” (Lafayette Instruments, IN, USA) in 20 different pegboard locations. These locations were defined by four different heights (waist, knee, ankle, and below floor levels), three horizontal distances (0, 20, and 40 cm away from the feet), and three orientation angles (0°, 45°, and 90° to the right of the mid-sagittal plane). For a given pegboard location condition, participants were asked to complete the assembly task “as quickly as possible”. Muscle activity was monitored bilaterally from two trunk extensors (i.e., iliocostalis lumborum [ILL] and thoracic erector spinae [TES]) using a telemetered surface electromyography (EMG) system (TeleMyo Desktop DTS, Noraxon, AZ, USA). Note that before performing the assembly task in any of the pegboard location conditions, participants completed trials of maximum isometric voluntary contractions for those muscle groups for normalizing EMG. Outcome measures were the median level of left-side back muscle activity (LBM = mean of 50th percentile normalized EMGs [nEMGs] of left TES and ILL) and the median level of right-side back muscle activity (RBM). Overall, BackX™ use (vs. Laevo™) led to a larger reduction in median levels of back muscle activity levels (≤ 37.9% vs. ≤ 23.9% reduction), and a significant reduction in activity was observed in a larger set of conditions (15 vs. 7 conditions). Additionally, the largest reductions when using BackX™ were found at the ankle level (≤ 38% vs. no reductions for Laevo™), followed by knee level (≤ 32% vs. ≤ 24% for Laevo™), waist level (≤ 30% vs. ≤ 14% for Laevo™), and below floor level (≤ 29% vs. ≤ 10% for Laevo™). Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of a BSE can be task-specific and that such effects may also be specific to BSE design approaches. Notably, the effects of BSE use found here can be considered practically meaningful. For context, the magnitude of median levels of bilateral low-back muscle activities ranged from ~4-18% nEMG, and using a BSE yielded reductions up to ~5% nEMG, depending upon the specific BSE and task condition. More research is warranted, though, to characterize the task specificity and generalizability of different BSE design approaches in terms of physical demands and task performance.

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Guimarães, Mara Passos. « Frequency effects of L2 English on the processing of the passive in L1 Brazilian Portuguese / Efeitos de frequência da L2 inglês no processamento da passiva em L2 português brasileiro ». REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 29, n^o 1 (4 janvier 2021) : 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.29.1.215-258.

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Abstract: This study investigated the influence of experience with L2 English in the processing of passives in L1 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) by high-proficiency bilinguals and BP monolinguals. Based on the premise that high L2 proficiency is indicative of widespread representational sharing (BERNOLET; HARTSUIKER; PICKERING, 2013) and on the observation that the passive is significantly more productive in English than in BP (GUIMARÃES; SOUZA, 2016), bilinguals’ processing of the construction is expected to be facilitated by L2 exposure. Subjects performed an acceptability judgment task and two sentence elicitation tasks. Both groups considered the passive as acceptable as the active, with no significant differences between the two groups’ judgments of the passive. Differences were found in the oral production of passives between bilinguals and monolinguals, but not in written production: task type influenced the production of monolinguals in that passive productivity fell significantly from the written to the oral task. The difference in productivity levels of the passive between bilinguals and monolinguals is attributed to bilinguals’ exposure to the construction’s distributional properties in the L2, supporting models of bilingual shared representations (HARTSUIKER; PICKERING; VELTKAMP, 2004).Keywords: bilingualism; frequency effects; L2 proficiency; passive construction; acceptability judgment; written production; oral production.Resumo: Este estudo investigou a influência da experiência com L2 inglês no processamento de passivas em L1 português brasileiro (PB) por bilíngues de alta proficiência e monolíngues do PB. Baseando-se na premissa de que alta proficiência em L2 é indicativa de compartilhamento generalizado de representações (BERNOLET; HARTSUIKER; PICKERING, 2013) e na observação de que a passiva é significativamente mais produtiva em inglês do que no PB (GUIMARÃES; SOUZA, 2016)propomos uma visão construcional da construção, na qual ela é tomada como entidade teórica independente. Apesar de sintaticamente congruente no português brasileiro (PB, espera-se que o processamento da construção por bilíngues seja facilitado pela exposição à L2. A compreensão da construção foi observada através de uma tarefa de julgamento de aceitabilidade de sentenças, enquanto a produção foi observada a partir de duas tarefas de descrição de imagens (uma escrita e outra oral). Tanto bilíngues quando monolíngues julgaram a passiva tão aceitável quanto a ativa, sem diferença significativa nos julgamentos entre os dois perfis linguísticos. Apesar de as passivas terem sido menos frequentes do que as ativas nas tarefas de produção, o tipo de tarefa influenciou o número de ocorrências de passivas dentre os monolíngues: sua produção foi similar à dos bilíngues na tarefa escrita, mas significativamente menor na tarefa oral. A diferença nos níveis de produtividade de passivas entre bilíngues e monolíngues é atribuída à exposição dos bilíngues às propriedades distribucionais da construção na L2, corroborando modelos de compartilhamento representacional bilíngue (HARTSUIKER; PICKERING; VELTKAMP, 2004).Palavras-chave: bilinguismo; efeitos de frequência; proficiência em L2; construção passiva; julgamento de aceitabilidade; produção escrita; produção oral.

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Höppnerová, Věra. « Die Rolle des Passivs im Wirtschaftsdeutschen und Wirtschaftstschechischen. » Brünner Hefte zu Deutsch als Fremdsprache 9, n^o 2 (30 décembre 2016) : 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/bhdf2016-2-73.

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Das Passiv ist ein charakteristisches morphologisches Merkmal des Wirtschaftsdeutschen. Auch im Wirtschaftstschechischen kommt es häufig vor, wenn ihm hier auch andere Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten entsprechen, wie aktive Formulierungen, Reflexivpassiv oder Modalausdrücke. Der Artikel untersucht das Vorkommen verschiedener Tempora im Passiv, die in beiden Sprachen unterschiedliche Agensangabe sowie die Gründe für die Bevorzugung des Passivs im Deutschen und seiner verschiedenen Äquivalente im Tschechischen. Abschließend wird dem Vorgangs- und dem Zustandspassiv Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet und den Schwierigkeiten bei ihrer Unterscheidung vom Standpunkt des tschechischen Muttersprachlers aus.

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Friedl, Yvonne, Katrin Hartmann et Michèle Bergmann. « Passive Immunisierung bei Hund und Katze ». Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K : Kleintiere / Heimtiere 44, n^o 04 (2016) : 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15654/tpk-160189.

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ZusammenfassungAntikörper haben eine wichtige Funktion bei der Abwehr von Infek - tionskrankheiten. Bei der passiven Immunisierung werden exogene Antikörper übertragen, die einen sofortigen Schutz für den Empfänger bieten. Die passive Immunisierung wird in der Kleintiermedizin vor allem prophylaktisch bei Hunden und Katzen durchgeführt, wenn sie keine maternalen Antikörper über das Kolostrum aufnehmen konnten oder die akute Gefahr einer Infektion besteht. Zum therapeutischen Einsatz bei Hund und Katze gibt es nur wenige plazebokontrollierte Studien. Während passiv übertragene Antikörper bei Katzen mit akutem viralem Katzenschnupfen und bei Hunden mit Staupe eine positive Wirkung auf den Krankheitsverlauf haben können, ließ sich bei der Behandlung der kaninen Parvovirose kein statistisch signifikanter Einfluss nachweisen. Weitere prospektive doppelt geblindete und plazebokontrollierte Studien mit ausreichenden Patientenzahlen zum prophylaktischen wie auch therapeutischen Einsatz der passiven Immunisierung bei Hund und Katze sind notwendig, um die klinische Wirksamkeit adäquat zu belegen.

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Jariwala, Mansi, et Ahmad Taki. « Mitigating Overheating Risks for Modern Flats in London Due to Climate Change ». Designs 7, n^o 6 (28 octobre 2023) : 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs7060124.

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With the increase in global temperatures, a significant threat of overheating has been reported due to more frequent and severe heatwaves in the UK housing stock. This research analyzes dwellings’ physical attributes through overheating assessments and their adaptation for modern flats in London in the current (2022) and anticipated (2050) weather. According to preliminary research, Southeast and London in England, mid-terraced, and flats (especially built post 2012), among other archetypes, were discovered to be the most susceptible to overheating in the UK. This study employed a case study of a 2015 modern flat located in a high-risk overheating zone in London to understand the building’s overheating exposure. A range of Dynamic Thermal Simulations (DTS) was conducted using EnergyPlus with reference to case studies in order to assess the performance of passive cooling mitigation strategies (PCMS) on peak summer days (15 July) as well as during the summer against CIBSE Guide A and ASHARE 55. Reduced window area and LoE triple glazing were identified as excellent mitigation prototypes, in which solar gains through exterior glazing were reduced by 85.5% due to triple glazing. Zone sensible cooling was reduced by 52%, which minimized CO2 emissions. It was also identified that the final retrofit model passed CIBSE Guide A by achieving a temperature threshold of 20 °C to 25 °C during the summer months, whereas it failed to accomplish the ASHARE 55 criteria (20–24 °C). The outcome of this study justifies the necessity of tested PCMS and advises UK policymakers on how to foster resilient housing plans to overcome overheating issues.

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Teržan, Karmen. « Das Worden-Passiv als syntaktische Verstärkung im Deutschen ». Linguistica 30, n^o 1 (1 décembre 1990) : 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.30.1.69-99.

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Zur Problematik des althochdeutschen und mittelhochdeutschen Passivs* Auf der frühesten Entwicklungsstufe, welche durch schriftliche Überlieferung belegt werden kann, d.h. in der althochdeutschen Zeit (Ahd.), wurde das Passiv mit Hilfsverben "sein" (ahd. uuesan/wesan) oder "werden", (ahd. uuerdhan/werdan) und dem Partizip II gebildet. Als altere Variante gilt die wesan-Periphrase; das Hilfsverbum werdan aber hat sich etwas spater, jedoch noch in der vorliterarischen Periode, aus dem urspriinglichen Aspektsystem losgelöst, urn sich im System der Genera Verbi zu integrieren, und hat schon im Althochdeutschen als eines der Hilfsverben zur Bildung des Passivs Fuss gefasst. (Nach z. B. OEberg 1907, Valentin 1986).

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Barbanera, Márcia, Rubens Correa Araujo, Tulio Diniz Fernandes et Arnaldo Jose Hernandez. « Avaliação do torque de resistência passiva em atletas femininas com entorse de tornozelo ». Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 18, n^o 2 (avril 2012) : 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922012000200010.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A entorse de tornozelo é uma das lesões mais comuns em atletas. Uma forma de avaliar a frouxidão ligamentar pode ser através da medida da amplitude passiva dos movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé para estimar a resistência passiva das estruturas capsuloligamentares do tornozelo, o qual pode ser chamado de torque de resistência passiva. Existem poucos estudos que utilizam a avaliação do torque passivo do tornozelo para avaliar a resistência da cápsula e dos ligamentos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o torque passivo dos movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé em atletas com e sem história de entorse de tornozelo. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 32 atletas de basquetebol e voleibol feminino (16,06 ± 0,8 anos, 67,63 ± 8,17kg, 177,8 ± 6,47cm). Seus tornozelos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (29), composto por tornozelos sem sintomas, e grupo entorse de tornozelo, composto por tornozelos que sofreram lesão (29). O torque dos movimentos passivos do tornozelo foi registrado por um dinamômetro isocinético, e a atividade dos músculos fibular longo e tibial anterior foi medida por um eletromiógrafo. As atletas realizaram duas repetições do movimento de inversão e eversão, nas velocidades de 5, 10 e 20°/s e, em seguida, o mesmo protocolo foi repetido apenas para o movimento de inversão máxima do pé. RESULTADOS: O torque de resistência passiva durante os movimentos de inversão e eversão do pé foi menor no grupo com entorse do tornozelo. Este grupo também mostrou menor torque durante o movimento de inversão máxima do pé. Não foram observadas diferenças entre o movimento de inversão e eversão. CONCLUSÕES: A entorse de tornozelo leva a um menor torque de resistência passiva, indicando redução da resistência dos ligamentos colaterais do tornozelo e uma frouxidão articular mecânica.

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Fischer, C., H. Werner, V. Grevel, G. Oechtering et P. Böttcher. « Kniegelenkstabilität nach lateraler Fadenzügelung mit Ethibond Excel® : frühzeitige Destabilisierung nach passiver Gelenkbewegung ». Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K : Kleintiere / Heimtiere 38, n^o 02 (2010) : 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622834.

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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: 1) Bestimmung der kraniokaudalen Kniegelenkstabilität nach lateraler Fadenzügelung und passiver Kniegelenkbewegung. 2) Bestimmung der Schlaufenspannung nach Knotung. Material und Methoden: Die kraniokaudale Kniegelenkstabilität (KKStab) wurde anhand von lateromedialen Röntgenaufnahmen an zehn rechten Kniegelenken orthopädisch gesunder Hunde (> 20 kg KM) ex vivo bestimmt. Die Messung erfolgte am gesunden Gelenk nach Durchtrennung des vorderen Kreuzbandes und nach lateraler Ethibondfadenzügelung. Anschließend wurde das Kniegelenk 350 Mal passiv bewegt und die KKStab nach 50, 100, 250 und 350 Bewegungszyklen gemessen. Des Weiteren wurden sieben Ethibondfadenschlaufen an einer Materialprüfmaschine geknüpft und die Spannung in der Schlaufe nach dem ersten (FMax) und nach dem letzten Knoten (FEnd) ge messen. Ergebnisse: Die KKStab nach Rekonstruktion betrug 3,7 mm und war um 2,7 mm größer als bei intaktem Kreuzband. Bereits 250 passive Bewegungszyklen bewirkten eine signifikante Destabilisierung um 1,5 mm. FMax lag bei 133 N und fiel auf 6 N (FEnd) nach dem fünften Knoten. Schlussfolgerung: Die laterale Fadenzügelung mit Ethibondfäden und Anlegen von fünf einfachen Knoten ermöglicht es nicht, die physiologische Gelenkstabilität herzustellen. Bereits wenige Bewegungszyklen bewirken eine signifikante weitere Destabilisierung. Einer der Gründe für das unbefriedigende Ergebnis ist die hier angewendete Knotentechnik, die es nicht erlaubt, die nötige Fadenspannung zu konservieren. Klinische Relevanz: Die Anwendung von Ethibond in Kombination mit einfacher Knotentechnik scheint für die Durchführung einer lateralen Fadenzügelung nicht geeignet.

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Hirasawa, Nobuhiro, Yukiyo Shimizu, Ayumu Haginoya, Yuichiro Soma, Gaku Watanabe, Kei Takehara, Kayo Tokeji, Yuki Mataki, Ryota Ishii et Yasushi Hada. « Comparative Analysis of Muscle Activity and Circulatory Dynamics : A Crossover Study Using Leg Exercise Apparatus and Ergometer ». Medicina 60, n^o 8 (3 août 2024) : 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60081260.

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Background and Objectives: Bedridden patients are at a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Passive devices such as elastic compression stockings and intermittent pneumatic compression are common. Leg exercise apparatus (LEX) is an active device designed to prevent VTE by effectively contracting the soleus muscle and is therefore expected to be effective in preventing disuse of the lower limbs. However, few studies have been conducted on the kinematic properties of LEX. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the exercise characteristics of LEX with those of an ergometer, which is commonly used as a lower-limb exercise device, and examine its effect on the two domains of muscle activity and circulatory dynamics. Materials and Methods: This study used a crossover design in which each participant performed both exercises to evaluate the exercise characteristics of each device. Fifteen healthy adults performed exercises with LEX and an ergometer (Terasu Erugo, SDG Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for 5 min each and rested for 10 min after each exercise. Muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography (Clinical DTS, Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA), and circulatory dynamics were recorded using a non-invasive impedance cardiac output meter (Physioflow Enduro, Manatec Biomedical, Paris, France). The primary outcome was the mean percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) of the soleus muscle during exercise. Results: The mean %MVC of the soleus muscle was significantly higher in the LEX group, whereas no significant differences were observed across the periods and sequences. Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output increased during exercise and decreased thereafter; however, the differences between the devices were not significant. Conclusions: LEX may not only have a higher thromboprophylaxis effect, but also a higher effect on preventing muscle atrophy as a lower-extremity exercise device. Additionally, LEX could potentially be used safely in patients who need to be monitored for changes in circulatory dynamics.

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Abbasi, Yasser, Chris M. Mannaerts et William Makau. « Modeling Pesticide and Sediment Transport in the Malewa River Basin (Kenya) Using SWAT ». Water 11, n^o 1 (7 janvier 2019) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010087.

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Understanding the dynamics of pesticide transport in the Malewa River and Lake Naivasha, a major fresh water resource, is critical to safeguard water quality in the basin. In this study, the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the discharge of sediment and pesticides (notably the organochlorine residues of lindane, methoxychlor and endosulfan) into the Malewa River Basin. Model sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation were performed for both daily and monthly time steps using the sequential uncertainty fitting version 2 (SUFI-2) algorithm of the SWAT-CUP tool. Water level gauge data as well as a digital turbidity sensor (DTS-12) for suspended sediment transport were used for the SWAT calibration. Pesticide residues were measured at Upper and Down Malewa locations using a passive sampling technique and their quantity was determined using laboratory gas chromatography. The sensitivity analysis results showed that curve number (CN2), universal soil loss equation erodibility factor (USLE-K) and pesticide application efficiency (AP_EF) formed the most sensitive parameters for discharge, sediment and pesticide simulations, respectively. In addition, SWAT model calibration and validation showed better results for monthly discharge simulations than for daily discharge simulations. Similarly, the results obtained for the monthly sediment calibration demonstrated more match between measured and simulated data as compared to the simulation at daily steps. Comparison between the simulated and measured pesticide concentrations at upper Malewa and down Malewa locations demonstrated that although the model mostly overestimated pesticide loadings, there was a positive association between the pesticide measurements and the simulations. Higher concentrations of pesticides were found between May and mid-July. The similarity between measured and simulated pesticides shows the potential of the SWAT model as initial evaluation modelling tool for upstream to downstream suspended sediment and pesticide transport in catchments.

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Tanka, Bernadett. « Entwicklung des bekommen/erhalten/kriegen-Passivs im Deutschen ». Initium, n^o 1 (14 septembre 2020) : 112–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.33934/initium.2020.1.6.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines besonderen Passivtyps, des bekommen/erhalten/kriegen-Passivs, im Zeitraum von 1946-2018 im Rahmen einer Korpusanalyse untersucht. Im ersten Abschnitt werden die verschiedenen Passivtypen kurz dargestellt. Vom zweiten Teil an liegt der Schwerpunkt auf dem bekommen/erhalten/kriegen-Passiv, gefolgt von einem Überblick über dessen Grammatikalisierung. Die letzten Kapitel widmen sich der Untersuchung einer selbst zusammengestellten Belegsammlung aus dem frühesten bzw. neuesten online zugänglichen Jahrgängen der Zeitung „DIE ZEIT“. Neben der Verwendungshäufigkeit dieses Passivtyps im genannten Zeitraum wird Fragen nach der Art der in der Fügung auftretenden Vollverben, subjektfähigen Dativen, Realisierung des Akkusativobjekts und Agensausdruck nachgegangen. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, die Entwicklung des bekommen/erhalten/kriegen-Passivs von der Mitte des 20. Jh. bis heute nachzuzeichnen.

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Ferreira, Lucas Lima, et Paulo Heraldo Costa Do Valle. « Efeitos fisiológicos do ortostatismo passivo em unidade de terapia intensiva : revisão sistemática ». Saúde em Revista 21, n^o 1 (21 décembre 2021) : 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15600/2238-1244/sr.v21n1p215-225.

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Introdução: Pacientes críticos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), sob ventilação mecânica (VM) invasiva, são expostos a síndrome do imobilismo. O ortostatismo passivo, assistido ou ativo foi um dos recursos utilizados para o tratamento dos pacientes internados em UTI. Objetivo: Analisar e sistematizar as respostas hemodinâmicas agudas de pacientes críticos submetidos ao ortostatismo passivo em prancha ortostática em unidade de terapia intensiva adulta. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo de revisão sistemática de literatura com pesquisas nas bases de dados Cochrane, SciELO, PEDro e PubMed, no período de 2011 a 2020, por meio das palavras-chave: posição ortostática “standing position”, teste da mesa inclinada “tilt-table test”, unidade de terapia intensiva “intensive care unit”, fisioterapia “physical therapy”, mobilização precoce “early mobilization” e dos termos: prancha ortostática “orthostatic board” e ortostatismo passivo “passive orthostatism”. Resultados: Foram identificados quatro artigos que incluíram 107 pacientes internados em UTI, predomínio do sexo feminino e de utilização da VM em vias aéreas artificiais. Os protocolos de ortostatismo passivo foram heterogêneos entre os estudos no que se referem a tempo de permanência, graus de inclinação e número de sessões. Conclusão: A análise dos estudos identificados demonstrou que o ortostatismo passivo provocou melhora do nível de consciência, alterações hemodinâmicas como hipotensão ortostática, hipoxemia, taquicardia e hipertensão arterial, transitórias e alterações respiratórias caracterizadas por aumento da força muscular inspiratória, capacidade vital e volume corrente.

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Kündig, Renner et Knuth. « Krebs-Immuntherapie – wo stehen wir ? » Therapeutische Umschau 63, n^o 4 (1 avril 2006) : 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.63.4.262.

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Bei der Immuntherapie von Krebserkrankungen wird zwischen passiven und aktiven Strategien unterschieden. Die passive Immuntherapie, z.B. der therapeutische Einsatz von monoklonalen Antikörpern, oder im weitesten Sinn auch von anderen immunologischen Effektormolekülen, wie z.B. Interferon-alpha, ist längst klinisch etabliert. Der zunehmende Erfolg der passiven Immuntherapie belegt, dass das Immunsystem erfolgreich gegen Krebserkrankungen eingesetzt werden kann. Der logische nächste Schritt ist es deshalb eine Weiterentwicklung zur aktiven Immuntherapie, also zur «Impfung gegen Krebs». Diese Übersichtsarbeit konzentriert sich auf die aktive Immuntherapie gegen Krebsleiden und versucht den heutigen Stand der Forschung und des klinischen Fortschrittes darzustellen. Obwohl heute noch keine aktive Immuntherapie außerhalb von klinischen Studien empfohlen werden kann, sind die Daten vielversprechend und es ist zu erwarten, dass einige Impfstoffe demnächst zur Verfügung stehen werden.

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Gonçalves, Lydsson Agostinho, Karina Carolina Vieira de Matos et Paula Roberta Gabbai Armelin. « The role and formal status of participles in verbal passives ». Revista Linguíʃtica 20, n^o 3 (28 décembre 2024) : 353–74. https://doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2024.v20n3a65552.

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Este artigo investiga a estrutura interna das passivas verbais do português brasileiro e, em particular, do particípio encontrado nessa construção. Sob o quadro da Morfologia Distribuída (Halle; Marantz, 1993; Marantz, 1997), nosso objetivo é estabelecer uma derivação capaz não apenas de descrever a constituição morfológica das passivas, mas também de explicar a contribuição do particípio para a estrutura. Na literatura, a maioria dos autores assume que o particípio das passivas é o expoente de um núcleo passivo ou um sabor passivo de Voice. Isso, no entanto, não explica seu comportamento categorial misto (verbal/adjetival) ou a necessidade formal desse elemento na passiva. Propomos que o particípio é uma categoria mista, no sentido de Panagiotidis (2015), recorrendo ao categorizador funcional Switch desse autor, um elemento que é capaz de interromper a sequência de projeções estendidas de uma categoria e convertê-la em outra. Via a concatenação de um Switch à projeção estendida do verbo de base, é formado um adjetivo que preserva as propriedades verbais já construídas. Porém, apesar das particularidades da sua formação, o particípio é, em termos de categoria, um adjetivo na sintaxe. Isso explica o comportamento ambíguo: o particípio carrega material verbal, mas é considerado um adjetivo para fins de operações sintáticas posteriores.Palavras-chave: Passiva. Particípio. Switch. Morfologia Distribuída.

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Takakura, Yoshinobu, Kazuo Maruyama et Masayuki Yokoyama. « Passive targeting of drug. » Drug Delivery System 14, n^o 6 (1999) : 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.425.

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Crestani, Valentina. « Passive house / Passivhaus / casa passiva : Metaphorik im europäischen Diskurs des nachhaltigen Bauens ». Germanistische Kontexte 2, n^o 1 (2017) : 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/germkon.2017.1.2.

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Eikmeier, Claus Naves, Renato Luiz Prado et Fabio Taioli. « COMBINED USE OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SURFACE WAVES FOR SHALLOW SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION IN NOISY URBAN AREA OF SÃO PAULO CITY, BRAZIL ». Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 34, n^o 1 (7 février 2016) : 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v34i1.648.

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ABSTRACT. The dynamic shear modulus (Gdin) is important for geotechnical engineering, particularly for calculating the dynamic response of foundations. Gdin is determined from material densities and S-wave propagation velocity (VS). Usually, crosshole test is used for such determination. However, it is an expensive and invasive technique because it is based on drilling. The MASW method (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves) becomes an interesting option for being faster, more economical and easier to carry out. This paper presents results obtained with MASW method in a densely built up area with high traffic noise level in São Paulo city, Brazil. Results are compared with those obtained by crosshole test as well as geotechnical sounding data. The influence of some acquisition parameters was evaluated in data quality and final inversion result. Besides, it was also tested the passive mode test that is recording ambient noise. Best results were obtained by joint inversion of fundamental and higher curve modes extracted from stacked images generated from data acquired employing sledgehammer and passive sources. Final VS models were coherent with results obtained from crosshole seismic testing and mechanical sounding description, demonstrating MASWmethod can generate important information for geological and geotechnical investigation of urban areas. Keywords: MASW, seismic, Rayleigh wave, velocity profile, dispersion curve.RESUMO. O módulo de cisalhamento dinâmico (Gdin) é importante para a engenharia geotécnica, particularmente nos cálculos de fundações sujeitas a esforços dinâmicos. O Gdin é determinado a partir das densidades dos materiais e das velocidades de propagação das ondas S (VS). Normalmente se utiliza o ensaio crosshole, ensaio sísmico entre poços, para tal determinação, porém, trata-se de uma aquisição de execução dispendiosa. Este trabalho apresenta resultados obtidos com o método MASW em uma área densamente edificada e com alto nível de ruído de tráfego na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, que são comparados com os obtidos por ensaio crosshole, assim como com dados de sondagem direta. Avaliou-se, também, a influência de alguns parâmetros de aquisição na qualidade do dado e no resultado final da inversão. Testou-se ainda a aquisição de dados no modo passivo, ou seja, registrando-se o ruído ambiental. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando-se inversão conjunta dos modos fundamental e superiores das curvas extraídas do empilhamento das imagens de dispersão dos dados gerados com as fontes marreta e passiva. Os modelos de VS obtidos foram coerentes com os resultados obtidos do ensaio sísmico crosshole e da descrição da sondagem mecânica, demonstrando que o método MASW pode gerar importantes informações para investigações geológicas e geotécnicas de áreas urbanas. Palavras-chave: MASW, sísmica, onda Rayleigh, perfil de velocidades, curva de dispersão.

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Melo, Ana Clara Passos, et Arlete Cristina Granizo Santos. « Relevância do tabagismo passivo na rinite alérgica em crianças ». Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences 5, n^o 4 (30 septembre 2023) : 2799–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2023v5n4p2799-2815.

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Introdução: A rinite alérgica é uma condição respiratória muito comum na infância, que exerce um grande impacto no bem-estar físico, psicológico e social das crianças. Seus sintomas característicos incluem obstrução nasal, corrimento nasal, coceira e espirros. Durante a infância, essa condição pode estar associada a outras doenças, que vão desde tosse crônica até asma. Fatores ambientais desempenham um papel significativo no desenvolvimento e na piora da rinite alérgica em crianças, e o tabagismo passivo é um desses fatores.Objetivo: Compreender os efeitos do tabagismo passivo na rinite alérgica em crianças. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de tipo revisão sistemática, realizado nas plataformas Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo e IBECS. Foram utilizados os seguintes descritores em Decs/MeSH: “ALLERGIC RHINITIS”, “CHILDREN”, “PASSIVE SMOKING” com o operador booleano “AND” e os filtros: texto completo”, “inglês”, “português”, “espanhol”, no recorte temporal 1999 a 2023. Foram excluídos os artigos sem correlação com o tema e fora do período proposto, assim, artigos constituíram a amostra final. Resultados: Segundo os estudos abordados, o tabagismo passivo afeta a saúde da população global, porém as crianças são mais suscetíveis aos seus efeitos devido aos sistemas respiratórios e imunológicos ainda estarem em desenvolvimento. Alguns autores demonstraram que a relação entre a rinite alérgica em crianças e a exposição passiva ao cigarro se dá por meio sensibilização das imunoglobulinas tipo E, porém, outros estudos evidenciaram que não há relação entre a sensibilização alérgica e a exposição ao cigarro, enquanto outros sugeriram que há uma relação inversa. Conclusão: Conclui-se, que a exposição involuntária à fumaça do cigarro pode acarretar vários prejuízos em crianças portadoras de rinite alérgica, apesar de meu mecanismo na origem ainda não estar completamente esclarecido na literatura. Em vista disso, a realização de novos estudos se torna necessária, de forma a poder avaliar melhor esse mecanismo.

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Sawadzki, Patrick, et Anke Hoch. « Die Bewegung des N. obturatorius bei Bewegungen der unteren Extremität ». MSK – Muskuloskelettale Physiotherapie 26, n^o 05 (décembre 2022) : 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1933-0746.

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ZusammenfassungNeurodynamische Tests wie der Straight Leg Raise sind feste Bestandteile der neuromuskuloskelettalen Untersuchung. Der neurodynamische Test für den N. obturatorius basiert auf anatomischen Annahmen und wurde bislang nicht am Präparat untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Bewegungsverhalten des N. obturatorius bei den passiven Bewegungen Abduktion und Flexion im Hüftgelenk mit extendiertem und flektiertem Kniegelenk bei einem Feuchtpräparat. Mittels einer Laparotomie im Becken am Präparat wurde die Bewegung des N. obturatorius bei passiver Bewegung der unteren Extremität dargestellt. Die Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv anhand selbsterstellter Fotos, Videos und Skizzen.Anhand der Videos konnte beobachtet werden, dass sich der Nerv bei Hüftgelenkabduktion spannt und bei Hüftgelenkflexion entspannt. Die Studie zeigt außerdem, dass sich das Nervengewebe bei Bewegungen der unteren Extremität komplex im Beckenraum bewegt und nicht nur mit einer einzelnen Bewegungsart zu beschreiben ist. Diese Beobachtungen geben Hinweise bzgl. der Ausführung des neurodynamischen Tests des N. obturatorius.

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Kamradt, Thomas. « Aktueller Stand der Impfstoff-Entwicklung gegen SARS-CoV-2 ». SARS-CoV-2-Infektion 4, n^o 3 (14 octobre 2020) : 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47184/ti.2020.03.06.

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Erfolgreiche Immunantworten gegen Infektionskrankheiten resultieren in den meisten Fällen in der Bildung einer langlebigen, manchmal lebenslangen Immunität gegen das ursächliche Pathogen. Dieses immunologische Gedächtnis wird von Antikörpern und T-Lymphozyten vermittelt (siehe Beiträge S. 162 ff. und S. 174 ff. in diesem Heft). Impfungen vermitteln Immunität ohne Infektion mit virulenten Pathogenen. Impfungen können aktiv oder passiv sein. Bei passiven Immunisierungen werden protektive Antikörper von Spendern auf den Impfling übertragen. Bei aktiven Immunisierungen wird das Immunsystem des Impflings mit Antigenen konfrontiert, um eine protektive Immunantwort zu induzieren. Die möglichst rasche Entwicklung eines wirksamen und sicheren Impfstoffes gegen SARS-CoV-2 ist die unabdingbare Voraussetzung dafür, die COVID-19-Pandemie langfristig einzudämmen.

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Kamradt, Thomas. « Aktueller Stand der Impfstoff-Entwicklung gegen SARS-CoV-2 ». SARS-CoV-2-Infektion 4, n^o 3 (14 octobre 2020) : 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47184//ti.2020.03.06.

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Erfolgreiche Immunantworten gegen Infektionskrankheiten resultieren in den meisten Fällen in der Bildung einer langlebigen, manchmal lebenslangen Immunität gegen das ursächliche Pathogen. Dieses immunologische Gedächtnis wird von Antikörpern und T-Lymphozyten vermittelt (siehe Beiträge S. 162 ff. und S. 174 ff. in diesem Heft). Impfungen vermitteln Immunität ohne Infektion mit virulenten Pathogenen. Impfungen können aktiv oder passiv sein. Bei passiven Immunisierungen werden protektive Antikörper von Spendern auf den Impfling übertragen. Bei aktiven Immunisierungen wird das Immunsystem des Impflings mit Antigenen konfrontiert, um eine protektive Immunantwort zu induzieren. Die möglichst rasche Entwicklung eines wirksamen und sicheren Impfstoffes gegen SARS-CoV-2 ist die unabdingbare Voraussetzung dafür, die COVID-19-Pandemie langfristig einzudämmen.

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Hartl, Irene, Ingrid Schlögel, David Kusnirak, Nina Gegenhuber, Robert Wenighofer, Alexander Radinger et Robert Galler. « Geophysikalische Messungen am Zentrum am Berg ». BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 164, n^o 12 (30 octobre 2019) : 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-019-00912-y.

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Zusammenfassung Die Vorauserkundung der geologischen Bedingungen vor der Ortsbrust stellt noch immer eine Herausforderung im Tunnelbau dar und bedarf zusätzlicher Forschung, um die derzeit existierenden Methoden zu erweitern und verbessern. Allerdings gestaltet sich diese Weiterentwicklung auf aktiven Tunnelbaustellen oft schwierig, da sie mit einer Behinderung der Vortriebsarbeiten verbunden ist. Das neu errichtete Zentrum am Berg bietet eine Möglichkeit, diesem Problem zu begegnen. Die maßstäbliche Großforschungsanlage in Eisenerz bietet Raum, um solche Experimente in einer realen Umgebung durchzuführen. Die ersten Daten (Refraktionstomographie, passives seismisches Monitoring, Bohrlochradar) wurden bereits vortriebsbegleitend erhoben. Um die Mächtigkeit der plastischen Zone festzustellen, wurden Bohrlochradarmessungen an zwei radialen Messquerschnitten sowie Refraktionstomographien an zwei Abschnitten entlang der Tunnelwand aufgenommen. Für die Korrelation petrophysikalischer und geotechnischer Parameter wurden darüber hinaus Laborversuche durchgeführt. Das passive seismische Monitoring wurde während des konventionellen Vortriebs eingesetzt, um die Signale der einzelnen Arbeitsschritte zu analysieren und die Eignung des Bohrsignals als seismische Quelle näher zu beleuchten.

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Takakura, Yoshinobu. « Passive targeting with macromolecular drug carriers. » Drug Delivery System 14, n^o 6 (1999) : 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.427.

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Maruyama, Kazuo. « Passive targeting with liposomal drug carriers. » Drug Delivery System 14, n^o 6 (1999) : 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.433.

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Yokoyama, Masayuki. « Passive targeting with microparticulate drug carriers. » Drug Delivery System 14, n^o 6 (1999) : 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.449.

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Ishida, Osamu, et Kazuo Maruyama. « Passive targeting to tumor tissue with liposome. » Drug Delivery System 14, n^o 2 (1999) : 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.79.

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Vidmar, Marlon Francys, Naiana Muntini, Luiza Parizotto Audino, Carlos Rafael Almeida et Gilnei Lopes Pimentel. « Efeito da mobilização passiva contínua em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática do joelho : revisão de literatura ». Revista de Ciências Médicas e Biológicas 12, n^o 2 (8 novembre 2013) : 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/cmbio.v12i2.6376.

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<div>Introdução: Lesões na cartilagem articular são atualmente uma das principais causas de cuidados de saúde no mundo, na medida em que elas se tornaram um problema de saúde pública, sobretudo nos países em que a expectativa de vida aumentou, o que também tem aumentado nas patologias articulares. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da mobilização passiva contínua sobre a dor e amplitude de movimento em pós-operatório de lesão condral traumática de joelho. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado de março a outubro de</div><div>2010. Desfechos estudados: Dor e amplitude de movimento. Descritores: “Cartilage Disease”, “knee injury”, “cartilage”, “fracture cartilage”, “motion therapy”, “continuous passive”, “continuous passive movement”, “therapy”, “passive movement therapy”, “continuous”, “movement therapy”, “continuous passive”, “passive motion therapy”, “continuous passive motion therapy”, “CPM therapy”, “CPM therapies”, “therapies”, “therapy, CPM”. O tratamento permanece controverso, imprevisível e impreciso na medida</div><div>em que as indicações estão sem causa, e às vezes, é impraticável no que se refere aos regimes de reabilitação e custos de entrega efetiva e da recuperação. Resultados: indicaram eficácia no tratamento das lesões de cartilagem, principalmente no que se refere à dor. E, por fim, deixa-se espaço para que outros pesquisadores busquem mais evidências científicas sobre a MPC, já que a pobreza</div><div>do acervo consultado nos impossibilita de realizar um estudo mais aprimorado.</div>

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Schäufler, Marius, Paula Rückel et Harald Augustin. « Bewertungssystem für 3D-VR-Fabrikplanungssysteme/Evaluation system for 3D VR factory planning systems ». wt Werkstattstechnik online 111, n^o 09 (2021) : 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2021-09-17.

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Für die digitale 3D-VR-Fabrikplanung sind unterschiedliche Soft- und Hardwaresysteme am Markt verfügbar, die teilweise erhebliche Kompatibilitätsprobleme aufweisen. Für die Bewertung der Hardwareeignung für die 3D-VR-Fabrikplanung wird ein Bewertungssystem vorgestellt, das anhand konkreter Softwareapplikationen und einem passiven 3D-Stereo-Monitor mit Head-Tracking erläutert wird. Es wird dazu auch die Notwendigkeit des Einsatzes von Software-Middleware zur Nutzungssteigerung diskutiert.   Different software and hardware systems are available on the market for digital 3D VR factory planning, some of which have considerable compatibility problems. For the evaluation of hardware suitability for 3D VR factory planning, an evaluation system is presented that is explained using concrete software applications and a passive 3D stereo display with head tracking. The necessity of using software middleware to enhance usage is also discussed.

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CARDOZO, Fernanda Rosa, Juliana Massuia MARTINS, Otávio Augusto Pacheco VITORIA et Vivian Cristina Noronha NOVAES. « AUMENTO DE COROA CLÍNICA PARA CORREÇÃO DO SORRISO GENGIVAL : RELATO DE CASO CLÍNICO ». REVISTA FUNEC CIENTÍFICA - MULTIDISCIPLINAR - ISSN 2318-5287 9, n^o 11 (8 décembre 2020) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24980/rfcm.v9i11.4085.

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O sorriso gengival apresenta-se como uma exposição excessiva do tecido gengival, a qual influencia diretamente na estética do sorriso. O sorriso gengival apresenta uma variabilidade de fatores causais, dentre elas podemos mencionar a erupção passiva alterada, em que uma grande parte da coroa anatômica permanece recoberta pelo tecido gengival. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo relatar o caso de tratamento do sorriso gengival com procedimentos de cirurgia plástica periodontal. Paciente do gênero feminino, 20 anos de idade, compareceu ao atendimento da clínica de periodontia do Unifunec, queixando-se de dentes pequenos e excesso de gengiva ao sorrir. Após avaliação clínica e radiográfica, constatou-se que a margem gengival estava posicionada coronalmente, recobrindo parte da coroa clínica dos dentes e a crista óssea alveolar localizava-se próxima à junção cemento- esmalte, sendo que o diagnóstico definitivo foi de sorriso gengival, devido à erupção passiva alterada associada à erupção ativa alterada do tipo 1. A paciente foi submetida, posteriormente, a procedimentos de cirurgia para aumento de coroa clínica por gengivoplastia associada à osteotomia, com intuito de obter regularização dos tamanhos das coroas anatômicas e correta acomodação dos tecidos supracrestais dos dentes 15 a 25. Após um ano de acompanhamento, observou-se estabilidade da estética e completa satisfação da paciente. Podemos concluir que a cirurgia de gengivoplastia associada à osteotomia no tratamento do sorriso gengival decorrente da erupção passiva alterada com a erupção ativa alterada tipo 1 mostrou-se uma técnica previsível com alto grau de estabilidade das dimensões teciduais e satisfação estética por parte da paciente. CLINICAL CROWN LENGTHENING FOR GUMMY SMILE CORRECTION: CLINICAL CASE REPORT ABSTRACT The gummy smile is presented as an excessive exposition of the gum tissue, which directly influences the smile aesthetics. The gummy smile presents a number of causal factors, among them we can mention altered passive eruption, where a great portion of the anatomical crown remains covered by gum tissue. Accordingly, this paper aims to report a case of gummy smile treatment under periodontal plastic surgical procedures. A female patient, 20 years old, attended the periodontics care clinic at Unifunec, complaining of small teeth and excessive gum when smiling. After clinical and radiographic evaluations, it was found that the gingival margin was coronally positioned, covering part of the teeth crown and, the alveolar bone crest was positioned next to cementoenamel junction, leading to a final diagnosis of gummy smile, due to altered passive eruption type 1. Subsequently, the patient underwent gingivoplasty associated with osteotomy, crown lengthening surgical procedures, with a view to equalizing the anatomical crown sizes and the correct teeth supracrestal tissue positioning 15 to 25. After a one year follow-up period, it was observed the aesthetic stability and the patient was completely satisfied. We may conclude that gingivoplasty surgery associated with osteotomy for treating gummy smile caused by altered passive eruption with active eruption type 1 resulted in a predictable outcome with a high level of stability for tissue dimensions and the patient’s aesthetic satisfaction. Keywords: Osteotomy. Gingivoplasty. Excessive Gum Growth.

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Breidenstein, B., B. Prof Denkena, T. Mörke et R. Hockauf. « Markierungsfreie Bauteil-Identifikation*/Mark-free identification of components – Using passive surface features for identification during production and use phase ». wt Werkstattstechnik online 106, n^o 06 (2016) : 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2016-06-42.

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Die Nutzung von Oberflächenmerkmalen, die nach der spanenden Bearbeitung mit konventionellen Prozessen auf der Bauteiloberfläche vorliegen, gestattet es, diese Bauteile jederzeit zweifelsfrei zu identifizieren. Diese passiv erzeugten Merkmale sind unverwechselbar und dienen als „Fingerabdruck“ des Bauteils.   Surface features already present after the machining process make it possible to unequivocally identify components. Such passive features are unique and serve as a component’s “fingerprint“.

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Därmann, Iris. « Vergebliche Widerstände ? Eine Spurensuche mit W.E.B. Du Bois, Herbert Aptheker, Melville J. Herskovits, Raymond A. Bauer und Alice H. Bauer ». Sprache und Literatur 53, n^o 1 (26 juin 2024) : 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25890859-05301002.

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Abstract Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit „multidirektionalen“ bzw. chiastischen Formen antirassistischer Gegengeschichtsschreibung aus der Perspektive von Black Scholars und jüdischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in den 1930er und 1940er Jahren. Im Blickpunkt steht dabei insbesondere der desperate bzw. „passive Widerstand“ Schwarzer gegen die transatlantische Versklavung und die Frage, inwieweit die Entdeckung des schwarzen passiven Widerstands zu einem neuen politischen Verständnis der Widerstandspraktiken von Jüdinnen und Juden in der Shoah beitragen konnte.

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El-Yasin, Mohammed K. « The Passive Voice ». Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 42, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1996) : 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.42.1.03ely.

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ABSTRACT This paper starts by discussing the importance of word order in translation. As an example, the passive-active relation is given to illustrate the importance of word order. It is shown that the word order in this case is an integral part of the meaning in the wider sense of meaning. This relation, moreover, is discussed in Arabic and English which do not exhibit parallel behavior. The mismatches between the two languages necessitate structural adjustments in translation if natural equivalence is to be achieved. It is noticed that Arabic tends to use less passive than English and, furthermore, does not have a natural method of expressing the agent in a passive sentence. However, an active construction (namely, the topic-comment construction) allows for a word order in which the effect of the English passive word order is achieved without having to use the passive in Arabic. Therefore, an English x is done by  is rendered as x,  does it in Arabic where it is a resumptive pronoun referring to x . Here, the x-y order is maintained and the passive is avoided in Arabic where it is rather unnatural. The agent is expressed as the subject of the comment which is an active sentence that naturally allows the agent to be explicitly stated. In this position, it follows the patient which is the desired order that reflect the original English order. A standard procedure for translating English passives into Arabic is proposed as a conclusion to the present study. RÉSUMÉ Le présent article étudie en premier lieu l'importance de la séquence des mots dans une traduction. En guise d'exemple, l'auteur cite la relation voix passive - voix active pour illustrer l'importance de la séquence des mots. Il démontre que dans ce cas-ci, la séquence des mots fait intégralement partie de la signification. De plus, cette relation est abordée pour l'arabe et pour l'anglais, deux langues dont le comportement n'est pas parallèle. Si le traducteur veut obtenir une équivalence naturelle, ces comportements divergents devront être ajustés au niveau de la structure. On remarquera que l'arabe utilise moins souvent la voix passive que l'anglais et que de plus cette langue ne dispose pas d'une méthode naturelle permettant d'exprimer l'agent dans une phrase passive. Cependant, une construction active (à savoir le commentaire d'un sujet) permet d'obtenir une séquence de mots reproduisant l'effet de la séquence passive anglaise sans obligation d'avoir recours à la voix passive en arabe. Dès lors, la construction anglaise x is done by y sera rendue par la construction arabe x, y does it dans laquelle it est le pronom remplaçant x. Dans ce cas-ci, la séquence x-y est maintenue et le passifest évité en arabe où il est ressenti comme une construction un peu artificielle. L'agent est exprimé comme sujet du commentaire, ce qui donne une phrase active permettant de mentionner explicitement l'agent. Positionné ainsi, l'agent suit le patient et on obtient l'ordre souhaité qui reflète la séquence d'origine en anglais. Pour conclure son article, l'auteur nous propose une procédure standard permettant de traduire les phrases passives anglaises en arabe.

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Lucie, Sarah. « A Passive Performative : Alternative Models of Human Agency ». Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 35, n^o 2 (2021) : 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dtc.2021.0008.

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Appel, Elke, et André Hahn. « Verbreitung legalen und illegalen Drogenkonsums und die Bedeutung der Gleichaltrigen für die Drogeneinnahme bei Berliner Gymnasiasten ». Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie 9, n^o 1 (janvier 2001) : 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0943-8149.9.1.13.

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Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Querschnittsstudie untersucht die Verbreitung des Alkohol- und Tabakkonsums, sowie des Konsums illegaler Drogen bei Berliner Gymnasiasten und stellt diese den Ergebnissen der Drogenaffinitätsstudie 1997 und der Münchner Repräsentativstudie “Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology“ gegenüber. Auf dem Hintergrund sozial-kognitiver Lerntheorien soll darüber hinaus die Bedeutung von Gleichaltrigeneinflüssen für den substanzspezifischen Drogenkonsum Jugendlicher ermittelt werden. Es wurden insgesamt 1174 Schüler aus zwei Berliner Gymnasien mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 15.4 Jahren (50.8% Mädchen, 49.2% Jungen) im Oktober und November 1996 befragt. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf einen vergleichsweise erhöhten und verfrühten Cannabiskonsum bei Berliner Gymnasiasten. Es zeigt sich für alle untersuchten Drogen ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zu Indikatoren sozialer Einflussnahme durch Gleichaltrige. Dabei spielen passive Beeinflussungsprozesse - erhoben über Prävalenzschätzungen des substanzspezifischen Drogenkonsums Gleichaltriger - konsistent eine größere Rolle als aktive Beeinflussungsversuche durch Freunde und Bekannte. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass Suchtpräventionsprogramme auf regionale Besonderheiten wie die Drogenprävalenz und das mittlere Einstiegsalter der Jugendlichen zugeschnitten sein sollten. Darüber hinaus wird empfohlen, dass Suchtpräventionsprogramme auch Komponenten zum Umgang der Jugendlichen mit passiver sozialer Einflussnahme durch Gleichaltrige beinhalten sollten.

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Ocoleanu, Picu. « Vita passibilis, imperturbatio (apatheia), vita passiva : The Passive Condition of Man in the Theological Thought of Maximus the Confessor ». Diakrisis Yearbook of Theology and Philosophy 6 (30 novembre 2023) : 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/diakrisis.2023.4.

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Maximus the Confessor distinguishes three stages in the spiritual becoming of man: vita passibilis i.e. the way of life in that man is living under the reign of the bodily passions, apatheia as state of liberation from the reign of the lower passions, and vita passiva as modus vivendi in which the human makes the personal experience of the revelation and the presence of God. Thereby being man means according to Maximus suffering under the rule of someone - divine or demonic - or something. The human condition is especially passive. Even contemplation (theōria) becomes in this approach a kind of passion: the passive experience of the presence of God. Although there is an old tradition in the classical Greek culture concerning the equivalency mathein-pathein (from Aeschylus to Aristotle and until Neo-Platonist thinkers like Proclus) which is received in the Christian tradition first of all by Denys the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor is one of the first Christian theologians who tries to reconstruct the classical conception concerning the typology of the human ways of life (vita activa-vita contemplativa) as being based on passion: passion of lower impulses, passion of the demonic temptations and sins, but also passion of the overwhelming divine presence. Man can only lead a passionate life as slave of the lower passions (pathēmata) and as such of the devil or as slave of God in the Holy Spirit.

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Koekkoek, B. J., Walter Kasper et Donatien Mode. « Das Passiv im Deutschen : Akten des Kolloquiums uber das Passiv im Deutschen, Nizza 1986 ». German Quarterly 61, n^o 3 (1988) : 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/406450.

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