Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Penicillium solitum »

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

Blue mold of apple is caused by several different Penicillium species, among which P. expansum and P. solitum are the most frequently isolated. P. expansum is the most aggressive species, and P. solitum is very weak when infecting apple fruit during storage. In this study, we report complete genomic analyses of three different Penicillium species: P. expansum R21 and P. crustosum NJ1, isolated from stored apple fruit; and P. maximae 113, isolated in 2013 from a flooded home in New Jersey, USA, in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Patulin and citrinin gene cluster analyses explained the lack of patulin production in NJ1 compared to R21 and lack of citrinin production in all three strains. A Drosophila bioassay demonstrated that volatiles emitted by P. solitum SA and P. polonicum RS1 were more toxic than those from P. expansum and P. crustosum strains (R27, R11, R21, G10, and R19). The toxicity was hypothesized to be related to production of eight-carbon oxylipins. Putative lipoxygenase genes were identified in P. expansum and P. maximae strains, but not in P. crustosum. Our data will provide a better understanding of Penicillium spp. complex secondary metabolic capabilities, especially concerning the genetic bases of mycotoxins and toxic VOCs.

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 °C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 °C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.Key words: Penicillium expansum, P. solitum, postharvest disease, Malus, GFP.

Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases of pome fruits, globally. Pome fruits, in particular apple, is the most widely grown pome fruit in Serbia, and the distribution of Penicillium spp. responsible for postharvest decay is unknown. A two-year survey was conducted in 2014 and 2015, where four pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, and medlar) with blue mold symptoms were collected from 20 storage locations throughout Serbia. Detailed morphological characterization, analysis of virulence in three apple cultivars, and multilocus phylogeny revealed three main Penicillium spp. in order of abundance: P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. solitum. Interestingly, P. expansum split into two distinct clades with strong statistical support that coincided with several morphological observations. Findings from this study are significant and showed previously undocumented diversity in blue mold fungi responsible for postharvest decay including the first finding of P. crustosum, and P. solitum as postharvest pathogens of quince and P. crustosum of medlar fruit in the world, and P. expansum of quince in Serbia. Data from this study provide timely information regarding phenotypic, morphological and genotypic plasticity in P. expansum that will impact the design of species-specific detection tools and guide the development of blue mold management strategies.

A systematic chemical investigation of the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium solitum MCCC 3A00215 resulted in the isolation of one novel polyketide (1), two new alkaloids (2 and 3), and 22 known (4–25) compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established mainly on the basis of exhaustive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. Viridicatol (13) displayed moderate anti-tumor activities against PANC-1, Hela, and A549 cells with IC50 values of around 20 μM. Moreover, 13 displayed potent in vitro anti-food allergic activity with an IC50 value of 13 μM, compared to that of 92 μM for the positive control, loratadine, while indole-3-acetic acid methyl ester (9) and penicopeptide A (10) showed moderate effects (IC50 = 50 and 58 μM, respectively).

The apple is one of the most important fruit tree crops in the Mediterranean region. Lebanon, in particular, is among the top apple producer countries in the Middle East; however, recently, several types of damage, particularly rot symptoms, have been detected on fruits in cold storage. This study aims to identify the causal agents of apple decay in Lebanese post-harvest facilities and characterize a set of 39 representative strains of the toxigenic fungus Penicillium. The results demonstrated that blue mould was the most frequent fungal disease associated with apples showing symptoms of decay after 3–4 months of storage at 0 °C, with an average frequency of 76.5% and 80.6% on cv. Red and cv. Golden Delicious apples, respectively. The morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of benA gene showed that most Penicillium strains (87.2%) belong to P. expansum species whereas the remaining strains (12.8%) belong to P. solitum. Furthermore, 67.7% of P. expansum strains produced patulin when grown on apple puree for 14 days at 25 °C with values ranging from 10.7 mg kg−1 to 125.9 mg kg−1, whereas all P. solitum did not produce the mycotoxin. This study highlights the presence of Penicillium spp. and their related mycotoxin risk during apple storage and calls for the implementation of proper measures to decrease the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit products.

Most terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured meat products are toxigenic, but their ability to produce hazardous metabolites on meat-based substrates is not well known. The production of extrolites by selected terverticillate penicillia isolated from dry-cured ham has been studied on carbohydrate-rich media (malt extract agar, Czapek yeast autolysate agar, rice extract agar, and rice), meat extract triolein salt agar, and ham slices. Chloroform extracts from the selected strains grown on malt extract agar were toxic for the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae and VERO cells at a concentration of 2 mg/ml, but 0.02 mg/ml produced no toxic effect. Analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection (DAD) or with mass spectrometry (MS) and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source revealed different biologically active metabolites: cyclopiazonic acid and rugulovasine A from Penicillium commune; verrucosidin, anacine, puberuline, verrucofortine, and viridicatols from Penicillium polonicum; arisugacin and viridicatols from Penicillium echinulatum; and compactin and viridicatols from Penicillium solitum. Most of these metabolites, including the amino acid–derived compounds, were produced in the media containing high levels of carbohydrates. High concentrations of nitrogen compounds in the medium does not imply a greater production of the metabolites studied, not even those derived from the amino acids. However, molds growing on dry-cured ham are able to synthesize limited amounts of some secondary metabolites, a fact not previously reported. The combination of HPLC coupled with DAD and MS-APCI was useful for identification of closely related terverticillate Penicillium species from dry-cured ham. These techniques could be used to characterize the risk associated with the potential production of secondary metabolites in cured meats.

Le café est l'une des boissons les plus populaires à l'échelle mondiale. Entre 2017 et 2022, sa production a augmenté de 2,2% tandis que sa consommation a progressé de 7,7% d'après l'Organisation Internationale du Café. L'unique coproduit solide résultant de l'extraction aqueuse permettant d'obtenir la boisson chaude caféinée est le marc de café. Ce biodéchet représente environ 6 millions de tonnes chaque année.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de définir et d'évaluer une approche de valorisation en cascade du marc de café, visant à l'épuiser de manière progressive et efficace pour générer différents produits d'intérêt industriel. Pour atteindre cet objectif, deux procédés ont été sélectionnés. Tout d'abord, l'éco-extraction solide-liquide, notamment assistée par ultrasons, a été utilisée pour la récupération des composés phénoliques antioxydants du marc. Puis, de manière séquentielle, la fermentation en milieu solide a été mise en œuvre sur le marc appauvri avec l'aide de Penicillium solitum pour la production d'un cocktail enzymatique hydrolytique.La cascade de valorisation a été appliquée sur un marc qui a été collecté et stocké par la société Gecco (SCG-1), provenant de bars et de restaurants de la région Hauts-de-France. Un marc frais provenant du laboratoire d'accueil de la thèse (SCG-2) a également été étudié, pour une meilleure compréhension des contraintes industrielles liées au stockage. La comparaison de deux méthodes d'extraction appliquées au SCG-1, une conventionnelle (CE) et une assistée par ultrasons (UAE), a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence positive des ultrasons sur la récupération des composés phénoliques antioxydants. L'UAE a permis d'extraire environ 30% de plus de polyphénols totaux (11,8 contre 9,1 mg GAE/g) et de réduire la consommation d'énergie d'au moins 3 fois (170 contre 630 Wh) dans les conditions optimales d'extraction (eau-éthanol 50-50 (v/v), 40 mL/g, puissance de 571 W/L pour l'UAE ou température de 70°C pour la CE). L'application de ces conditions optimisées sur le SCG-2 a permis d'obtenir 23% d'activité antioxydante supplémentaire (77,9 contre 63,5 µmol Trolox/g) dans l'extrait par rapport au SCG-1.L'extrait de composés phénoliques obtenu à partir de SCG-2 dans les conditions d'UAE optimisées montre la présence d'acides chlorogéniques fréquemment retrouvés dans un marc de café avec 4,3 mg/g, 5,9 mg/g et 0,4 mg/g de 3-CQA, 5-CQA et 3,5-diCQA respectivement. Ces trois composés sont absents de l'extrait obtenu dans les mêmes conditions à partir de SCG-1, qui montre la présence d'autres composés aux propriétés antioxydantes formés lors du stockage par divers micro-organismes colonisateurs.Suite à l'isolement et l'identification d'une quarantaine de champignons filamenteux présents sur SCG-1, Penicillium solitum a été retenu pour l'optimisation d'une fermentation en milieu solide (FMS) en vue de la production d'un cocktail enzymatique. Les conditions optimisées d'extraction (7 mL/g, 55 minutes) et de fermentation (74,1% d'humidité, 7 jours d'incubation et un inoculum de 10^7 spores/g) obtenues par modélisation, ont permis de produire un complexe enzymatique avec des activités lipase, mannanase et glucanase sur SCG-1. Au regard de la production de ces mêmes enzymes, les conditions optimales de fermentation sur SCG-2 ont été : (75% d'humidité, 7 jours d'incubation et un inoculum de 8,1x10^6 spores/g). Les activités calculées dans ces conditions par le modèle ont été de 65,3 et 49,5 U/g pour l'activité lipase, 948 et 939 mU/g pour l'activité mannanase, 295 et 206 mU/g pour l'activité glucanase respectivement pour les extraits obtenus à partir des fermentations sur SCG-1 et SCG-2. L'extrait produit sur SCG-1 dans les conditions optimisées par Penicillium solitum montre aussi d'autres activités mesurées avec 56,4 U/g, 626 mU/g et 856 mU/g respectivement d'activité protéase, xylanase et pectinase
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages. According to the International Coffee Organization, between 2017 and 2022, its production increased by 2.2%, while consumption grew by 7.7%. The sole solid co-product resulting from aqueous extraction to obtain the caffeinated hot beverage is spent coffee grounds. This bio-waste represents approximately 6 million tons annually.The primary objective of this thesis is to define and evaluate a cascade valorization approach for spent coffee grounds, aiming to progressively and efficiently exploit this resource to generate various industrially valuable products. To achieve this goal, two processes were selected. Firstly, solid-liquid eco-extraction, including ultrasound-assisted extraction, was used for the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds from spent coffee grounds. Subsequently, in a sequential manner, solid-state fermentation was implemented on the depleted grounds with the assistance of Penicillium solitum to produce a hydrolytic enzyme cocktail.The valorization cascade was applied to a type of spent coffee grounds collected and stored by the Gecco company (SCG-1), sourced from bars and restaurants in the Hauts-de-France region. Fresh marc from the thesis host laboratory (SCG-2) was also investigated to gain a better understanding of the industrial constraints related to storage. The comparison of two extraction methods applied to SCG-1, conventional extraction (CE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), revealed the positive influence of ultrasound on the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds. UAE enabled the extraction of approximately 30% more total polyphenols (11.8 vs. 9.1 mg GAE/g) and consumed at least 3 times less energy (170 vs. 630 Wh) under optimal extraction conditions (50-50 (v/v) water-ethanol, 40 mL/g, power of 571 W/L for UAE, or temperature of 70°C for CE). The application of these optimized conditions to SCG-2 resulted in a 23% additional antioxidant activity (77.9 vs. 63.5 µmol Trolox/g) in the extract compared to SCG-1.The phenolic compound extract obtained from SCG-2 under optimized UAE conditions showed the presence of chlorogenic acids commonly found in spent coffee grounds, with concentrations of 4.3 mg/g, 5.9 mg/g, and 0.4 mg/g for 3-CQA, 5-CQA, and 3,5-diCQA, respectively. These three compounds were absent in the extract obtained under the same conditions from SCG-1, which exhibited the presence of other antioxidant compounds formed during storage by various colonizing micro-organisms.Following the isolation and identification of around forty filamentous fungi present on SCG-1, Penicillium solitum was selected for optimizing solid-state fermentation (SSF) to produce a hydrolytic enzyme cocktail. The optimized extraction conditions (7 mL/g, 55 minutes) and fermentation conditions (74.1% moisture, 7 days of incubation, and an inoculum of 10^7 spores/g) obtained through modeling allowed for the production of an enzymatic complex with lipase, mannanase, and glucanase activities on SCG-1. Regarding the production of these same enzymes on SCG-2, the optimal fermentation conditions were (75% humidity, 7 days of incubation, and an inoculum of 8.1x10^6 spores/g). The activities calculated under these conditions for both types of spent coffee grounds were 65.3 and 49.5 U/g for lipase activity, 948 and 939 mU/g for mannanase activity, and 295 and 206 mU/g for glucanase activity, respectively, for extracts obtained from fermentations on SCG-1 and SCG-2. Additionally, the optimized extract produced on SCG-1 by Penicillium solitum also exhibited other measured activities, with 56.4 U/g, 626 mU/g, and 856 mU/g, respectively, for protease, xylanase, and pectinase activities