Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Person-Plus-Object »

Abstract. Possibilities for behavior (i.e., affordances) can be perceived with units spanning anatomical components and external objects. For example, affordances for standing on an inclined surface can be perceived with an object held in the hand or attached to the head. We investigated whether these two person-plus-object perceptual systems exhibit the same pattern of nonlinear phase transitions in perception of this affordance. Blindfolded participants explored an inclined surface with a rod held in the hand or attached to the head and reported whether they could stand on that surface. Inclinations were presented in ascending or descending sequences. In both conditions, responses exhibited negative hysteresis – perceptual boundaries occurred at steeper angles for descending than for ascending sequences. The generalization of this pattern across components that differ in physiology, sensitivity, and experience is consistent with both the soft assembly of perceptual devices and with a dynamical systems perspective on perception of affordances.

Perception of possibilities for behavior reflects the task-specific fit between action capabilities and environmental properties. We investigated whether this is so for a behavior that requires spontaneously and temporarily coordinating anatomical components and inert objects into a person-plus-object action system—stepping over an expanse with crutches. We found that perception of this affordance (a) scaled to an anthropometric property of primary relevance to performing this behavior (leg length), (b) reflected the ability to perform this behavior, and that (c) variability in perception decreased with practice perceiving this affordance. The results are consistent with the proposal that perceiving affordances for a given behavior requires assembling a task-specific perceptual instrument.

The article deals with the content space of positive assessment in modern English, which is formed under the infl uence of the type of assessment (moral and ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, social, emotional as well as the assessment of physical and empirical characteristics of the evaluation object), the obje ct of evaluation (person / non-person), and the nominative plane of subjects, actions and qualities that can potentially be positively assessed. The units used to positively assess moral, ethical, and emotional characteristics of the evaluation object correlate with the object of the “person” assessment, and units that correlate with a positive assessment of empirical features correlate with the object of the “non-person” assessment. The study reported in the article was conducted at the lexical and semantic levels. Semantics of the content plane of positive assessment is mainly laid down by three main verb ideas of “love”, “appreciate”, “improve”. Common for all parts of nominative thematic spheres are “love”, “friendship”, “pleasure”, “intelligence”, “harmonicity”, “respect” and others. The largest number of thematic planes can be noticed in adjectives and adverbs. Analysis at the lexemic level proved that multivalued words, in which all values would be evaluated, are rather few. In most cases, the evaluative value appears in the vocabulary of positive evaluation as the main one. Only in a small number of lexemes, semantic variants are formed in the process of development of semantic structure of lexemes. Within the semantic structure, lexemes are sometimes combined by semantic variants, which have an opposite score. All this indicates that the assessment in a number of cases is secondary: it is formed as an indication of the secondary characteristcs of the sign. If the score is at the “top” of a lexeme’s semantics, it can usually be applied to a large number of disparity characteristics of various objects. The assessment depends greatly on the situation in which it is used, that is, on the contextual environment and the nature of the speech act. Sociolinguistic aspects of communication as well as expressive stylistic color of the speech act play a special role in the variability of speech assessments. Adjectives that express the assessment and indicate any sign of the subject more often than other parts of the language are independently used to form the evaluative context. However, a signifi cant number of estimated nouns and verbs rarely appear in the context of isolation. These words require the explication of the estimated signs of the reference, which creates the possibility of sharing the evaluated words of diff erent parts of the language in the same context. Key words: vocabulary of positive semantics, register, semantic space, “plus-score”, melioration, derogativeness.

Contractual transfer of author’s economic rights will be effective only when the transferor was authorized to dispose of such rights. Acquiring a right from a person who is not authorized to alienate it is not known to copyright law. In this respect, the Roman principle of Nemo plus iuris in alium transferre potest quam ipse habet is fully applied, which entails a number of consequences. One of such consequences is the uncertainty as to the dispositive effect of an agreement obligating to transfer such rights, which in the era of mass trading in author’s economic rights may lead to significant distortions. Therefore, some proposals are formulated in the literature to protect good faith purchasers. For instance, it is suggested that Art. 169 of the Polish Civil Code may be applied to intangible property rights. Verifying the legitimacy of such a proposal requires the examination of legislative motives behind the solution adopted in the regulation mentioned above and the assessment of those motives from the perspective of the copyright law principles. What is of crucial importance here is to answer the question about the role of the possession of a thing for the legal substantiation of good faith acquisition from an unauthorized person. Rejection of the theory which derives the legitimacy of the person disposing of the right from the very fact of them possessing the thing in fact opens way to consider whether it is possible to adopt a similar solution in the copyright law. The author’s monopoly is completely independent from the possession of the object in which the work is possibly embodied. Therefore, is it dogmatically legitimate to apply Art. 169 of the Civil Code to a purchaser of author’s economic rights? The article attempts to answer this question.

Recent research has investigated whether the representation of space around the body, in terms of reach–action (imagining of reaching another person) and comfort–social (tolerance of the other’s proximity) spaces, may reflect a shared sensorimotor basis. Some studies exploiting motor plasticity induced by tool use have not observed sensorimotor identity (i.e., the same mechanisms that underlie, based on sensory information, the representation of proximal space in terms of action possibilities, goal-directed motor actions, and anticipation of the sensorimotor consequences), whereas evidence to the contrary has also emerged. Since the data are not fully convergent, here we wondered whether or not the combination of motor plasticity induced by tool use and the processing of the role of social context might reflect a similar modulation in both spaces. To this end, we conducted a randomized control trial with three groups of participants (N = 62) in which reaching and comfort distances were measured in Pre- and Post-tool-use sessions. The tool-use sessions were conducted under different conditions: (i) in the presence of a social stimulus (determining the social context) (Tool plus Mannequin group); (ii) without any stimulus (Only Tool group); (iii) in the presence of a box (Tool plus Object group) as a control condition. Results showed an extension of comfort distance in the Post-tool session of the Tool plus Mannequin group compared with the other conditions. Conversely, the reaching distance was larger after tool use than at the Pre-tool-use session, independently of the experimental conditions. Our findings suggest that motor plasticity impacts reaching and comfort spaces to different degrees; while reaching space is markedly sensitive to motor plasticity, comfort space needs qualification of social context information.

RÉSUMÉ. La deixis est une référence dans un discours qui devient l'un des éléments importants de la communication. Cette étude tente d'explorer la forme et la fonction de la deixis survenue dans chaque discours d'un film français. Cette étude est réalisée en utilisant une approche qualitative. L'objet de cette recherche est un film français intitulé Ma Vie de Courgette. Les données sont collectées à l'aide de techniques d'observation, d'enregistrement et de prise de notes. Les résultats montrent qu'il y a 4 formes de deixis survenues dans ce film, à savoir la deixis de la personne et du social, la deixis du temps, la deixis du lieu et la deixis du discours. Ces quatre formes ont des fonctions diverses, à savoir les fonctions référentielles, émotives, conatives et phatiques. Cette étude révèle également que la fonction métalinguistique et la fonction poétique ne se produisent pas dans le discours. La deixis de la personne et la deixis du social sont la forme la plus fréquente dans le discours. De plus, le référentiel est la fonction la plus fréquemment exécutée dans le discours. Cette étude pourrait contribuer à enrichir les références de recherche dans le domaine pragmatique, notamment sur la deixis. Mots-clés : deixis, film, fonction, forme, pragmatique. ABSTRACT. Deixis is a reference in a speech that becomes one of the important elements in communication. This study attempts to explore the form and function of the deixis occurred in every speech of a French movie. This study is conducted by using a qualitative approach. The object of this research is a French movie entitled Ma Vie de Courgette. The data is collected by using observation, recording, and note-talking techniques. The findings shows that there are 4 forms of deixis occurred in this movie, namely deixis of person and social, deixis of time, deixis of the place, and deixis of discourse. These four forms have diverse functions, namely referential, emotive, conative, and phatic functions. This study also reveals that metalinguistic function and poetic function are not occurred in the speech. Deixis of person and deixis of social are the form that most frequently occurred in the speech. In addition, referential is the function that most frequently performed in the speech. This study may contribute to enrich research references in the pragmatics field, especially about deixis. Keywords: deixis, movie, Ma Vie de Courgette.

The article clarifies the functional and stylistic parameters of evaluation as a linguistic category, which covers different levels of language units with evaluative semantics and conveys the positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the named subject, phenomenon, concept. Positive or negative semantic scale of evaluation is formed in accordance with certain social, national-cultural, moral values. Logical (rational) and emotional (irrational) assessment in the text interact. Logical evaluation is motivated by objective thoughts, and emotional – the feelings of the subject to the object (person, object, phenomenon, event, etc.). Units of logical evaluation are words and phrases with positive and negative semantics from the intellectual sphere of linguistic thinking, and units of emotional – expressive-connotative linguistic means. Evaluation is done through the use of language units registered in dictionaries or in the memory of native speakers in terms of their values: good and evil, truth and falsehood, justice and injustice, benefit and harm, beauty and ugliness, allowed and forbidden. Evaluative semantics is revealed in the appropriate contextual conditions, in particular in updating the structure and semantics of components, stylistic marking of syntactic units. The combination of logical and emotional assessment allows closely related to the communication situation pragmatic evaluation of the text as a whole, in particular verbal acts of approval, encouragement, commitment (plus on the scale) or vice versa condemnation, contempt (minus on the scale), which are based on a common fund knowledge and norms of interlocutors. The stylistic potential of evaluation in the text is revealed on lexical, phraseological, syntactic levels. Texts differ in style and content differ in the way they express verbal axiology.

This study aims to find out the tax obligations and aspects of tax collection on transactions on the online marketplace according to Government Regulation No. 46 of 2013 and Government Regulation No. 23 of 2018. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative research. The object of this research is Businessman X as one of the sellers on the online marketplace. . Businessman X is an entrepreneur in the fashion field, the researcher’s consideration is choosing businessmen X, because businessman x meets the criteria set by the researcher. The data used is primary data. Data collection techniques from this study are observation, interview, document and triangulation. The result of this research analysis is that Businessman X already has an NPWP and reports the annual tax return of Private Person Taxpayers every year, but has not paid SPT Masa Ata his business income. The amount of Final PPh that should be paid by Business X since 2016 - 2020 is Rp. 34.856.105. the calculation is obtained from the amount of Final Income Tax payable according to the tarif provisions of Government Regulation No. 46 of 2013 and Government Regulation No. 23 of 2018 plus administrative sanctions in the form of interest of 2% for 34 months in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 28 of 2007 Article 9 Paragraph (2a). business X does not pay Final Income tax or his business income because he has no knowledge of taxes on online businesses and the appropriateness with the amount of tax to be paid. Not optimal tax receipts on the online marketplace have an impact on the maximum potential state tax receipts

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de valider l'hypothèse générale selon laquelle les cyclistes perçoivent, sélectionnent et actualisent des opportunités d'action (i.e., des affordances) pour franchir des portes, qui sont adaptées à leurs capacités d'action. Lorsqu'un objet est tenu ou attaché au corps, il modifie les dynamiques de contrôle et les capacités d'action d'une manière unique, ce qui implique que les individus doivent être sensibles et calibrés à ce système intégré personne-plus-objet. Cette recherche vise à étendre la théorie des affordances dans le contexte d'un système personne-plus-objet à travers trois expériences de franchissement de porte en cyclisme. Dans une première étude, les résultats ont montré que les cyclistes expérimentés perçoivent des portes plus étroites comme franchissables par rapport aux cyclistes occasionnels, mais que dans les deux cas, cette perception est liée à leurs capacités d'action maximales. Lors d'une deuxième étude, les cyclistes ont été testés pour déterminer si des capacités d'action maximales accrues permettent de prendre des décisions plus précises. Nos résultats ont confirmé que les affordances pour le franchissement de porte sont adaptées aux capacités d'action maximales, mais que, chez les cyclistes intermédiaire, la précision dans la prise de décision diminue à proximité de leurs capacités d'action maximales. Lors d'une troisième étude, il a été étudié si une prise de décision plus précise est associée à un répertoire plus large de modes d'action et à des capacités d'action maximales accrues. Les résultats ont montré que les cyclistes, indépendamment de leurs capacités d'action maximales, exploitent la dégénérescence du système perception-action pour franchir, mais que seule une augmentation des capacités d'action maximales est associée à l'utilisation de modes d'action plus complexes. Cette thèse élargit le champ des affordances pour le franchissement de porte au système personne-plus-objet en démontrant que les individus perçoivent les affordances en relation avec leurs capacités d'action maximales. De plus, les résultats suggèrent qu'une augmentation des capacités d'action maximales en cyclisme est liée à une prise de décision plus précise pour franchir. Cela refléterait une meilleure capacité à intégrer le vélo dans un système intégré personne-plus-objet
The main objective of this thesis is to validate the general hypothesis that cyclists perceive, select and actualize opportunities for action (i.e., affordances) for aperture crossing that are scaled to their action capabilities. Because an object held or attached to the body creates a unique set of actions capabilities and control dynamics, individuals should be attuned and calibrated to this integrated person-plus-object system. It is about extending the theory of affordances in the case of a person-plus-object system through three aperture crossing experiments in cycling. In a first experiment, results showed that experienced cyclists perceive narrower aperture as cross-able than occasional cyclists but that both perceive this affordance in relation to their maximal action capabilities. In a second experiment, cyclists were tested to determine whether greater maximal action capabilities make more accurate decision. Our findings confirmed that affordances for crossing an aperture are scaled to maximal action capabilities, however accuracy in decision-making (i.e. decide to cross or not to cross) decrease near the maximal action capabilities in intermediate cyclists. In a third experiment, it was investigated whether more accurate decision relate to wider repertoire of mode of action and greater maximal action capabilities. Results showed that cyclists, regardless their maximal action capability, would exploit degeneracy of perception-action system to cross apertures but only increasing maximal action capability was associated with the use of more complex action modes. This thesis expend the scope of affordances for aperture crossing to the person-plus-object system by showing that individuals perceive affordances in relation to their maximal action capabilities. Moreover, the findings suggested that increasing maximal action capabilities in cycling is linked to more accurate decision to cross an aperture. This is proposed to reflect an improved ability to incorporate the bike into an integrated person-plus-object system

All but three of the thirty-nine Uralic languages are endangered, most of them seriously so; of the family’s ten main branches, only two have members considered safe (Finnish and Estonian of the Fennic branch, plus Hungarian). This chapter surveys a selection of phonological, morphological, and syntactic features of the Uralic languages; the emphasis is on presenting aspects that are usually ignored, oversimplified, or misrepresented. Among the topics broached are vowel harmony; consonant gradation, which in the Uralic context is of four distinct kinds, three of them quite old; less-than-agglutinative (i.e. fairly fusional features of several languages); problems of phonological reconstruction; the inflection of personal pronouns; person marking on nouns and Subject, Agent, and Object marking on verbs; and kinds of relative, complement, and support clauses.

Abstract In Hutcheson’s theory of taste, the association of ideas plays a wholly negative role: It is used to explain why there are deviant preferences. For example, the association of ideas is used to explain why someone prefers an object of lesser uniformity (lesser beauty) to one of greater uniformity (greater beauty), and a typical explanation would be that such a person associates a certain pleasant thing or event with the object of lesser uniformity such that the pleasure of the object of lesser uniformity plus the pleasure of the associated pleasant thing or event override the pleasure of the object of greater uniformity. It never crossed Hutcheson’s mind that the fact that the pleasure of the object of greater uniformity can be overridden and not preferred has anything to do with either the degree of beauty of the object of lesser uniformity or the degree of beauty of the more uniform object. A number of the theorists of taste who came after Hutcheson, however, give the association of ideas a central and positive role in their theories—a role, as they see it, not involving deviancy.