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1
Nagy, Benedek. « The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018 ». Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no 2 (30 juin 2021) : 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.14.
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To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different.
In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.
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Timur, Aysegul. « Pharmaceutical Price Convergence In The EU : Preliminary Results From The Panel Data Unit Root Test ». Journal of Business & ; Economics Research (JBER) 9, no 10 (26 septembre 2011) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i10.5955.
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This paper explores the case of market integration and price convergence in the European Union, specifically in the pharmaceutical industry. The EU has been experiencing market integration since 1992, through the removal of trade barriers, the establishment of a single market, and the reduction of exchange rate volatility. In addition, there have been several structural reforms in product markets designed to increase competition, monitor cross-country price differences and increase transparency. One anticipated effect of market integration is price convergence, because of the reduced potential for price discrimination across the EU. This paper is aimed to analyze market integration and price convergence in the European pharmaceutical market, which is the fifth largest industry in the EU. Since 1985, many EU directives have been adopted to achieve a single EU-wide pharmaceutical market, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life for European citizens and the European pharmaceutical industrys competitiveness and research and development capability. Using annual 19942003 IMS Health panel data from five EU countries on prices of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease and controlling drug and market characteristics; this paper examines how the integration process has affected cross-country drug price dispersion in the EU through the preliminary results from the panel data unit root test. Finally, the results show some evidence of price convergence in the pharmaceutical market, with long term price differences arising from country fixed effects.
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Hala, L. O. « Development of modern approaches to forming ecological responsibility of pharmacists for good disposal of medicine ». Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no 4 (10 septembre 2019) : 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.19.02.
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Expansion of spectrum of the medical and pharmaceutical services leads to an annual increase in the use of medicines, and as a consequence of an increase in the amount of pharmaceutical waste. The pharmacy, in accordance with the requirements of Good Pharmacy Practice, should ensure the effective disposal of medicines that have become inadequate in the process of pharmacy production, storage or retail sale or not used by the population. In this regard, socially important to ensure the proper management of pharmaceutical waste at the pharmacy.
The aim of the work was the development of modern approaches to the formation of ecological responsibility of specialists for good disposal of medicines at the stage of providing pharmaceutical care to the population.
The objects of the study were the data of special literature and regulations on disposal of medicines in the countries of the European Union and in Ukraine. Used methods – analytical-comparative, systemic, logical, modeling and generalization.
Based on the analysis of the organization of the activities of pharmacies, as part of the general system of the disposal of pharmaceutical waste, including medicines, in different countries of the European Union found that most of them pharmacies – active participants in this process. Significant differences were found in the approaches to the collection and disposal of pharmaceutical waste in different countries. At the same time, these measures are most effectively implemented by pharmacies under the conditions of financial coverage by the pharmaceutical industry and wholesale pharmaceutical companies for the costs of preventing ecological impacts and conducting educational activities. As a result of systematization of the material, it is proposed to implement the draft National Standard of Good Pharmacy Practice «Participation of Pharmacists the Disposal of Medicines» as one of the ways of solving this problem.
An analysis of modern approaches to the management of pharmaceutical waste management systems in the countries of the European Union shows the active participation of pharmacies in the process. Particular importance in this case is given to conducting informational work to increase the ecological consciousness of the population, which will reduce the impact of pharmaceutical waste on the environment.
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Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, et Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. « Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union ? » Science & ; Technology Studies 16, no 2 (1 janvier 2003) : 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.
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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical areas of application, we conclude that differences between EU and other developed countries IPR legislations are not the principal regulatory controversial factor affecting activities in the agrifood biotechnology sector.
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Martina, S., C. Denti et L. Garattini. « Farmaci orfani e malattie rare : un confronto internazionale delle normative di riferimento ». Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 2, no 3 (15 septembre 2001) : 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v2i3.732.
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Orphan drugs are defined as medicines with low economic returns, so that their production is not a profitable business far pharmaceutical companies. The present study analyses the main characteristics and the role of orphan drugs in four countries (United States of America, .Japan, Australia and European Union), by considering the regulation and the market situation of each State. All countries have introduced a specific legislation on orphan drugs to stimulate the research activity of pharmaceutical industry. The first law was the Orphan Drug Act of the United States of America in 1982. A common limit of all regulations is the strict correlation between “orphan drugs” and “rare diseases”. In fact, the term “orphan” does not refer only to rare disease, but also to other elements that can determine low economic returns for the industry (e.g. drugs with high cost of research and development, drugs that cannot be patented).
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Kisa, Adnan. « Analysis of the pharmaceuticals market and its technological development in Turkey ». International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 22, no 4 (19 septembre 2006) : 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230605149x.
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Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyze the current structure of the Turkish pharmaceuticals market to explain the latest developments and to offer some insight into the likely policy issues that this sector will face.Methods: Systematic searches of the relevant Turkish and English research literature were made, using electronic databases in addition to written reports.Results: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey currently has eighty-seven manufacturing firms, eleven raw material manufacturers and thirty-eight importing firms. These add up to a total of 136 firms, 35 of which are driven by foreign capital, with 8 of these foreign-run firms having their own plants in Turkey. The industry employs approximately 19,000 personnel. In terms of growth, the value of pharmaceutical products in Turkey recently has exceeded that in Europe. In addition, per capita drug consumption levels are quite low compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union countries. Major international players in the medical equipment and pharmaceutical products sector have also been opening offices in Turkey to reap the benefits of this rapidly evolving market.Conclusions: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey is quite advanced and diverse, with high quality, generic pharmaceutical products being manufactured as well as poor quality copies that have not been appropriately tested in terms of bioequivalence and bioavailability. The country faces a low level of drug consumption due to economic and cultural constraints compared with Western countries. Governmental control and regulations are key issues because the majority of drug purchases (70–80 percent) throughout the country are currently reimbursable through public sector agencies such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Organization.
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Makowska, Marta, et Łukasz Jasiński. « The importance of “disclosure” in relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical companies ». Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no 5 (22 mars 2018) : 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.07.
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The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.
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Wilking, Nils, Anna Bucsics, Lidlija Kandolf Sekulovic, Gisela Kobelt, Andrea Laslop, Lydia Makaroff, Alexander Roediger et Christoph Zielinski. « Achieving equal and timely access to innovative anticancer drugs in the European Union (EU) : summary of a multidisciplinary CECOG-driven roundtable discussion with a focus on Eastern and South-Eastern EU countries ». ESMO Open 4, no 6 (novembre 2019) : e000550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000550.
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The Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG) and ‘ESMO Open—Cancer Horizons’ roundtable discussion brought together stakeholders from several European Union (EU) countries involved in drug development, drug authorisation and reimbursement or otherwise affected by delayed and unequal access to innovative anticancer drugs. The approval process of drugs is well established and access delays can be caused directly or indirectly by national or regional decision-making processes on reimbursement. The two key aspects for those involved in reimbursement decisions are first the level of evidence required to decide and second pricing, which can be challenging for some innovative oncology compounds, especially in Eastern and South-Eastern European countries. Other important factors include: available healthcare budget; the structure and sophistication of healthcare authorities and health technology assessment processes; societal context and political will. From the point of view of the pharmaceutical industry, better alignment between stakeholders in the process and adaptive pathway initiatives is desirable. Key aspects for patients are improved access to clinical trials, preapproval availability and reports on real-world evidence. Restricted access limits oncologists’ daily work in Eastern and South-Eastern EU countries. The roundtable discussion suggested considering the sequencing of regulatory approval and reimbursement decisions together with more flexible contracting as a possible way forward. The panel concluded that early and regular dialogue between all stakeholders including regulators, payers, patient stakeholders and industry is required to improve the situation.
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ISHCHUK, Svitlana, et Liudmyla KOVAL. « DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD : COMPARATIVE ESTIMATION ». Vol 18, No 2 (2019), Vol 18, No 2 (2019) (2019) : 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.02.270.
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The main trends of the chemical industry development in globalization changes terms are investigated. The share of Ukraine in chemical products export of TOP-10 world chemical market participants and the European Union countries is determined. A comparative estimation of chemicals and pharmaceuticals production dynamics, as well as the structure of foreign trade (export / import) of these products in Ukraine and the EU-28 is conducted. The prospects for the domestic chemical industry development are outlined based on the calculation of Ukrainian and the EU members chemical enterprises main functioning indicators. The measures for innovation activity activation and the institutional reforms in Ukraine on purpose of the chemical production competitiveness increasing are proposed.
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Onishi, Taku, Katsura Tsukamoto, Naoki Matsumaru et Takashi Waki. « Industry Perspective of Pediatric Drug Development in the United States : Involvement of the European Union Countries ». Therapeutic Innovation & ; Regulatory Science 52, no 1 (janvier 2018) : 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2168479017716718.
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Budnikevych, Iryna, et Vadym Honchar. « REGULATORY MECHANISMS OF UKRAINIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET COMPETITIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ». Three Seas Economic Journal 1, no 3 (18 décembre 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2020-3-1.
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The purpose of the paper is to summarize and present the differences in the competitive environment of the European Union (EU) and Ukrainian pharmaceutical markets. The method of longitudinal study allowed to detect the patterns of changes and correlations for pharmaceutical products exports and imports volumes over twenty years (2001-2020). Methodology. The research is based on the definition of the pharmaceutical market as a complex socio-economic institution that fulfills the function of pricing medical products and utilizes them to ensure health care functioning. It indicates the population’s wellbeing and requires ongoing maintenance based on needs agreement of households, economic entities, and the state. The quantitative research is based on export-to-import coverage ratio calculations with the identification of pharmaceutical products fraction in the total volume of foreign trade, including the one with the EU. The results of the paper consist in the evaluation of the competitive environment of the European Union’s pharmaceutical market and statistical assessment of Ukrainian foreign trade of pharmaceutical products. They also include the definition of the European integration influence over the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market and well-reasoned recommendations about the application of the state and trade regulation mechanisms. In the paper, we defined the distinctive features of the European countries’ pharmaceutical markets and outlined their main characteristics that have connections to the transnational corporation’s activities, common market, and high concentration. Statistical data collected over 20 years indicated the dynamic development of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market, despite its small-scale contribution to the foreign trade turnover. The dependence of Ukraine on the foreign supplies of drugs and medications is illustrated by the multiple excesses of imports over exports, especially in the trade relationships with the EU. The EU countries are the leading importers of pharmaceutical products to the Ukrainian market. However, the share of medical supplies exports from Ukraine to the EU countries is negligible. Their key exporters are post-Soviet and developing countries. The growth in Ukraine’s export potential is inextricably linked to the expansion of the competitiveness of domestic medical supplies. Practical implications consist in the development of recommendations concerning the GMP and GDP demands realization, domestic manufacturers cooperation with the leading foreign pharmaceutical companies, the penetration of transnational companies into the Ukrainian domestic pharmaceutical market based on imports of innovative technologies, the improvement of the marketing management of the pharmaceutical products exporting. The priority factor in the growth of the competitiveness of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market is a successful combination of state and trade regulation mechanisms. The objects of these factors are the pricing policy for material resources and finished products, the introduction of innovations, tax exemptions, and export-import quotas implementation. They also include the establishment of traffic rates that depend on the market saturation with socially significant medical supplies, budget support of the prioritized subsectors of the pharmaceutical industry, and patent protection. The expected results concern the decrease in the dependence of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market on the foreign distribution of the raw materials and finished products and strengthening the positions of the Ukrainian manufacturers in foreign markets. Value/originality. We evaluated the competitiveness of the national pharmaceutical market based on the criteria of foreign trade performance and detected the priorities of its growth, taking into consideration the synthesis of the state and trade regulation mechanisms.
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Lofgren, Hans. « Medicines policy and drug company investments : the Irish experience ». Australian Health Review 33, no 2 (2009) : 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090295.
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THIS BOOK IS ABOUT MANIFESTATIONS of power in medicines and pharmaceutical industry policy. The main focus is on the Republic of Ireland but there are chapters also on drug regulation in Canada, Britain and Australia. The multinational pharma companies loom larger in Ireland than in most other countries; several chapters detail the implications for this small country of the presence of a major cluster of global drug companies. Globalisation is the hallmark of the drug sector; innovation and production occur within international networks which are mirrored by interaction between regulatory agencies which operate similar systems of control and monitoring. Since the 1990s, many aspects of product safety regulation have been standardised across the developed countries through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, sponsored by the regulatory agencies and industry associations of the USA, the European Union and Japan. While orchestrating vast scientific, economic and technological resources, the big pharma companies participate as insiders in national policy processes, such as those described in this book. Firms typically affirm a commitment to the health and economic concerns of the local jurisdiction ? however governments cannot help but be sensitive to their global reach and power to choose where to invest.
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DOVDGUK, V. « INTEGRATION ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE MASTERS OF PHARMACY AT THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE ». Pedagogical Sciences, no 75-76 (12 décembre 2020) : 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2524-2474.2020.75-76.226384.
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The scientific article on the basis of the theoretical analysis of European integration processes in the universities of the European Union identifies the integration aspects and their impact on the system of professional training of masters of pharmacy.It is determined that highquality professional training of future specialists in the pharmaceutical industry, the introduction of European experience in the context of European integration of free economic zones of Ukraine ensures their adaptation to implementation in the labor market, which is a necessary condition for successful professional activity.It has been established that the formation of the European University Association (EUA) and the initiated partnership of educational and scientific cooperation and exchange of experience in the effective organization of educational processes are influential for European integration processes.Experimental implementation of the developed scientific and methodological support a portfolio of scientific and methodological complexes in accordance with integrated curricula of professional disciplines of master’s training based on the model of integrated educational process of training future masters of pharmacy in universities of Central and Eastern Europe in the process of forming professional competence processes in medical and classical universities of Ukraine.Comprehensive diagnostics of the level of professional competence of students, readiness to implement professional competencies at the end of the formative experiment is based on test results, qualimetric questionnaires, as well as the results of assessing the quality of individual case tasks as an indicator of quality professional characteristics in experimental groups of students. distance learning.According to the results of the experimental study, the positive dynamics of students’ academic achievements in the Free Economic Zone was established and the effectiveness of the model of integrated educational process of training future masters of pharmacy in universities of Central and Eastern Europe and in Ukraine in European integration was confirmed.
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Kashirina, A. B., Zh I. Aladysheva, N. V. Pyatigorskaya, V. V. Belyaev et V. V. Beregovykh. « ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE OF DRUG QUALITY RISK MANAGEMENT IN RUSSIAN PHARMACEUTICAL ENTERPRISES ». Pharmacy & ; Pharmacology 8, no 5 (2 mars 2021) : 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2020-8-5-362-376.
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The aim of the research was to study the current industrial practice of drug quality risk management in Russian pharmaceutical enterprises, including the assessment of the main problems during the implementation of the risk management system and its compliance with the accepted international approaches.Materials and methods. In the period from 6 April to 10 May 2020, an online survey of the leading employees in the field of quality assurance of Russian manufacturers was conducted. In the survey, the questionnaire was based on the results of the authors’ analysis of the national regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, the European Union countries, international guidelines of the EAEU, ICH and WHO in this area. 111 people took part in the survey, the return of questionnaires was 11.5%.Results. The data obtained indicate the prevalence of a superficial approach to quality risk management in the Russian pharmaceutical industry, the presence of objective and subjective reasons that hinder the effective implementation of these methods, the fragmentation of the systems used and, in most cases, their ineffective use. The respondents believe that the most significant reasons for the difficulties in implementing this methodology, are the lack of recommendations from the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia on creating an effective quality risk management system and a shortage of the specialists who are ready to work in the area of this industry. The survey revealed rather large gaps in the deployment of a risk management system at the enterprise and separation from the established international practice.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the extreme urgency of developing recommendations for a quality risk management system, which should be based upon and supported by Russian regulatory legal acts and international experience in this area. The authors propose highlights for these recommendations.
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Garcia Arieta, Alfredo, Craig Simon, Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos, Iván Omar Calderón Lojero, Zulema Rodríguez Martínez, Clare Rodrigues, Sang Aeh Park et al. « A Survey of the Regulatory Requirements for the Acceptance of Foreign Comparator Products by Participating Regulators and Organizations of the International Generic Drug Regulators Programme ». Journal of Pharmacy & ; Pharmaceutical Sciences 22 (1 janvier 2019) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30215.
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The acceptance of foreign comparator products is the most limiting factor for the development and regulatory assessment of generic medicines marketed globally. Bioequivalence studies have to be repeated with the local comparator products of each jurisdiction because it is unknown if the comparators of the different countries are the same product, with the consequent duplication of efforts by regulators and industry alike. The regulatory requirements on the acceptability of foreign comparator products of oral dosage forms differ between countries participating in the Bioequivalence Working Group for Generics of the International Pharmaceutical Regulators Programme. Brazil, Colombia, the European Union member States, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States only accept bioequivalence studies with their local comparator. In contrast, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan accept studies with foreign comparators under certain conditions. Canada limits its use to highly soluble drugs with a wide therapeutic range in immediate release products. Australia requires a comparison of the quantitative composition. In contrast, there are fewer restrictions on the acceptance of foreign comparators in New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan. For the WHO Prequalification of Medicines and for developing generics of the essential medicines the WHO lists comparators from different countries. In conclusion, there is currently no consensus amongst regulators on the acceptability of foreign comparator products.
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Kuhach, V. V. « PHARMACY MANUFACTURE AND QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS ABROAD ». Vestnik Farmacii 92, no 2 (30 juin 2021) : 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52540/2074-9457.2021.2.64.
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The purpose of this work was to study foreign experience in pharmacy manufacture and quality control of medicinal preparations (MP). Scientific literature and internet sources analysis, the author's own observations from 2005 to 2020 were made. It has been established that pharmacy manufacture of MPs abroad is carried out for the special needs of patients when pharmaceutical industry cannot produce them for various reasons. There are various approaches to standardization of the number of manufacturing pharmacies abroad: from complete prohibition of pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations in Portugal to mandatory license requirement in Austria and Germany. To manufacture medicinal preparations at a pharmacy the laboratory is established where necessary equipment, inventory, pharmaceutical substances and excipients are placed and the technological process is carried out. Pharmacy manufacture of sterile medicinal preparations is conducted under aseptic conditions in a specially equipped room or in a laminar-airflow cabinet. MPs must not be registered in most countries of the world. In the US and the European Union (EU) medicinal preparations are classified into medicines for immediate use and for prolonged storage. Expiration date must be stated for prolonged storage medicinal preparations, a dossier is made for them in the EU pharmacies. Pharmacies in most countries of the world manufacture medicinal preparations from tablets and capsules. Much attention abroad is given to ensure the quality of pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations: in the US, pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Pharmacopoeia, in the EU according to the EU Council Resolution. A number of countries have developed guidelines or standard operational procedures for pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations. Constant training and assessment of employees’ competencies engaged in pharmacy manufacture of medicinal preparations is performed.
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Tran, Charlie, Ian E. Cock, Xiaojing Chen et Yunjiang Feng. « Antimicrobial Bacillus : Metabolites and Their Mode of Action ». Antibiotics 11, no 1 (12 janvier 2022) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010088.
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The agricultural industry utilizes antibiotic growth promoters to promote livestock growth and health. However, the World Health Organization has raised concerns over the ongoing spread of antibiotic resistance transmission in the populace, leading to its subsequent ban in several countries, especially in the European Union. These restrictions have translated into an increase in pathogenic outbreaks in the agricultural industry, highlighting the need for an economically viable, non-toxic, and renewable alternative to antibiotics in livestock. Probiotics inhibit pathogen growth, promote a beneficial microbiota, regulate the immune response of its host, enhance feed conversion to nutrients, and form biofilms that block further infection. Commonly used lactic acid bacteria probiotics are vulnerable to the harsh conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system, leading to novel research using spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. However, the exact mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics remain unexplored. This review tackles this issue, by reporting antimicrobial compounds produced from Bacillus strains, their proposed mechanisms of action, and any gaps in the mechanism studies of these compounds. Lastly, this paper explores omics approaches to clarify the mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics.
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Zimon, Grzegorz, Marek Sobolewski et Grzegorz Lew. « An Influence of Group Purchasing Organizations on Financial Security of SMEs Operating in the Renewable Energy Sector—Case for Poland ». Energies 13, no 11 (7 juin 2020) : 2926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112926.
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European countries are increasingly using renewable energy. Poland is an outsider of such solutions. The Polish energy sector is primarily based on energy produced from coal. However, environmental changes and regulations of the European Union are forcing the increased use of energy from renewable sources. Renewable energy is an industry that is still developing in Poland. At the same time, Poland is a country where the political decisions of the government over the last few years have resulted in a significant limitation of the possibilities of renewable energy development. These actions have also resulted in lowering the profitability of the currently operating renewable energy enterprises, especially those from the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises. An opportunity for SMEs operating in the renewable energy sector is to merge into industry purchasing groups. The aim of the article—and at the same time the research question—is: Is it financially safer for renewable energy companies to operate within purchasing groups compared to companies operating independently in this industry? Traditional ways of purchasing can be transferred to integrated purchasing systems, which will be created by purchasing groups associating renewable energy companies. For this purpose, the financial effects of the implementation and functioning of the purchasing groups in the renewable energy sector in relation to entities operating independently were examined. In the research of renewable energy SMEs, a comparative analysis of key indicators determining the possibility of continuing the activity of these entities was made. The following indicators were examined: current financial liquidity ratio, return on sales, operating cycle, cash conversion cycle, share of receivables in current assets, share of inventory in current assets, turnover ratios, level of receivables, liabilities and profitability. The scientific literature is dominated by studies on purchasing groups in the pharmaceutical and construction industries. Thanks to the research conducted, it has been indicated that the renewable energy industry can also improve its profitability, and thus the possibility of safe continuation of operations by extending the business model to inter-entity cooperation within purchasing groups. Increasing the efficiency of individual entities of the renewable energy industry within purchasing groups becomes particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analyses and their graphic presentation present the significant impact on the safety and profitability of renewable energy entities in the form of purchasing groups.
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Ceruso, Marina, Jason A. Clement, Matthew J. Todd, Fangyuan Zhang, Zuyi Huang, Aniello Anastasio, Tiziana Pepe et Yanhong Liu. « The Inhibitory Effect of Plant Extracts on Growth of the Foodborne Pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes ». Antibiotics 9, no 6 (11 juin 2020) : 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060319.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen responsible for about 1600 illnesses each year in the United States (US) and about 2500 confirmed invasive human cases in European Union (EU) countries. Several technologies and antimicrobials are applied to control the presence of L. monocytogenes in food. Among these, the use of natural antimicrobials is preferred by consumers. This is due to their ability to inhibit the growth of foodborne pathogens but not prompt negative safety concerns. Among natural antimicrobials, plant extracts are used to inactivate L. monocytogenes. However, there is a large amount of these types of extracts, and their active compounds remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes of about 800 plant extracts derived from plants native to different countries worldwide. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to verify how the plant extracts affected L. monocytogenes at the microscopic level. Results showed that 12 of the plant extracts had inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes. Future applications of this study could include the use of these plant extracts as new preservatives to reduce the risk of growth of pathogens and contamination in the food industry from L. monocytogenes.
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Gracia, Manuel, et María J. Paz. « Network position, export patterns and competitiveness : Evidence from the European automotive industry ». Competition & ; Change 21, no 2 (12 février 2017) : 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529417692331.
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The organizational characteristics of production in the European automotive industry have favoured a high degree of fragmentation and productive mobility. This article analyses the differing national positions of automotive producing countries and their export patterns – particularly their export reorientation to extra-European Union markets following the collapse of regional demand in the European automotive industry. Based on the methodologies of Mahutga and Piana, our position analysis arrives at two main conclusions: (i) the countries best positioned in the European regional automotive production network are precisely those that have experienced a greater increase in extra-European Union exports, thus reducing their dependence on regional European demand; (ii) the increase in extra-European Union exports (mainly of final goods) is linked to increased regional fragmentation of production in the automotive industry. We conclude that the governance of this fragmentation process is a key determinant of extra-European Union export competitiveness.
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González-Serrano, María Huertas, Josep Crespo-Hervás, Carlos Pérez-Campos et Ferran Calabuig. « Entrepreneurial ecosystems for developing the sports industry in European Union countries ». Journal of Business Research 136 (novembre 2021) : 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.060.
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Cunningham, James A., et Albert N. Link. « Fostering university-industry R&D collaborations in European Union countries ». International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 11, no 4 (7 mai 2014) : 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0317-4.
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Colfer, Barry. « The European Trade Union Confederation ». socio.hu 9, Special Issue (16 juin 2020) : 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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Guillén, Ana M., et Laura Cabiedes. « Reforming Pharmaceutical Policies in the European Union : A “Penguin Effect” ? » International Journal of Health Services 33, no 1 (janvier 2003) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1jc6-frl4-qm2l-qn6e.
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Pharmaceutical policies form a substantial part of health care services, from the point of view of both equity and efficiency goals. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals has been growing steadily over the last few decades, and countries are finding the financing of drugs increasingly difficult. This article surveys the changes in pharmaceutical policies in the E.U. countries from the mid-1980s through the 1990s. It focuses primarily on policies dealing with cost control of publicly funded pharmaceuticals. In their analysis of these changes, the authors classify policies (or “packages of measures”), map out their incidence in each country, and assess their impact on the control of public pharmaceutical spending. They conclude that the E.U. countries are taking up apparently similar measures—dressing like penguins in a row—despite the limited effectiveness and limited evaluation of many of the measures adopted. The authors also analyze the role of national and international actors (most prominently, the European Union) in defining public pharmaceutical policies; look at how innovative policy ideas could be connected with the economic, political, and social interests that mold public action in this field; and propose new lines of investigation.
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Bajan, Bartłomiej, et Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. « Supply of Materials to the Agribusiness Sector of European Union Countries ». Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no 1 (31 mars 2020) : 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.1.2.
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The purpose of this paper was to assess the prevailing relationships in the supply structure of the agribusiness sector in European Union countries over the years. The study focused on 25 European Union countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta were excluded) to address the changes in the supply structures of agriculture and food industries, the two major components of agribusiness. The study was of a dynamic nature. Although the study period was 2000–2014, this paper only presents the figures for the first and the last year, i.e. 2000 and 2014. The main focus was on drawing conclusions on the trends observed which proved to be relatively stable in the years covered. The input–output analysis was used by aggregating the sectors of the economy for a better transparency of the inference process. As shown by this study, EU countries at higher development levels witness a decline in the share of the chemical industry in the mix of goods and services supplied to agriculture. Conversely, less developed countries saw that ratio increase. Also, the share of goods supplied to agriculture from the fuel and energy sectors goes up in most EU countries. As regards the food industry, this study observed high shares of agriculture, services and self-supply in the supply structure of EU countries. This analysis extends the existing knowledge on the relationships in the structure of materials supplied to the agribusiness because in addition to agriculture itself (which was addressed by similar studies found in literature) it takes account of the food industry. Moreover, based on long-term observations, it endeavors to capture the prevailing relationships in several countries at a time.
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Hoła, B., et M. Szóstak. « Analysis of the State of the Accident Rate in the Construction Industry in European Union Countries ». Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no 4 (1 décembre 2015) : 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0033.
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The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the accident rate in selected European Union countries. On the basis of available statistical data, the analysis of accidents in various sectors of the European Union economy was carried out. Afterwards, a ranking of countries regarding accidents in the construction industry was developed. For the selected representative countries, analysis of changes in the indicators which characterize the accident rate during the period between 2008 and 2012 was carried out. Conclusions resulting from the conducted research were formulated.
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Riese, F., S. Guloksuz, C. Roventa, J. D. Fair, H. Haravuori, T. Rolko, D. Flynn et al. « Pharmaceutical industry interactions of psychiatric trainees from 20 European countries ». European Psychiatry 30, no 2 (février 2015) : 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.417.
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AbstractBackground:Interactions between the pharmaceutical industry (PI) and psychiatrists have been under scrutiny recently, though there is little empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship and its intensity at psychiatry trainee level. We therefore studied the level of PI interactions and the underlying beliefs and attitudes in a large sample of European psychiatric trainees.Methods:One thousand four hundred and forty-four psychiatric trainees in 20 European countries were assessed cross-sectionally, with a 62-item questionnaire.Results:The total number of PI interactions in the preceding two months varied between countries, with least interactions in The Netherlands (M (Mean) = 0.92, SD = 1.44, range = 0–12) and most in Portugal (M = 19.06, SD = 17.44, range = 0–100). Trainees were more likely to believe that PI interactions have no impact on their own prescribing behaviour than that of other physicians (M = 3.30, SD = 1.26 vs. M = 2.39, SD = 1.06 on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 “completely disagree” to 5 “completely agree”). Assigning an educational role to the pharmaceutical industry was associated with more interactions and higher gift value (IRR (incidence rate ratio) = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.12–1.30 and OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.02–1.37).Conclusions:There are frequent interactions between European psychiatric trainees and the PI, with significant variation between countries. We identified several factors affecting this interaction, including attribution of an educational role to the PI. Creating alternative educational opportunities and specific training dedicated to PI interactions may therefore help to reduce the impact of the PI on psychiatric training.
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Katunar, Jana, Vinko Zaninović et Hrvoje Katunar. « MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». Ekonomska misao i praksa 30, no 1 (juin 2021) : 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/emip/2021/1.2.
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This paper focuses on the determinants of wine production in the European wine industry. In the last two decades, the European wine industry has undergone many changes due to the entry of new countries into the world wine market. Although increasing competitiveness became the priority of the European Common Agricultural Policy, wine production and consumption in the EU have decreased in the last two decades, and therefore the aim of this research is to analyse and identify the macroeconomic determinants of wine production, i.e. what factors besides the price influence wine production in selected EU countries and in how they can be controlled. Empirical research was conducted using data for EU member states traditionally engaged in wine production. Panel data on wine production, wine consumption, average wine price, wine imports, wine exports and EU support to the wine sector were collected from secondary sources for 15 wine-producing EU countries and for the period 2009-2018. We estimated the econometric model using pooled OLS, as diagnostic tests indicated that this estimator was the best fit for our data. Our results suggest that domestic demand and domestic (EU) subsidies are the main drivers of wine production. To keep up with New World wine producers, even more emphasis should be placed on promoting the wine drinking culture.
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Kulov, A. R. « SUBSIDIZING OF INVESTMENTS IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no 7 (juillet 2019) : 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/197-82.
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Khairunnisa, Meyfitha Dea. « Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism ». Transformasi Global 8, no 2 (22 décembre 2021) : 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2021.008.02.3.
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Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona, et Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. « CHANGES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no 1 (30 mars 2018) : 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.1.10.
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The main aim of the paper is to identify the changes in labour productivity in the agribusiness and to define its relationship to labour productivity in the entire national economy of the EU countries. Labour productivity is expressed as gross value added per employee in agribusiness as a whole and its three zones (I – industries manufacturing means of production and services for agriculture and the food industry, II – agriculture, III – food industry). The analysis concerns selected years from 1995 to 2010, which are the most recent available data. The gross value added in agribusiness were calculated by means of the formula suggested by Woś in 1979. As it results from the analyses, despite favorable changes, the productivity of labour in the agribusiness in the new EU Member States remains at a lower level than in most of the EU-15 countries. The main reason behind the differences in the levels of agribusiness labour productivity is a surplus of the labor force in the agriculture in the most EU-12 countries. Moreover, the EU-15 countries especially from Western and Northern Europe demonstrate smaller differences between the labour productivity in agribusiness and other sectors of the national economy.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, et ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. « European badger ». Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no 01 (2019) : 6185–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6185.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, et ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. « European badger ». Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no 02 (2019) : 6189–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6189.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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BÓRAWSKI, PIOTR, MARIIA KUPTSOVA, ANDRII SLIS et RAFAŁ WYSZOMIERSKI. « SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ». sj-economics scientific journal 31, no 4 (30 décembre 2018) : 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v31i4.77.
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Biogas is an alternative renewable energy source in Europe. The feedstock (biomass) for biogas can be waste from various industries. There are two methods of biogas generation that allow processing of organic waste into an accessible energy resource: thermal and chemical. This article also discusses the environmental aspects of using biogas as a safe source for the environment. From an economic point of view, the large-scale implementation of the biogas industry was achieved by highly developed countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, this technology is not available in all countries. The direction of biogas production is considered very promising and over time a significant increase in biogas plants is expected.
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Nuszkiewicz, Krzysztof. « STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ». sj-economics scientific journal 22, no 3 (31 octobre 2016) : 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.304.
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The article presents the significance of renewable energy sources in selected countries of the European Community. These include the power of water, geothermal heat, sunlight, wind and biomass. Supporting the development of renewable energy resources has become an important objective of the European Union. Development of renewable energy resources use in the European Union has been given a priority status, both in political declarations as well as, most importantly, in the specific programmes implementation. Development of renewable energy industry is justified by a number of social, economic as well as ecological benefits.
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona, et Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. « CREATING AND ALLOCATING THE SUPPLY OF AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 49, no 3 (12 octobre 2018) : 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00431.
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The main purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of agriculture and food industry in creating and allocating the supply of agri-food products in European Union countries. The years covered by the analysis were 1995 and 2010. As demonstrated, there are differences in the contribution of imports to the supply of agricultural products among EU countries. Low shares of imports are particularly characteristic of the new member states, which is indicative of weaker connections with the European and global agribusinesses in comparison with EU-15 countries. On the other hand, the proportion between volumes of agri-food products allocated to intermediate and final demand confirm that the agricultural sector is primarily a supplier of raw materials in most EU countries. In turn, the main role of the food industry is to satisfy the final demand and provide the population with food products.
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Petrović, Gordana, Darjan Karabašević, Svetlana Vukotić et Vuk Mirčetić. « An overview of the tourism economic effect in the European Union Member states ». Turizam 24, no 4 (2020) : 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/turizam24-26469.
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Tourism has a notable role in the economies of many countries, and particularly in the countries of the European Union, which are still one of the world's most recognized and visited tourist destinations. The paper aims to analyze the impact of the tourism industry on the economy of the European Union. In this context, the paper is based on research and literature review, in particular, statistics data of Eurostat and the World Travel and Tourism Council. The results achieved by the tourism industry are reflected through certain economic indicators: GDP, employment rate, income, the balance of payments, turnover and consumption. The research area is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, which generates significant tourist turnover and justifies the status of an extremely important determinant of economic development. The well managed tourism industry complements other economic activities and increases the income of each EU Member State, and the tourism industry has direct and indirect, positive and negative economic effects.
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Garbelli, Maria. « Economic Turbulence in the Iron Kitchenware Industry in Italy ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no 31 (30 novembre 2018) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p58.
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Companies in turbulent economies are required to face several difficulties, mainly related to the specific features of an extremely volatile environment. Although a similar, hypercompetitive context can be considered a global condition today, it is not perceived in the same way worldwide. Thus, international development could be the best method for exporting to different locations and getting the best opportunities to survive in this unstable environment. Italy is one of the European Union countries affected the most by turbulence and the financial crisis with a loss of competitiveness compared to other countries in the Union. The economic system has changed considerably, rising the bankruptcy cases and lowering reported earnings. This paper claims to give an overview of the Italian situation inside the European Community as Italy is recognized as one of the most industrialized areas of northern Italy; the province of Brescia is home of one of the two Italian districts devoted to the iron kitchenware industry—an industry in which Italy held a leading position worldwide for a long time. Ten years after the financial crisis, and supported by exports flows analysis, we evaluate the Italian competitive position in this industry compared to that of the country’s European competitors. Export data (inside and outside the European Union) in three years (2007, 2010, and 2014) show Italy’s leading global role in this industry but also the negative effect of the crisis on the country, witnessed by the strong rise of other competitors.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. « Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European union countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no 142 (2020) : 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.142.3.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. « Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European Union countries ». Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no 145 (2020) : 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.145.47.
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Harvas, H. D. « Legislative regulatory aspects of the veterinary pharmacy market in the European Union ». Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no 92 (11 mai 2019) : 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9223.
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Production of veterinary pharmacy plays an important role both in animal care and public health, such as for food safety or animal origin to prevent the spread of diseases transmitted to humans through animals. The European market for Animal Health develops rapidly filled with innovative products, updated regulatory system at the legislative level, in order to protect human health, animals and the environment. Today, the focus of attention in the European Union (EU) on the pharmaceutical industry – Is the improvement of the legal framework and its adaptation to the needs and characteristics of the veterinary pharmaceutical industry in particular. Thus Ukraine today - is an intensive process of harmonization, implementation and, at the same time, improvement of the regulatory system, in which international regulatory documents are the basis for the creation of the veterinary pharmaceutical legislation of Ukraine, according to EU requirements.
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Tutak, Magdalena, Jarosław Brodny, Dominika Siwiec, Robert Ulewicz et Peter Bindzár. « Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential ». Energies 13, no 24 (16 décembre 2020) : 6643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246643.
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The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.
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Ferasso, Marcos, Lydia Bares, Daniel Ogachi et Miguel Blanco. « Economic and Sustainability Inequalities and Water Consumption of European Union Countries ». Water 13, no 19 (29 septembre 2021) : 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192696.
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Water scarcity is becoming a global concern for many reasons as its consumption increases. This research aimed to analyze sustainability inequalities in the water consumption of EU countries. Descriptive statistics using data for four AQUASTAT periods (2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017), and quotients for the AQUASTAT 2017 period, were calculated using a proposed econometric model. The main results were that countries with high GPD and population showed high water stress and total water withdrawal. Countries with lower industry-value-added-to-GDP quotients were among those with higher industrial water use efficiency, while low water-services-use-efficiency quotients were associated with high services value added to GDP. Suggestions for policymakers are provided and formula application guidelines for regional-level comparisons are described.
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Juchniewicz, Małgorzata. « LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY OF USING PRODUCTION RESOURCES FOOD INDUSTRY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no 3 (20 septembre 2022) : 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9879.
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The research problem presented in the article concerned the diversification of the level and effectiveness of the use of production resources in the food industry in the EU countries. Production resources were determined on the basis of the number of entities and employees in food producing enterprises. The effectiveness of their use was also measured by calculating the productivity indicators. In the article, the partial productivity was calculated on the basis of the value of sold production per one employee and one economic entity. Changes in the production resources of the food industry in the EU countries and the efficiency of their use were determined in 2005, 2010 and 2019. The results of the research indicate that the largest production resources and production volume of the food industry were found in Germany, France, Italy and Spain. In terms of employment, Poland played a significant role. The efficiency of the use of factors of production, measured by productivity indicators, was the highest in Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. On this basis, it can be concluded that regardless of the adopted measure of productivity, these countries make the best use of their production resources. By far the lowest levels of productivity in the food industry were recorded in Bulgaria and Romania.
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Röttger-Wirtz, Sabrina. « Independence Under Threat : The Role of Private Actors in the Setting of Global Pharmaceutical Standards and Resulting Challenges for European Public Law ». European Public Law 24, Issue 3 (1 août 2018) : 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2018025.
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This article analyses the setting of global pharmaceutical standards in the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) and the implementation of these global standards in the European framework of pharmaceutical regulation. It thereby highlights the conflict between the publicprivate nature of the ICH process and the European administrative law principle of independence of public regulators. While the ICH is a public-private partnership between regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry associations, in the regulation of pharmaceuticals in the European Union public regulators are subject to a strict requirement of independence from the industry they are regulating. Nonetheless, the ICH standards are implemented into the regulatory framework for pharmaceuticals in the European Union, although the standard-setting process on the global level fundamentally contradicts the procedural standards of EU administrative law. In this regard, the article calls for a more coherent approach for the EU’s participation in global standard-setting bodies and the implementation of global standards in the EU.
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Ljevak Lebeda, Ivana, Kornelija Mlinarević et Jasna Horvat. « Atypical forms of work and business in the creative industry of the European Union ». Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 9, no 1 (2021) : 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.9.1.2.
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Starting from the insight into atypical forms of work as well as new / alternative business models specific to the creative industry (CI) sectors of the European Union, the paper researches self-employment in the creative industry and volunteering as a prerequisite for self-employment. The creative industry is considered as industry of economically developed countries as well as the prototype industry, whose “recipes” are multiplied in underdeveloped countries and thus materialized for mass distribution. The methodology of the work applied three different groups of methods adapted to hypotheses. The first hypothesis states that EU research indicates business constraints / characteristics in the creative industry. In order to test this hypothesis by meta-analysis of the collected sources, key business constraints in the creative industry were separated, and then atypical forms of work emerged from them. The second hypothesis was tested by descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis of secondary data. It is about analyzing secondary data in a newly formed file constructed for the purposes of this research. The file combines secondary sources of data on cultural statistics (European Union) and GII - Global Innovation Indices (WIPO), which were used to test the hypothesis that self-employment as an atypical form of work in culture is related to the level of the Global Innovation Index (GII).
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Maćkowiak, Henryk. « The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1) ». Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 16, no 16 (1 janvier 2011) : 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0014-9.
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The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1) The goal of this article is to present the structure of trade between Polish regions (voivodships) and the European Union. The research is a dynamic analysis making it possible to compare the time before and after the expansion of the European Union. The timeframe of the discussed issues relates to 1999-2007. Attention is paid to the scale and diversified nature of the changes to the goods structure of export and import activities undertaken by Polish voivodships to (from) the European Union. The analysis is preceded by the characteristics of the European Union's role in trade of specific regions. Finally, the degree of intra-industry specialization is evaluated as is the trend in changes to the trade between Polish regions and European Union countries.
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Matsuieva, Julia. « The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market : The example of Poland ». Ekonomia 23, no 4 (23 mai 2018) : 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.4.20.
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The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of PolandIn this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public fi nances.
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Sezer, Şerife, et Mahmut Masca. « An Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade with Some Selected European Union Countries in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry ». Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 1, no 2 (20 juin 2022) : 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.03.
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This study aims to analyse intra-industry trade in the manufacturing industry sector with the EU countries, where Turkey has the most trade. The period of the study is 2000-2020. The countries examined are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium-Luxembourg, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. In the analysis, the Grubel Lloyd index was used, which is one of the widely applied static measurement methods in the literature. The study discusses intra-industry trade of manufacturing industry products according to the 3rd revision of the Standard International Trade Classification. According to the analysis results, when Turkey’s foreign trade is evaluated on a sectoral basis, it has been observed that high intra-industry trade is realized in product groups with low added value. Another result obtained is that intra-industry trade with the UK, Germany, France, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania reached high values. Keywords: Intra-industry Trade, Manufacturing Industry, Grubel Lloyd Index JEL: B17, F0, F5, F11, F14
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. « The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek ? » ECONOMICS 7, no 2 (1 décembre 2019) : 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.